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Ruiz-May E, Sørensen I, Fei Z, Zhang S, Domozych DS, Rose JKC. The Secretome and N-Glycosylation Profiles of the Charophycean Green Alga, Penium margaritaceum, Resemble Those of Embryophytes. Proteomes 2018; 6:E14. [PMID: 29561781 PMCID: PMC6027541 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretome can be defined as the population of proteins that are secreted into the extracellular environment. Many proteins that are secreted by eukaryotes are N-glycosylated. However, there are striking differences in the diversity and conservation of N-glycosylation patterns between taxa. For example, the secretome and N-glycosylation structures differ between land plants and chlorophyte green algae, but it is not clear when this divergence took place during plant evolution. A potentially valuable system to study this issue is provided by the charophycean green algae (CGA), which is the immediate ancestors of land plants. In this study, we used lectin affinity chromatography (LAC) coupled with mass spectrometry to characterize the secretome including secreted N-glycoproteins of Penium margaritaceum, which is a member of the CGA. The identified secreted proteins and N-glycans were compared to those known from the chlorophyte green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the model land plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, to establish their evolutionary context. Our approach allowed the identification of cell wall proteins and proteins modified with N-glycans that are identical to those of embryophytes, which suggests that the P. margaritaceum secretome is more closely related to those of land plants than to those of chlorophytes. The results of this study support the hypothesis that many of the proteins associated with plant cell wall modification as well as other extracellular processes evolved prior to the colonization of terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliel Ruiz-May
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Congregación el Haya, CP 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Ruiz-May E, Kim SJ, Brandizzi F, Rose JKC. The secreted plant N-glycoproteome and associated secretory pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:117. [PMID: 22685447 PMCID: PMC3368311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is a common form of eukaryotic protein post-translational modification, and one that is particularly prevalent in plant cell wall proteins. Large scale and detailed characterization of N-glycoproteins therefore has considerable potential in better understanding the composition and functions of the cell wall proteome, as well as those proteins that reside in other compartments of the secretory pathway. While there have been numerous studies of mammalian and yeast N-glycoproteins, less is known about the population complexity, biosynthesis, structural variation, and trafficking of their plant counterparts. However, technical developments in the analysis of glycoproteins and the structures the glycans that they bear, as well as valuable comparative analyses with non-plant systems, are providing new insights into features that are common among eukaryotes and those that are specific to plants, some of which may reflect the unique nature of the plant cell wall. In this review we present an overview of the current knowledge of plant N-glycoprotein synthesis and trafficking, with particular reference to those that are cell wall localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliel Ruiz-May
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Jocelyn K. C. Rose, Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 412 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. e-mail:
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Schoberer J, Runions J, Steinkellner H, Strasser R, Hawes C, Osterrieder A. Sequential depletion and acquisition of proteins during Golgi stack disassembly and reformation. Traffic 2010; 11:1429-44. [PMID: 20716110 PMCID: PMC3039244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the stepwise transport of multiple plant Golgi membrane markers during disassembly of the Golgi apparatus in tobacco leaf epidermal cells in response to the induced expression of the GTP-locked Sar1p or Brefeldin A (BFA), and reassembly on BFA washout. The distribution of fluorescent Golgi-resident N-glycan processing enzymes and matrix proteins (golgins) with specific cis-trans-Golgi sub-locations was followed by confocal microscopy during disassembly and reassembly. The first event during Golgi disassembly was the loss of trans-Golgi enzymes and golgins from Golgi membranes, followed by a sequential redistribution of medial and cis-Golgi enzymes into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whilst golgins were relocated to the ER or cytoplasm. This event was confirmed by fractionation and immuno-blotting. The sequential redistribution of Golgi components in a trans-cis sequence may highlight a novel retrograde trafficking pathway between the trans-Golgi and the ER in plants. Release of Golgi markers from the ER upon BFA washout occurred in the opposite sequence, with cis-matrix proteins labelling Golgi-like structures before cis/medial enzymes. Trans-enzyme location was preceded by trans-matrix proteins being recruited back to Golgi membranes. Our results show that Golgi disassembly and reassembly occur in a highly ordered fashion in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schoberer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - John Runions
