1
|
Men Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang M, Liu J, Chen Y, Han X, Chen R, Chen Q, Hu A. RHDV 3C protein antagonizes type I interferon signaling by cleaving interferon promoter stimulated 1 protein. Virus Genes 2023; 59:215-222. [PMID: 36409443 PMCID: PMC10025200 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The host innate immune response to viral infection often involves the activation of type I interferons. Not surprisingly, many viruses have evolved various mechanisms to disable the interferon pathway and evade the antiviral response involving innate immunity. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is caused by RHD virus (RHDV), but whether it can antagonize the production of host interferon to establish infection has not been investigated. In this study, we found that during RHDV infection, the expressions of interferon and the interferon-stimulated gene were not activated. We constructed eukaryotic expression plasmids of all RHDV proteins, and found that RHDV 3C protein inhibited poly(I:C)-induced interferon expressions. Using siRNA to interfere with the expressions of TLR3 and MDA5, we found that the MDA5 signal pathway was used by the 3C protein to inhibit poly(I:C)-induced interferon expression. This effect was mediated by cleaving the interferon promoter stimulated 1 (IPS-1) protein. Finally, our study showed that interferon was effective against RHDV infection. In summary, our findings showed that the RHDV 3C protein was a new interferon antagonist. These results increase our understanding of the escape mechanism from innate immunity mediated by the RHDV 3C protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Men
- School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maoyin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xufeng Han
- School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renjin Chen
- School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quangang Chen
- School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ankang Hu
- School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Laboratory Animal Center of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dalton KP, Alvarado C, Reytor E, del Carmen Nuñez M, Podadera A, Martínez-Alonso D, Alonso JMM, Nicieza I, Gómez-Sebastián S, Dalton RM, Parra F, Escribano JM. Chimeric VLPs Bearing VP60 from Two Serotypes of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Are Protective against Both Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091005. [PMID: 34579243 PMCID: PMC8472679 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The VP60 capsid protein from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), the causative agent of one of the most economically important disease in rabbits worldwide, forms virus-like particles (VLPs) when expressed using heterologous protein expression systems such as recombinant baculovirus, yeasts, plants or mammalian cell cultures. To prevent RHDV dissemination, it would be beneficial to develop a bivalent vaccine including both RHDV GI.1- and RHDV GI.2-derived VLPs to achieve robust immunisation against both serotypes. In the present work, we developed a strategy of production of a dual-serving RHDV vaccine co-expressing the VP60 proteins from the two RHDV predominant serotypes using CrisBio technology, which uses Tricholusia ni insect pupae as natural bioreactors, which are programmed by recombinant baculovirus vectors. Co-infecting the insect pupae with two baculovirus vectors expressing the RHDV GI.1- and RHDV GI.2-derived VP60 proteins, we obtained chimeric VLPs incorporating both proteins as determined by using serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies. The resulting VLPs showed the typical size and shape of this calicivirus as determined by electron microscopy. Rabbits immunised with the chimeric VLPs were fully protected against a lethal challenge infection with the two RHDV serotypes. This study demonstrates that it is possible to generate a dual cost-effective vaccine against this virus using a single production and purification process, greatly simplifying vaccine manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio Santiago Gascón, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (K.P.D.); (A.P.); (J.M.M.A.); (I.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Carmen Alvarado
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Edel Reytor
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Maria del Carmen Nuñez
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Ana Podadera
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio Santiago Gascón, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (K.P.D.); (A.P.); (J.M.M.A.); (I.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Diego Martínez-Alonso
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Jose Manuel Martin Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio Santiago Gascón, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (K.P.D.); (A.P.); (J.M.M.A.); (I.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Ines Nicieza
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio Santiago Gascón, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (K.P.D.); (A.P.); (J.M.M.A.); (I.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Silvia Gómez-Sebastián
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Romy M. Dalton
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Francisco Parra
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio Santiago Gascón, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (K.P.D.); (A.P.); (J.M.M.A.); (I.N.); (F.P.)
| | - José M. Escribano
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abrantes J, Lopes AM, Lemaitre E, Ahola H, Banihashem F, Droillard C, Marchandeau S, Esteves PJ, Neimanis A, Le Gall-Reculé G. Retrospective Analysis Shows That Most RHDV GI.1 Strains Circulating Since the Late 1990s in France and Sweden Were Recombinant GI.3P-GI.1d Strains. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E910. [PMID: 32784857 PMCID: PMC7464634 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination is one of the major sources of genetic variation in viruses. RNA viruses, such as rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), are among the viruses with the highest recombination rates. Several recombination events have been described for RHDV, mostly as a consequence of their genomic architecture. Here, we undertook phylogenetic and recombination analyses of French and Swedish RHDV strains from 1994 to 2016 and uncovered a new intergenotypic recombination event. This event occurred in the late 1990s/early 2000s and involved nonpathogenic GI.3 strains as donors for the nonstructural part of the genome of these recombinants, while pathogenic GI.1d strains contributed to the structural part. These GI.3P-GI.1d recombinant strains did not entirely replace GI.1d (nonrecombinant) strains, but became the dominant strains in France and Sweden, likely due to a fitness advantage associated with this genomic architecture. GI.3P-GI.1d (P stands for polymerase) strains persisted until 2013 and 2016 in Sweden and France, respectively, and cocirculated with the new genotype GI.2 in France. Since strains from the first GI.2 outbreaks were GI.3P-GI.2, we hypothesize that GI.3P-GI.1d could be the parental strain. Our results confirm the outstanding recombination ability of RHDV and its importance in the evolution of lagoviruses, which was only revealed by studying complete genomic sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.M.L.); (P.J.E.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Lopes
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.M.L.); (P.J.E.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar/Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Evelyne Lemaitre
- Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie, Aviaires et Cunicoles, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire, de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (Anses), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Harri Ahola
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE75189 Uppsala, Sweden; (H.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE75189 Uppsala, Sweden; (H.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Clément Droillard
- Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie, Aviaires et Cunicoles, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire, de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (Anses), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Stéphane Marchandeau
- Unité Petite Faune Sédentaire et Espèces Outre-Mer, Direction de la Recherche et de l’Appui Scientifique, Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB), 44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Pedro J. Esteves
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.M.L.); (P.J.E.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aleksija Neimanis
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ghislaine Le Gall-Reculé
- Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie, Aviaires et Cunicoles, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire, de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (Anses), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.L.); (C.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Erfan AM, Shalaby AG. Genotyping of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus detected in diseased rabbits in Egyptian Provinces by VP60 sequencing. Vet World 2020; 13:1098-1107. [PMID: 32801560 PMCID: PMC7396351 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1098-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is an economically important disorder of rabbits, where infection results in severe losses to the meat and fur industries. Our goal was to characterize the RHD virus (RHDV) strains currently circulating in different regions of Egypt. Materials and Methods Fifty rabbits suspected of harboring RHDV from 15 Egyptian governorates were evaluated. Diseased rabbits were identified by clinical signs and postmortem lesions. RHDV was confirmed through hemagglutination assay (HA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Partial sequencing of the VP60 gene was performed for genotyping. Results From 50 rabbits, we identified 16 cases of RHDV (32%) by HA and PCR, including seven males and nine females. We identified two distinct genotypes through sequencing of an amplified fragment of the virus VP60 gene. One group is composed of those circulating primarily in upper Egypt, which is closely related to the classical G3-G5 virus strains, and the second group, circulating predominantly in lower Egypt, was more closely related to the RHDV2 variant. The overall nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 78.4% to 100%, and identity with the vaccine strains ranged from 78.8% to 91.1%. Conclusion Our results constitute important documentation of RHDV strains currently circulating in Egypt. The findings suggest that there may be a limit to the effectiveness of currently applied vaccine strains as this formulation may not cover all circulating strains. A wider investigation that includes both domestic and wild rabbits will be needed to identify appropriate control measures for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Erfan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki. Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Azhar G Shalaby
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki. Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang Q, Yu Z, Liu JS, Kong DS, Guo DC, Quan CS, Li BT, Hu XL, Qu L. Recombinant canine adenovirus type 2 expressing rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus VP60 protein provided protection against RHD in rabbits. Vet Microbiol 2017; 213:15-20. [PMID: 29291998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is responsible for rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD), which is an acute, lethal and highly contagious disease in both wild and domestic rabbits. Although current vaccines are highly effective for controlling RHD, they are derived from infected rabbit livers and their use is thus associated with safety and animal-welfare concerns. In this study, we generated a recombinant lentogenic canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2) vector expressing the RHDV vp60 gene, named rCAV2-VP60. rCAV2-VP60 expressed VP60 protein in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells as demonstrated by western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed that the vp60 gene was successfully inserted into rCAV2-VP60 and was still detectable after 20 passages, indicating its stable genetic character. We evaluated the feasibility of rCAV2-VP60 as a live-virus-vectored RHD vaccine in rabbits. rCAV2-VP60 significantly induced specific antibodies to RHDV and provided effective protection against RHDV lethal challenge. These results suggest that rCAV2 expressing RHDV VP60 could be a safe and efficient candidate vaccine against RHDV in rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, PR China
| | - Zuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, PR China
| | - Jia-Sen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, PR China
| | - De-Sheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, PR China
| | - Dong-Chun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, PR China
| | - Chuan-Song Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, PR China
| | - Bo-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, PR China
| | - Xiao-Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, PR China
| | - Liandong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lopes AM, Magalhães MJ, Alves PC, Esteves PJ, Abrantes J. An update on the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) strains circulating in Portugal in the 1990s: earliest detection of G3-G5 and G6. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2061-2065. [PMID: 28299483 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) causes devastating effects on European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) populations in the Iberian Peninsula. According to the information available, only genogroup 1 strains were circulating in Iberian wild rabbits until 2011; the antigenic variant G6 has been sporadically detected in rabbitries since 2007. Here, we show for the first time that G3-G5 strains were already present in mainland Portugal in 1998 and that G6 has been circulating since at least 1999. Moreover, we report a G3-G5 strain from the Azores collected in 1998, which is the likely ancestor of Azorean G3-G5like strains. These observations improve the current knowledge on RHDV epidemiology in the Iberian Peninsula and the Azores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Lopes
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Maria J Magalhães
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Paulo C Alves
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong D, Liu J, Jiang Q, Yu Z, Hu X, Guo D, Huang Q, Jiao M, Qu L. Production, Characterization, and Epitope Mapping of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Different Subtypes of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV). Sci Rep 2016; 6:20857. [PMID: 26878800 PMCID: PMC4754648 DOI: 10.1038/srep20857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2010, a new rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) variant, designated RHDV2, was identified for the first time in Italy. Studies have shown that RHDV2 differs from RHDV1 (traditional RHDV) in terms of its antigenic profile and genetic characteristics. The VP60 protein of RHDV is a structural protein that plays important roles in viral replication, assembly, and immunogenicity. In this study, we immunized BALB/c mice with recombinant VP60 proteins from different RHDV subtypes. After three rounds of subcloning, type-specific positive hybridoma clones of RHDV1 and RHDV2 were further identified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Finally, three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (1D6, 1H2, and 3F2) that only recognize RHDV1, and four MAbs (1G2, 2C1, 3B7, and 5D6) that only recognize RHDV2 were identified. The epitopes recognized by these MAbs were mapped by Western blotting. Sequence analysis showed that the epitope sequences recognized by 1D6, 1H2, and 3F2 are highly conserved (98%) among RHDV1 strains, whereas the epitope sequences recognized by 1G2, 2C1, 3B7, and 5D6 are 100% conserved among RHDV2 strains. The high conservation of the epitope sequence showed that the screened MAbs were type-specific, and that they could distinguish different RHDV subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Kong
- Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Vet Res Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Jiasen Liu
- Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Vet Res Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Vet Res Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Zuo Yu
- Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Vet Res Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Vet Res Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Dongchun Guo
- Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Vet Res Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Vet Res Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Meihui Jiao
- Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Vet Res Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Liandong Qu
- Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Vet Res Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Esteves PJ, Abrantes J, Bertagnoli S, Cavadini P, Gavier-Widén D, Guitton JS, Lavazza A, Lemaitre E, Letty J, Lopes AM, Neimanis AS, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Le Pendu J, Marchandeau S, Le Gall-Reculé G. Emergence of Pathogenicity in Lagoviruses: Evolution from Pre-existing Nonpathogenic Strains or through a Species Jump? PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005087. [PMID: 26540662 PMCID: PMC4634945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro José Esteves
- InBIO—Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Joana Abrantes
- InBIO—Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Stéphane Bertagnoli
- UMR 1225, INRA, Toulouse, France
- INP-ENVT, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrizia Cavadini
- Proteomic Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widén
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jean-Sébastien Guitton
- Department of Studies and Research, National Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Nantes, France
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Evelyne Lemaitre
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology Parasitology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
- European University of Brittany, Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Letty
- Department of Studies and Research, National Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Nantes, France
| | - Ana Margarida Lopes
- InBIO—Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Aleksija S. Neimanis
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Stéphane Marchandeau
- Department of Studies and Research, National Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Nantes, France
| | - Ghislaine Le Gall-Reculé
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology Parasitology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
