1
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Wang Y, Zhang X. The role of immune inflammation in electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia: Treatment mechanism, and relationship with clinical efficacy: Immune-inflammation in ECT for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2024; 332:115708. [PMID: 38171169 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric disorder that has detrimental effects on a significant portion of the global population. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), as a safe and effective physical therapy for schizophrenia, has demonstrated the ability to rapidly improve both positive and negative symptoms. Despite being used to treat schizophrenia for over 80 years, the therapeutic mechanisms of ECT are still in the early stages of exploration. Evidence has suggested that immune inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia by interacting with neurotransmitters, neurodevelopment, and neurodegeneration. Given the importance of ECT as a fast-acting physical therapy for schizophrenia, gaining a deeper understanding of the role of immune inflammation may lead to developing innovative therapeutic approaches. This review summarized existing research that examined changes in peripheral inflammation following ECT in schizophrenia patients, and the effects of electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS) on neuroinflammation in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Oertel FC, Hastermann M, Paul F. Delimiting MOGAD as a disease entity using translational imaging. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1216477. [PMID: 38333186 PMCID: PMC10851159 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1216477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The first formal consensus diagnostic criteria for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) were recently proposed. Yet, the distinction of MOGAD-defining characteristics from characteristics of its important differential diagnoses such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is still obstructed. In preclinical research, MOG antibody-based animal models were used for decades to derive knowledge about MS. In clinical research, people with MOGAD have been combined into cohorts with other diagnoses. Thus, it remains unclear to which extent the generated knowledge is specifically applicable to MOGAD. Translational research can contribute to identifying MOGAD characteristic features by establishing imaging methods and outcome parameters on proven pathophysiological grounds. This article reviews suitable animal models for translational MOGAD research and the current state and prospect of translational imaging in MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Cosima Oertel
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Van San E, Debruyne AC, Veeckmans G, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Zheng H, Choi SM, Augustyns K, van Loo G, Michalke B, Venkataramani V, Toyokuni S, Bayir H, Vandenabeele P, Hassannia B, Vanden Berghe T. Ferroptosis contributes to multiple sclerosis and its pharmacological targeting suppresses experimental disease progression. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:2092-2103. [PMID: 37542104 PMCID: PMC10482919 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by central nervous (CNS) demyelination resulting in axonal injury and neurological deficits. Essentially, MS is driven by an auto-amplifying mechanism of inflammation and cell death. Current therapies mainly focus on disease modification by immunosuppression, while no treatment specifically focuses on controlling cell death injury. Here, we report that ferroptosis, an iron-catalyzed mode of regulated cell death (RCD), contributes to MS disease progression. Active and chronic MS lesions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients revealed several signs of ferroptosis, reflected by the presence of elevated levels of (labile) iron, peroxidized phospholipids and lipid degradation products. Treatment with our candidate lead ferroptosis inhibitor, UAMC-3203, strongly delays relapse and ameliorates disease progression in a preclinical model of relapsing-remitting MS. In conclusion, the results identify ferroptosis as a detrimental and targetable factor in MS. These findings create novel treatment options for MS patients, along with current immunosuppressive strategies.
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Grants
- R01 NS076511 NINDS NIH HHS
- Research Foundation Flanders, G.0C76.18N, G.0B7.18N, G.0B96.20N, G049720N, G.0A93.22N (TVB, PV); Excellence of Science MODEL-IDI and CD-INFLADIS (TVB, PV, KA); Consortium of excellence at University of Antwerp INFLA-MED (KA, TVB); Industrial Research Fund (KA, TVB) and BOF-IMPULS from University of Antwerp (TVB); Foundation against cancer FAF-C/2018/1250 and F/2022/2067 (TVB); Charcot Foundation (EVS, TVB, PV); VLIRUOS TEAM2018-01-137 (TVB, PV); Research Foundation Flanders G0E0416N, G0C7618N, G0B718N, G.0B9620N (PV); FWO-SBO S001522N (TVB, KA); Flemish Institute of Biotechnology VIB (PV, TVB); Methusalem BOF16/MET_V/007 (PV); iBOF ATLANTIS grant 20/IBF/039 (PV); CRIG and GIGG consortia (PV); NIH NS076511 (HB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Van San
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent university, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Angela C Debruyne
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sze Men Choi
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent university, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent university, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent university, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Behrouz Hassannia
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent university, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent university, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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4
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Nutma E, Fancy N, Weinert M, Tsartsalis S, Marzin MC, Muirhead RCJ, Falk I, Breur M, de Bruin J, Hollaus D, Pieterman R, Anink J, Story D, Chandran S, Tang J, Trolese MC, Saito T, Saido TC, Wiltshire KH, Beltran-Lobo P, Phillips A, Antel J, Healy L, Dorion MF, Galloway DA, Benoit RY, Amossé Q, Ceyzériat K, Badina AM, Kövari E, Bendotti C, Aronica E, Radulescu CI, Wong JH, Barron AM, Smith AM, Barnes SJ, Hampton DW, van der Valk P, Jacobson S, Howell OW, Baker D, Kipp M, Kaddatz H, Tournier BB, Millet P, Matthews PM, Moore CS, Amor S, Owen DR. Translocator protein is a marker of activated microglia in rodent models but not human neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5247. [PMID: 37640701 PMCID: PMC10462763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation plays central roles in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Positron emission tomography (PET) targeting 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO) is widely used for localising inflammation in vivo, but its quantitative interpretation remains uncertain. We show that TSPO expression increases in activated microglia in mouse brain disease models but does not change in a non-human primate disease model or in common neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory human diseases. We describe genetic divergence in the TSPO gene promoter, consistent with the hypothesis that the increase in TSPO expression in activated myeloid cells depends on the transcription factor AP1 and is unique to a subset of rodent species within the Muroidea superfamily. Finally, we identify LCP2 and TFEC as potential markers of microglial activation in humans. These data emphasise that TSPO expression in human myeloid cells is related to different phenomena than in mice, and that TSPO-PET signals in humans reflect the density of inflammatory cells rather than activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nutma
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Nurun Fancy
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Weinert
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stergios Tsartsalis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Marzin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C J Muirhead
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Falk
- Viral Immunology Section, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joy de Bruin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Hollaus
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Pieterman
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Story
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jiabin Tang
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria C Trolese
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Paula Beltran-Lobo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Phillips
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jack Antel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Luke Healy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-France Dorion
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Dylan A Galloway
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Rochelle Y Benoit
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Quentin Amossé
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Enikö Kövari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carola I Radulescu
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jia Hui Wong
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna M Barron
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amy M Smith
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samuel J Barnes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Owain W Howell
- Institute of Life Science (ILS), Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - David Baker
- Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Philippe Millet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - David R Owen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.
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5
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Dedoni S, Scherma M, Camoglio C, Siddi C, Dazzi L, Puliga R, Frau J, Cocco E, Fadda P. An overall view of the most common experimental models for multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106230. [PMID: 37453561 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex chronic disease with an unknown etiology. It is considered an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized, in most cases, by an unpredictable onset of relapse and remission phases. The disease generally starts in subjects under 40; it has a higher incidence in women and is described as a multifactorial disorder due to the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Unfortunately, there is currently no definitive cure for MS. Still, therapies can modify the disease's natural history, reducing the relapse rate and slowing the progression of the disease or managing symptoms. The limited access to human CNS tissue slows down. It limits the progression of research on MS. This limit has been partially overcome over the years by developing various experimental models to study this disease. Animal models of autoimmune demyelination, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and viral and toxin or transgenic MS models, represent the most significant part of MS research approaches. These models have now been complemented by ex vivo studies, using organotypic brain slice cultures and in vitro, through induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPSCs). We will discuss which clinical features of the disorders might be reproduced and investigated in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro in models commonly used in MS research to understand the processes behind the neuropathological events occurring in the CNS of MS patients. The primary purpose of this review is to give the reader a global view of the main paradigms used in MS research, spacing from the classical animal models to transgenic mice and 2D and 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dedoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - M Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Camoglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Siddi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Dazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - R Puliga
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - J Frau
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy
| | - E Cocco
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy; Department Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - P Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.
