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Xiao Y, Liu X, Song Z, Lu Y, Zhang L, Huang M, Cheng Y, Chen S, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhou S. Plant size-dependent influence of foliar fungal pathogens promotes diversity through allometric growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:687-699. [PMID: 38396376 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The effect of pathogens on host diversity has attracted much attention in recent years, yet how the influence of pathogens on individual plants scales up to affect community-level host diversity remains unclear. Here, we assessed the effects of foliar fungal pathogens on plant growth and species richness using allometric growth theory in population-level and community-level foliar fungal pathogen exclusion experiments. We calculated growth scaling exponents of 24 species to reveal the intraspecific size-dependent effects of foliar fungal pathogens on plant growth. We also calculated the intercepts to infer the growth rates of relatively larger conspecific individuals. We found that foliar fungal pathogens inhibited the growth of small conspecific individuals more than large individuals, resulting in a positive allometric growth. After foliar fungal pathogen exclusion, species-specific growth scaling exponents and intercepts decreased, but became positively related to species' relative abundance, providing a growth advantage for individuals of abundant species with a higher growth scaling exponent and intercept compared with rare species, and thus reduced species diversity. By adopting allometric growth theory, we elucidate the size-dependent mechanisms through which pathogens regulate species diversity and provide a powerful framework to incorporate antagonistic size-dependent processes in understanding species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yawen Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mengjiao Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yikang Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shiliang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Qinghai Haibei National Field Research Station of Alpine Grassland Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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2
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Miller ZR, Clenet M, Della Libera K, Massol F, Allesina S. Coexistence of many species under a random competition-colonization trade-off. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314215121. [PMID: 38261621 PMCID: PMC10835059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314215121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The competition-colonization (CC) trade-off is a well-studied coexistence mechanism for metacommunities. In this setting, it is believed that the coexistence of all species requires their traits to satisfy restrictive conditions limiting their similarity. To investigate whether diverse metacommunities can assemble in a CC trade-off model, we study their assembly from a probabilistic perspective. From a pool of species with parameters (corresponding to traits) sampled at random, we compute the probability that any number of species coexist and characterize the set of species that emerges through assembly. Remarkably, almost exactly half of the species in a large pool typically coexist, with no saturation as the size of the pool grows, and with little dependence on the underlying distribution of traits. Through a mix of analytical results and simulations, we show that this unlimited niche packing emerges as assembly actively moves communities toward overdispersed configurations in niche space. Our findings also apply to a realistic assembly scenario where species invade one at a time from a fixed regional pool. When diversity arises de novo in the metacommunity, richness still grows without bound, but more slowly. Together, our results suggest that the CC trade-off can support the robust emergence of diverse communities, even when coexistence of the full species pool is exceedingly unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Miller
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801
| | - Maxime Clenet
- Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard-Monge, UMR 8049, CNRS, Université Gustave Eiffel, Marne-la-Vallée 77454, France
| | - Katja Della Libera
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - François Massol
- Université Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Stefano Allesina
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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3
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Golan G, Abbai R, Schnurbusch T. Exploring the trade-off between individual fitness and community performance of wheat crops using simulated canopy shade. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3144-3157. [PMID: 36428231 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The genetic heritage of wheat (Triticum spp.) crops has been shaped by millions of years of predomestication natural selection, often driven by competition among individuals. However, genetic improvements in yield potential are thought to involve selection towards reduced competitiveness, thus enhancing adaptation to the crop environment. We investigated potential trade-offs between individual plant fitness and community performance using a population of introgression lines carrying chromosome segments of wild emmer (nondomesticated) in the background of an elite durum cultivar. We focused on light as a primary factor affecting plant-plant interactions and assessed morphological and biomass phenotypes of single plants grown in mixtures under sunlight and a simulated canopy shade, and the relevance of these phenotypes for the monoculture community in the field. We found that responses to canopy shade resemble responses to high density and contribute to both the individual and the community. Stepwise regressions suggested that grain number per spike and its persistence under shade are essential attributes of productive communities, advocating their use as a breeding target during early-generation selection. Overall, multiple phenotypes attained under shade could better explain community performance. Our novel, applicable, high-throughput set-up provides new prospects for studying and selecting single-plant phenotypes in a canopy-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Golan
- Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Ragavendran Abbai
- Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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4
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Waterton J, Mazer SJ, Cleland EE. When the neighborhood matters: contextual selection on seedling traits in native and non-native California grasses. Evolution 2023; 77:2039-2055. [PMID: 37393951 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact extensively with their neighbors, but the evolutionary consequences of variation in neighbor identity are not well understood. Seedling traits are likely to experience selection that depends on the identity of neighbors because they influence competitive outcomes. To explore this, we evaluated selection on seed mass and emergence time in two California grasses, the native perennial Stipa pulchra, and the non-native annual Bromus diandrus, in the field with six other native and non-native neighbor grasses in single- and mixed-species treatments. We also quantified characteristics of each neighbor treatment to further investigate factors influencing their effects on fitness and phenotypic selection. Selection favored larger seeds in both focal species and this was largely independent of neighbor identity. Selection generally favored earlier emergence in both focal species, but neighbor identity influenced the strength and direction of selection on emergence time in S. pulchra, but not B. diandrus. Greater light interception, higher soil moisture, and greater productivity of neighbors were associated with more intense selection for earlier emergence and larger seeds. Our findings suggest that changes in plant community composition can alter patterns of selection in seedling traits, and that these effects can be associated with measurable characteristics of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Waterton
- Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Elsa E Cleland
- Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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Lyu S, Alexander JM. Compensatory responses of vital rates attenuate impacts of competition on population growth and promote coexistence. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:437-447. [PMID: 36708049 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Competition is among the most important factors regulating plant population and community dynamics, but we know little about how different vital rates respond to competition and jointly determine population growth and species coexistence. We conducted a field experiment and parameterised integral projection models to model the population growth of 14 herbaceous plant species in the absence and presence of neighbours across an elevation gradient (284 interspecific pairs). We found that suppressed individual growth and seedling establishment contributed the most to competition-induced declines in population growth, although vital rate contributions varied greatly between species and with elevation. In contrast, size-specific survival and flowering probability and seed production were frequently enhanced under competition. These compensatory vital rate responses were nearly ubiquitous (occurred in 92% of species pairs) and significantly reduced niche overlap and stabilised coexistence. Our study highlights the importance of demographic processes for regulating population and community dynamics, which has often been neglected by classic coexistence theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengman Lyu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jake M Alexander
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Yan Y, Wang H, Chang X, Zhang J. Asymmetrical resource competition in aquatic producers: Constant cell quota versus variable cell quota. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:3983-4005. [PMID: 36899613 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In a shallow aquatic environment, a mathematical model with variable cell quota is proposed to characterize asymmetric resource competition for light and nutrients among aquatic producers. We investigate the dynamics of asymmetric competition models with constant and variable cell quotas and obtain the basic ecological reproductive indexes for aquatic producer invasions. The similarities and differences between the two types of cell quotas for dynamical properties and influences on asymmetric resource competition are explored through theoretical and numerical analysis. These results contribute to further revealing the role of constant and variable cell quotas in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Yan
- College of Mathematical Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chang
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jimin Zhang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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7
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Eskelinen A, Harpole WS, Jessen MT, Virtanen R, Hautier Y. Light competition drives herbivore and nutrient effects on plant diversity. Nature 2022; 611:301-305. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEnrichment of nutrients and loss of herbivores are assumed to cause a loss of plant diversity in grassland ecosystems because they increase plant cover, which leads to a decrease of light in the understory1–3. Empirical tests of the role of competition for light in natural systems are based on indirect evidence, and have been a topic of debate for the last 40 years. Here we show that experimentally restoring light to understory plants in a natural grassland mitigates the loss of plant diversity that is caused by either nutrient enrichment or the absence of mammalian herbivores. The initial effect of light addition on restoring diversity under fertilization was transitory and outweighed by the greater effect of herbivory on light levels, indicating that herbivory is a major factor that controls diversity, partly through light. Our results provide direct experimental evidence, in a natural system, that competition for light is a key mechanism that contributes to the loss of biodiversity after cessation of mammalian herbivory. Our findings also show that the effects of herbivores can outpace the effects of fertilization on competition for light. Management practices that target maintaining grazing by native or domestic herbivores could therefore have applications in protecting biodiversity in grassland ecosystems, because they alleviate competition for light in the understory.