- European University of Brittany, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Secretion and assembly of calicivirus-like particles in high-cell-density yeast fermentations: strategies based on a recombinant non-specific BPTI-Kunitz-type protease inhibitor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:3875-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
10
|
Li ZX, Hu WD, Li BC, Li TY, Zhou XY, Zhang Z. Egg yolk IgY against RHDV capsid protein VP60 promotes rabbit defense against RHDV infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 157:97-104. [PMID: 24252247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
VP60 capsid protein is the major structural and immunogenicity protein of RHDV (Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, RHDV), and has been implicated as a main protein antigen in RHDV diagnosis and vaccine design. In this report, egg yolk antibody (IgY) against N-terminal of VP60 was evaluated and developed as a new strategy for RHDV therapy. Briefly, N-terminal of VP60 (∼250aa) fragment was cloned and inserted into pET28a expression vector, and then the resultant plasmid, pET28a/VP60-N, was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) for recombinant VP60-N protein (rVP60-N) expression. Next, the rVP60-N was purified by Ni(+)-affinity purification chromatography and identified by Western blotting with RHDV antiserum. After immunizing the chickens with rVP60-N, the anti-rVP60-N IgY was isolated, and the activity and specificity of the IgY antibody were analyzed by ELISA and Western blotting. In our results, the rVP60-N could be expressed in E. coli as soluble fraction, and the isolated anti-rVP60-N IgY demonstrated a high specificity and titer (1:22,000) against rVP60-N antigen. For further evaluation of the IgY efficacy in vivo, rabbits were grouped randomly and challenged with RHDV, and the results showed that anti-rVP60-N IgY could significantly protect rabbits from virus infection and promote the host survival after a sustained treatment with anti-rVP60-N IgY for 5 days. Taken together, our study demonstrates evidence that production of IgY against VP60 could be as a novel strategy for the RHDV therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zai Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology and Application, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Wei Dong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology and Application, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Bing Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology and Application, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Tian You Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology and Application, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Xiao Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology and Application, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology and Application, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vongpunsawad S, Venkataram Prasad BV, Estes MK. Norwalk Virus Minor Capsid Protein VP2 Associates within the VP1 Shell Domain. J Virol 2013; 87:4818-25. [PMID: 23408637 PMCID: PMC3624303 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03508-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major capsid protein of norovirus VP1 assembles to form an icosahedral viral particle. Despite evidence that the Norwalk virus (NV) minor structural protein VP2 is present in infectious virions, the available crystallographic and electron cryomicroscopy structures of NV have not revealed the location of VP2. In this study, we determined that VP1 associates with VP2 at the interior surface of the capsid, specifically with the shell (S) domain of VP1. We mapped the interaction site to amino acid 52 of VP1, an isoleucine located within a sequence motif IDPWI in the S domain that is highly conserved across norovirus genogroups. Mutation of this isoleucine abrogated VP2 incorporation into virus-like particles without affecting the ability for VP1 to dimerize and form particles. The highly basic nature of VP2 and its location interior to the viral particle are consistent with its potential role in assisting capsid assembly and genome encapsidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Conformational and thermal stability improvements for the large-scale production of yeast-derived rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus-like particles as multipurpose vaccine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56417. [PMID: 23460801 PMCID: PMC3584067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant virus-like particles (VLP) antigenically similar to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) were recently expressed at high levels inside Pichia pastoris cells. Based on the potential of RHDV VLP as platform for diverse vaccination purposes we undertook the design, development and scale-up of a production process. Conformational and stability issues were addressed to improve process control and optimization. Analyses on the structure, morphology and antigenicity of these multimers were carried out at different pH values during cell disruption and purification by size-exclusion chromatography. Process steps and environmental stresses in which aggregation or conformational instability can be detected were included. These analyses revealed higher stability and recoveries of properly assembled high-purity capsids at acidic and neutral pH in phosphate buffer. The use of stabilizers during long-term storage in solution showed that sucrose, sorbitol, trehalose and glycerol acted as useful aggregation-reducing agents. The VLP emulsified in an oil-based adjuvant were subjected to accelerated thermal stress treatments. None to slight variations were detected in the stability of formulations and in the structure of recovered capsids. A comprehensive analysis on scale-up strategies was accomplished and a nine steps large-scale production process was established. VLP produced after chromatographic separation protected rabbits against a lethal challenge. The minimum protective dose was identified. Stabilized particles were ultimately assayed as carriers of a foreign viral epitope from another pathogen affecting a larger animal species. For that purpose, a linear protective B-cell epitope from Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) E2 envelope protein was chemically coupled to RHDV VLP. Conjugates were able to present the E2 peptide fragment for immune recognition and significantly enhanced the peptide-specific antibody response in vaccinated pigs. Overall these results allowed establishing improved conditions regarding conformational stability and recovery of these multimers for their production at large-scale and potential use on different animal species or humans.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yuan D, Qu L, Liu J, Guo D, Jiang Q, Lin H, Si C. DNA vaccination with a gene encoding VP60 elicited protective immunity against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:1-8. [PMID: 23419819 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a contagious disease in adult rabbits, with high mortality, that occurs throughout the world. The VP60 protein has been implicated as main protein antigen in virus diagnosis and vaccine design. In this report, we describe the construction of a novel DNA vaccine (pcDNA-VP60) expressing the RHDV capsid protein (VP60), and the expression of the recombinant protein was identified through indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blot assay. VP60 protein self-assembled to form virus-like particles (VLPs) observed by electron microscopy were morphologically similar to native virions. For the evaluation of vaccine efficacy, rabbits were inoculated with PBS, pcDNA3.1((+)), pcDNA-VP60 or RHDV inactive vaccine. They were challenged with RHDV-TP isolate four weeks after last boost immunization. In all cases, the rabbits immunized with pcDNA-VP60 developed high level of RHDV-specific antibodies and cellular immune response. The rabbits injected with DNA vaccine were completely protected against RHDV challenge like commercial RHDV inactive vaccine, moreover, RHDV viral load was significantly reduced in the liver samples from immunized rabbits. The recombinant DNA vaccine may provide a novel strategy for the immunization of rabbits for the control of RHDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Experimental Animal Research Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Identification of in vivo interaction between rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein and minor structural protein. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
15
|
Abrantes J, van der Loo W, Le Pendu J, Esteves PJ. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV): a review. Vet Res 2012; 43:12. [PMID: 22325049 PMCID: PMC3331820 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a calicivirus of the genus Lagovirus that causes rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) in adult European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). First described in China in 1984, the virus rapidly spread worldwide and is nowadays considered as endemic in several countries. In Australia and New Zealand where rabbits are pests, RHDV was purposely introduced for rabbit biocontrol. Factors that may have precipitated RHD emergence remain unclear, but non-pathogenic strains seem to pre-date the appearance of the pathogenic strains suggesting a key role for the comprehension of the virus origins. All pathogenic strains are classified within one single serotype, but two subtypes are recognised, RHDV and RHDVa. RHD causes high mortality in both domestic and wild adult animals, with individuals succumbing between 48-72 h post-infection. No other species has been reported to be fatally susceptible to RHD. The disease is characterised by acute necrotising hepatitis, but haemorrhages may also be found in other organs, in particular the lungs, heart, and kidneys due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Resistance to the disease might be explained in part by genetically determined absence or weak expression of attachment factors, but humoral immunity is also important. Disease control in rabbitries relies mainly on vaccination and biosecurity measures. Such measures are difficult to be implemented in wild populations. More recent research has indicated that RHDV might be used as a molecular tool for therapeutic applications. Although the study of RHDV and RHD has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate cell culture system for the virus, several aspects of the replication, epizootology, epidemiology and evolution have been disclosed. This review provides a broad coverage and description of the current knowledge on the disease and the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos/Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario de Vairao, 4485-661 Vairao, Portugal