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6
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Evonuk KS, Wang S, Mattie J, Cracchiolo CJ, Mager R, Ferenčić Ž, Sprague E, Carrier B, Schofield K, Martinez E, Stewart Z, Petrosino T, Johnson GA, Yusuf I, Plaisted W, Naiman Z, Delp T, Carter L, Marušić S. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition reduces disease severity in a model of secondary progressive autoimmune demyelination. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:115. [PMID: 37438842 PMCID: PMC10337138 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01614-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an emerging target in multiple sclerosis (MS). Alongside its role in B cell receptor signaling and B cell development, BTK regulates myeloid cell activation and inflammatory responses. Here we demonstrate efficacy of BTK inhibition in a model of secondary progressive autoimmune demyelination in Biozzi mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that late in the course of disease, EAE severity could not be reduced with a potent relapse inhibitor, FTY720 (fingolimod), indicating that disease was relapse-independent. During this same phase of disease, treatment with a BTK inhibitor reduced both EAE severity and demyelination compared to vehicle treatment. Compared to vehicle treatment, late therapeutic BTK inhibition resulted in fewer spinal cord-infiltrating myeloid cells, with lower expression of CD86, pro-IL-1β, CD206, and Iba1, and higher expression of Arg1, in both tissue-resident and infiltrating myeloid cells, suggesting a less inflammatory myeloid cell milieu. These changes were accompanied by decreased spinal cord axonal damage. We show similar efficacy with two small molecule inhibitors, including a novel, highly selective, central nervous system-penetrant BTK inhibitor, GB7208. These results suggest that through lymphoid and myeloid cell regulation, BTK inhibition reduced neurodegeneration and disease progression during secondary progressive EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sen Wang
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - Josh Mattie
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - C. J. Cracchiolo
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - Reine Mager
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - Željko Ferenčić
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - Ethan Sprague
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - Brandon Carrier
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - Kai Schofield
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - Evelyn Martinez
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - Zachary Stewart
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - Tara Petrosino
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | | | - Isharat Yusuf
- Gossamer Bio, 3013 Science Park Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Warren Plaisted
- Gossamer Bio, 3013 Science Park Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Zachary Naiman
- Gossamer Bio, 3013 Science Park Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Timothy Delp
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
| | - Laura Carter
- Gossamer Bio, 3013 Science Park Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Suzana Marušić
- Hooke Laboratories, LLC, 439 South Union Street, Lawrence, MA 01843 USA
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7
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Vainchtein ID, Alsema AM, Dubbelaar ML, Grit C, Vinet J, van Weering HRJ, Al‐Izki S, Biagini G, Brouwer N, Amor S, Baker D, Eggen BJL, Boddeke EWGM, Kooistra SM. Characterizing microglial gene expression in a model of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Glia 2023; 71:588-601. [PMID: 36377669 PMCID: PMC10100411 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system in young adults. Chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (crEAE) in Biozzi ABH mice is an experimental model of MS. This crEAE model is characterized by an acute phase with severe neurological disability, followed by remission of disease, relapse of neurological disease and remission that eventually results in a chronic progressive phase that mimics the secondary progressive phase (SPEAE) of MS. In both MS and SPEAE, the role of microglia is poorly defined. We used a crEAE model to characterize microglia in the different phases of crEAE phases using morphometric and RNA sequencing analyses. At the initial, acute inflammation phase, microglia acquired a pro-inflammatory phenotype. At the remission phase, expression of standard immune activation genes was decreased while expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and tissue remodeling were increased. Chronic phase microglia partially regain inflammatory gene sets and increase expression of genes associated with proliferation. Together, the data presented here indicate that microglia obtain different features at different stages of crEAE and a particularly mixed phenotype in the chronic stage. Understanding the properties of microglia that are present at the chronic phase of EAE will help to understand the role of microglia in secondary progressive MS, to better aid the development of therapies for this phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia D. Vainchtein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Astrid M. Alsema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marissa L. Dubbelaar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Corien Grit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Vinet
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Hilmar R. J. van Weering
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sarah Al‐Izki
- Department of NeuroimmunologyBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Nieske Brouwer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of NeuroimmunologyBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of PathologyVUMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David Baker
- Department of NeuroimmunologyBlizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik W. G. M. Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineCenter for Healthy Ageing, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susanne M. Kooistra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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8
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Cis-p-tau plays crucial role in lysolecithin-induced demyelination and subsequent axonopathy in mouse optic chiasm. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114262. [PMID: 36343678 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease that leads to axon degeneration as the major cause of everlasting neurological disability. The cis-phosphorylated tau (cis-p-tau) is an isoform of tau phosphorylated on threonine 231 and causes tau fails to bind micro-tubules and promotes assembly. It gains toxic function and forms tangles in the cell which finally leads to cell death. An antibody raised against cis- p-tau (cis mAb) detects this isoform and induces its clearance. Here, we investigated the formation of cis-p-tau in a lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced prolonged demyelination model as well as the beneficial effects of its clearance using cis mAb. Cis -p-tau was increased in the lesion site, especially in axons and microglia. Behavioral and functional studies were performed using visual cliff test, visual placing test, and visual evoked potential recording. Cis-p-tau clearance resulted in decreased gliosis, protected myelin and reduced axon degeneration. Analysis of behavioral and electrophysiological data showed that clearance of cis-p-tau by cis mAb treatment improved the visual acuity along with the integrity of the optic pathway. Our results highlight the opportunity of using cis mAb as a new therapy for protecting myelin and axons in patients suffering from MS.
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9
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Goldfarb S, Fainstein N, Ganz T, Vershkov D, Lachish M, Ben-Hur T. Electric neurostimulation regulates microglial activation via retinoic acid receptor α signaling. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:40-53. [PMID: 33989746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain stimulation by electroconvulsive therapy is effective in neuropsychiatric disorders by unknown mechanisms. Microglial toxicity plays key role in neuropsychiatric, neuroinflammatory and degenerative diseases. We examined the mechanism by which electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) regulates microglial phenotype and response to stimuli. Microglial responses were examined by morphological analysis, Iba1 and cytokine expression. ECS did not affect resting microglial phenotype or morphology but regulated their activation by Lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Microglia were isolated after ECS or sham sessions in naïve mice for transcriptome analysis. RNA sequencing identified 141 differentially expressed genes. ECS modulated multiple immune-associated gene families and attenuated neurotoxicity-associated gene expression. Blood brain barrier was examined by injecting Biocytin-TMR tracer. There was no breakdown of the BBB, nor increase in gene-signature of peripheral monocytes, suggesting that ECS effect is mainly on resident microglia. Unbiased analysis of regulatory sequences identified the induction of microglial retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) gene expression and a putative common RARα-binding motif in multiple ECS-upregulated genes. The effects of AM580, a selective RARα agonist on microglial response to LPS was examined in vitro. AM580 prevented LPS-induced cytokine expression and reactive oxygen species production. Chronic murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was utilized to confirm the role RARα signaling as mediator of ECS-induced transcriptional pathway in regulating microglial toxicity. Continuous intracerebroventricular delivery of AM580 attenuated effectively EAE severity. In conclusion, ECS regulates CNS innate immune system responses by activating microglial retinoic acid receptor α pathway, signifying a novel therapeutic approach for chronic neuroinflammatory, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Goldfarb
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nina Fainstein
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Ganz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Vershkov
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marva Lachish
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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10
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Nishri Y, Fainstein N, Goldfarb S, Hampton D, Macrini C, Meinl E, Chandran S, Ben-Hur T. Modeling compartmentalized chronic immune-mediated demyelinating CNS disease in the Biozzi ABH mouse. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 356:577582. [PMID: 33910137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We explored whether experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Biozzi mice recapitulates temporal dynamics of tissue injury, immune-pathogenesis and CNS compartmentalization occurring in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Chronic EAE exhibited relapsing and progressing disease, partial closure of BBB, reduced tissue inflammatory activity, and development of meningeal ectopic lymphoid tissue, directly opposing (potentially driving) spinal subpial demyelinated plaques. A T cell predominant disease during relapses transformed into a B cell predominant disease in late chronic EAE, with high serum anti-MOG reactivity. Thus, late chronic Biozzi EAE recapitulates essential features of progressive MS, and is suitable for developing disease modifying and regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Nishri
