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Chatterjee S, Sivanandam V, Wong KKM. Adeno-Associated Virus and Hematopoietic Stem Cells: The Potential of Adeno-Associated Virus Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Genetic Medicines. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 31:542-552. [PMID: 32253938 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors have transformed into powerful elements of genetic medicine with proven therapeutic efficacy and a good safety profile. Over the years, efforts to transduce hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with AAV2 vectors have, however, been challenging. While there was evidence that AAV2 delivered vector genomes to primitive, quiescent, multipotential, self-renewing, in vivo engrafting HSCs, transgene expression was elusive. In this study, we review the evolution of AAV transduction of HSC, starting with AAV2 vectors leading to the isolation of a family of naturally occurring AAVs from human CD34+ HSC, the AAVHSC. The stem cell-derived AAVHSCs have turned out to have remarkable potentials for genetic therapies well beyond the hematopoietic system. AAVHSCs have tropism for a wide variety of peripheral tissues, including the liver, muscle, and the retina. They cross the blood-brain barrier and transduce cells of the central nervous system. Preclinical gene therapy studies underway using AAVHSC vectors are discussed. We review the notable ability of AAVHSCs to mediate efficient, seamless homologous recombination in the absence of exogenous nuclease activity and discuss the therapeutic implications. We also discuss early results from an AAVHSC-based clinical gene therapy trial that is underway for the treatment of phenylketonuria. Thus, the stem cell-derived AAVHSC, offer a multifaceted platform for in vivo gene therapy and genome editing for the treatment of inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Chatterjee
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Venkatesh Sivanandam
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Kamehameha Kai-Min Wong
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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Cao M, Bandyopadhyay S, Zhu H, You H, Hermonat PL. The HPV16 E1 Carboxyl Domain Provides a Helper Function for Adeno-Associated Virus Replication. Intervirology 2019; 61:185-192. [PMID: 30654371 DOI: 10.1159/000495137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is now in the clinic, yet production of rAAV remains problematic. We previously determined that human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E1 protein boosts rAAV yields and E1 enhances AAV Rep78's replication-related biochemistries. Here, we deletion-mapped the helper domain within E1 to help glean its mechanism of action. METHODS Rep78-E1 interaction was analyzed by Gal4-based yeast two-hybrid (Y2H)-cDNA assay. rAAV DNA replication was studied by AAV/helper plasmid transfection into HEK293 cells and Southern blot. Gene expression analysis was made of AAV and E1 plasmid transfection, cDNA generation, and then quantitative polymerase chain reaction. NCBI protein BLAST was used for the homology analysis. RESULTS Gal4-Y2H- cDNA assay found in vivo Rep78-E1-binding activity across E1, but the carboxyl-third (amino acids [aa] 421-649) of E1 contained the predominant DNA replication helper domain. The amino-half of E1 (aa 1-337) inhibited transcription of rep (p5 promoter) and cap (p40, trending lower) from non-replicating helper plasmid by quantitative (q)RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS The aa 421-649 helper domain of HPV16 E1 includes the ATP-binding/helicase region of E1 which boosts rAAV production and has homology with the analogous region of parvovirus NS-1/Rep78 by NCBI protein BLAST, suggesting these biochemistries are responsible for the mechanism of action in E1 helper function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Cao
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sarmistha Bandyopadhyay
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hongqing Zhu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hong You
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Paul L Hermonat
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, .,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA,
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3
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Abstract
Although the remarkable versatility and efficacy of recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) vectors in transducing a wide variety of cells and tissues in vitro, and in numerous pre-clinical animal models of human diseases in vivo, have been well established, the published literature is replete with controversies with regard to the efficacy of AAV2 vectors in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transduction. A number of factors have contributed to these controversies, the molecular bases of which have begun to come to light in recent years. With the availability of several novel serotypes (AAV1 through AAV12), rational design of AAV capsid mutants, and strategies (self-complementary vector genomes, hematopoietic cell-specific promoters), it is indeed becoming feasible to achieve efficient transduction of HSC by AAV vectors. Using a murine serial bone marrow transplantation model in vivo, we have recently documented stable integration of the proviral AAV genome into mouse chromosomes, which does not lead to any overt hematological abnormalities. Thus, a better understanding of the AAV-HSC interactions, and the availability of a vast repertoire of novel serotype and capsid mutant vectors, are likely to have significant implications in the use of AAV vectors in high-efficiency transduction of HSCs as well as in gene therapy applications involving the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-3633, USA.