- INSERM, U892, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Wessel van der Loo
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos/Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario de Vairao, 4485-661 Vairao, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos/Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario de Vairao, 4485-661 Vairao, Portugal
- CITS, Centro de Investigacao em Tecnologias de Saude, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Chen L, Liu G, Ni Z, Yu B, Yun T, Song Y, Hua J, Li S, Chen J. Minor structural protein VP2 in rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus downregulates the expression of the viral capsid protein VP60. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2952-2955. [PMID: 19726612 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.015081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) has two structural proteins: the major capsid protein VP60 and the minor capsid protein VP2. VP2 is speculated to play an important role in the virus life cycle. To investigate the effect of VP2 on VP60 expression, three types of experiment (baculovirus-insect cell system, mammalian-luciferase assay system and in vitro coupled transcription/translation system) were used to express VP60 alone or co-expressed with VP2. Both forms of VP60 were able to form virus-like particles in insect cells. Western blot analysis and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that the presence of VP2 results in downregulation of the expression of VP60 in vivo. Real-time RT-PCR of mRNA levels showed that downregulation of VP60 occurs at the transcriptional level. The ability of the viral minor structural protein VP2 to regulate capsid protein levels may contribute to effective virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Chen
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zheng Ni
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Tao Yun
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yi Song
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.,Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jionggang Hua
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Shuangmao Li
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu G, Ni Z, Yun T, Yu B, Chen L, Zhao W, Hua J, Chen J. A DNA-launched reverse genetics system for rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus reveals that the VP2 protein is not essential for virus infectivity. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:3080-3085. [PMID: 19008396 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/003525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a member of the family Caliciviridae comprising positive-stranded RNA viruses, is a highly virulent pathogen of rabbits. Until recently, studies into the molecular mechanisms of RHDV replication and pathogenesis have been hindered by the lack of an in vitro culture system and reverse genetics. This study describes the generation of a DNA-based reverse genetics system for RHDV and the subsequent investigation of the biological role of the RHDV VP2 protein. The full-length RHDV genome was assembled as a single cDNA clone and placed under the control of the eukaryotic human cytomegalovirus promoter. Transfection of cells with the DNA clone resulted in a clear cytopathic effect and the generation of infectious progeny virions. The reconstituted virus was stable and grew to titres similar to that of the parental virus. Although previous reports have suggested that the minor structural protein (VP2) of other caliciviruses is essential for the production of infectious virions, using the DNA-launch-based RHDV reverse genetics system described here it was demonstrated that VP2 is not essential for RHDV infectivity. Transfection of cells with a cDNA clone of RHDV lacking VP2 resulted in the generation of infectious virions. These studies indicate that the presence of VP2 could reduce the replication of RHDV, suggesting that it may play a regulatory role in the life cycle of RHDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangqing Liu
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zheng Ni
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Tao Yun
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Liu Chen
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jionggang Hua
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Farnós O, Fernández E, Chiong M, Parra F, Joglar M, Méndez L, Rodríguez E, Moya G, Rodríguez D, Lleonart R, González EM, Alonso A, Alfonso P, Suárez M, Rodríguez MP, Toledo JR. Biochemical and structural characterization of RHDV capsid protein variants produced in Pichia pastoris: Advantages for immunization strategies and vaccine implementation. Antiviral Res 2009; 81:25-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
McIntosh MT, Behan SC, Mohamed FM, Lu Z, Moran KE, Burrage TG, Neilan JG, Ward GB, Botti G, Capucci L, Metwally SA. A pandemic strain of calicivirus threatens rabbit industries in the Americas. Virol J 2007; 4:96. [PMID: 17910765 PMCID: PMC2147015 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a severe acute viral disease specifically affecting the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus. As the European rabbit is the predominant species of domestic rabbit throughout the world, RHD contributes towards significant losses to rabbit farming industries and endangers wild populations of rabbits in Europe and other predatory animals in Europe that depend upon rabbits as a food source. Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease virus (RHDV) – a Lagovirus belonging to the family Caliciviridae is the etiological agent of RHD. Typically, RHD presents with sudden death in 70% to 95% of infected animals. There have been four separate incursions of RHDV in the USA, the most recent of which occurred in the state of Indiana in June of 2005. Animal inoculation studies confirmed the pathogenicity of the Indiana 2005 isolate, which caused acute death and pathological changes characterized by acute diffuse severe liver necrosis and pulmonary hemorrhages. Complete viral genome sequences of all USA outbreak isolates were determined and comparative genomics revealed that each outbreak was the result of a separate introduction of virus rather than from a single virus lineage. All of the USA isolates clustered with RHDV genomes from China, and phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein (VP60) revealed that they were related to a pandemic antigenic variant strain known as RHDVa. Rapid spread of the RHDVa pandemic suggests a selective advantage for this new subtype. Given its rapid spread, pathogenic nature, and potential to further evolve, possibly broadening its host range to include other genera native to the Americas, RHDVa should be regarded as a threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McIntosh
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Shawn C Behan
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Fawzi M Mohamed
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Karen E Moran
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Thomas G Burrage
- Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - John G Neilan
- Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Gordon B Ward
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Giuliana Botti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna via Bianchi, 9 – 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Capucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna via Bianchi, 9 – 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Samia A Metwally