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nina Fainstein
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Smadar Goldfarb
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Hampton
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, MS Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Macrini
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, MS Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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11
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Morgan BP, Gommerman JL, Ramaglia V. An "Outside-In" and "Inside-Out" Consideration of Complement in the Multiple Sclerosis Brain: Lessons From Development and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:600656. [PMID: 33488361 PMCID: PMC7817777 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The last 15 years have seen an explosion of new findings on the role of complement, a major arm of the immune system, in the central nervous system (CNS) compartment including contributions to cell migration, elimination of synapse during development, aberrant synapse pruning in neurologic disorders, damage to nerve cells in autoimmune diseases, and traumatic injury. Activation of the complement system in multiple sclerosis (MS) is typically thought to occur as part of a primary (auto)immune response from the periphery (the outside) against CNS antigens (the inside). However, evidence of local complement production from CNS-resident cells, intracellular complement functions, and the more recently discovered role of early complement components in shaping synaptic circuits in the absence of inflammation opens up the possibility that complement-related sequelae may start and finish within the brain itself. In this review, the complement system will be introduced, followed by evidence that implicates complement in shaping the developing, adult, and normal aging CNS as well as its contribution to pathology in neurodegenerative conditions. Discussion of data supporting "outside-in" vs. "inside-out" roles of complement in MS will be presented, concluded by thoughts on potential approaches to therapies targeting specific elements of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Goldfarb S, Fainstein N, Ben-Hur T. Electroconvulsive stimulation attenuates chronic neuroinflammation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137028. [PMID: 32780728 PMCID: PMC7526446 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy is highly effective in resistant depression by unknown mechanisms. Microglial toxicity was suggested to mediate depression and plays key roles in neuroinflammatory and degenerative diseases, where there is critical shortage in therapies. We examined the effects of electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) on chronic neuroinflammation and microglial neurotoxicity. Electric brain stimulation inducing full tonic-clonic seizures during chronic relapsing-progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) reduced spinal immune cell infiltration, reduced myelin and axonal loss, and prevented clinical deterioration. Using the transfer EAE model, we examined the effect of ECS on systemic immune response in donor mice versus ECS effect on CNS innate immune activity in recipient mice. ECS did not affect encephalitogenicity of systemic T cells, but it targeted the CNS directly to inhibit T cell-induced neuroinflammation. In vivo and ex vivo assays indicated that ECS suppressed microglial neurotoxicity by reducing inducible NOS expression, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and by reducing CNS oxidative stress. Microglia from ECS-treated EAE mice expressed less T cell stimulatory and chemoattractant factors. Our findings indicate that electroconvulsive therapy targets the CNS innate immune system to reduce neuroinflammation by attenuating microglial neurotoxicity. These findings signify a potentially novel therapeutic approach for chronic neuroinflammatory, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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13
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Hahn I, Voelzmann A, Liew YT, Costa-Gomes B, Prokop A. The model of local axon homeostasis - explaining the role and regulation of microtubule bundles in axon maintenance and pathology. Neural Dev 2019; 14:11. [PMID: 31706327 PMCID: PMC6842214 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-019-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons are the slender, cable-like, up to meter-long projections of neurons that electrically wire our brains and bodies. In spite of their challenging morphology, they usually need to be maintained for an organism's lifetime. This makes them key lesion sites in pathological processes of ageing, injury and neurodegeneration. The morphology and physiology of axons crucially depends on the parallel bundles of microtubules (MTs), running all along to serve as their structural backbones and highways for life-sustaining cargo transport and organelle dynamics. Understanding how these bundles are formed and then maintained will provide important explanations for axon biology and pathology. Currently, much is known about MTs and the proteins that bind and regulate them, but very little about how these factors functionally integrate to regulate axon biology. As an attempt to bridge between molecular mechanisms and their cellular relevance, we explain here the model of local axon homeostasis, based on our own experiments in Drosophila and published data primarily from vertebrates/mammals as well as C. elegans. The model proposes that (1) the physical forces imposed by motor protein-driven transport and dynamics in the confined axonal space, are a life-sustaining necessity, but pose a strong bias for MT bundles to become disorganised. (2) To counterbalance this risk, MT-binding and -regulating proteins of different classes work together to maintain and protect MT bundles as necessary transport highways. Loss of balance between these two fundamental processes can explain the development of axonopathies, in particular those linking to MT-regulating proteins, motors and transport defects. With this perspective in mind, we hope that more researchers incorporate MTs into their work, thus enhancing our chances of deciphering the complex regulatory networks that underpin axon biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - André Voelzmann
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Liew
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Beatriz Costa-Gomes
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK.
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14
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Continuous Immune-Modulatory Effects of Human Olig2+ Precursor Cells Attenuating a Chronic-Active Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1021-1034. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Baker D, Nutma E, O'Shea H, Cooke A, Orian JM, Amor S. Autoimmune encephalomyelitis in NOD mice is not initially a progressive multiple sclerosis model. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1362-1372. [PMID: 31402611 PMCID: PMC6689692 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Despite progress in treating relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS), effective inhibition of nonrelapsing progressive MS is an urgent, unmet, clinical need. Animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), provide valuable tools to examine the mechanisms contributing to disease and may be important for developing rational therapeutic approaches for treatment of progressive MS. It has been suggested that myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide residues 35‐55 (MOG35‐55)‐induced EAE in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice resembles secondary progressive MS. The objective was to determine whether the published data merits such claims. Methods Induction and monitoring of EAE in NOD mice and literature review. Results It is evident that the NOD mouse model lacks validity as a progressive MS model as the individual course seems to be an asynchronous, relapsing‐remitting neurodegenerative disease, characterized by increasingly poor recovery from relapse. The seemingly progressive course seen in group means of clinical score is an artifact of data handling and interpretation. Interpretation Although MOG35‐55‐induced EAE in NOD mice may provide some clues about approaches to block neurodegeneration associated with the inflammatory penumbra as lesions form, it should not be used to justify trials in people with nonactive, progressive MS. This adds further support to the view that drug studies in animals should universally adopt transparent raw data deposition as part of the publication process, such that claims can adequately be interrogated. This transparency is important if animal‐based science is to remain a credible part of translational research in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- BartsMS, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Nutma
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Helen O'Shea
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline M Orian
- La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Sandra Amor
- BartsMS, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
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16
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Didonna A, Cantó E, Shams H, Isobe N, Zhao C, Caillier SJ, Condello C, Yamate-Morgan H, Tiwari-Woodruff SK, Mofrad MRK, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. Sex-specific Tau methylation patterns and synaptic transcriptional alterations are associated with neural vulnerability during chronic neuroinflammation. J Autoimmun 2019; 101:56-69. [PMID: 31010726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular events underlying the transition from initial inflammatory flares to the progressive phase of multiple sclerosis (MS) remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) Tau exerts a gender-specific protective function on disease progression in the MS model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). A detailed investigation of the autoimmune response in Tau-deficient mice excluded a strong immunoregulatory role for Tau, suggesting that its beneficial effects are presumably exerted within the central nervous system (CNS). Spinal cord transcriptomic data show increased synaptic dysfunctions and alterations in the NF-kB activation pathway upon EAE in Tau-deficient mice as compared to wildtype animals. We also performed the first comprehensive characterization of Tau post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the nervous system upon EAE. We report that the methylation levels of the conserved lysine residue K306 are significantly decreased in the chronic phase of the disease. By combining biochemical assays and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we demonstrate that methylation at K306 decreases the affinity of Tau for the microtubule network. Thus, the down-regulation of this PTM might represent a homeostatic response to enhance axonal stability against an autoimmune CNS insult. The results, altogether, position Tau as key mediator between the inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration that seems to unify many CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Ester Cantó
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Hengameh Shams
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Stacy J Caillier
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Carlo Condello
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Hana Yamate-Morgan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Seema K Tiwari-Woodruff