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4
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Li D, Liu Y, Chen J, Velchala N, Amani F, Nemarkommula A, Chen K, Rayaz H, Zhang D, Liu H, Sinha AK, Romeo F, Hermonat PL, Mehta JL. Suppression of atherogenesis by delivery of TGFbeta1ACT using adeno-associated virus type 2 in LDLR knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:701-7. [PMID: 16631603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TGFbeta(1) deficiency has been attributed to the development of atherosclerosis. There is, however, little direct evidence for this concept. To examine this hypothesis, low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR(-/-)) mice were injected via tail vein with recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (rAAV) carrying a bioactive TGFbeta(1) mutant (AAV/TGFbeta1ACT, n=10) or granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (AAV/GM-CSF, n=10, a negative control) or saline (n=9, control), and then put on a high cholesterol diet. At 18 weeks, blood lipids were found to be similarly elevated in all LDLR(-/-) mice. TGFbeta1ACT and GM-CSF (DNA, mRNA, and protein) were highly expressed in the tissues of mice given TGFbeta1ACT or AAV/GM-CSF, respectively, showing sustained transfection following gene delivery by the systemic route. Saline-treated and AAV/GM-CSF-treated LDLR(-/-) mice showed extensive areas of atherosclerotic lesion formation. There was evidence of intense oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine staining), inflammation (CD68 staining), and expression of adhesion molecules and the ox-LDL receptor LOX-1 (gene array analysis) in the atherosclerotic tissues. Importantly, atherosclerotic lesion formation was markedly inhibited in the LDLR(-/-) mice given AAV/TGFbeta1ACT. Expression of adhesion molecules and LOX-1, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response all were inhibited in the mice given AAV/TGFbeta1ACT (P<0.05 vs. saline-treated or GM-CSF-treated LDLR(-/-) mice). These data for the first time demonstrate that systemic delivery of TGFbeta1ACT gene via AAV can inhibit formation of atherosclerotic lesions, possibly via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant mechanisms. These findings suggest a novel view of TGFbeta(1) in atherogenesis and a potential new gene therapy for treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayuan Li
- Gene Therapy Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, VA Medical Center, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Srivastava A. Hematopoietic stem cell transduction by recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors: problems and solutions. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:792-8. [PMID: 16000061 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV) vectors have taken center stage owing to their potentially safer profile compared with the more commonly used retroviral and adenoviral vectors in human gene therapy clinical trials. Their remarkable versatility and efficacy in a wide variety of preclinical animal models of human diseases have attracted further attention of a number of investigators. Although two particular cell types, muscle and brain, have been shown to be highly transducible by AAV vectors, controversies abound with reference to the efficacy of these vectors in transducing primary hematopoietic cells. Whereas some investigators have claimed that primitive hematopoietic cells are impervious to AAV vectors, others have reported that AAV vectors are capable of transducing these cells, but only at high vector-to-cell ratios. Still other investigators have reported successful transduction of primitive hematopoietic cells at relatively low vector-to-cell ratios. This review attempts to resolve these controversies, and provides a basis for the optimism that safe and high-efficiency transduction of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by AAV vectors is well within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Shands Cancer Center and Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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He J, Yang Q, Chang LJ. Dynamic DNA methylation and histone modifications contribute to lentiviral transgene silencing in murine embryonic carcinoma cells. J Virol 2005; 79:13497-508. [PMID: 16227270 PMCID: PMC1262567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13497-13508.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells are subjected to a dynamic genome regulation during development. Here we report that the ectopic lentiviral transgenes are quickly silenced in murine embryonic carcinoma P19 cells. The silencing was correlated with CpG hypermethylation in the transgene promoter. Using high-resolution sodium bisulfite genome sequencing, we detected distinct DNA methylation kinetics in different proviral regions. DNase I sensitivity and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed condensed chromatin structure and histone code switch during silencing. Longitudinal analysis of nonsilenced and silenced identical single-cell clones revealed that the silencing was coupled with CpG methylation in the promoter, as well as a global histone H3 deacetylation. Interestingly, the primer binding site and the packaging signal region appeared to serve as a DNA methylation initiation center which was rapidly hypermethylated regardless of transgene silencing and chromatin modifications. Analysis of cellular genes 45 to 50 kbp upstream and downstream of the integration site indicated that transcriptional activities of the flanking host genes were not affected. Genetic modifications of stem cells have great therapeutic potentials and our results picture a dynamic embryonic genome response to ectopic transgene integration that may have important implications in the future safety and efficacy modifications of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd., ARB, R1-252, Box 100266, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
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7
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Chiriva-Internati M, Grizzi F, Jumper CA, Cobos E, Hermonat PL, Frezza EE. Immunological treatment of liver tumors. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6571-6. [PMID: 16425346 PMCID: PMC4355746 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i42.6571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although multiple options for the treatment of liver tumors have often been described in the past, including liver resection, radiofrequency ablation with or without hepatic pump insertion, laparoscopic liver resection and the use of chemotherapy, the potential of immunotherapy and gene manipulation is still largely unexplored. Immunological therapy by gene manipulation is based on the interaction between virus-based gene delivery systems and dendritic cells. Using viruses as vectors, it is possible to transduce dendritic cells with genes encoding tumor-associated antigens, thus inducing strong humoral and cellular immunity against the antigens themselves. Both chemotherapy and radiation therapy have the disadvantage of destroying healthy cells, thus causing severe side-effects. We need more precisely targeted therapies capable of killing cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. Our goal is to establish a new treatment for solid liver tumors based on the concept of cytoreduction, and propose an innovative algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6591, USA.