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tian L, Liao J, Li JW, Zhou WR, Zhang XL, Wang HN. Isolation and identification of a non-haemagglutinating strain of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus from China and sequence analysis for the VP60 Gene. Virus Genes 2007; 35:745-52. [PMID: 17705093 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A variant strain of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, designated "whn-1", was isolated and identified in China. The virus lacked haemagglutinating activity at 25, 37 and 4 degrees C, respectively, and gave negative results in the HAT after two passages in experimentally infected rabbits, but gave positive results in Agar Diffusion Reaction (ADR) and Counter Immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Using electron microscopy, negatively stained particles of the RHDV isolate showed that the virions was approximately 35 nm in diameter. The capsid protein VP60 gene of whn-1 strain was cloned into pMD18-T vector by RT-PCR assays and sequenced. The obtained VP60 gene sequence has been submitted to GenBank with the accession number: DQ069280. The whole VP60 gene of whn-1 was 1740 nt in size and encodes 579 aa. Alignment with other 16 strains of RHDV in the world, including such "RHDVa" strains as France 99-05, France-Reu-00, Germany-Triptis and ChinaTP, in addition to RCV and EBHSV, showed that the homology of RHDV strains were 90.0-98.0% for nucleotide sequence, 94.3-99.0% for amino acid sequence, respectively. The results indicated that the sequences of VP60 gene of different RHDV isolates, including non-haemagglutinating whn-1 strain and low-haemagglutinating Rainham strain, were relatively highly homologous, and the major variant amino acid were located within region C (301-328 aa) and region E(344-434 aa), which were specific to "RHDVa" strains. Moreover, the molecular characterisation of VP60 protein of RHDV whn-1 strain, such as Hydrophilicity plot, Flexible regions, Antigenic index, etc., were compared with reference RHDV strains of Spanish-AST/89, France-99-5 and UK-Rainham in this article. From the experiment, it's concluded that, the "whn-1" strain is probably an antigenic variant of "RHDVa", and the 3 amino acids of Phe (304), Ala (305), Ser (309), and 5 amino acids of Gly (359), Asn (365), Ala (369), Ala (370), Asn (386), located in P2 region in the VP60 protein, probably played an important role in the haemagglutination activity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caliciviridae Infections/veterinary
- Caliciviridae Infections/virology
- China
- Cloning, Molecular
- Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
- Hemagglutination, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutination, Viral/physiology
- Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/isolation & purification
- Liver/virology
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Rabbits
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Viral Structural Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Structural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins/immunology
- Virion/ultrastructure
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Tian
- Lab of Animal Preventive Medicine & Bio-engineering, Animal Science & Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Farnós O, Rodríguez D, Valdés O, Chiong M, Parra F, Toledo JR, Fernández E, Lleonart R, Suárez M. Molecular and antigenic characterization of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus isolated in Cuba indicates a distinct antigenic subtype. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1215-21. [PMID: 17334949 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses conducted on isolates of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) from throughout the world have shown well-defined genogroups comprising representative strains of the virus and antigenic variants. In this work, we have isolated and characterized RHDV from the major epizootic that occurred in Cuba in 2004-2005. Sequence analysis of the capsid protein gene and antigenic characterization of this strain has allowed its inclusion as a member of the distinct RHDVa subtype. We also found that specific antibodies directed against RHDV reference strains bound to the Cuban isolate in a competition ELISA and inhibited virus hemagglutination in vitro. This is the second report on the molecular characterization of RHDVa circulating in the American region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Farnós
- Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oka T, Yamamoto M, Katayama K, Hansman GS, Ogawa S, Miyamura T, Takeda N. Identification of the cleavage sites of sapovirus open reading frame 1 polyprotein. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3329-3338. [PMID: 17030867 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapovirus (SaV), a member of the family Caliciviridae, is a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in humans and swine and is currently divided into five genogroups, GI–GV. The proteolytic processing of the SaV open reading frame 1 (ORF1) polyprotein with a human GII SaV Mc10 strain has recently been determined and the products are arranged in the following order: NH2–p11–p28–p35 (NTPase)–p32–p14 (VPg)–p70 (Pro–Pol)–p60 (VP1)–COOH. The cleavage site between p14 (VPg) and p70 (Pro–Pol) was identified as E1055/A1056 by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. To identify other cleavage sites, a series of GII SaV Mc10 full-length clones containing disrupted potential cleavage sites in the ORF1 polyprotein were constructed and used to generate linear DNA templates for in vitro coupled transcription–translation. The translation products were analysed by SDS-PAGE or by immunoprecipitation with region-specific antibodies. N-terminal amino acid sequencing with Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant proteins was also used to identify the cleavage site between p32 and p14. These approaches enabled identification of the six cleavage sites of the Mc10 ORF1 polyprotein as E69/G70, Q325/G326, Q666/G667, E940/A941, E1055/A1056 and E1722/G1723. The alignment of the SaV full-length ORF1 amino acid sequences indicated that the dipeptides used for the cleavage sites were either E or Q at the P1 position and A, G or S at the P1′ position, which were conserved in the GI, GII, GIII, GIV and GV SaV ORF1 polyprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Mami Yamamoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Grant S Hansman
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Satoko Ogawa
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Martín-Alonso JM, Skilling DE, González-Molleda L, del Barrio G, Machín A, Keefer NK, Matson DO, Iversen PL, Smith AW, Parra F. Isolation and characterization of a new Vesivirus from rabbits. Virology 2005; 337:373-83. [PMID: 15901487 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the isolation, cDNA cloning, complete genome nucleotide sequence, and partial characterization of a new cultivable calicivirus isolated from juvenile feeder European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) showing symptoms of diarrhea. Absence of neutralization by type-specific neutralizing antibodies for 40 caliciviruses and phylogenetic sequence comparisons of the open reading frame 1-encoded polyprotein with those of other caliciviruses demonstrate that this new calicivirus is a putative novel member of the Vesivirus genus which is closely related to the marine calicivirus subgroup. According to its putative classification, this new virus has been named rabbit vesivirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M Martín-Alonso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Edificio Santiago Gascón, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sosnovtsev SV, Belliot G, Chang KO, Onwudiwe O, Green KY. Feline calicivirus VP2 is essential for the production of infectious virions. J Virol 2005; 79:4012-24. [PMID: 15767403 PMCID: PMC1061574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.7.4012-4024.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The third open reading frame (ORF3) located at the 3' end of the genomic RNA of feline calicivirus (FCV) encodes a small (12.2-kDa) minor structural protein of 106 amino acids designated VP2. Point mutations and deletions were introduced into an infectious FCV cDNA clone in order to evaluate the functional importance of ORF3 and its encoded protein, VP2. Deletion of the entire ORF3 sequence was lethal for the virus, and evidence was found for strong selective pressure to produce the VP2 protein. Extended deletions in the 5' end and small deletions in the 3' end of ORF3, as well as the introduction of stop codons into the ORF3 sequence, were tolerated by the viral replication machinery, but infectious virus could not be recovered. Infectious virus particles could be rescued from a full-length FCV cDNA clone encoding a nonfunctional VP2 when VP2 was provided in trans from a eukaryotic expression plasmid. Our data indicate that VP2, a protein apparently unique to the caliciviruses, is essential for productive replication that results in the synthesis and maturation of infectious virions and that the ORF3 nucleotide sequence itself overlaps a cis-acting RNA signal at the genomic 3' end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav V Sosnovtsev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive MSC8007, Building 50, Room 6316, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bárcena J, Verdaguer N, Roca R, Morales M, Angulo I, Risco C, Carrascosa JL, Torres JM, Castón JR. The coat protein of Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus contains a molecular switch at the N-terminal region facing the inner surface of the capsid. Virology 2004; 322:118-34. [PMID: 15063122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To function adequately, many if not all proteins involved in macromolecular assemblies show conformational polymorphism as an intrinsic feature. This general strategy has been described for many essential cellular processes. Here we describe this structural polymorphism in a viral protein, the coat protein of Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), which is required during virus capsid assembly. By combining genetic, structure modeling, and cryo-electron microscopy and image processing analysis, we have established the mechanism that allows RHDV coat protein to switch among quasi-equivalent conformational states to achieve the appropriate curvature for the formation of a closed shell. The RHDV capsid structure is based on a T = 3 lattice, containing 180 copies of identical subunits, similar to those of other caliciviruses. The quasi-equivalent interactions between the coat proteins are achieved by the N-terminal region of a subset of subunits, which faces the inner surface of the capsid shell. Mutant coat protein lacking this N-terminal sequence assembles into T = 1 capsids. Our results suggest that the polymorphism of the RHDV T = 3 capsid might bear resemblance to that of plant virus T = 3 capsids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bárcena