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, UCR School of Medicine, CA, 92506, USA
| | - Mohammad R K Mofrad
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen L Hauser
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jorge R Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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17
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Kummari E, Nichols JM, Yang EJ, Kaplan BLF. Neuroinflammation and B-Cell Phenotypes in Cervical and Lumbosacral Regions of the Spinal Cord in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in the Absence of Pertussis Toxin. Neuroimmunomodulation 2019; 26:198-207. [PMID: 31454809 PMCID: PMC7368493 DOI: 10.1159/000501765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model is often initiated using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) immunization followed by pertussis toxin (PTX) to study multiple sclerosis. However, PTX inactivates G protein-coupled receptors, and with increasing knowledge of the role that various G protein-coupled receptors play in immune homeostasis, it is valuable to establish neuroimmune endpoints for active EAE without PTX. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG35-55 peptide in Complete Freund's Adjuvant and neuroinflammation, including central nervous system B-cell infiltration, was compared to saline-injected mice. Since it was anticipated that disease onset would be slower and less robust than EAE in the presence of PTX, both cervical and lumbosacral sections of the spinal cord were evaluated. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis showed that EAE without PTX induced immune infiltration, CCL2 and VCAM-1 upregulation. Demyelination in the cervical region correlated with the infiltration of CD19+ B cells in the cervical region. There was upregulation of IgG, CD38, and PDL1 on B cells in cervical and lumbosacral regions of the spinal cord in EAE without PTX. Interestingly, IgG was expressed predominantly by CD19- cells. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that many neuroimmune endpoints are induced in EAE without PTX and although clinical disease is mild, this can be used as an autoimmune model when PTX inactivation of G protein-coupled receptors is not desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangel Kummari
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - James M Nichols
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Yang
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA,
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA,
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18
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Burrows DJ, McGown A, Jain SA, De Felice M, Ramesh TM, Sharrack B, Majid A. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: From rodents to zebrafish. Mult Scler 2018; 25:306-324. [PMID: 30319015 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518805246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Animal models of MS have been critical for elucidating MS pathological mechanisms and how they may be targeted for therapeutic intervention. Here we review the most commonly used animal models of MS. Although these animal models cannot fully replicate the MS disease course, a number of models have been developed to recapitulate certain stages. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been used to explore neuroinflammatory mechanisms and toxin-induced demyelinating models to further our understanding of oligodendrocyte biology, demyelination and remyelination. Zebrafish models of MS are emerging as a useful research tool to validate potential therapeutic candidates due to their rapid development and amenability to genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David John Burrows
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alexander McGown
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Saurabh A Jain
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Milena De Felice
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tennore M Ramesh
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Basil Sharrack
- Academic Department of Neuroscience, The Sheffield NIHR Translational Neuroscience Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Arshad Majid
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK/Academic Department of Neuroscience, The Sheffield NIHR Translational Neuroscience Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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19
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Gushchina S, Pryce G, Yip PK, Wu D, Pallier P, Giovannoni G, Baker D, Bo X. Increased expression of colony-stimulating factor-1 in mouse spinal cord with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis correlates with microglial activation and neuronal loss. Glia 2018; 66:2108-2125. [PMID: 30144320 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia contribute to pathophysiology at all stages of multiple sclerosis. Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) is crucial for microglial proliferation and activation. In this study we measured the CSF1 levels and studied its cellular expression in the mouse spinal cords with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to explore the potential contribution of CSF1 in neuronal death. ELISA data showed that CSF1 levels were significantly higher in the spinal cords with acute and chronic EAE than those of normal and adjuvant-injected mice. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that CSF1 was expressed in astrocytes and neurons in normal mouse spinal cord. In acute EAE, CSF1 expression was significantly increased, especially in astrocytes in peripheral white matter and large motoneurons. High density of activated microglia was observed in the gray matter where motoneurons expressed high-level CSF1 in acute EAE. Significant large motoneuron loss was seen in chronic EAE and the remaining motoneurons with high-level CSF1 were enwrapped by microglia. Viral vector mediated over-expression of CSF1 in spinal neurons induced profound proliferation and activation of microglia at the injection site and microglia enwrapped CSF1-transduced neurons and their neurites. Significant loss of large CSF1-transduced neurons was seen at 2 and 3 weeks post-viral injection. Demyelination in the CSF1-transduced areas was also significant. These results implicate that CSF1 upregulation in CNS may play an important role in the proliferation and activation of microglia in EAE, contributing to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Gushchina
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom.,Department of Cytology, Histology and Embryology, Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, 430005, Russia
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Ping K Yip
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Pallier
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Xuenong Bo
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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20
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Michailidou I, Jongejan A, Vreijling JP, Georgakopoulou T, de Wissel MB, Wolterman RA, Ruizendaal P, Klar-Mohamad N, Grootemaat AE, Picavet DI, Kumar V, van Kooten C, Woodruff TM, Morgan BP, van der Wel NN, Ramaglia V, Fluiter K, Baas F. Systemic inhibition of the membrane attack complex impedes neuroinflammation in chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:36. [PMID: 29724241 PMCID: PMC5932802 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key driver of neuroinflammation. Activation of complement by all pathways, results in the formation of the anaphylatoxin C5a and the membrane attack complex (MAC). Both initiate pro-inflammatory responses which can contribute to neurological disease. In this study, we delineate the specific roles of C5a receptor signaling and MAC formation during the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-mediated neuroinflammation. MAC inhibition was achieved by subcutaneous administration of an antisense oligonucleotide specifically targeting murine C6 mRNA (5 mg/kg). The C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) was inhibited with the C5a receptor antagonist PMX205 (1.5 mg/kg). Both treatments were administered systemically and started after disease onset, at the symptomatic phase when lymphocytes are activated. We found that antisense-mediated knockdown of C6 expression outside the central nervous system prevented relapse of disease by impeding the activation of parenchymal neuroinflammatory responses, including the Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Furthermore, C6 antisense-mediated MAC inhibition protected from relapse-induced axonal and synaptic damage. In contrast, inhibition of C5aR1-mediated inflammation diminished expression of major pro-inflammatory mediators, but unlike C6 inhibition, it did not stop progression of neurological disability completely. Our study suggests that MAC is a key driver of neuroinflammation in this model, thereby MAC inhibition might be a relevant treatment for chronic neuroinflammatory diseases.
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21
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Bjelobaba I, Begovic-Kupresanin V, Pekovic S, Lavrnja I. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: Focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1021-1042. [PMID: 29446144 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects more than two million people worldwide. Several animal models resemble MS pathology; the most employed are experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and toxin- and/or virus-induced demyelination. In this review we will summarize our knowledge on the utility of different animal models in MS research. Although animal models cannot replicate the complexity and heterogeneity of the MS pathology, they have proved to be useful for the development of several drugs approved for treatment of MS patients. This review focuses on EAE because it represents both clinical and pathological features of MS. During the past decades, EAE has been effective in illuminating various pathological processes that occur during MS, including inflammation, CNS penetration, demyelination, axonopathy, and neuron loss mediated by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bjelobaba
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sanja Pekovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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22
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Puentes F, van der Star BJ, Boomkamp SD, Kipp M, Boon L, Bosca I, Raffel J, Gnanapavan S, van der Valk P, Stephenson J, Barnett SC, Baker D, Amor S. Neurofilament light as an immune target for pathogenic antibodies. Immunology 2017; 152:580-588. [PMID: 28718500 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to neuronal antigens are associated with many neurological diseases including paraneoplastic neurological disorders, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Immunization with neuronal antigens such as neurofilament light (NF-L), a neuronal intermediate filament in axons, has been shown to induce neurological disease and spasticity in mice. Also, although antibodies to NF-L are widely used as surrogate biomarkers of axonal injury in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis, it remains to be elucidated if antibodies to NF-L contribute to neurodegeneration and neurological disease. To address this, we examined the pathogenic role of antibodies directed to NF-L in vitro using spinal cord co-cultures and in vivo in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and optic neuritis animal models of multiple sclerosis. Here we show that peripheral injections of antibodies to NF-L augmented clinical signs of neurological disease in acute EAE, increased retinal ganglion cell loss in experimental optic neuritis and induced neurological signs following intracerebral injection into control mice. The pathogenicity of antibodies to NF-L was also observed in spinal cord co-cultures where axonal loss was induced. Taken together, our results reveal that as well as acting as reliable biomarkers of neuronal damage, antibodies to NF-L exacerbate neurological disease, suggesting that antibodies to NF-L generated during disease may also be pathogenic and play a role in the progression of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Puentes