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8
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Liu Y, Chiriva-Internati M, You C, Luo R, You H, Prasad CK, Grizzi F, Cobos E, Klimberg VS, Kay H, Mehta JL, Hermonat PL. Use and specificity of breast cancer antigen/milk protein BA46 for generating anti-self-cytotoxic T lymphocytes by recombinant adeno-associated virus-based gene loading of dendritic cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:304-12. [PMID: 15565181 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-targeted immunotherapy is an emerging treatment for breast cancer. However, useful breast cancer antigens are only found in a subset of cancer patients. BA46, also known as lactadherin, is a membrane-associated glycoprotein that is expressed in most breast cancer cells but not in general hematopoietic cell populations. Moreover, it is much more difficult to generate CTLs against self-antigens. We wished to determine if the use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) type 2 vectors for gene-loading of dendritic cells (DCs) could generate rapid, effective cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against BA46. We were able to demonstrate that AAV/BA46/Neo-loading of DCs resulted in: (1) BA46 expression in DCs, (2) chromosomal integration of the AAV/BA46/Neo vector within DCs, (3) strong, rapid BA46-specific, MHC class I-restricted CTLs in only 1 week, (4) T-cell populations with significant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) expression but low IL-4 expression, (5) high CD80 and CD86 expression in DCs, and (6) high CD8:CD4 and CD8:CD56 T cell ratios. These data suggest that rAAV-loading of DCs may be useful for immunotherapeutic protocols against self-antigens in addition to viral antigens and that the BA46 antigen is potentially appropriate for cell-mediated immunotherapeutic protocols addressing ductal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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9
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Srivastava A. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transduction by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors: Problems and Solutions. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Agrawal N, You H, Liu Y, Chiriva-Internati M, Bremner J, Garg T, Grizzi F, Krishna Prasad C, Mehta JL, Hermonat PL. Generation of recombinant skin in vitro by adeno-associated virus type 2 vector transduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 10:1707-15. [PMID: 15684679 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that skin may be a particularly good target for pharmacologic gene therapy and as a platform for the secretion of systemically distributed molecules. Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) is a useful vector for skin gene therapy because skin is the natural host tissue for AAV, in which it functions as an autonomous parvovirus. We demonstrate here that recombinant (r) AAV vectors carrying the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), human papillomavirus E6, or green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene could transduce primary human keratinocytes in ex vivo culture. We further demonstrate that these transduced cells could be used to form a transgene-positive recombinant skin (r-skin), using the organotypic epithelial raft culture system. Transduction of keratinocytes was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for RNA expression, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for product secretion, intracellular staining for protein expression, vector-chromosomal junction PCR and Southern blot analysis of proviral sequences, in situ immunohistochemistry analysis of protein expression, and ultraviolet light fluorescence for GFP expression. AAV/GM-CSF/Neo-infected keratinocyte/raft skins secreted GM-CSF at levels as high as 25 ng/cm(2) of skin and maintained expression to 60 days postinfection. These data support the utility and efficiency of AAV-based gene delivery to produce genetically altered keratinocytes and r-skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Agrawal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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11
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Zhong L, Li W, Yang Z, Qing K, Tan M, Hansen J, Li Y, Chen L, Chan RJ, Bischof D, Maina N, Weigel-Kelley KA, Zhao W, Larsen SH, Yoder MC, Shou W, Srivastava A. Impaired nuclear transport and uncoating limit recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 vector-mediated transduction of primary murine hematopoietic cells. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 15:1207-18. [PMID: 15684697 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2004.15.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversies abound concerning hematopoietic stem cell transduction by recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV) vectors. For human hematopoietic cells, we have shown that this problem is related to the extent of expression of the cellular receptor for AAV. At least a small subset of murine hematopoietic cells, on the other hand, does express both the AAV receptor and the coreceptor, yet is transduced poorly. In the present study, we have found that approximately 85% of AAV genomes were present in the cytoplasmic fraction of primary murine c-Kit(+)Lin- hematopoietic cells. However, when mice were injected intraperitoneally with hydroxyurea before isolation of these cells, the extent to which AAV genomes were detected in the cytoplasmic fraction was reduced to approximately 40%, with a corresponding increase to approximately 60% in the nuclear fraction, indicating that hydroxyurea facilitated nuclear transport of AAV. It was apparent, nonetheless, that a significant fraction of the AAV genomes present in the nuclear fraction from cells obtained from hydroxyurea-treated mice was single stranded. We next tested whether the single-stranded AAV genomes were derived from virions that failed to undergo uncoating in the nucleus. A substantial fraction of the signal in the nuclear fraction of hematopoietic cells obtained from hydroxyurea-treated mice was also resistant to DNase I. That AAV particles were intact and biologically active was determined by successful transduction of 293 cells by virions recovered from murine hematopoietic cells 48 hr postinfection. Although hydroxyurea facilitated nuclear transport of AAV, most of the virions failed to undergo uncoating, thereby leading to only a partial improvement in viral second- strand DNA synthesis and transgene expression. A better understanding of the underlying mechanism of viral uncoating has implications in the optimal use of recombinant AAV vectors in hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Walther Cancer Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Chiriva-Internati M, Liu Y, Salati E, Zhou W, Wang Z, Grizzi F, Roman JJ, Lim SH, Hermonat PL. Efficient generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against cervical cancer cells by adeno-associated virus/human papillomavirus type 16 E7 antigen gene transduction into dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:30-8. [PMID: 11754001 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200201)32:1<30::aid-immu30>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is able to efficiently deliver a cytokine gene into dendritic cells (DC). Improvements in T cell priming by DC might be effected by the delivery of antigen genes into DC, resulting in continuous protein expression, as most proteins have short half-lives. In this study, a recombinant AAV vector containing the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E7 gene was used to pulse/infect DC and compared to the pulsing of DC by the lipofection of bacterially produced E7 protein. Pulsing of DC with AAV/antigen (Ag) gene was found to be superior to pulsing with protein in six different assay systems: (1) the level of antigen transfer into DC as determined by intracellular staining; (2) the level of MHC class I-restricted killing in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays; (3) the level of IFN-gamma expression; (4) the level of DC-T cell priming clusters generated; (5) the level of CD80 and CD83 expression on DC; and (6) in the resulting CD8:CD4 ratio. Finally, AAV/Ag gene pulsing resulted in strong CTL activity after only 7 days of priming. These data suggest that AAV vectors may offer advantages over the commonly used protein-pulsing technique and that AAV vectors may be useful for the stimulation of CTL activity and adoptive immunotherapy protocols.