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8
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Waterton J, Hammond M, Lau JA. Evolutionary effects of nitrogen are not easily predicted from ecological responses. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1741-1756. [PMID: 36371717 PMCID: PMC10099611 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) addition alters the abiotic and biotic environment, potentially leading to changes in patterns of natural selection (i.e., trait-fitness relationships) and the opportunity for selection (i.e., variance in relative fitness). Because N addition favors species with light acquisition strategies (e.g., tall species), we predicted that N would strengthen selection favoring those same traits. We also predicted that N could alter the opportunity for selection via its effects on mean fitness and/or competitive asymmetries. METHODS We quantified the strength of selection and the opportunity for selection in replicated populations of the annual grass Setaria faberi (giant foxtail) growing in a long-term N addition experiment. We also correlated these population-level parameters with community-level metrics to identify the proximate causes of N-mediated evolutionary effects. RESULTS N addition increased aboveground productivity, light asymmetry, and reduced species diversity. Contrary to expectations, N addition did not strengthen selection for trait values associated with higher light acquisition such as greater height and specific leaf area (SLA); rather, it strengthened selection favoring lower SLA. Light asymmetry and species diversity were associated with selection for height and SLA, suggesting a role for these factors in driving N-mediated selection. The opportunity for selection was not influenced by N addition but was negatively associated with species diversity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that anthropogenic N enrichment can affect evolutionary processes, but that evolutionary changes in plant traits within populations are unlikely to parallel the shifts in plant traits observed at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Waterton
- Department of BiologyIndiana University1001 E. 3rd St.BloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Mark Hammond
- Kellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMI49060USA
| | - Jennifer A. Lau
- Department of Biology and the Environmental Resilience InstituteIndiana University1001 E. 3rd St.BloomingtonIN47405USA
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9
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Quy V. Nguyen, Pham MP, Meng L, Bui HM, Pham HT, Nguyen HV, Nguyen TT, Kang YX. Spatial Structure of the Dominant Tree Species in an Evergreen Broadleaved Forest Stand in South Vietnam. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022130131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Quer E, Helluy M, Baldy V, DesRochers A. Does natural root grafting make trees better competitors? OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Quer
- Aix Marseille Univ., IMBE, Avignon Univ., CNRS, IRD Marseille France
- Univ. du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue, IRF Amos Québec Canada
| | - Manon Helluy
- INRAE, Univ. Aix‐Marseille, UMR RECOVER Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Virgine Baldy
- Aix Marseille Univ., IMBE, Avignon Univ., CNRS, IRD Marseille France
| | - Annie DesRochers
- Univ. du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue, IRF Amos Québec Canada
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11
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Tonnabel J, David P, Pannell JR. Rapid divergence in vegetative morphology of a wind-pollinated plant between populations at contrasting densities. Evolution 2022; 76:1737-1748. [PMID: 35713285 PMCID: PMC9544426 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant sexual dimorphism is thought to evolve in response to sex-specific selection associated with competition for access to mates or resources, both of which may be density dependent. In wind-pollinated plants in particular, vegetative traits such as plant size and architecture may influence resource acquisition and both pollen dispersal and receipt, with potential conflict between these two components of fitness. We evaluated the role of plant density in shaping plant traits by measuring evolutionary responses in experimental populations of the sexually dimorphic wind-pollinated plant Mercurialis annua. After three generations of evolution, we observed divergence between high- and low-density populations in several vegetative traits, whereas there was no divergence for reproductive traits. A reversal in the direction of sexually dimorphic traits expressed in young plants evolved in both low- and high-density populations compared to the original population (stored as seeds). Compared to the source population, males at high density evolved to be taller when young, whereas at low density young females tended to become smaller. These results demonstrate that a simple change in plant density can induce age-dependent and sex-specific evolution in the ontogeny of vegetative organs, and illustrates the power of experimental evolution for investigating plant trait evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Tonnabel
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland,CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, FranceCNRSMontpellier34293France
| | - Patrice David
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, FranceCNRSMontpellier34293France
| | - John R. Pannell
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
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12
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Tree height effects on vascular anatomy of upper-canopy twigs across a wide range of tropical rainforest species. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Vessel diameter variation along the hydraulic pathway determines how much water can be moved against the force of gravity from roots to leaves. While it is well-documented that tree size scales with vessel diameter variation at the stem base due to the effect of basipetal vessel widening, much less is known whether this likewise applies to terminal sun-exposed twigs. To analyze the effect of tree height on twig xylem anatomy, we compiled data for 279 tropical rainforest tree species belonging to 56 families in the lowlands of Jambi Province, Indonesia. Terminal upper-canopy twigs of fully grown individuals were collected and used for wood anatomical analysis.
We show that hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (Dh) and potential hydraulic conductivity (Kp) of upper canopy twigs increase with tree height across species although the relationship was weak. When averaged across given tree height classes irrespectively of species identity, however, a strong dependency of tree height on Dh and Kp was observed, but not on the lumen-to-sapwood area ratio (Al:Ax) or vessel density (VD).
According to the comparison between actual tree height and the maximum tree height reported for a given species in the stand, we show that the vascular xylem anatomy of their terminal twigs reflects their canopy position and thus ecological niche (understory versus overstory) at maturity. We conclude that the capacity to move large quantities of water during the diurnal peak in evaporative demand is a prerequisite for growing tall in a humid tropical environment.