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Stephanie D Boomkamp
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros Holdings BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Bosca
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,MS Unit, Neurology Department, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joel Raffel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sharmilee Gnanapavan
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Pathology Department, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jodie Stephenson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sandra Amor
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Pathology Department, Vrije University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Lassmann H, Bradl M. Multiple sclerosis: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:223-244. [PMID: 27766432 PMCID: PMC5250666 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the most frequent statements, provided in different variations in the introduction of experimental studies on multiple sclerosis (MS), is that "Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating autoimmune disease and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a suitable model to study its pathogenesis". However, so far, no single experimental model covers the entire spectrum of the clinical, pathological, or immunological features of the disease. Many different models are available, which proved to be highly useful for studying different aspects of inflammation, demyelination, remyelination, and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. However, the relevance of results from such models for MS pathogenesis has to be critically validated. Current EAE models are mainly based on inflammation, induced by auto-reactive CD4+ T-cells, and these models reflect important aspects of MS. However, pathological data and results from clinical trials in MS indicate that CD8+ T-cells and B-lymphocytes may play an important role in propagating inflammation and tissue damage in established MS. Viral models may reflect key features of MS-like inflammatory demyelination, but are difficult to use due to their very complex pathogenesis, involving direct virus-induced and immune-mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, evidence for a role of viruses in MS pathogenesis is indirect and limited, and an MS-specific virus infection has not been identified so far. Toxic models are highly useful to unravel mechanisms of de- and remyelination, but do not reflect other important aspects of MS pathology and pathogenesis. For all these reasons, it is important to select the right experimental model to answer specific questions in MS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Monika Bradl
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Peferoen LAN, Breur M, van de Berg S, Peferoen-Baert R, Boddeke EHWGM, van der Valk P, Pryce G, van Noort JM, Baker D, Amor S. Ageing and recurrent episodes of neuroinflammation promote progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Biozzi ABH mice. Immunology 2016; 149:146-56. [PMID: 27388634 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce the frequency of relapses by modulating adaptive immune responses but fail to limit the irreversible neurodegeneration driving progressive disability. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Biozzi ABH mice recapitulates clinical features of MS including relapsing-remitting episodes and secondary-progressive disability. To address the contribution of recurrent inflammatory events and ageing as factors that amplify progressive neurological disease, we examined EAE in 8- to 12-week-old and 12-month-old ABH mice. Compared with the relapsing-remitting (RREAE) and secondary progressive (SPEAE) EAE observed in young mice, old mice developed progressive disease from onset (PEAE) associated with pronounced axonal damage and increased numbers of CD3(+) T cells and microglia/macrophages, but not B cells. Whereas the clinical neurological features of PEAE and SPEAE were comparable, the pathology was distinct. SPEAE was associated with significantly reduced perivascular infiltrates and T-cell numbers in the central nervous system (CNS) compared with PEAE and the acute phase of RREAE. In contrast to perivascular infiltrates that declined during progression from RREAE into SPEAE, the numbers of microglia clusters remained constant. Similar to what is observed during MS, the microglia clusters emerging during EAE were associated with axonal damage and oligodendrocytes expressing heat-shock protein B5, but not lymphocytes. Taken together, our data reveal that the course of EAE is dependent on the age of the mice. Younger mice show a relapsing-remitting phase followed by progressive disease, whereas old mice immediately show progression. This indicates that recurrent episodes of inflammation in the CNS, as well as age, contribute to progressive neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A N Peferoen
- Pathology Department, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Pathology Department, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah van de Berg
- Pathology Department, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erik H W G M Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Pathology Department, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sandra Amor
- Pathology Department, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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25
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Sevastou I, Pryce G, Baker D, Selwood DL. Characterisation of Transcriptional Changes in the Spinal Cord of the Progressive Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Biozzi ABH Mouse Model by RNA Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157754. [PMID: 27355629 PMCID: PMC4927105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating immune-mediated neurological disorder affecting young adults. MS is primarily relapsing-remitting, but neurodegeneration and disability accumulate from disease onset. The most commonly used mouse MS models exhibit a monophasic immune response with fast accumulation of neurological damage that does not allow the study of progressive neurodegeneration. The chronic relapsing and secondary progressive EAE (pEAE) Biozzi ABH mouse model of MS exhibits a reproducible relapsing-remitting disease course that slowly accumulates permanent neurological deficit and develops a post-relapsing progressive disease that permits the study of demyelination and neurodegeneration. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was used to explore global gene expression in the pEAE Biozzi ABH mouse. Spinal cord tissue RNA from pEAE Biozzi ABH mice and healthy age-matched controls was sequenced. 2,072 genes were differentially expressed (q<0.05) from which 1,397 were significantly upregulated and 675 were significantly downregulated. This hypothesis-free investigation characterised the genomic changes that describe the pEAE mouse model. The differentially expressed genes revealed a persistent immunoreactant phenotype, combined with downregulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis superpathway and the LXR/RXR activation pathway. Genes differentially expressed include the myelination genes Slc17a7, Ugt8A and Opalin, the neuroprotective genes Sprr1A, Osm and Wisp2, as well as genes identified as MS risk factors, including RGs14 and Scap2. Novel genes with unestablished roles in EAE or MS were also identified. The identification of differentially expressed novel genes and genes involved in MS pathology, opens the door to their functional study in the pEAE mouse model which recapitulates some of the important clinical features of progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sevastou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, UCL Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Science, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroimmmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Selwood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, UCL Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Science, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Duncan ID, Radcliff AB. Inherited and acquired disorders of myelin: The underlying myelin pathology. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:452-75. [PMID: 27068622 PMCID: PMC5010953 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Remyelination is a major therapeutic goal in human myelin disorders, serving to restore function to demyelinated axons and providing neuroprotection. The target disorders that might be amenable to the promotion of this repair process are diverse and increasing in number. They range primarily from those of genetic, inflammatory to toxic origin. In order to apply remyelinating strategies to these disorders, it is essential to know whether the myelin damage results from a primary attack on myelin or the oligodendrocyte or both, and whether indeed these lead to myelin breakdown and demyelination. In some disorders, myelin sheath abnormalities are prominent but demyelination does not occur. This review explores the range of human and animal disorders where myelin pathology exists and focusses on defining the myelin changes in each and their cause, to help define whether they are targets for myelin repair therapy. We reviewed myelin disorders of the CNS in humans and animals. Myelin damage results from primary attack on the oligodendrocyte or myelin sheath. All major categories of disease can affect CNS myelin. Myelin vacuolation is common, yet does not always result in demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Duncan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Abigail B Radcliff
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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27
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Croxford JL, Miyake S. Animal Models for the Study of Neuroimmunological Disease. NEUROIMMUNOLOGICAL DISEASES 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122656 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55594-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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28
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Methods for Testing Immunological Factors. DRUG DISCOVERY AND EVALUATION: PHARMACOLOGICAL ASSAYS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122208 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05392-9_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity reactions can be elicited by various factors: either immunologically induced, i.e., allergic reactions to natural or synthetic compounds mediated by IgE, or non-immunologically induced, i.e., activation of mediator release from cells through direct contact, without the induction of, or the mediation through immune responses. Mediators responsible for hypersensitivity reactions are released from mast cells. An important preformed mediator of allergic reactions found in these cells is histamine. Specific allergens or the calcium ionophore 48/80 induce release of histamine from mast cells. The histamine concentration can be determined with the o-phthalaldehyde reaction.