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Liu Y, Chiriva-Internati M, Grizzi F, Salati E, Roman JJ, Lim S, Hermonat PL. Rapid induction of cytotoxic T-cell response against cervical cancer cells by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 antigen gene delivery into human dendritic cells by an adeno-associated virus vector. Cancer Gene Ther 2001; 8:948-57. [PMID: 11781657 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that the pulsing of dendritic cells (DCs) with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) antigen proteins by lipofection stimulates class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against primary cervical cancer cells. Also, we have shown that adeno-associated virus (AAV) was able to effectively deliver a cytokine gene into DCs. It has been our hypothesis that the delivery of antigen genes into DCs, resulting in endogenous and continuous antigen protein expression, may result in an improvement in T-cell priming by DCs. Here, DCs are pulsed (infected) with an AAV vector containing the HPV-16 E6 gene. After infection, transduced E6 gene mRNA expression and vector chromosomal integration could be identified in infected DCs. Furthermore, priming rosettes formed at early times when the AAV/E6 vector was used. Most importantly, AAV/E6 vector pulsing of DCs induced, after only 7 days of priming, a strong CTL response against primary cervical cancer cell lines, compared to bacterial E6 protein lipofection. Killing was significantly blocked by the addition of anti-MHC class I antibodies. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of resulting primed cell populations revealed higher levels of CD8+ T cells by AAV-based pulsing, with little evidence of CD56 (NK). FACS analysis of the DC populations revealed that AAV/E6 vector-pulsed DCs had higher levels of CD80 and lower levels of CD86 than protein-pulsed DCs. These data suggest that rAAV may be appropriate for antigen pulsing of DCs for immunotherapy protocols. Finally, our protocol represents an advance in regards to the time needed for generating a CTL response compared to other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Meyers C, Mane M, Kokorina N, Alam S, Hermonat PL. Ubiquitous human adeno-associated virus type 2 autonomously replicates in differentiating keratinocytes of a normal skin model. Virology 2000; 272:338-46. [PMID: 10873777 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1966, adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) has been described as a helper-dependent parvovirus. However, in this study we demonstrate that AAV undergoes its complete life cycle, devoid of helper viruses or genotoxic agents, in the organotypic epithelial raft tissue culture system, a model of normal skin. AAV progeny production directly correlated with epithelial differentiation, as nondifferentiating keratinocytes were defective for this activity. Large nuclear virus arrays of particles of approximately 26 nm (parvovirus size) were observed in the granular layers of the raft epithelium by electron microscopy. Additionally, dosage-dependent histologic changes, some of which might be interpreted as cytopathology, were induced in the AAV-infected epithelial tissues. These data suggest a new biological model for AAV; that is, AAV is an epithelial-tropic autonomous parvovirus that can alter normal squamous differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA
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15
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Abstract
Potential applications and impact of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a gene transfer vector have expanded rapidly in the last decade. Recent advances in the production of high-titer purified rAAV vector stocks have made the transition to human clinical trials a reality in the last moments of the millenium. Production improvements will be complemented in the coming years with understanding of and innovations in the targeting and packaging of rAAV, the design of transgene cassettes, and the host immune response to the vectors. These expected areas of progress are discussed, with special attention to clinical applications for which rAAV vectors may help close the gap towards successful gene therapy. Gene Therapy (2000) 7, 24-30.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Monahan
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7570, USA
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16
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Liu Y, Santin AD, Mane M, Chiriva-Internati M, Parham GP, Ravaggi A, Hermonat PL. Transduction and utility of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene into monocytes and dendritic cells by adeno-associated virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20:21-30. [PMID: 10670649 DOI: 10.1089/107999000312702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic manipulation of antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC) offers promise for stimulating the immune response, in particular for anticancer and antiviral protocols. As adeno-associated virus (AAV) has shown promise as a gene delivery vector for transducing a variety of hematopoietic cell types, we have investigated AAV's ability to genetically alter DC. In this analysis, we modified the standard granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) treatment of adherent monocytes to generate DC. In our protocol, adherent monocytes were first infected with an AAV/GM-CSF/Neo vector, and the addition of IL-4 was delayed for 2 days to allow for a brief period of monocyte proliferation. AAV-mediated transduction of the GM-CSF and Neo genes into monocytes/DC precursors was demonstrated by G418 selection, GM-CSF secretion, GM-CSF RNA expression (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification [RT-PCR]), and cell proliferation. Cells resulting from infection with AAV/GM-CSF/Neo virus, and subsequent IL-4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) treatment, displayed multiple classic markers consistent with mature DC. Finally, chromosomal integration of the AAV vector was also demonstrated in sorted CD83+ DC. These data strongly suggest that AAV vectors will be useful for the genetic manipulation of DC and suggest that the transduction of the GM-CSF gene was able to fully replace the need for exogenous GM-CSF in the production of mature DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA
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18
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Schimmenti S, Boesen J, Claassen EA, Valerio D, Einerhand MP. Long-term genetic modification of rhesus monkey hematopoietic cells following transplantation of adenoassociated virus vector-transduced CD34+ cells. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:2727-34. [PMID: 9874271 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.18-2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have explored the potential of recombinant adenoassociated virus (AAV) vectors for gene transfer of the human beta-globin gene and the genetic modification of primate pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (P-PHSCs). Transduction of P-PHSCs was tested in a preclinical bone marrow transplantation model in rhesus monkeys. CD34+ cells were transduced ex vivo and autologously transplanted without prior selection into irradiated rhesus monkeys. Vector-transduced peripheral blood mononuclear cells and granulocytes were present in the circulation for more than 15 months after transplantation. Approximately 1 in 10(5) cells in the circulation was vector modified. The vector was detected in the bone marrow, in granulocytes, and in purified populations of B and T cells, thus demonstrating multilineage repopulation by vector-transduced stem cells. Comparison of transduction protocols suggested that short-term culture of P-PHSCs enhances transduction and subsequent repopulation by rAAV-transduced cells. These results demonstrate that rAAV vectors can be used for the permanent genetic modification of a rhesus monkey hematopoietic system in the absence of selective pressure.