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington CampusGipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Hawes
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington CampusGipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Anne Osterrieder
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington CampusGipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Karg SR, Kallio PT. The production of biopharmaceuticals in plant systems. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:879-894. [PMID: 19647060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals present the fastest growing segment in the pharmaceutical industry, with an ever widening scope of applications. Whole plants as well as contained plant cell culture systems are being explored for their potential as cheap, safe, and scalable production hosts. The first plant-derived biopharmaceuticals have now reached the clinic. Many biopharmaceuticals are glycoproteins; as the Golgi N-glycosylation machinery of plants differs from the mammalian machinery, the N-glycoforms introduced on plant-produced proteins need to be taken into consideration. Potent systems have been developed to change the plant N-glycoforms to a desired or even superior form compared to the native mammalian N-glycoforms. This review describes the current status of biopharmaceutical production in plants for industrial applications. The recent advances and tools which have been utilized to generate glycoengineered plants are also summarized and compared with the relevant mammalian systems whenever applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia R Karg
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Saint-Jore-Dupas C, Nebenführ A, Boulaflous A, Follet-Gueye ML, Plasson C, Hawes C, Driouich A, Faye L, Gomord V. Plant N-glycan processing enzymes employ different targeting mechanisms for their spatial arrangement along the secretory pathway. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:3182-200. [PMID: 17138701 PMCID: PMC1693952 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.036400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The processing of N-linked oligosaccharides in the secretory pathway requires the sequential action of a number of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. We studied the spatial distribution of several type II membrane-bound enzymes from Glycine max, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Nicotiana tabacum. Glucosidase I (GCSI) localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), alpha-1,2 mannosidase I (ManI) and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GNTI) both targeted to the ER and Golgi, and beta-1,2 xylosyltransferase localized exclusively to Golgi stacks, corresponding to the order of expected function. ManI deletion constructs revealed that the ManI transmembrane domain (TMD) contains all necessary targeting information. Likewise, GNTI truncations showed that this could apply to other type II enzymes. A green fluorescent protein chimera with ManI TMD, lengthened by duplicating its last seven amino acids, localized exclusively to the Golgi and colocalized with a trans-Golgi marker (ST52-mRFP), suggesting roles for protein-lipid interactions in ManI targeting. However, the TMD lengths of other plant glycosylation enzymes indicate that this mechanism cannot apply to all enzymes in the pathway. In fact, removal of the first 11 amino acids of the GCSI cytoplasmic tail resulted in relocalization from the ER to the Golgi, suggesting a targeting mechanism relying on protein-protein interactions. We conclude that the localization of N-glycan processing enzymes corresponds to an assembly line in the early secretory pathway and depends on both TMD length and signals in the cytoplasmic tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saint-Jore-Dupas
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6037, IFRMP 23, GDR 2590, UFR des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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Jolliffe NA, Brown JC, Neumann U, Vicré M, Bachi A, Hawes C, Ceriotti A, Roberts LM, Frigerio L. Transport of ricin and 2S albumin precursors to the storage vacuoles of Ricinus communis endosperm involves the Golgi and VSR-like receptors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 39:821-33. [PMID: 15341626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the transport of proricin and pro2S albumin to the protein storage vacuoles of developing castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) endosperm. Immunoelectron microscopy and cell fractionation reveal that both proteins travel through the Golgi apparatus and co-localize throughout their route to the storage vacuole. En route to the PSV, the proteins co-localize in large (>200 nm) vesicles, which are likely to represent developing storage vacuoles. We further show that the sequence-specific vacuolar sorting signals of both proricin and pro2SA bind in vitro to proteins that have high sequence similarity to members of the VSR/AtELP/BP-80 vacuolar sorting receptor family, generally associated with clathrin-mediated traffic to the lytic vacuole. The implications of these findings in relation to the current model for protein sorting to storage vacuoles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Jolliffe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Kuhn J, Müller S, Schnölzer M, Kempf T, Schön S, Brinkmann T, Schöttler M, Götting C, Kleesiek K. High-level expression and purification of human xylosyltransferase I in High Five insect cells as biochemically active form. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:537-44. [PMID: 14680799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human xylosyltransferase I (XT-I) catalyzes the transfer of xylose from UDP-xylose to consensus serine residues of proteoglycan core proteins. Expression of a soluble form of recombinant histidine-tagged XT-I (rXT-I-HIS) was accomplished at a high level with High Five/pCG255-1 insect cells in suspension culture. The recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by a combination of heparin affinity chromatography and metal (Ni(2+)) chelate affinity chromatography. Using the modern technique of perfusion chromatography, a rapid procedure for purification of the rXT-I-HIS from insect cell culture supernatant was developed. The purified, biologically active enzyme was homogeneous on SDS-PAGE, was detected with anti-XT-I-antibodies, and had the expected tryptic fragment mass spectrum. N-terminal amino acid sequencing demonstrated that the N-terminal signal sequence of the expressed protein was quantitatively cleaved. The total yield of the enzyme after purification was 18% and resulted in a specific XT-I activity of 7.9mU/mg. The K(m) of the enzyme for recombinant [Val(36),Val(38)](delta1),[Gly(92),Ile(94)](delta2)bikunin was 0.8microM. About 5mg purified enzyme could be obtained from 1L cell culture supernatant. The availability of substantial quantities of active, homogeneous enzyme will be of help in future biochemical and biophysical characterization of XT-I and for the development of a immunological XT-I assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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Follet-Gueye ML, Pagny S, Faye L, Gomord V, Driouich A. An improved chemical fixation method suitable for immunogold localization of green fluorescent protein in the Golgi apparatus of tobacco Bright Yellow (BY-2) cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2003; 51:931-40. [PMID: 12810843 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant systems, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is increasingly used as a marker to study dynamics of the secretory apparatus using fluorescence microscopy. The purpose of this study was to immunogold localize the GFP, at the electron microscopic level, in a line of tobacco BY-2-cultured cells, expressing a GFP-tagged Golgi glycosyltransferase. To this end we have developed a simple, one-step chemical fixation method that allow good structural preservation and specific labeling with anti-GFP antibodies. Using this method, we have been able to show that an N-glycan GFP-tagged xylosyltransferase is specifically associated with Golgi stacks of BY-2 transformed cells and is preferentially located in medial cisternae. As an alternative to cryofixation methods, such as high-pressure freezing, which requires specialized and expensive equipment not available in most laboratories, this method offers researchers the opportunity to investigate GFP-tagged proteins of the endomembrane system in tobacco BY-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- CNRS UMR 6037, IFRMP23, Université de Rouen, UFR des Sciences, Centre Commun de Microscopie Electronique, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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9
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Pagny S, Bouissonnie F, Sarkar M, Follet-Gueye ML, Driouich A, Schachter H, Faye L, Gomord V. Structural requirements for Arabidopsis beta1,2-xylosyltransferase activity and targeting to the Golgi. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:189-203. [PMID: 12943552 DOI: 10.1046/j.0960-7412.2002.01604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of a beta1,2-xylosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtXylT) was carried out by expression in Sf9 insect cells using a baculovirus vector system. Serial deletions at both the N- and C-terminal ends proved that integrity of a large domain located between amino acid 31 and the C-terminal lumenal region is required for AtXylT activity expression. The influence of N-glycosylation on AtXylT activity has been evaluated using either tunicamycin or mutagenesis of potential N-glycosylation sites. AtXylT is glycosylated on two of its three potential N-glycosylation sites (Asn51, Asn301, Asn478) and the occupancy of at least one of these two sites (Asn51 and Asn301) is necessary for AtXylT stability and activity. Contribution of the N-terminal part of AtXylT in targeting and intracellular distribution of this protein was studied by expression of variably truncated, GFP-tagged AtXylT forms in tobacco cells using confocal and electron microscopy. These studies have shown that the transmembrane domain of AtXylT and its short flanking amino acid sequences are sufficient to specifically localize a reporter protein to the medial Golgi cisternae in tobacco cells. This study is the first detailed characterization of a plant glycosyltransferase at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pagny
- CNRS UMR 6037, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, UFR des Sciences, Bâtiment extension Biologie 76821, Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
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Abstract