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29
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Farjam M, Zhang GX, Ciric B, Rostami A. Emerging immunopharmacological targets in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2015; 358:22-30. [PMID: 26440421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) is the hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic debilitating disease that affects more than 2.5 million individuals worldwide. It has been widely accepted, although not proven, that the major pathogenic mechanism of MS involves myelin-reactive T cell activation in the periphery and migration into the CNS, which subsequently triggers an inflammatory cascade that leads to demyelination and axonal damage. Virtually all MS medications now in use target the immune system and prevent tissue damage by modulating neuroinflammatory processes. Although current therapies such as commonly prescribed disease-modifying medications decrease the relapse rate in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), the prevention of long-term accumulation of deficits remains a challenge. Medications used for progressive forms of MS also have limited efficacy. The need for therapies that are effective against disease progression continues to drive the search for novel pharmacological targets. In recent years, due to a better understanding of MS immunopathogenesis, new approaches have been introduced that more specifically target autoreactive immune cells and their products, thus increasing specificity and efficacy, while reducing potential side effects such as global immunosuppression. In this review we describe several immunopharmacological targets that are currently being explored for MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Farjam
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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30
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Dickens AM, Larkin JR, Davis BG, Griffin JL, Claridge TDW, Sibson NR, Anthony DC. NMR-Based Metabolomics Separates the Distinct Stages of Disease in a Chronic Relapsing Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:435-44. [PMID: 26155956 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (Cr-EAE) is commonly used to explore the pathogenesis and efficacy of new therapies for MS, but it is unclear whether the metabolome of Cr-EAE is comparable to human multiple sclerosis (MS). For MS, the diagnosis and staging can be achieved by metabolomics on blood using a combination of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Here, we sought to discover whether this approach could be used to differentiate between sequential disease states in Cr-EAE and whether the same metabolites would be discriminatory. Urine and plasma samples were obtained at different time-points from a clinically relevant model of MS. Using PLS-DA modelling for the urine samples furnished some predictive models, but could not discriminate between all disease states. However, PLS-DA modelling of the plasma samples was able to distinguish between animals with clinically silent disease (day 10, 28) and animals with active disease (day 14, 38). We were also able to distinguish Cr-EAE mice from naive mice at all-time points and control mice, treated with complete Freund's adjuvant alone, at day 14 and 38. Key metabolites that underpin these models included fatty acids, glucose and taurine. Two of these metabolites, fatty acids and glucose, were also key metabolites in separating relapsing-remitting MS from secondary-progressive MS in the human study. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of this metabolomics approach for distinguishing between different disease states. Furthermore, some, but not all, of the changes in metabolites were conserved in humans and the mouse model, which could be useful for future drug development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/urine
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods
- Metabolomics/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Biozzi
- Models, Theoretical
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/blood
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/urine
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Dickens
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Radiobiology Research Institute, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
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31
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Ramaglia V, Jackson SJ, Hughes TR, Neal JW, Baker D, Morgan BP. Complement activation and expression during chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Biozzi ABH mouse. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:432-41. [PMID: 25619542 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (crEAE) in mice recapitulates many of the clinical and histopathological features of human multiple sclerosis (MS), making it a preferred model for the disease. In both, adaptive immunity and anti-myelin T cells responses are thought to be important, while in MS a role for innate immunity and complement has emerged. Here we sought to test whether complement is activated in crEAE and important for disease. Disease was induced in Biozzi ABH mice that were terminated at different stages of the disease to assess complement activation and local complement expression in the central nervous system. Complement activation products were abundant in all spinal cord areas examined in acute disease during relapse and in the progressive phase, but were absent in early disease remission, despite significant residual clinical disease. Local expression of C1q and C3 was increased at all stages of disease, while C9 expression was increased only in acute disease; expression of the complement regulators CD55, complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) and CD59a was reduced at all stages of the disease compared to naive controls. These data show that complement is activated in the central nervous system in the model and suggest that it is a suitable candidate for exploring whether anti-complement agents might be of benefit in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ramaglia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S J Jackson
- Neuroinflammation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - T R Hughes
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J W Neal
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Baker
- Neuroinflammation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - B P Morgan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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32
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Proietti Onori M, Ceci C, Laviola G, Macrì S. A behavioural test battery to investigate tic-like symptoms, stereotypies, attentional capabilities, and spontaneous locomotion in different mouse strains. Behav Brain Res 2014; 267:95-105. [PMID: 24675156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The preclinical study of human disorders associated with comorbidities and for which the aetiology is still unclear may substantially benefit from multi-strain studies conducted in mice. The latter can help isolating experimental populations (strains) exhibiting distinct facets in the parameters isomorphic to the symptoms of a given disorder. Through a reverse-translation approach, multi-strain studies can inform both natural predisposing factors and environmental modulators. Thus, mouse strains selected for a particular trait may be leveraged to generate hypothesis-driven studies aimed at clarifying the potential role played by the environment in modulating the exhibition of the symptoms of interest. Tourette's syndrome (TS) constitutes a paradigmatic example whereby: it is characterized by a core symptom (tics) often associated with comorbidities (attention-deficit-hyperactivity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms); it has a clear genetic origin though specific genes are, as yet, unidentified; its course (exacerbations and remissions) is under the influence of environmental factors. Based on these considerations, we tested four mouse strains (ABH, C57, CD1, and SJL) - varying along a plethora of behavioural, neurochemical, and immunological parameters - on a test battery tailored to address the following domains: tics (through the i.p. administration of the selective 5-HT2 receptor agonist DOI, 5mg/kg); locomotion (spontaneous locomotion in the home-cage); perseverative responding in an attentional set shifting task; and behavioural stereotypies in response to a single amphetamine (10mg/kg, i.p.) injection. Present data demonstrate that while ABH and SJL mice respectively exhibit selective increments in amphetamine-induced sniffing behaviour and DOI-induced tic-like behaviours, C57 and CD1 mice show a distinct phenotype, compared to other strains, in several parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Proietti Onori
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Ceci
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Macrì
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Hampton DW, Serio A, Pryce G, Al-Izki S, Franklin RJM, Giovannoni G, Baker D, Chandran S. Neurodegeneration progresses despite complete elimination of clinical relapses in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:84. [PMID: 24364862 PMCID: PMC3895761 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] Multiple Sclerosis has two clinical phases reflecting distinct but inter-related pathological processes: focal inflammation drives the relapse-remitting stage and neurodegeneration represents the principal substrate of secondary progression. In contrast to the increasing number of effective anti-inflammatory disease modifying treatments for relapse-remitting disease, the absence of therapies for progressive disease represents a major unmet clinical need. This raises the unanswered question of whether elimination of clinical relapses will prevent subsequent progression and if so how early in the disease course should treatment be initiated. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Biozzi ABH mouse recapitulates the clinical and pathological features of multiple sclerosis including relapse-remitting episodes with inflammatory mediated demyelination and progressive disability with neurodegeneration. To address the relationship between inflammation and neurodegeneration we used an auto-immune tolerance strategy to eliminate clinical relapses in EAE in a manner analogous to the clinical effect of disease modifying treatments. RESULTS By arresting clinical relapses in EAE at two distinct stages, early and late disease, we demonstrate that halting immune driven demyelination even after the first major clinical event is insufficient to prevent long-term neurodegeneration and associated gliosis. Nonetheless, early intervention is partially neuroprotective, whereas later interventions are not. Furthermore early tolerisation is also associated with increased remyelination. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with both a partial uncoupling of inflammation and neurodegeneration and that the regenerative response of remyelination is negatively correlated with inflammation. These findings strongly support the need for early combinatorial treatment of immunomodulatory therapies and neuroprotective treatments to prevent long-term neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hampton
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, MS Centre, University of Edinburgh Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Andrea Serio
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, MS Centre, University of Edinburgh Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Sarah Al-Izki
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Robin JM Franklin
- MRC Cambridge Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, MS Centre, University of Edinburgh Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Ribeiro R, Yu F, Wen J, Vana A, Zhang Y. Therapeutic potential of a novel cannabinoid agent CB52 in the mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2013; 254:427-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Al-Izki S, Pryce G, Hankey DJR, Lidster K, von Kutzleben SM, Browne L, Clutterbuck L, Posada C, Edith Chan AW, Amor S, Perkins V, Gerritsen WH, Ummenthum K, Peferoen-Baert R, van der Valk P, Montoya A, Joel SP, Garthwaite J, Giovannoni G, Selwood DL, Baker D. Lesional-targeting of neuroprotection to the inflammatory penumbra in experimental multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:92-108. [PMID: 24287115 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis is associated with metabolic failure of the axon and excitotoxicity that leads to chronic neurodegeneration. Global sodium-channel blockade causes side effects that can limit its use for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. Through selective targeting of drugs to lesions we aimed to improve the potential therapeutic window for treatment. This was assessed in the relapsing-progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ABH mouse model of multiple sclerosis using conventional sodium channel blockers and a novel central nervous system-excluded sodium channel blocker (CFM6104) that was synthesized with properties that selectively target the inflammatory penumbra in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis lesions. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine were not immunosuppressive in lymphocyte-driven autoimmunity, but slowed the accumulation of disability in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis when administered during periods of the inflammatory penumbra after active lesion formation, and was shown to limit the development of neurodegeneration during optic neuritis in myelin-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice. CFM6104 was shown to be a state-selective, sodium channel blocker and a fluorescent p-glycoprotein substrate that was traceable. This compound was >90% excluded from the central nervous system in normal mice, but entered the central nervous system during the inflammatory phase in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. This occurs after the focal and selective downregulation of endothelial p-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier that occurs in both experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis lesions. CFM6104 significantly slowed down the accumulation of disability and nerve loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Therapeutic-targeting of drugs to lesions may reduce the potential side effect profile of neuroprotective agents that can influence neurotransmission. This class of agents inhibit microglial activity and neural sodium loading, which are both thought to contribute to progressive neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Izki