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19
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Pieroni L, Fipaldini C, Monciotti A, Cimini D, Sgura A, Fattori E, Epifano O, Cortese R, Palombo F, La Monica N. Targeted integration of adeno-associated virus-derived plasmids in transfected human cells. Virology 1998; 249:249-59. [PMID: 9791017 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) integrates its genomic DNA into a defined region of human chromosome 19 (AAVS1). The specificity of integration is dependent on the presence of the inverted terminal repeats (ITR) and on expression of the rep gene. To develop vectors capable of targeting the insertion of a selected DNA sequence into a specific location of human chromosome, we determined whether the rep gene can mediate site-specific integration when cloned outside of an ITR-flanked transgene cassette. HeLa and Huh-7 cells were transfected with a plasmid containing the rep gene, as well as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and neomycin (neo) resistance gene inserted between the ITRs of AAV. Southern blot analysis of individual clones detected Rep-mediated site-specific integration of the ITR-flanked DNA in 25% and 12% of the HeLa and Huh-7 clones, respectively. The localization of the GFP-Neo sequence on chromosome 19 also was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis of the transfected HeLa clones. Sequence analysis of the ITR-AAVS1 junction of one of the transfected Huh-7 clones indicated that the insertion of the ITR DNA fragment had occurred at nucleotide 1003. These results have implications for the development of AAV-derived vectors capable of directing the site-specific integration of a gene of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pieroni
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare "Piero Angeletti," P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30,600, Pomezia, 00040, Italy
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20
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Hermonat PL, Santin AD, Batchu RB, Zhan D. The adeno-associated virus Rep78 major regulatory protein binds the cellular TATA-binding protein in vitro and in vivo. Virology 1998; 245:120-7. [PMID: 9614873 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rep78 is the major regulatory protein of adenoassociated virus (AAV). Rep78 is able to transcriptionally regulate all three of AAV's promoters, as well as a variety of heterologous promoters. In an attempt to understand the mechanism of action by which Rep78 is able to regulate gene expression, we are investigating Rep78's possible protein-protein interaction with basal transcription factors. One such critical basal transcription factor is the human TATA binding protein, TBP. TBP is a core factor required for the assemblage of the transcription initiation complex, TFIID. In this report an in vitro interaction between Rep78 and TBP was demonstrated in three different assay systems, including West(far)-Western analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay-supershift, and coimmunoprecipitation. Furthermore, using the yeast GAL4 two-hybrid system, an in vivo interaction between Rep78 and TBP was also demonstrated. Further still, the amino half of Rep78 is shown to be needed for Rep78-TBP interaction. Mutations within this region of Rep78 are known to be defective for transcriptional regulatory ability, suggesting a biological role for this interaction. Thus, Rep78 may regulate transcription through binding and regulating TBP's numerous interactions. Furthermore, as Rep78 is known to bind at least one other transcription factor (Sp 1) and likely others, Rep78 may function as a TBP-associated factor in an altered TFIID-like complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Hermonat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA
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21
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Smith C, Sullenger BA. AIDS and HIV infection. MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF HUMAN DISEASES SERIES 1998; 5:195-236. [PMID: 9532568 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0547-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Smith
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701-9322, USA
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22
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Robust, But Transient Expression of Adeno-Associated Virus-Transduced Genes During Human T Lymphopoiesis. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v90.12.4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRecombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) have been proposed to be gene transfer vehicles for hematopoietic stem cells with advantages over other virus-based systems due to their high titers and relative lack of dependence on cell cycle for target cell integration. We evaluated rAAV vector containing a LacZ reporter gene under the control of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter in the context of primary human CD34+CD2− progenitor cells induced to undergo T-cell differentiation using an in vitro T-lymphopoiesis system. Target cells from either adult bone marrow or umbilical cord blood were efficiently transduced, and 71% to 79% CD2+ cells expressed a LacZ marker gene mRNA and produced LacZ-encoded protein after exposure to rAAV-CMV-LacZ. The impact of transgene expression on the differentiation of T cells was assessed by sequential quantitation of immunophenotypic subsets of virus-exposed cells and no alteration was noted compared with control. The durability of transgene expression was assessed and found to decay by day 35 with kinetics dependent on the multiplicity of infection. In addition, vector DNA was absent from CD4 or CD8 subselected CD3+ cells by DNA-polymerase chain reaction. These data suggest that rAAV vectors may result in robust transgene expression in primitive cells undergoing T-cell lineage commitment without toxicity or alteration in the pattern of T-cell differentiation. However, expression is transient and integration of the transgene unlikely. Recombinant AAV vectors are potentially valuable gene transfer tools for the genetic manipulation of events during T-cell ontogony but their potential in gene therapy strategies for diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is limited.
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23
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Robust, But Transient Expression of Adeno-Associated Virus-Transduced Genes During Human T Lymphopoiesis. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v90.12.4854.4854_4854_4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) have been proposed to be gene transfer vehicles for hematopoietic stem cells with advantages over other virus-based systems due to their high titers and relative lack of dependence on cell cycle for target cell integration. We evaluated rAAV vector containing a LacZ reporter gene under the control of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter in the context of primary human CD34+CD2− progenitor cells induced to undergo T-cell differentiation using an in vitro T-lymphopoiesis system. Target cells from either adult bone marrow or umbilical cord blood were efficiently transduced, and 71% to 79% CD2+ cells expressed a LacZ marker gene mRNA and produced LacZ-encoded protein after exposure to rAAV-CMV-LacZ. The impact of transgene expression on the differentiation of T cells was assessed by sequential quantitation of immunophenotypic subsets of virus-exposed cells and no alteration was noted compared with control. The durability of transgene expression was assessed and found to decay by day 35 with kinetics dependent on the multiplicity of infection. In addition, vector DNA was absent from CD4 or CD8 subselected CD3+ cells by DNA-polymerase chain reaction. These data suggest that rAAV vectors may result in robust transgene expression in primitive cells undergoing T-cell lineage commitment without toxicity or alteration in the pattern of T-cell differentiation. However, expression is transient and integration of the transgene unlikely. Recombinant AAV vectors are potentially valuable gene transfer tools for the genetic manipulation of events during T-cell ontogony but their potential in gene therapy strategies for diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is limited.