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Morales M, Bárcena J, Ramírez MA, Boga JA, Parra F, Torres JM. Synthesis in vitro of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus subgenomic RNA by internal initiation on (-)sense genomic RNA: mapping of a subgenomic promoter. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:17013-8. [PMID: 14744857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313674200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a positive-strand RNA virus, is the type species of the Lagovirus within the Caliciviridae. In addition to the genomic RNA of 7.4 kb, a subgenomic mRNA (sgRNA) of 2.2 kb, which is identical in sequence to the 3' one-third of the genomic RNA, is also synthesized in RHDV-infected cells. Numerous RNA viruses make sgRNA for expression of their 3'-proximal genes. A relevant mechanism for viral gene expression is the regulation of sgRNA synthesis by specific promoter elements. In this study, we have investigated in vitro the sgRNA synthesis mechanism using recombinant RHDV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells and synthetic RHDV (-)RNAs of different lengths containing regions located upstream of the subgenomic start site. We report evidences supporting that the sgRNA of RHDV is synthesized in vitro by internal initiation (subgenomic promoter) on (-)RNA templates of genomic length. The deletion mapping of the subgenomic promoter starting from minus-strand genomic length RNA showed that a sequence of 50 nucleotides upstream of the sgRNA start site (+1) is sufficient for full subgenomic promoter activity in an in vitro assay using recombinant RHDV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This study reports the first description of a subgenomic promoter in a member of the Caliciviridae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, White LJ, Chen R, Prasad BVV, Estes MK. Structural requirements for the assembly of Norwalk virus-like particles. J Virol 2002; 76:4044-55. [PMID: 11907243 PMCID: PMC136079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.8.4044-4055.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2001] [Accepted: 01/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Norwalk virus (NV) is the prototype strain of a group of human caliciviruses responsible for epidemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. While these viruses do not grow in tissue culture cells or animal models, expression of the capsid protein in insect cells results in the self-assembly of recombinant NV virus-like particles (rNV VLPs) that are morphologically and antigenically similar to native NV. The X-ray structure of the rNV VLPs has revealed that the capsid protein folds into two principal domains: a shell (S) domain and a protruding (P) domain (B. V. V. Prasad, M. E. Hardy, T. Dokland, J. Bella, M. G. Rossmann, and M. K. Estes, Science 286:287-290, 1999). To investigate the structural requirements for the assembly of rNV VLPs, we performed mutational analyses of the capsid protein. We examined the ability of 10 deletion mutants of the capsid protein to assemble into VLPs in insect cell cultures. Deletion of the N-terminal 20 residues, suggested by the X-ray structure to be involved in a switching mechanism during assembly, did not affect the ability of the mutant capsid protein to self-assemble into 38-nm VLPs with a T=3 icosahedral symmetry. Further deletions in the N-terminal region affected particle assembly. Deletions in the C-terminal regions of the P domain, involved in the interactions between the P and S domains, did not block the assembly process, but they affected the size and stability of the particles. Mutants carrying three internal deletion mutations in the P domain, involved in maintaining dimeric interactions, produced significantly larger 45-nm particles, albeit in low yields. The complete removal of the protruding domain resulted in the formation of smooth particles with a diameter that is slightly smaller than the 30-nm diameter expected from the rNV structure. These studies indicate that the shell domain of the NV capsid protein contains everything required to initiate the assembly of the capsid, whereas the entire protruding domain contributes to the increased stability of the capsid by adding intermolecular contacts between the dimeric subunits and may control the size of the capsid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bertolotti-Ciarlet
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030,, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meyers G, Wirblich C, Thiel HJ, Thumfart JO. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: genome organization and polyprotein processing of a calicivirus studied after transient expression of cDNA constructs. Virology 2000; 276:349-63. [PMID: 11040126 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) belongs to the family Caliciviridae. Studies on this virus are hampered by the lack of a convenient cell culture system. To study viral protein expression a cDNA construct containing the entire protein-coding region of the virus was established and used for transient expression studies. After metabolic labeling of transfected cells and immunoprecipitation with a set of RHDV-specific antisera a variety of polypeptides were identified and assigned to defined regions of the viral genome. The consensus sequences of already identified or putative proteolytic cleavage sites in the viral polyprotein were changed by the introduction of mutations into the expression construct. Expression of these mutated constructs and analysis of the protein patterns allowed us to identify novel cleavage sites in the polyprotein and revealed the first details regarding the order of polyprotein processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Meyers
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, D-72001, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Joubert P, Pautigny C, Madelaine MF, Rasschaert D. Identification of a new cleavage site of the 3C-like protease of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:481-8. [PMID: 10644847 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-2-481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The calicivirus rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) possesses a 3C-like protease which processes the RHDV polyprotein. In order to monitor the proteolytic activity of the RHDV 3C-like protease on its putative target sequences, i.e. the 10 EG dipeptide bonds distributed along the large polyprotein, a new approach was carried out. Preliminary experiments showed that the luciferase gene when fused in-frame with a long gene yielded a fusion protein almost devoid of luciferase activity. This reporter system was used to test which EG dipeptide bonds were cleaved by the RHDV protease when the coding sequences of the dipeptides and their flanking sequences were inserted at the junction between the protease and luciferase genes. The coding sequences of the fusion proteins were cloned downstream of the T7 promoter and the proteolytic activity was evaluated by measuring the luciferase activity in both in vitro and 'in vivo' systems. The EG dipeptide bonds at positions 718-719, 1108-1109 and 1767-1768 were confirmed as cleavage sites and a new cleavage site EG (143-144) was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Joubert
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Barrière d'Espèce, Unité de Pathologie Aviaire et de Parasitologie, INRA de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Several caliciviruses are known to cause diseases in animal and man. Amongst them are vesicular exanthema virus of swine (VESV), feline calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), and Norwalk and Sapporo-like viruses; the latter viruses cause gastroenteritis in man. In this paper, an overview of caliciviruses is presented, with particular emphasis on the molecular aspects. The unique properties as compared to other related families of positive-stranded RNA viruses will be discussed. Many findings about the molecular biology of caliciviruses came from systems that are difficult to work with, such as RHDV, which can thus far only be propagated either in animals or in primary rabbit hepatocyte cultures. Therefore, the review will concentrate on RHDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Thiel
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Castañón S, Marín MS, Martín-Alonso JM, Boga JA, Casais R, Humara JM, Ordás RJ, Parra F. Immunization with potato plants expressing VP60 protein protects against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. J Virol 1999; 73:4452-5. [PMID: 10196345 PMCID: PMC104230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.5.4452-4455.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major structural protein VP60 of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) has been produced in transgenic potato plants under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter or a modified 35S promoter that included two copies of a strong transcriptional enhancer. Both types of promoters allowed the production of specific mRNAs and detectable levels of recombinant VP60, which were higher for the constructs carrying the modified 35S promoter. Rabbits immunized with leaf extracts from plants carrying this modified 35S promoter showed high anti-VP60 antibody titers and were fully protected against the hemorrhagic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Castañón