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13
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Holdridge EM, Vasseur DA. Intraspecific variation promotes coexistence under competition for essential resources. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-022-00539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Chieppa J, Power SA, Nielsen UN, Tissue DT. Plant functional traits affect competitive vigor of pasture grasses during drought and following recovery. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Chieppa
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Hawkesbury Campus Western Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Sally A. Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Hawkesbury Campus Western Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
| | - Uffe N. Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Hawkesbury Campus Western Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Hawkesbury Campus Western Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
- Global Centre for Land‐based Innovation Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus Richmond New South Wales Australia
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15
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Menalled UD, Adeux G, Cordeau S, Smith RG, Mirsky SB, Ryan MR. Cereal rye mulch biomass and crop density affect weed suppression and community assembly in no‐till planted soybean. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel D. Menalled
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Guillaume Adeux
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
| | - Stéphane Cordeau
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
| | - Richard G. Smith
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Steven B. Mirsky
- USDA–ARS Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Matthew R. Ryan
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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16
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Decomposing phenotypic skew and its effects on the predicted response to strong selection. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:774-785. [PMID: 35422480 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The major frameworks for predicting evolutionary change assume that a phenotype's underlying genetic and environmental components are normally distributed. However, the predictions of these frameworks may no longer hold if distributions are skewed. Despite this, phenotypic skew has never been decomposed, meaning the fundamental assumptions of quantitative genetics remain untested. Here we demonstrate that the substantial phenotypic skew in the body size of juvenile blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) is driven by environmental factors. Although skew had little impact on our predictions of selection response in this case, our results highlight the impact of skew on the estimation of inheritance and selection. Specifically, the nonlinear parent-offspring regressions induced by skew, alongside selective disappearance, can strongly bias estimates of heritability. The ubiquity of skew and strong directional selection on juvenile body size imply that heritability is commonly overestimated, which may in part explain the discrepancy between predicted and observed trait evolution.
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17
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Carter SK, Rudolf VH. Exploring conditions that strengthen or weaken the ecological and evolutionary consequences of phenological synchrony. Am Nat 2022; 200:E189-E206. [DOI: 10.1086/720899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Babajanyan SG, Koonin EV, Allahverdyan AE. Thermodynamic selection: mechanisms and scenarios. NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 2022; 24:053006. [PMID: 36776225 PMCID: PMC9910508 DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/ac6531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic selection is an indirect competition between agents feeding on the same energy resource and obeying the laws of thermodynamics. We examine scenarios of this selection, where the agent is modeled as a heat-engine coupled to two thermal baths and extracting work from the high-temperature bath. The agents can apply different work-extracting, game-theoretical strategies, e.g. the maximum power or the maximum efficiency. They can also have a fixed structure or be adaptive. Depending on whether the resource (i.e. the high-temperature bath) is infinite or finite, the fitness of the agent relates to the work-power or the total extracted work. These two selection scenarios lead to increasing or decreasing efficiencies of the work-extraction, respectively. The scenarios are illustrated via plant competition for sunlight, and the competition between different ATP production pathways. We also show that certain general concepts of game-theory and ecology-the prisoner's dilemma and the maximal power principle-emerge from the thermodynamics of competing agents. We emphasize the role of adaptation in developing efficient work-extraction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Babajanyan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Alikahanyan National Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute), 2 Alikhanyan Brothers Street, Yerevan 0036, Armenia
| | - E V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A E Allahverdyan
- Alikahanyan National Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute), 2 Alikhanyan Brothers Street, Yerevan 0036, Armenia
- Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian street, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
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19
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Timaeus J, Weedon OD, Finckh MR. Harnessing the Potential of Wheat-Pea Species Mixtures: Evaluation of Multifunctional Performance and Wheat Diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:846237. [PMID: 35401594 PMCID: PMC8990764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.846237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Species mixtures and heterogeneous crop populations are two promising approaches for diversified ecological cropping systems with increased resilience and reduced dependency on external inputs. Inter- and intraspecific diversity were evaluated in combination using 15 wheat (Triticum aestivum) entries, including line cultivars and heterogeneous populations (HPs), from central Europe and Hungary and one winter pea cultivar under organic conditions. Monocultures and wheat mixtures were evaluated multi-functionally for yield, quality, land use efficiency, crop protection, and wheat entry traits. Mixtures increased cereal grain quality, weed suppression, resource use efficiency, yield gain, and reduced lodging. Effects were stronger in 2018/19, which were characterized by dry and