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24
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Irie A, Kijima H, Ohkawa T, Bouffard DY, Suzuki T, Curcio LD, Holm PS, Sassani A, Scanlon KJ. Anti-oncogene ribozymes for cancer gene therapy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1997; 40:207-57. [PMID: 9217927 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Irie
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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25
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Fan PD, Dong JY. Replication of rep-cap genes is essential for the high-efficiency production of recombinant AAV. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:87-98. [PMID: 8989998 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.1-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoassociated virus (AAV) has been developed as a vector for gene transfer because of its advantageous features: it is nonpathogenic, naturally replication-defective; it infects growth-arrested cells, and can transfer the therapeutic gene without co-delivery of any viral genes. However, a major obstacle in conducting systematic studies of AAV-mediated gene transfer in animal models is the difficulty of obtaining large quantities of recombinant virus. Recent development of AAV packaging cell lines has simplified the procedure of producing recombinant AAV (rAAV). However, the efficacy of producing large quantities of rAAV with these cell lines is yet to be demonstrated. In this study we have analyzed the difference between the replication of wild-type AAV and the production of rAAV. Using a combined single-plasmid system that carries both an AAV vector and the rep-cap genes, we have demonstrated that the AAV vector replicates to high number of copies whereas the rep-cap sequences remain unamplified in the virus-producing cells, When the copy number of rep-cap genes was increased by varying the vector/rep-cap ratio in the transfection mixture, the titer of rAAV increased proportionally. Thus, the titer of rAAV is limited by the low copy number of the rep-cap genes that results in an insufficient expression of the Rep and Cap proteins. We have also shown that generation of double-stranded replicating form of the vector DNA is accompanied by an amplified transgene expression. We propose that the increased gene expression from the accumulating double-stranded viral DNA is likely to be the mechanism by which wild-type AAV produces a large number of particles necessary to package the self-replicating AAV genomes. We conclude that mimicking this amplified expression of rep-cap genes may provide the key to produce high titers of rAAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francicso 94143-0724, USA
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26
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Bishop BM, Santin AD, Quirk JG, Hermonat PL. Role of the terminal repeat GAGC trimer, the major Rep78 binding site, in adeno-associated virus DNA replication. FEBS Lett 1996; 397:97-100. [PMID: 8941722 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(96)01149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) terminal repeats (TR) are cis required, and the AAV encoded Rep78 protein is trans required, for AAV DNA replication. The Rep78 protein recognizes and interacts with at least three regions within the TR DNA. The major binding site, with the highest affinity for Rep78 binding, is within the TR stem (nt 36-16) and includes the 'core' GAGC trimer (GAGC3, nt 33-22; Fig. 2) sequence. In this study mutations were made within the GAGC trimer and these mutants assayed for their ability to allow for AAV double stranded (ds DNA, prepackaging DNA replication), and single stranded DNA (ss DNA, due to virion packaging) replication. Here, it is shown that when the two inside GAGC motifs are mutated, with only motif no. 1 left intact (see Fig. 2), the resulting AAV (mutA) genome was significantly defective for both ds DNA (17% of wild type) and ss DNA (9%). If the TRs contained only the two outside motifs intact (mutB), motifs no. 1 and 2, the AAV genome had a significant but reduced level of both ds (50%) and ss (34%) DNA replication. Finally, if only the middle motif no. 2 was mutated, with motifs no. 1 and 3 left intact (mutC), the resulting DNA replication for both ds and ss forms was essentially wild type (80% that of wild type). These data suggest that the GAGC trimer plays a role in AAV DNA replication, and that GAGC motif no. 3 is the most important of the three motifs for both ds and ss DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Bishop
- Department of Obstetrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA
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27
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Fisher KJ, Kelley WM, Burda JF, Wilson JM. A novel adenovirus-adeno-associated virus hybrid vector that displays efficient rescue and delivery of the AAV genome. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:2079-87. [PMID: 8934222 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.17-2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus and adeno-associated virus (AAV) are eukaryotic DNA viruses being developed as vectors for human gene therapy. The strengths of each system have been exploited in a novel vector that is based on an adenovirus-AAV hybrid virus incorporated into a plasmid-based molecular conjugate. Efficient rescue and replication of the recombinant AAV genome in this hybrid required transient expression of rep. This feature was incorporated into the transducing particle by conjugating a rep expression plasmid to the hybrid virus through a polylysine bridge. The resulting particle is an attractive vehicle for gene therapy because it is easily manufactured and capable of efficiently transducing cells with the end result being rescue and replication of the recombinant AAV genome. This particle is also useful in the production of recombinant AAV resulting in yields 10-fold greater than that achieved with transfection-based protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fisher
- Institute for Human Gene Therapy, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
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28
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Tauer TJ, Schneiderman MH, Vishwanatha JK, Rhode SL. DNA double-strand break repair functions defend against parvovirus infection. J Virol 1996; 70:6446-9. [PMID: 8709279 PMCID: PMC190677 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.9.6446-6449.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We measured parvovirus replication and sensitivity to X-ray damage in nine CHO cell lines representing a variety of DNA repair deficiencies. We found that parvovirus replication efficiency increases with radiosensitivity. Parvovirus replication is disrupted at an early stage of infection in DNA repair-proficient cells, before conversion of the single-stranded viral DNA genome into the double-stranded replicative form. Thus, status of the DNA repair machinery inversely correlates with parvovirus replication and is proportional to the host's ability to repair X-ray-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Tauer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6495, USA
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29
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30
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Candotti F, Blaese RM. THE USE OF GENE THERAPY FOR IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE. Radiol Clin North Am 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Wong KK, Chatterjee S. Adeno-associated virus based vectors as antivirals. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 218:145-70. [PMID: 8794250 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80207-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K K Wong
- Department of Hematology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Berns
- Department of Microbiology, Hearst Microbiology Research Center, Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021, USA
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33