Freeze-substitution is a physicochemical process in which biological specimens are immobilized and stabilized for microscopy. Water frozen within cells is replaced by organic solvents at subzero temperatures. Freeze-substitution is widely used for ultrastructural and immunocytochemical analyses of cells by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Less well recognized is its superiority over conventional chemical fixation in preserving labile and rare tissue antigens for immunocytochemistry by light microscopy. In the postgenome era, the focus of molecular genetics will shift from analyzing DNA sequence structure to elucidating the function of gene networks, the intercellular effects of polygenetic diseases, and the conformational rearrangements of proteins in situ. Novel strategies will be needed to integrate knowledge of chemical structures of normal and abnormal macromolecules with the physiology and developmental biology of cells and tissues from whole organisms. This review summarizes the progress and future prospects of freeze-substitution for such explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shiurba
- Misato Inc., Satte-shi, Saitama, Japan
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Fitchette AC, Cabanes-Macheteau M, Marvin L, Martin B, Satiat-Jeunemaitre B, Gomord V, Crooks K, Lerouge P, Faye L, Hawes C. Biosynthesis and immunolocalization of Lewis a-containing N-glycans in the plant cell. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:333-44. [PMID: 10517824 PMCID: PMC59395 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.2.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated the presence of a new asparagine-linked complex glycan on plant glycoproteins that harbors the Lewis a (Lea), or Galbeta(1-3)[Fucalpha(1-4)]GlcNAc, epitope, which in mammalian cells plays an important role in cell-to-cell recognition. Here we show that the monoclonal antibody JIM 84, which is widely used as a Golgi marker in light and electron microscopy of plant cells, is specific for the Lea antigen. This antigen is present on glycoproteins of a number of flowering and non-flowering plants, but is less apparent in the Cruciferae, the family that includes Arabidopsis. Lea-containing oligosaccharides are found in the Golgi apparatus, and our immunocytochemical experiments suggest that it is synthesized in the trans-most part of the Golgi apparatus. Lea epitopes are abundantly present on extracellular glycoproteins, either soluble or membrane bound, but are never observed on vacuolar glycoproteins. Double-labeling experiments suggest that vacuolar glycoproteins do not bypass the late Golgi compartments where Lea is built, and that the absence of the Lea epitope from vacuolar glycoproteins is probably the result of its degradation by glycosidases en route to or after arrival in the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Fitchette
- Laboratoire des Transports Intracellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ESA 6037, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Université de Rouen, Faculté des Sciences, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan cédex, France
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Gomord V, Wee E, Faye L. Protein retention and localization in the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus. Biochimie 1999; 81:607-18. [PMID: 10433115 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein transport along the secretory pathway is supported by a noria of vesicles that bud and fuse, load and unload their cargo from one compartment into the other. However, despite this constant flow-through of proteins and lipids the various compartments of the secretory pathway are able to maintain their own specific composition. Here, we discuss recent insights into mechanisms of protein retention and localization that are necessary for the maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- and Golgi-associated typical functions such as protein folding and glycosylation in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gomord
- Laboratoire des Transports Intracellulaires, CNRS-ESA 6037, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Abstract
The plant Golgi apparatus has an important role in protein glycosylation and sorting, but is also a major biosynthetic organelle that synthesises large quantities of cell wall polysaccharides. This is reflected in the organisation of the Golgi apparatus as numerous individual stacks of cisternae that are dispersed through the cell. Each stack is polarised: the shape of the cisternae and the staining of the membranes change in a cis to trans direction, and the cisternae on the trans side contain more polysaccharides. Numerous glycosyltransferases are required for the synthesis of the complex cell wall polysaccharides. Microscopy and biochemical fractionation studies suggest that these enzymes are compartmentalised within the stack. Although there is no obvious cis Golgi network, the trans-most cisterna or trans Golgi network often buds clathrin-coated and sometimes smooth dense vesicles as well. Here, vacuolar proteins are sorted from the secreted proteins and polysaccharides. This review highlights unique aspects of the organisation and function of the plant Golgi apparatus. Fundamentally similar processes probably underlie Golgi organisation in all organisms, and consideration of the plant Golgi specialisations can therefore be generally informative, as well as being of central importance to plant cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dupree
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK.