nutrient-poor conditions than in 2019/20 when nutrient levels were higher. Wheat entries varied considerably in protein content and yield in both mixtures and monocultures. Under higher nutrient availability, entry-based variation was reduced in both systems, and peas were suppressed. Because of low disease pressure, the wheat entries varied little in terms of disease protection services, and mixture effects on the disease were low. The multi-criteria framework identified stability of yield, yield gains, and quality under high environmental variability of mixtures as clear agronomic advantages with HPs being considerably more stable than line cultivars. Some line cultivars outperformed the HPs in either protein content or yield across environments but not both simultaneously. Trait analysis revealed a possible link between harvest index and reduced competition in mixtures, which can increase yield performance in specific line cultivars. System cultivar interactions were generally very low and highly dependent on environmental conditions. We conclude that while cultivar breeding for mixtures can be successful in monocultures, high environmental variation highlights the necessity of evaluating cultivars in mixtures. In addition, use of intraspecific diversity within interspecific mixed cropping systems can be a valuable addition to further improve mixture performance and its stability under increasing environmental stresses due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Renate Finckh
- Department of Ecological Plant Protection, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
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20
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Braun L, Kadmon R, Tomiolo S, Májeková M, Tielbörger K. Is more less? A comprehensive experimental test of soil depth effects on grassland diversity. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Braun
- Inst. of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology Group, Univ. of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Ronen Kadmon
- Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
| | - Sara Tomiolo
- Inst. of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology Group, Univ. of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Maria Májeková
- Inst. of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology Group, Univ. of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Inst. of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology Group, Univ. of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
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21
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Brown C, Cahill JF. Competitive size‐asymmetry, not intensity, is linked to species loss and gain in a native grassland community. Ecology 2022; 103:e3675. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Desert Laboratory on Tumamoc Hill University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - James F. Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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22
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Wang Z, Liang J, Kuang Y, Li X, Chen H, Tang M, Hu W. Cultivation of arbuscular mycorrhizal Broussonetia papyrifera seedlings by planting the mycorrhizal nurse plant downwards. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:203-212. [PMID: 35141788 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant mycorrhization can be achieved by transplanting new seedlings with mycorrhizal nurse plants; however, this method inevitably induces plant interactions. Transplanting nurse plants downwards may prevent light competition among new seedlings and nurse plants in the same pot. We hypothesized that seedling mycorrhization via mycorrhizal provision from plants planted downwards would be a feasible and efficient strategy. We used seedlings cultivated for 6 months after inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as nurse plants, and seedlings cultivated for 1 month without AMF as recipient plants, transplanting one nurse plant and three recipient plants together in one pot. We compared two approaches for cultivating mycorrhizal Broussonetia papyrifera seedlings: planting mycorrhizal nurse plants upwards (M-NU) and downwards (M-ND). We also planted non-mycorrhizal nurse plants upwards (NM-NU) and downwards (NM-ND) as controls. We analyzed growth parameters and the mycorrhizal colonization status of recipient plants at 45, 60, and 75 days after planting (DAP). As expected, the plant growth, gas exchange, and root morphological parameters of recipient plants with mycorrhizal nurse plants were higher than those of recipient plants with non-mycorrhizal nurse plants at 60 and 75 DAP. Furthermore, the AMF colonization status and physiological growth status of M-ND recipient plants were improved compared with M-NU recipient plants. Our results demonstrate that inducing seedling mycorrhization by planting mycorrhizal nurse plants downwards is a feasible strategy for achieving AMF symbiosis while mitigating negative interactions among plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuxuan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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23
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He Y, Liu H, Yang Q, Cao Y, Yin H, Zhou Z, Yu Q, Wang X. Neighborhood Effects on Tree Mortality Depend on Life Stage of Neighbors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:838046. [PMID: 35273630 PMCID: PMC8902350 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.838046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood effects are a crucial ecological processes that allow species to coexist in a forest. Conspecific and heterospecific neighbors, as major group classifications, affect tree mortality through various mechanisms associated with neighbor life stages. However, the influence of neighbor life stages on neighborhood effects and by what mechanisms remains a knowledge gap. Here we censused the mortality of 82,202 trees belonging to 30 species in a 20-ha subtropical forest and classified their neighbors into the following life stages: earlier, same and later. Next, we implemented generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effect of neighbors at different life stages on tree mortality. Our results showed that conspecific later stage neighbors had a positive effect on tree mortality overall, while conspecific earlier stage neighbors had a negative effect on tree mortality. Furthermore, these opposing effects appear to offset each other so that the overall effect of conspecific neighbors on tree mortality is weakened. In contrast, heterospecific neighbors had a decreasing effect on tree mortality overall. These effects are consistent with those of later stage heterospecific neighbors. Our findings demonstrate that neighbors strongly impact tree mortality, and their specific effects are closely related to neighbor life stages. Further, any single effect from one neighbor life stage may disturb or dominate the total effects of the neighbors. Therefore, the neighbors must be divided into different life stages to best explain the neighborhood effect on forest dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heming Liu