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jiang X, Zhong W, Kaplan M, Pickering LK, Matson DO. Expression and characterization of Sapporo-like human calicivirus capsid proteins in baculovirus. J Virol Methods 1999; 78:81-91. [PMID: 10204699 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sapporo-like caliciviruses reveal typical calicivirus morphology and cause acute gastroenteritis. This study describes the expression in baculovirus of capsid proteins of two Sapporo-like calicivirus strains (Hou/86 and Hou/90). Eight different constructs of the capsid genes were compared for production of the proteins. Constructs containing short (9 or 19 nt) upstream sequences failed to produce capsid proteins but extension of the upstream sequence to 73 nt resulted in production of capsid proteins. Expressed capsid protein with the MEG tri-peptide as the N-terminus self-formed virus-like particles (VLPs). Expressed protein with an upstream AUG failed to form VLPs. Addition of His-tag to the N-terminus of capsid protein also blocked VLP formation. Of three Norwalk-Hou/90 chimeric capsid gene constructs, one resulted in production of chimeric capsid and the protein did not form VLPs. Recombinant capsid proteins for each of Hou/86 and Hou/90 were further characterized. The expressed capsid antigens of the two strains were antigenically distinct but shared a common epitope(s). Further study of these proteins should allow development of immunologic assays for diagnosis and should help to clarify the epidemiology of Sapporo-like caliciviruses in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Center for Pediatric Research, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk 23510, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
König M, Thiel HJ, Meyers G. Detection of viral proteins after infection of cultured hepatocytes with rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. J Virol 1998; 72:4492-7. [PMID: 9557747 PMCID: PMC109688 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.5.4492-4497.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The calicivirus rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), which replicates predominantly in the livers of infected rabbits, cannot be propagated in tissue culture. To enable the performance of in vitro studies, rabbit hepatocytes were isolated by liver perfusion and gradient centrifugation. After inoculation with purified RHDV, more than 50% of the cells proved to be infected. Protein analyses led to the detection of 13 RHDV-specific polypeptides within the infected cells. These proteins were assigned to defined regions of the viral genome, resulting in a refined model of RHDV genome organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M König
- Department of Clinical Virology, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sosnovtsev SV, Sosnovtseva SA, Green KY. Cleavage of the feline calicivirus capsid precursor is mediated by a virus-encoded proteinase. J Virol 1998; 72:3051-9. [PMID: 9525628 PMCID: PMC109753 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.3051-3059.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV), a member of the Caliciviridae, produces its major structural protein as a precursor polyprotein from a subgenomic-sized mRNA. In this study, we show that the proteinase responsible for processing this precursor into the mature capsid protein is encoded by the viral genome at the 3'-terminal portion of open reading frame 1 (ORF1). Protein expression studies of either the entire or partial ORF1 indicate that the proteinase is active when expressed either in in vitro translation or in bacterial cells. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to characterize the proteinase Glu-Ala cleavage site in the capsid precursor, utilizing an in vitro cleavage assay in which mutant precursor proteins translated from cDNA clones were used as substrates for trans cleavage by the proteinase. In general, amino acid substitutions in the P1 position (Glu) of the cleavage site were less well tolerated by the proteinase than those in the P1' position (Ala). The precursor cleavage site mutations were introduced into an infectious cDNA clone of the FCV genome, and transfection of RNA derived from these clones into feline kidney cells showed that efficient cleavage of the capsid precursor by the virus-encoded proteinase is a critical determinant in the growth of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Sosnovtsev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Psikal I, Smíd B, Kubalíková R, Valícek L, Rodák L, Kosinová E. Colorimetric detection of lagomorphs' calicivirus genomic sequences by polymerase chain reaction incorporating digoxigenin dUTP. Vet Microbiol 1997; 57:55-67. [PMID: 9231981 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A method of reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been implemented for the demonstration of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) genome in organ suspensions, leukocytes and excretions of infected rabbits. RT-PCR has been tested with 10 RHDV strains isolated at various geographic sites and times using a pair of primers coming from the gene region coding for the capsid protein VP60. The same primers were effective in the amplification of 4 of 5 European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) virus isolates. Non-radioactive labelling of PCR products with digoxigenin during the amplification and a system of colorimetric assessment of hybridization reactions between a biotin-labelled RHDV capture probe and the chains of labelled amplicons (PCR ELISA) were used for specific analyses of nucleic acid synthesis. The sensitivity of the alternative procedure of analysis of the dig-labelled PCR products with PCR ELISA was two logs10 higher than that of conventional electrophoresis in agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. The results of the hybridization reactions, carried out under various stringency conditions, have confirmed the presumption that the genomic similarity between the amplified and the probed areas of the capsid protein VP60 gene was not uniform within all the tested caliciviruses. A higher degree of heterogeneity was observed between the isolates of EBHSV and RHDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Psikal
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wirblich C, Thiel HJ, Meyers G. Genetic map of the calicivirus rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus as deduced from in vitro translation studies. J Virol 1996; 70:7974-83. [PMID: 8892921 PMCID: PMC190870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.7974-7983.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The 7.5-kb plus-stranded genomic RNA of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus contains two open reading frames of 7 kb (ORF1) and 351 nucleotides (ORF2) that cover nearly 99% of the genome. The aim of the present study was to identify the proteins encoded in these open reading frames. To this end, a panel of region-specific antisera was generated by immunization of rabbits with bacterially expressed fusion proteins that encompass in total 95% of the ORF1 polyprotein and almost the complete ORF2 polypeptide. The antisera were used to analyze the in vitro translation products of purified virion RNA of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Our studies show that the N-terminal half of the ORF1 polyprotein is proteolytically cleaved to yield three nonstructural proteins of 16, 23, and 37 kDa (p16, p23, and p37, respectively). In addition, a cleavage product of 41 kDa which is composed of VPg and a putative nonstructural protein of approximately 30 kDa was identified. Together with the results of previous studies which identified a trypsin-like cysteine protease (TCP) of 15 kDa, a putative RNA polymerase (pol) of 58 kDa, and the major capsid protein VP60, our data establish the following gene order in ORF1: NH2-p16-p23-p37 (helicase)-p30-VPg-TCP-pol-VP60-COOH. Immunoblot analyses showed that a minor structural protein of 10 kDa is encoded in ORF2. The data provide the first complete genetic map of a calicivirus. The map reveals a remarkable similarity between caliciviruses and picornaviruses with regard to the number and order of the genes that encode the nonstructural proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wirblich
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guittré C, Ruvoen-Clouet N, Barraud L, Cherel Y, Baginski I, Prave M, Ganiere JP, Trépo C, Cova L. Early stages of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus infection monitored by polymerase chain reaction. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1996; 43:109-18. [PMID: 8693842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to define more accurately the initial events that take place during rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) infection, different organs of experimentally infected rabbits were analysed for the presence of the virus and correlated with histopathological observations. A total of 24 rabbits were intranasally inoculated with a viral suspension, and tissue samples were taken from the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, thymus, lymph node and tonsil at different intervals post-inoculation (2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 50, 51, 70 and 72 h). Histopathological observations revealed the presence of the first significant lesions at 30 h post-inoculation (p.i.) in the liver. Using an ELISA and a haemagglutination test (HAT), the virus was detected in the liver at 36 h p.i. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the RHDV RNA was present as early as 18 h p.i. in the liver and spleen, whereas thymus, kidney, tonsil and lymph node were found to be positive after more than 36 h p.i. The lungs presented a variable positivity between 0 and 36 h p.i., but remained positive after this time.