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Fisher KJ, Gao GP, Weitzman MD, DeMatteo R, Burda JF, Wilson JM. Transduction with recombinant adeno-associated virus for gene therapy is limited by leading-strand synthesis. J Virol 1996; 70:520-32. [PMID: 8523565 PMCID: PMC189840 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.1.520-532.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus is an integrating DNA parvovirus with the potential to be an important vehicle for somatic gene therapy. A potential barrier, however, is the low transduction efficiencies of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors. We show in this report that adenovirus dramatically enhances rAAV transduction in vitro in a way that is dependent on expression of early region 1 and 4 (E1 and E4, respectively) genes and directly proportional to the appearance of double-stranded replicative forms of the rAAV genome. Expression of the open reading frame 6 protein from E4 in the absence of E1 accomplished a similar but attenuated effect. The helper activity of adenovirus E1 and E4 for rAAV gene transfer was similarly demonstrated in vivo by using murine models of liver- and lung-directed gene therapy. Our data indicate that conversion of a single-stranded rAAV genome to a duplex intermediate limits transduction and usefulness for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fisher
- Institute for Human Gene Therapy, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, USA
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34
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Clark KR, Voulgaropoulou F, Fraley DM, Johnson PR. Cell lines for the production of recombinant adeno-associated virus. Hum Gene Ther 1995; 6:1329-41. [PMID: 8590738 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1995.6.10-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a replication-defective parvovirus that is being developed as a vector for human gene transfer. However, a major obstacle to commonplace usage of AAV vectors is the production of recombinant virions (rAAV) in sufficient quantities for not only human trials, but also for preclinical studies of basic biology, toxicology, and efficacy. Unfortunately, current methods for large-scale production are cumbersome and expensive. We have developed a simplified method for generating rAAV by establishing neomycin-resistant cell lines containing copies of the AAV rep-cap genes and a rAAV vector. After infection with adenovirus, these cell lines are shown to produce infectious rAAV in relatively high titer. This method eliminates the need for exogenous DNA transfection and scale-up procedures are limited only by the normal constraints of growing cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Clark
- Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Columbus, OH, USA
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35
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Batchu RB, Hermonat PL. The trans-inhibitory Rep78 protein of adeno-associated virus binds to TAR region DNA of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat. FEBS Lett 1995; 367:267-71. [PMID: 7607320 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00584-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The large rep gene products, Rep78 and Rep68, of adeno-associated virus (AAV) are pleiotropic effector proteins which are required for AAV DNA replication and the trans-regulation of AAV gene expression. Apart from these essential functions prerequisite for the life cycle of AAV, these rep products are able to inhibit the replication and gene expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and a number of DNA viruses. Here, it is demonstrated that Rep78, as a chimeric with the maltose binding protein, directly binds the full-length HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), and to a subset of these sequences containing the trans-activation response (TAR) sequence as DNA. These interactions, an effector protein physically binding a target promoter, suggest a direct mechanism of action for Rep78 inhibition. Furthermore, competitive binding studies between the TAR region and the full-length HIV-LTR, strongly suggested that another site(s) within the LTR was also bound by Rep78. Finally, as Rep78 binding is also believed to be affected by secondary structure within the DNA, it was found that Rep78 preferentially binds with HIV-LTR sequences with promoted secondary structure generated by heat denaturation and rapid cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Batchu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA
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36
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Zhang WW, Fujiwara T, Grimm EA, Roth JA. Advances in cancer gene therapy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1995; 32:289-341. [PMID: 7748797 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W W Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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37
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Walsh CE, Nienhuis AW, Samulski RJ, Brown MG, Miller JL, Young NS, Liu JM. Phenotypic correction of Fanconi anemia in human hematopoietic cells with a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:1440-8. [PMID: 7929819 PMCID: PMC295276 DOI: 10.1172/jci117481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive inherited disease characterized by defective DNA repair. FA cells are hypersensitive to DNA cross-linking agents that cause chromosomal instability and cell death. FA is manifested clinically by progressive pancytopenia, variable physical anomalies, and predisposition to malignancy. Four complementation groups have been identified, termed A, B, C, and D. The gene for the FA complementation group C, FACC, has been cloned. Expression of the FACC cDNA corrects the phenotypic defect of FA(C) cells, resulting in normalized cell growth in the presence of DNA cross-linking agents such as mitomycin C (MMC). Gene transfer of the FACC gene should provide a survival advantage to transduced hematopoietic cells, suggesting that FA might be an ideal candidate for gene therapy. We demonstrated efficient transduction, expression, and phenotypic correction in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from FA (C) patients using a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector containing the FACC gene. Molecular characterization of the transduced FACC gene showed an intact unrearranged proviral genome with expression sufficient to normalize cell growth, cell cycle kinetics and chromosomal breakage in the presence of MMC. These observations were extended by testing rAAV transduction in hematopoietic progenitor cells. Peripheral blood CD34+ cells isolated from a FA (C) patient and transduced with rAAV/FACC virus yielded 5-10-fold more progenitor colonies than mock-infected cells, consistent with genetic "rescue" of corrected cells. This is the first demonstration of rAAV gene correction in primary human hematopoietic progenitor cells and has important implications for gene therapy of hematopoietic disorders, specifically FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Walsh
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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38
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39
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Podsakoff G, Wong KK, Chatterjee S. Efficient gene transfer into nondividing cells by adeno-associated virus-based vectors. J Virol 1994; 68:5656-66. [PMID: 8057446 PMCID: PMC236967 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.5656-5666.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) are emerging as highly promising for use in human gene therapy by virtue of their characteristics of wide host range, high transduction efficiencies, and lack of cytopathogenicity. To better define the biology of AAV-mediated gene transfer, we tested the ability of an AAV vector to efficiently introduce transgenes into nonproliferating cell populations. Cells were induced into a nonproliferative state by treatment with the DNA synthesis inhibitors fluorodeoxyuridine and aphidicolin or by contact inhibition induced by confluence and serum starvation. Cells in logarithmic growth or DNA synthesis arrest were transduced with vCWR:beta gal, an AAV-based vector encoding beta-galactosidase under Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat promoter control. Under each condition tested, vCWR:beta Gal expression in nondividing cells was at least equivalent to that in actively proliferating cells, suggesting that mechanisms for virus attachment, nuclear transport, virion uncoating, and perhaps some limited second-strand synthesis of AAV vectors were present in nondividing cells. Southern hybridization analysis of vector sequences from cells transduced while in DNA synthetic arrest and expanded after release of the block confirmed ultimate integration of the vector genome into cellular chromosomal DNA. These findings may provide the basis for the use of AAV-based vectors for gene transfer into quiescent cell populations such as totipotent hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Podsakoff
- Division of Pediatrics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010