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Silva CA, Hudak AT, Vierling LA, Valbuena R, Cardil A, Mohan M, de Almeida DRA, Broadbent EN, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Wilkinson B, Sharma A, Drake JB, Medley PB, Vogel JG, Prata GA, Atkins JW, Hamamura C, Jonson DJ, Klauberg C. Treetop: A Shiny‐based Application and R package for Extracting Forest Information from
LiDAR
data for Ecologists and Conservationists. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Silva
- Forest Biometrics and Remote Sensing Laboratory (Silva Lab) School of Forest Gainesville FL USA
| | - Andrew T. Hudak
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1221 South Main Street Moscow ID USA
| | - Lee A. Vierling
- Department of Natural Resources and Society College of Natural Resources Moscow ID USA
| | | | - Adrian Cardil
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Engineering University of Lleida Lleida Spain
- Tecnosylva. Parque Tecnológico de León. 24009 León Spain
| | - Midhun Mohan
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | | | - Eben N. Broadbent
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Ben Wilkinson
- Geomatics Program, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Ajay Sharma
- West Florida Research and Education Center School of Forest Milton FL
| | - Jason B. Drake
- USDA Forest Service, National Forests in Florida, 325 John Knox Rd., Suite F‐100 Tallahassee FL
| | - Paul B. Medley
- USDA Forest Service, National Forests in Florida, 325 John Knox Rd., Suite F‐100 Tallahassee FL
| | | | - Gabriel Atticciati Prata
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Jeff W. Atkins
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, PO Box 700 New Ellenton SC
| | | | | | - Carine Klauberg
- Federal University of São João Del Rei – UFSJ Sete Lagoas MG Brazil
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25
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Sun Y, Wang Y, Yan Z, He L, Ma S, Feng Y, Su H, Chen G, Feng Y, Ji C, Shen H, Fang J. Above- and belowground biomass allocation and its regulation by plant density in six common grassland species in China. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:41-53. [PMID: 34669087 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Above- and belowground biomass allocation is an essential plant functional trait that reflects plant survival strategies and affects belowground carbon pool estimation in grasslands. However, due to the difficulty of distinguishing living and dead roots, estimation of biomass allocation from field-based studies currently show large uncertainties. In addition, the dependence of biomass allocation on plant species, functional type as well as plant density remains poorly addressed. Here, we conducted greenhouse manipulation experiments to study above- and belowground biomass allocation and its density regulation for six common grassland species with different functional types (i.e., C3 vs C4; annuals vs perennials) from temperate China. To explore the density regulation on the biomass allocation, we used five density levels: 25, 100, 225, 400, and 625 plant m-2. We found that mean root to shoot ratio (R/S) values ranged from 0.04 to 0.92 across the six species, much lower than those obtained in previous field studies. We also found much lower R/S values in annuals than in perennials (C. glaucum and S. viridis vs C. squarrosa, L. chinensis, M. sativa and S. grandis) and in C4 plants than in C3 plants (C. squarrosa vs L. chinensis, M. sativa and S. grandis). In addition to S. grandis, plant density had significant effects on the shoot and root biomass fraction and R/S for the other five species. Plant density also affected the allometric relationships between above- and belowground biomass significantly. Our results suggest that R/S values obtained from field investigations may be severely overestimated and that R/S values vary largely across species with different functional types. Our findings provide novel insights into approximating the difficult-to-measure belowground living biomass in grasslands, and highlight that species composition and intraspecific competition will regulate belowground carbon estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Sun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yupin Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhengbing Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luoshu He
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Suhui Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuhao Feng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haojie Su
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yinping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Chengjun Ji
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haihua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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26
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Schuster L, White CR, Marshall DJ. Metabolic phenotype mediates the outcome of competitive interactions in a response-surface field experiment. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17952-17962. [PMID: 35003649 PMCID: PMC8717352 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition and metabolism should be linked. Intraspecific variation in metabolic rates and, hence, resource demands covary with competitive ability. The effects of metabolism on conspecific interactions, however, have mostly been studied under laboratory conditions. We used a trait-specific response-surface design to test for the effects of metabolism on pairwise interactions of the marine colonial invertebrate, Bugula neritina in the field. Specifically, we compared the performance (survival, growth, and reproduction) of focal individuals, both in the presence and absence of a neighbor colony, both of which had their metabolic phenotype characterized. Survival of focal colonies depended on the metabolic phenotype of the neighboring individual, and on the combination of both the focal and neighbor colony metabolic phenotypes that were present. Surprisingly, we found pervasive effects of neighbor metabolic phenotypes on focal colony growth and reproduction, although the sign and strength of these effects showed strong microenvironmental variability. Overall, we find that the metabolic phenotype changes the strength of competitive interactions, but these effects are highly contingent on local conditions. We suggest future studies explore how variation in metabolic rate affects organisms beyond the focal organism alone, particularly under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schuster