Collapse
|
39
|
Martín Alonso JM, Casais R, Boga JA, Parra F. Processing of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus polyprotein. J Virol 1996; 70:1261-5. [PMID: 8551592 PMCID: PMC189940 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.2.1261-1265.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) cDNAs in vitro with rabbit reticulocyte lysates and in Escherichia coli have been used to study the proteolytic processing of RHDV polyprotein encoded by ORF1. An epitope tag was used for monitoring the gene products by a specific antibody. We have identified four gene products with molecular masses of 80, 43, 73, and 60 kDa, from the amino to the carboxy terminus of the polyprotein. The amino-terminal sequences of the 43- and 73-kDa products were determined and indicated that RHDV 3C proteinase cleaved Glu-Gly peptide bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Martín Alonso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Marín MS, Martín Alonso JM, Pérez Ordoyo García LI, Boga JA, Argüello-Villares JL, Casais R, Venugopal K, Jiang W, Gould EA, Parra F. Immunogenic properties of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus structural protein VP60 expressed by a recombinant baculovirus: an efficient vaccine. Virus Res 1995; 39:119-28. [PMID: 8837879 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(95)00074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a recombinant baculovirus containing the gene encoding the structural protein VP60 from the Spanish field isolate AST/89 of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Infection of cultured Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells with this recombinant virus resulted in the production of high yields of VP60 protein which did not seem to assemble to form virus like particles, but was antigenically similar to the corresponding viral protein obtained from purified virions. A VP60-dose study showed that the recombinant protein was able to elicit a protective response in rabbits against a nasal challenge with 100 LD50 of RHDV. The effective dose able to protect 50% of the animals in the absence of adjuvant was found to be 10-25 micrograms of recombinant VP60.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Marín
- NERC Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wirblich C, Sibilia M, Boniotti MB, Rossi C, Thiel HJ, Meyers G. 3C-like protease of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: identification of cleavage sites in the ORF1 polyprotein and analysis of cleavage specificity. J Virol 1995; 69:7159-68. [PMID: 7474137 PMCID: PMC189637 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.7159-7168.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, a positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, encodes a trypsin-like cysteine protease as part of a large polyprotein. Upon expression in Escherichia coli, the protease releases itself from larger precursors by proteolytic cleavages at its N and C termini. Both cleavage sites were determined by N-terminal sequence analysis of the cleavage products. Cleavage at the N terminus of the protease occurred with high efficiency at an EG dipeptide at positions 1108 and 1109. Cleavage at the C terminus of the protease occurred with low efficiency at an ET dipeptide at positions 1251 and 1252. To study the cleavage specificity of the protease, amino acid substitutions were introduced at the P2, P1, and P1' positions at the cleavage site at the N-terminal boundary of the protease. This analysis showed that the amino acid at the P1 position is the most important determinant for substrate recognition. Only glutamic acid, glutamine, and aspartic acid were tolerated at this position. At the P1' position, glycine, serine, and alanine were the preferred substrates of the protease, but a number of amino acids with larger side chains were also tolerated. Substitutions at the P2 position had only little effect on the cleavage efficiency. Cell-free expression of the C-terminal half of the ORF1 polyprotein showed that the protease catalyzes cleavage at the junction of the RNA polymerase and the capsid protein. An EG dipeptide at positions 1767 and 1768 was identified as the putative cleavage site. Our data show that rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus encodes a trypsin-like cysteine protease that is similar to 3C proteases with regard to function and specificity but is more similar to 2A proteases with regard to size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wirblich
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sibilia M, Boniotti MB, Angoscini P, Capucci L, Rossi C. Two independent pathways of expression lead to self-assembly of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein. J Virol 1995; 69:5812-5. [PMID: 7637026 PMCID: PMC189447 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.9.5812-5815.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein was expressed in insect cells either as an individual protein species, from a mRNA analogous to the viral subgenomic RNA, or as part of a polyprotein that included the viral 3C-like protease and the RNA polymerase. Both pathways of expression led to the assembly of viruslike particles morphologically and antigenically similar to purified virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sibilia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell' Emilia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nagesha HS, Wang LF, Hyatt AD, Morrissy CJ, Lenghaus C, Westbury HA. Self-assembly, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (Czechoslovakian strain V-351) capsid protein expressed in baculovirus. Arch Virol 1995; 140:1095-1108. [PMID: 7541982 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) capsid protein was expressed in a baculovirus system. Analysis of the expressed product showed that the recombinant protein, which is 60 kDa in size, was antigenic as revealed by its reactions in ELISA and Western blot with the antibodies raised against RHDV. Direct electron microscopy of the cell culture supernatant and the purified protein demonstrated that the capsid protein expressed in insect cells self-assembled to form empty virus-like particles (VLP) which are similar in size and morphology to that of native virus. These particles were immunoreactive with polyclonal anti-RHDV antibodies and with four monoclonal antibodies which recognise conformational epitopes of the virus. The results indicated that the VLPs were morphologically and antigenically indistinguishable from native virus. The recombinant VLPs induced high levels of RHDV-specific antibodies in rabbits and mice following immunisation. The immune response to the VLPs protected the rabbits following challenge with the virulent RHDV. In haemagglutination assays, the VLPs bound to human red blood cells similar to the native virus particles. The recombinant protein and or VLPs is suitable for the development of a rapid, sensitive and reliable test for detection of antibodies to RHDV and for use as a vaccine for domestic rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Nagesha
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Guittré C, Baginski I, Le Gall G, Prave M, Trépo C, Cova L. Detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus isolates and sequence comparison of the N-terminus of the capsid protein gene by the polymerase chain reaction. Res Vet Sci 1995; 58:128-32. [PMID: 7761690 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(95)90065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
At present there is no sensitive method for the detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a calicivirus causing high mortality in rabbit populations. For this purpose a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was established in the N-terminal portion of the RHDV capsid region. The RT-PCR was 10(4)-fold more sensitive than ELISA testing for the detection of the virus and was able to detect as few as 12 copies of template cDNA. By using the RT-PCR test and sequencing, 96.6 to 98.7 per cent homology was demonstrated in the N-terminal portion of the capsid protein of three isolates from geographically and temporally separate outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic disease, indicating that this portion of the RHDV capsid protein is highly conserved.
Collapse
|
45
|
Boniotti B, Wirblich C, Sibilia M, Meyers G, Thiel HJ, Rossi C. Identification and characterization of a 3C-like protease from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, a calicivirus. J Virol 1994; 68:6487-95. [PMID: 8083986 PMCID: PMC237069 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6487-6495.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression studies conducted in vitro and in Escherichia coli led to the identification of a protease from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). The gene coding for this protease was found to be located in the central part of the genome preceding the putative RNA polymerase gene. It was demonstrated that the protease specifically cuts RHDV polyprotein substrates both in cis and in trans. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that the RHDV protease closely resembles the 3C proteases of picornaviruses with respect to the amino acids directly involved in the catalytic activity as well as to the role played by histidine as part of the substrate binding pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell' Emilia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Laurent S, Vautherot JF, Madelaine MF, Le Gall G, Rasschaert D. Recombinant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein expressed in baculovirus self-assembles into viruslike particles and induces protection. J Virol 1994; 68:6794-8. [PMID: 8084017 PMCID: PMC237106 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6794-6798.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
VP60, the unique component of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid, was expressed in the baculovirus system. The recombinant VP60, released in the supernatant of infected insect cells, assembled without the need of any other viral component to form viruslike particles (VLPs), structurally and immunologically indistinguishable from the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virion. Intramuscular vaccination of rabbits with the VLPs conferred complete protection in 15 days; this protection was found to be effective from the fifth day after VLP injection and was accompanied by a strong humoral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Laurent
- Unité de Virologie et d'Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wirblich C, Meyers G, Ohlinger VF, Capucci L, Eskens U, Haas B, Thiel HJ. European brown hare syndrome virus: relationship to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and other caliciviruses. J Virol 1994; 68:5164-73. [PMID: 7518531 PMCID: PMC236460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.8.5164-5173.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies directed against the capsid protein of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) were used to identify field cases of European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) and to distinguish between RHDV and the virus responsible for EBHS. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of liver extract of an EBHS virus (EBHSV)-infected hare revealed a single major capsid protein species of approximately 60 kDa that shared epitopes with the capsid protein of RHDV. RNA isolated from the liver of an EBHSV-infected hare contained two viral RNA species of 7.5 and 2.2 kb that comigrated with the genomic and subgenomic RNAs of RHDV and were recognized by labeled RHDV cDNA in Northern (RNA) hybridizations. The nucleotide sequence of the 3' 2.8 kb of the EBHSV genome was determined from four overlapping cDNA clones. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame that contains part of the putative RNA polymerase gene and the complete capsid protein gene. This particular genome organization is shared by RHDV but not by other known caliciviruses. The deduced amino acid sequence of the capsid protein of EBHSV was compared with the capsid protein sequences of RDDV and other caliciviruses. The amino acid sequence comparisons revealed that EBHSV is closely related to RHDV and distantly related to other caliciviruses. On the basis of their genome organization, it is suggested that caliciviruses be divided into three groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wirblich
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Disease of Animals, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|