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15
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Su SN, Shu P, Lau GX, Yang SY, Huang SW, Lee YC. Immunologic and physicochemical studies of Bermuda grass pollen antigen BG60. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98:486-94. [PMID: 8828524 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(96)70080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study we showed that antigen BG60 of Bermuda grass pollen contains isoallergens. Because the yield of purified isoallergens was low when a chromatofocusing technique was used, it was difficult to carry out further studies, such as determination of carbohydrate composition and structure. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish a procedure to purify antigen BG60 proteins as a group and to characterize this group's physicochemical and immunologic properties. METHODS A combination of chromatographic techniques (ion-exchange, gel filtration, blue gel affinity, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography) was used for the purification of BG60. Immunoblot and ELISA techniques were used to study BG60-specific IgE and IgG antibodies in patients' sera. The role of the carbohydrate moiety in antigenicity and allergenicity was examined with monoclonal antibodies and allergic sera by using periodate-treated BG60. Its carbohydrate composition was analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with a pulsed amperometric detector. RESULTS Homogeneity of BG60 was demonstrated by a single sharp peak in reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, a single band in sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and only one band stained by anti-BG60 monoclonal antibody. BG60-specific IgE and IgG antibodies were shown to be present in allergic sera. Six plant lectins were found to react with BG60. On periodate treatment, BG60 reduced binding toward its monoclonal antibody and human IgE and IgG. Carbohydrate composition analysis showed that BG60 contains three kinds of sugars: mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and fucose (in a ratio of approximately 3:2:1) and a minute amount of xylose. The carbohydrate content is approximately 7.5%, and peptide content is about 92.5%. CONCLUSION A procedure was established for the purification of a large quantity of the BG60 antigen. The results suggest that the carbohydrate moiety of antigen BG60 may play an important role in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Su
- Department of Medical Research, Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chapter 9 N-Glycosylation of Plant Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
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Eggli ES, Graber W. Improved ultrastructural preservation of rat ciliary body after high pressure freezing and freeze substitution: a perspective view based upon comparison with tissue processed according to a conventional protocol or by osmium tetroxide/microwave fixation. Microsc Res Tech 1994; 29:11-22. [PMID: 8000081 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1070290103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Conventional fixation of the delicate, highly folded rat ciliary body and its iridial extension, as well as of vitreal structures, is associated with the induction of a number of artifacts, thus limiting the reliability of morphological interpretations. Improved ultrastructural preservation may be achieved by microwave heating in combination with osmium tetroxide fixation. This protocol, although simple and cheap, yields results, particularly with respect to the extracellular matrix compartment between inner and outer ciliary epithelial cells, which are not greatly inferior to those obtained by implementing the sophisticated high pressure freezing and freeze substitution technique. The latter affords good to very good ultrastructural preservation of epithelium and stromal components, such as blood vessels, neural elements, smooth muscle cells, fibrocytes, and free cells, up to a depth of 50-100 microns from the tissue surface. Its superiority over osmium tetroxide/microwave fixation is revealed in the cytoplasmic, intraorganellar, and vitreal matrix compartments, which incur no obvious losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Eggli
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Driouich A, Faye L, Staehelin LA. The plant Golgi apparatus: a factory for complex polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Trends Biochem Sci 1993; 18:210-4. [PMID: 8346556 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(93)90191-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus of plant cells serves two major functions: it assembles and processes the oligosaccharide side chains of glycoproteins, and it synthesizes the complex polysaccharides of the cell wall matrix, the hemicelluloses and pectins. The first function is common to plant and animal cells while the second is unique to plants. The recent introduction of novel biochemical and electron microscopical techniques, as well as the production and the application of highly specific anti-glycan antibody probes have led to major advances in understanding the structural and functional organization of plant Golgi stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Driouich
- Laboratoire des Transports Intracellulaires, CNRS URA 203, Université de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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Satiat-Jeunemaitre B, Hawes C. Redistribution of a Golgi glycoprotein in plant cells treated with Brefeldin A. J Cell Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.103.4.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal fatty acid derivative Brefeldin A (BFA), has been used to study the reversible distribution of a Golgi glycoprotein, the JIM 84 epitope, into the cytosol of higher plant cells. Treatment of both maize and onion root tip cells resulted in a rearrangement of the Golgi stacks into either circular formations or a perinuclear distribution. The Golgi cisternae became curved and vesiculated and in cells where the Golgi apparatus was totally dispersed the JIM 84 epitope was associated with large areas in the cytosol which were also vesiculated. On removal of the BFA the Golgi apparatus reformed and the JIM 84 epitope was again located in the cisternal stacks. This mode of BFA action is compared with that so far described for animal cells.
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