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40
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Wu P, Ziska D, Bonell MA, Grouzmann E, Millard WJ, Meyer EM. Differential neuropeptide Y gene expression in post-mitotic versus dividing neuroblastoma cells driven by an adeno-associated virus vector. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 24:27-33. [PMID: 7968366 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(94)90114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ability to express exogenous mammalian genes stably in post-mitotic cells such as neurons remains an important goal for those attempting to modulate neurotransmission through gene delivery. We therefore investigated how differentiation to a post-mitotic state affected the expression of an exogenous gene encoding for neuropeptide Y (NPY) following transfection with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) derived vector. This vector (pJDT95npy) was constructed with rat NPY cDNA (551 bp) inserted downstream from the indigenous AAV p5, p19 and p40 promoters to characterize their relative abilities to drive NPY mRNA expression. Transfection of dividing neuroblastoma CHP126 cells with pJDT95npy resulted in the differential expression of chimeric NPY mRNAs derived from each promoter. P40-driven species became dominant after 1 month post-transfection. Vector integration into chromosomal DNA was demonstrated by Southern blot analyses, indicating at least some region-selective integration. In dividing cell extracts, only a low level of pro-NPY immunoreactivity and no mature NPY immunoreactivity was recovered. However, after differentiation of the pJDT95npy-transfected CHP 126 cells to a post-mitotic state, significant levels of pro-NPY and mature NPY were recovered in the cells and media. Differentiation also had a time-dependent effect on mRNA expression: a spike of p5 driven expression on day 3 was followed predominantly by p40-driven expression on day 5. This study indicates that AAV-derived vectors using the p40 promoter may be used to express genes in post-mitotic cells such as neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610-0267
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41
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Kotin RM. Prospects for the use of adeno-associated virus as a vector for human gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 1994; 5:793-801. [PMID: 7981305 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1994.5.7-793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R M Kotin
- Molecular Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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42
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Shillitoe EJ, Lapeyre JN, Adler-Storthz K. Gene therapy--its potential in the management of oral cancer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER. PART B, ORAL ONCOLOGY 1994; 30B:143-54. [PMID: 7920160 DOI: 10.1016/0964-1955(94)90083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is an important new approach to the treatment of many diseases. This review summarises the methods that are available for developing gene therapy, and demonstrates that oral cancer is probably susceptible to these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Shillitoe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
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43
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Leonard CJ, Berns KI. Adeno-associated virus type 2: a latent life cycle. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 48:29-52. [PMID: 7938552 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Leonard
- W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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44
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45
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Chatterjee S, Johnson PR, Wong KK. Dual-target inhibition of HIV-1 in vitro by means of an adeno-associated virus antisense vector. Science 1992; 258:1485-8. [PMID: 1359646 DOI: 10.1126/science.1359646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An adeno-associated virus vector encoding an antisense RNA was used to transduce stable intracellular resistance to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in human hemopoietic and non-hemopoietic cell lines. The antisense targets are present in all HIV-1 transcripts and include the TAR sequence, which is critical for transcription and virus replication, and the polyadenylation signal. Cell lines expressing antisense RNA showed up to 95 percent inhibition of gene expression directed by the HIV-1 long terminal repeat and greater than 99 percent reduction in infectious HIV-1 production, with no detectable cellular toxicity. Because of their efficient transcription and inability to recombine with HIV-1, adeno-associated virus vectors represent a promising form of anti-retroviral gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
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46
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Zaia JA, Chatterjee S, Wong KK, Elkins D, Taylor NR, Rossi JJ. Status of ribozyme and antisense-based developmental approaches for anti-HIV-1 therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 660:95-106. [PMID: 1340161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb21062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Zaia
- Division of Pediatrics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010-0269
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47
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Walsh CE, Liu JM, Xiao X, Young NS, Nienhuis AW, Samulski RJ. Regulated high level expression of a human gamma-globin gene introduced into erythroid cells by an adeno-associated virus vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:7257-61. [PMID: 1323131 PMCID: PMC49685 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.15.7257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy of severe hemoglobinopathies will require high-level expression of a transferred globin gene in erythroid cells. Distant regulatory elements flanking the beta-globin gene cluster, the locus control region, are needed for appropriate expression. We have explored the use of a human parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus (AAV), for globin gene transfer. The human A gamma-globin gene, linked to hypersensitivity site 2 from the locus control region of the beta-globin gene cluster, was subcloned into a plasmid (psub201) containing the AAV inverted terminal repeats. This construct was cotransfected with a helper plasmid containing trans-acting AAV genes into human 293 cells that had been infected with adenovirus. The recombinant AAV vector containing hypersensitivity site 2 stably introduced on average one or two unrearranged proviral copies into human K562 erythroleukemia cells. The transferred globin gene exhibited normal regulation upon hemin induction of erythroid maturation and was expressed at a level equivalent to a native chromosomal A gamma-globin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Walsh
- Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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48
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Hoeben RC, Valerio D, van der Eb AJ, van Ormondt H. Gene therapy for human inherited disorders: techniques and status. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1992; 13:33-54. [PMID: 1333218 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(92)90015-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R C Hoeben
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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49
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Muzyczka N. Use of adeno-associated virus as a general transduction vector for mammalian cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992; 158:97-129. [PMID: 1316261 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75608-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Muzyczka
- Department of Microbiology, SUNY Stony Brook Medical School 11794
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50
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Wong KK, Chatterjee S. Controlling herpes simplex virus infections: is intracellular immunization the way of the future? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992; 179:159-74. [PMID: 1499349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77247-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K K Wong
- Department of Hematology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010-0269
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