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Sisay S, Pryce G, Jackson SJ, Tanner C, Ross RA, Michael GJ, Selwood DL, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Genetic background can result in a marked or minimal effect of gene knockout (GPR55 and CB2 receptor) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76907. [PMID: 24130809 PMCID: PMC3793915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and some phytocannabinoids bind to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid one (TRPV1) receptor and the orphan G protein receptor fifty-five (GPR55). Studies using C57BL/10 and C57BL/6 (Cnr2tm1Zim) CB2 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice have demonstrated an immune-augmenting effect in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models of multiple sclerosis. However, other EAE studies in Biozzi ABH mice often failed to show any treatment effect of either CB2 receptor agonism or antagonism on inhibition of T cell autoimmunity. The influence of genetic background on the induction of EAE in endocannabinoid system-related gene knockout mice was examined. It was found that C57BL/6.GPR55 knockout mice developed less severe disease, notably in female mice, following active induction with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 peptide. In contrast C57BL/6.CB2 (Cnr2Dgen) receptor knockout mice developed augmented severity of disease consistent with the genetically and pharmacologically-distinct, Cnr2tm1Zim mice. However, when the knockout gene was bred into the ABH mouse background and EAE induced with spinal cord autoantigens the immune-enhancing effect of CB2 receptor deletion was lost. Likewise CB1 receptor and transient receptor potential vanilloid one knockout mice on the ABH background demonstrated no alteration in immune-susceptibility, in terms of disease incidence and severity of EAE, in contrast to that reported in some C57BL/6 mouse studies. Furthermore the immune-modulating influence of GPR55 was marginal on the ABH mouse background. Whilst sedative doses of tetrahydrocannabinol could induce immunosuppression, this was associated with a CB1 receptor rather than a CB2 receptor-mediated effect. These data support the fact that non-psychoactive doses of medicinal cannabis have a marginal influence on the immune response in MS. Importantly, it adds a note of caution for the translational value of some transgenic/gene knockout and other studies on low-EAE susceptibility backgrounds with inconsistent disease course and susceptibility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Immunomodulation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/deficiency
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/deficiency
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/genetics
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sisay
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. Jackson
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Tanner
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth A. Ross
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory J. Michael
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Selwood
- Biological and Medical Chemistry, the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Wootla B, Watzlawik JO, Denic A, Rodriguez M. The road to remyelination in demyelinating diseases: current status and prospects for clinical treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:535-49. [PMID: 23730884 DOI: 10.1586/eci.13.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Within CNS disorders, demyelinating diseases are among the most devastating and cost intensive due to long-term disabilities affecting relatively young patients. Multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease in which the persistent inhibitory microenvironment of the resident oligodendrocyte precursor cells abrogates regeneration of myelin sheaths, is the most prominent disease in the spectrum of demyelinating diseases. The essential goal is to stimulate creation of new myelin sheaths on the demyelinated axons, leading to restoration of saltatory conduction and resolving functional deficits. The past few decades witnessed significant efforts to understand the cellular interactions at the lesion site with studies suggesting efficient remyelination as a prerequisite for functional repair. Despite its proven efficacy in experimental models, immunosuppression has not had profound clinical consequences in multiple sclerosis, which argued for a paradigm shift in the design of therapeutics aiming to achieve remyelination. For example, targeting oligodendrocytes themselves may drive remyelination in the CNS. This group and others have demonstrated that natural autoreactive antibodies directed at oligodendrocyte progenitors participate in remyelination. Accordingly, the authors developed a recombinant autoreactive natural human IgM antibody with therapeutic potential for remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Wolfensohn S, Hawkins P, Lilley E, Anthony D, Chambers C, Lane S, Lawton M, Voipio HM, Woodhall G. Reducing suffering in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 67:169-76. [PMID: 23357188 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This report is based on discussions and submissions from an expert working group consisting of veterinarians, animal care staff and scientists with expert knowledge relevant to the field. It aims to facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) in the use of animal models or procedures involving experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental model used in multiple sclerosis research. The emphasis is on refinement since this has the greatest potential for immediate implementation. Specific welfare issues are identified and discussed, and practical measures are proposed to reduce animal use and suffering. Some general issues for refinement are summarised to help achieve this, with more detail provided on a range of specific measures to reduce suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wolfensohn
- Seventeen Eighty Nine, 1st Floor, 21 High Street, Highworth, Swindon, SN6 7AG, United Kingdom
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Serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in normal Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice and during the course of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CR EAE). Inflamm Res 2013; 62:659-67. [PMID: 23603993 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The aim of the study was to examine possible variations in the levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25-(OH)D] in sera from normal Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice and during the course of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CR EAE). MATERIAL Serum concentrations of 25-(OH)D were measured in normal male and female Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice, at 3-4 weeks old and 8-10 weeks old, with a minimum of six animals/group. Levels of the vitamin were also determined in CR EAE-inoculated mice, and controls, during the course of the disease using a minimum of six animals/treatment. METHODS Cardiac blood was collected from the groups of normal, control and CR EAE-sensitised mice and sera prepared, by centrifugation of clotted samples, and assayed for 25-(OH)D levels by chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS Normal male and female Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice had significantly higher levels of 25-(OH)D at 8-10 weeks old compared to concentrations at 3-4 weeks of age (P < 0.005). Also, levels of the vitamin were significantly raised in C57BL/6 male and female mice compared to values in samples from corresponding Biozzi mice. In addition, the amounts of 25-(OH)D in sera from female Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice were significantly increased compared to strain and aged-matched male mice. The CR EAE mice with acute stage disease had significantly higher 25-(OH)D levels compared to controls (P < 0.005). Vitamin concentrations fell to within controls values with the progression of CR EAE. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary studies have revealed marked differences between the amounts of 25-(OH)D in sera from Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice together with clear gender bias. The investigations also show significant, but selective changes, in levels of the vitamin during the course of CR EAE that are not always associated with the neurological disease state.
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Hilliard A, Stott C, Wright S, Guy G, Pryce G, Al-Izki S, Bolton C, Giovannoni G. Evaluation of the Effects of Sativex (THC BDS: CBD BDS) on Inhibition of Spasticity in a Chronic Relapsing Experimental Allergic Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: A Model of Multiple Sclerosis. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:802649. [PMID: 22928118 PMCID: PMC3423911 DOI: 10.5402/2012/802649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the antispasticity potential of Sativex in mice. Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was induced in adult ABH mice resulting in hind limb spasticity development. Vehicle, Sativex, and baclofen (as a positive control) were injected intravenously and the “stiffness” of limbs assessed by the resistance force against hind limb flexion. Vehicle alone caused no significant change in spasticity. Baclofen (5 mg/kg) induced approximately a 40% peak reduction in spasticity. Sativex dose dependently reduced spasticity; 5 mg/kg THC + 5 mg/kg CBD induced approximately a 20% peak reduction; 10 mg/kg THC + 10 mg/kg CBD produced approximately a 40% peak reduction in spasticity. Sativex has the potential to reduce spasticity in an experimental mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Baclofen reduced spasticity and served as a positive control. Sativex (10 mg/kg) was just as effective as baclofen, providing supportive evidence for Sativex use in the treatment of spasticity in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hilliard
- GW Pharmaceutical PLc, Porton Down Science Park, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
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Sher F, Amor S, Gerritsen W, Baker D, Jackson SL, Boddeke E, Copray S. Intraventricularly injected Olig2-NSCs attenuate established relapsing-remitting EAE in mice. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1883-97. [PMID: 22469520 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x637443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory relapsing demyelinating disease, failure to control or repair damage leads to progressive neurological dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Implantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) has been shown to promote repair and functional recovery in the acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model for MS; the major therapeutic mechanism of these NSCs appeared to be immune regulation. In the present study, we examined the efficacy of intraventricularly injected NSCs in chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CREAE), the animal disease model that is widely accepted to mimic most closely recurrent inflammatory demyelination lesions as observed in relapsing-remitting MS. In addition, we assessed whether priming these NSCs to become oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) by transient overexpression of Olig2 would further promote functional recovery, for example, by contributing to actual remyelination. Upon injection at the onset of the acute phase or the relapse phase of CREAE, NSCs as well as Olig2-NSCs directly migrated toward active lesions in the spinal cord as visualized by in vivo bioluminescence and biofluorescence imaging, and once in the spinal cord, the majority of Olig2-NSCs, in contrast to NSCs, differentiated into OPCs. The survival of Olig2-NSCs was significantly higher than that of injected control NSCs, which remained undifferentiated. Nevertheless, both Olig2-NSCs and NSC significantly reduced the clinical signs of acute and relapsing disease and, in case of Olig2-NSCs, even completely abrogated relapsing disease when administered early after onset of acute disease. We provide the first evidence that NSCs and in particular NSC-derived OPCs (Olig2-NSCs) ameliorate established chronic relapsing EAE in mice. Our experimental data in established neurological disease in mice indicate that such therapy may be effective in relapsing-remitting MS preventing chronic progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falak Sher
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gnanapavan S, Grant D, Pryce G, Jackson S, Baker D, Giovannoni G. Neurofilament a biomarker of neurodegeneration in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:298-303. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.654865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The biology that underpins the therapeutic potential of cannabis-based medicines for the control of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2012; 1:64-75. [PMID: 25876933 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis-based medicines have recently been approved for the treatment of pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS). This supports the original perceptions of people with MS, who were using illegal street cannabis for symptom control and pre-clinical testing in animal models of MS. This activity is supported both by the biology of the disease and the biology of the cannabis plant and the endocannabinoid system. MS results from disease that impairs neurotransmission and this is controlled by cannabinoid receptors and endogenous cannabinoid ligands. This can limit spasticity and may also influence the processes that drive the accumulation of progressive disability.