- Centre for Geometric BiologySchool of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric BiologySchool of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre for Geometric BiologySchool of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
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27
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Relationships between flood, tree isolation and size in a monodominant stand. Trop Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-021-00211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Seedling Growth and Biomass Production under Different Light Availability Levels and Competition Types. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Light availability is a crucial resource determining seedling survival, establishment, and growth. Competition for light is asymmetric, giving the taller individuals a competitive advantage for obtaining light resources. Species-specific traits, e.g., shade tolerance, rooting depth, and leaf morphology, determine their strategical growth response under limited resource availability and different competitive interactions. We established a controlled pot experiment using European beech, Norway spruce, and Douglas fir seedlings and applying three different light availability levels—10%, 20%, and 50%. The experiment’s main aim was to better understand the effects of light availability and competition type on the growth, growth allocation, and biomass production of recently planted seedlings. We planted four seedlings per pot in either monocultures or mixtures of two species. Relative height and diameter growth and aboveground woody biomass of seedlings increased with increasing light availability. All seedlings allocated more growth to height than diameter with decreasing light availability. Seedlings that reached on average greater height in the previous year allocated less growth to height in the following year. Additionally, there were general differences in growth allocation to the height between gymnosperms and angiosperms, but we did not find an effect of the competitor’s identity. Our mixture effect analysis trends suggested that mixtures of functionally dissimilar species are more likely to produce higher biomass than mixtures of more similar species such as the two studied conifers. This finding points towards increased productivity through complementarity.
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29
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Recycling Potential of Plastic Resources from End-of-Life Passenger Vehicles in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910285. [PMID: 34639584 PMCID: PMC8507710 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A rapid increase in the number of end-of-life (EoL) passenger vehicles has led to a large amount of waste plastics in China. However, the scale and efficiency of recycling resources from EoL vehicles still restricts the sustainable and healthy development of the automotive industry. The current behavior of automotive/recycling industry entities, as well as the strategy of waste management policymakers, may depend on the potential of total recyclable resources. To reveal such recycling potential of various plastic materials in EoL passenger vehicles, we predicted total EoL passenger vehicles in China from 2021 to 2030 (used the Weibull distribution) considering passenger vehicle ownership (estimated by the Gompertz model), quantified the demand for new passenger vehicles (estimated using its non-linear relationship with income level and passenger vehicle ownership), and assessed the recyclable plastics by categories and by provinces. The results show that (i) the annual average recycled plastic resources from EoL vehicles would exceed 2400 thousand t in 2030, more than 2.5 times in 2021, showing a great recycling potential; (ii) the differences among the three scenarios are relatively small, indicating that no matter the saturation level of passenger vehicles in China would be high or low, a rapid increase of recyclable plastic resources can be expected from 2021 to 2030; (iii) at the provincial level, a considerable gap between the potential of recycling plastic from EoL passenger vehicles and the regional processing capacity. Given such great potential and regional differences, the recycling policies should be applied in stages and consider the development level and recovery pressure in each region.
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30
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Fajardo A, Velázquez E. Fine‐scale spatial associations between functional traits and tree growth. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fajardo
- Inst. de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Univ. de Talca, Campus Lircay Talca Chile
| | - Eduardo Velázquez
- Dept de Biología, Univ. de Magallanes Coyhaique Chile
- Depto de Producción Vegetal y Recursos Forestales, Univ. de Valladolid Palencia Spain
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31
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Massenet A, Bonet A, Laur J, Labrecque M. Co-planting Brassica napus and Salix nigra as a phytomanagement alternative for copper contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130517. [PMID: 33901893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation of copper contaminated soil poses particular difficulties because of the low Cu mobility in the soil. Although several plant species, such as willows or Brassicaceae, have been used in the phytomanagement of abandoned brownfields, certain trace elements, such as copper often remain difficult to treat or remove from contaminated soils. An experiment was conducted under semi-controlled conditions to test the phytoremediation potential of co-planting two crop species, Brassica napus L. and Salix nigra 'S05', in soil spiked with two concentrations of Cu (500 mg kg-1 and 800 mg kg-1). Particular attention was given to the potential of 1) the co-plantation design and 2) uprooting, to efficiently mimic the remediation of a Cu-contaminated soil. Results showed that most Cu was found in plant roots and that the polyculture treatment produced the most overall biomass and maximum stabilization and extraction of Cu of the three treatments tested, regardless of contamination level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Massenet
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amandine Bonet
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joan Laur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Labrecque
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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32