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Practical guide to the induction of relapsing progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Biozzi ABH mouse. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2012; 1:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Baker D, Amor S. Publication guidelines for refereeing and reporting on animal use in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 242:78-83. [PMID: 22119102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is one of the major pre-clinical models of multiple sclerosis. Use of this model has led to some important observations that has benefited human health, but it must also be said that there are many poor-quality studies using EAE that add little to knowledge or understanding. The lack of quality of clinical trials in humans led to the introduction of publication guidelines that aimed to improve the quality and transparency of studies. Therefore, with a view of doing the same, the ARRIVE (Animals in research: Reporting in vivo experiments) guidelines were developed as a checklist of information required for publication of animal studies. Based on the ARRIVE guidelines, we provide guidance on acceptable data handling and indicate the minimal acceptable standard that should be adhered to when reporting and importantly refereeing all publications relating to EAE. This is designed to constructively improve the quality of published work and reduce the futile use of animals in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Neuroimmmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom.
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46
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Kipp M, van der Star B, Vogel DYS, Puentes F, van der Valk P, Baker D, Amor S. Experimental in vivo and in vitro models of multiple sclerosis: EAE and beyond. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2011; 1:15-28. [PMID: 25876447 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the primary cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, the widely accepted view is that aberrant (auto)immune responses possibly arising following infection(s) are responsible for the destructive inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). This notion, and the limited access of human brain tissue early in the course of MS, has led to the development of autoimmune, viral and toxin-induced demyelination animal models as well as the development of human CNS cell and organotypic brain slice cultures in an attempt to understand events in MS. The autoimmune models, collectively known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and viral models have shaped ideas of how environmental factors may trigger inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration in the CNS. Understandably, these models have also heavily influenced the development of therapies targeting the inflammatory aspect of MS. Demyelination and remyelination in the absence of overt inflammation are better studied in toxin-induced demyelination models using cuprizone and lysolecithin. The paradigm shift of MS as an autoimmune disease of myelin to a neurodegenerative disease has required more appropriate models reflecting the axonal and neuronal damage. Thus, secondary progressive EAE and spastic models have been crucial to develop neuroprotective approaches. In this review the current in vivo and in vitro experimental models to examine pathological mechanisms involved in inflammation, demyelination and neuronal degeneration, as well as remyelination and repair in MS are discussed. Since this knowledge is the basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches for MS, we particularly address whether the currently available models truly reflect the human disease, and discuss perspectives to further optimise and develop more suitable experimental models to study MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Baukje van der Star
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Y S Vogel
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabìola Puentes
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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Ayoub SS, Wood EG, Hassan SU, Bolton C. Cyclooxygenase expression and prostaglandin levels in central nervous system tissues during the course of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Inflamm Res 2011; 60:919-28. [PMID: 21667309 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal counterpart experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have a major inflammatory component that drives and orchestrates both diseases. One particular group of mediators are the prostaglandins (PGs), which we have previously shown, through quantitation and pharmacological intervention, to be closely involved in the pathology of MS and EAE. The aim of the current study was to determine the expression of the PG-generating cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and the profile of PGE(2) and PGD(2), in selected central nervous system (CNS) tissues, with the development of the chronic relapsing (CR) form of EAE. In particular, the work investigates the possible relationship between the expression of COX isoenzymes and PG levels during the neurological phases of CR EAE. METHODS CR EAE was induced in Biozzi mice with inoculum containing lyophilised, syngeneic spinal cord emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. The cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord were dissected from mice during the acute, remission and relapse stages of disease with a minimum of five animals per treatment. The expression of COX-1, COX-1b variant and COX-2, in pooled samples, was determined by Western blotting. PGE(2) and PGD(2) levels in extracted samples were measured using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits. RESULTS COX-2 expression in spinal cords during acute disease remained unaltered and was in contrast to an enhancement of the enzyme, together with COX-1 and COX-1b, in all other sampled areas. PGE(2) and PGD(2) levels remained unchanged during the acute phase and the subsequent remission of symptoms. COX-1 and COX-1b expression was elevated in tissues during the relapse stage of CR EAE and concentrations of the prostanoids were markedly increased. CONCLUSIONS The study examines the implications of COX isoenzyme expression over the course of CR EAE and discusses the reported relationship between PGE(2) and PGD(2) in the instigation and resolution of CNS inflammation. Consideration is also given to the treatment of CR EAE and suggests that drugs designed to limit the inflammatory effects of the PGs should be administered prior to or during the relapse phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir S Ayoub
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Al-Izki S, Pryce G, Jackson SJ, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Immunosuppression with FTY720 is insufficient to prevent secondary progressive neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler 2011; 17:939-48. [PMID: 21459808 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511400476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been poor translation for the use of immunosuppressive agents from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), into the treatment of MS. This may be due to the fact that most EAE studies examine prophylactic, pre-treatment regimes that prove to be therapeutically-ineffective in long-established, often progressive, MS. FTY720 (fingolimod/Gilenya) is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator. This is a new oral agent that markedly reduces the number of relapses in people with MS, compared with currently licensed injectable agents such as the beta interferons. FTY720 has activity against lymphocytes but may also influence oligodendroglia and could therefore have the potential to influence progressive MS, by promoting remyelination. METHODS The effect of FTY720 was assessed in relapsing-progressive EAE in mice. RESULTS Early intervention during relapsing EAE could completely inhibit subsequent relapses, inhibited the accumulation of neurodegeneration, and facilitated motor recovery. However, when examined in secondary progressive EAE, that develops after the accumulation of deficit from relapsing disease, long-term treatment with FTY720 failed to slow deterioration when initiated late (4 months) into the disease course. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that early intervention with immunosuppressive agents may inhibit the generation of the neurodegenerative microenvironment, which is no longer responsive to potent immunosuppression. However, if treatment is initiated too late, progressive, neurological-disease continues unabated. This suggests that immunosuppression is insufficient to control secondary progression in animals, as has been found so far to be the case in MS, and may warrant early intervention with FTY720 for optimal treatment benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Izki
- Centre of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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Baker D, Gerritsen W, Rundle J, Amor S. Critical appraisal of animal models of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2011; 17:647-57. [PMID: 21372117 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511398885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a spectrum of neurological disorders in laboratory animals that is used to model multiple sclerosis (MS). However, few agents have translated from efficacy in EAE to the treatment of human disease. Although this may reflect species differences in pathological disease mechanisms, importantly it may also relate to the practice of how drugs and models are currently used. This often bears very little resemblance to the clinical scenarios where treatments are investigated, such that lack of appreciation of the biology of disease may doom drugs to failure. The use of EAE is critically appraised with the aim of provoking thought, improving laboratory practise and aiding researchers and reviewers to address quality issues when undertaking, reporting and interpreting animal studies related to MS research. This is important as many researchers using EAE could and should do more to improve the quality of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Neuroscience and Trauma Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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Buccellato E, Carretta D, Utan A, Cavina C, Speroni E, Grassi G, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. Acute and chronic cannabinoid extracts administration affects motor function in a CREAE model of multiple sclerosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:1033-1038. [PMID: 21094240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The multiple sclerosis is an immuno-mediated disorder of the Central Nervous System characterized by inflammatory processes and neurodegenerative changes. It has been shown that the endocannabinoid system is altered in this disease and that the exogenous cannabinoids may play a possible role in its therapeutic management. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of crude extracts of Cannabis sativa on motor symptoms in the chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CREAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS CREAE-induced mice were injected by different crude ethanolic extracts from Cannabis sativa, containing Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, or cannabinoid-free, respectively. The effect of the combined treatment with Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol extracts has also been investigated. All extracts were administered in acute and chronic experimental protocols. RESULTS The chronic administration of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol-rich extract resulted in a significant reduction of neurological deficits that lasted until the end of the observations. The acute and chronic treatments with the cannabidiol-rich extract resulted unable to induce changes of neurological signs. However, during the relapse phase a significant decrease of neurological scores was observed. The combined treatment with Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol extracts was ineffective, whereas the acute administration of the cannabinoid-free extract showed a significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows a patchy effect of different cannabinoid extracts on CREAE-induced motor deficits. Although the effect of crude extracts of Cannabis sativa here reported need to be further investigated to define the exact therapeutic target of each cannabinoid, it may represent a possible therapeutic approach for the management of the multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Buccellato
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna 40126, Italy
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