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A conceptual framework and experimental design for analysing the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) in agroforestry systems. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Anaya-Rojas JM, Bassar RD, Potter T, Blanchette A, Callahan S, Framstead N, Reznick D, Travis J. The evolution of size-dependent competitive interactions promotes species coexistence. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2704-2717. [PMID: 34389988 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Theory indicates that competing species coexist in a community when intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition. When body size determines the outcome of competitive interactions between individuals, coexistence depends also on how resource use and the ability to compete for these resources change with body size. Testing coexistence theory in size-structured communities, therefore, requires disentangling the effects of size-dependent competitive abilities and niche shifts. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the evolution of species- and size-dependent competitive asymmetries increased the likelihood of coexistence between interacting species. We experimentally estimated the effects of size-dependent competitive interactions on somatic growth rates of two interacting fish species, Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata and killifish Rivulus hartii. We controlled for the effects of size-dependent changes in the niche at two competitive settings representing the early (allopatric) and late (sympatric) evolutionary stages of a killifish-guppy community. We fitted the growth data to a model that incorporates species- and size-dependent competitive asymmetries to test whether changes in the competitive interactions across sizes increased the likelihood of species coexistence from allopatry to sympatry. We found that guppies are competitively superior to killifish but were less so in sympatric populations. The decrease in the effects of interspecific competition on the fitness of killifish and increase in the interspecific effect on guppies' fitness increased the likelihood that sympatric guppies and killifish will coexist. However, while the competitive asymmetries between the species changed consistently between allopatry and sympatry between drainages, the magnitude of the size-dependent competitive asymmetries varied between drainages. These results demonstrate the importance of integrating evolution and trait-based interactions into the research on how species coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M Anaya-Rojas
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ronald D Bassar
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Tomos Potter
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Allison Blanchette
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Shay Callahan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Nick Framstead
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - David Reznick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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34
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Abstract
Natural forests serve as the main component of the forest ecosystem. An in-depth interpretation of tree composition and structure of forest community is of great significance for natural forest conservation, monitoring, management, and near-natural silviculture of plantation forest. In this study, we explored the importance of key tree groups—random trees—in natural communities, compared the similarity between the random trees and the communities. This research studies six stem-mapped permanent plots (100 × 100 m2) of the typical natural forests in three different geographic regions of China. Several variables and their distributions were applied to study community characteristics comprehensively, including species abundance, diameter distribution, spatial pattern, mingling, crowding, and competition. The genetic absolute distance method is used to analyze the similarity between the random trees and the communities. Our results show that the features of random trees are highly consistent with the communities. The study proposes that random trees are the cornerstones of natural forests. Its quantitative advantage explains the key role that random trees play in natural forests. The study could provide a scientific insight into the protection, monitoring, and management of forests.
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de Vries J, Evers JB, Kuyper TW, van Ruijven J, Mommer L. Mycorrhizal associations change root functionality: a 3D modelling study on competitive interactions between plants for light and nutrients. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1171-1182. [PMID: 33930184 PMCID: PMC8361744 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that the variation in root functional traits can be explained by a two-dimensional trait framework, containing a 'collaboration' axis in addition to the classical fast-slow 'conservation' axis. This collaboration axis spans from thin and highly branched roots that employ a 'do-it-yourself' strategy to thick and sparsely branched roots that 'outsource' nutrient uptake to symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Here, we explore the functionality of this collaboration axis by quantifying how interactions with AMF change the impact of root traits on plant performance. To this end, we developed a novel functional-structural plant (FSP) modelling approach that simulates plants competing for light and nutrients in the presence or absence of AMF. Our simulation results support the notion that in the absence of AMF, plants rely on thin, highly branched roots for their nutrient uptake. The presence of AMF, however, promotes thick, unbranched roots as an alternative strategy for uptake of immobile phosphorus, but not for mobile nitrogen. This provides further support for a root trait framework that accommodates for the interactive effect of roots and AMF. Our modelling study offers unique opportunities to incorporate soil microbial interactions into root functionality as it integrates consequences of belowground trait expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorad de Vries
- Centre for Crop System AnalysisWageningen UniversityPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
- Institute for Integrative BiologyETH ZürichZürich8092Switzerland
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop System AnalysisWageningen UniversityPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. Kuyper
- Soil Biology GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Jasper van Ruijven
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
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Matsuo T, Martínez‐Ramos M, Bongers F, van der Sande MT, Poorter L. Forest structure drives changes in light heterogeneity during tropical secondary forest succession. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2021; 109:2871-2884. [PMID: 34588706 PMCID: PMC8453511 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light is a key resource for tree performance and hence, tree species partition spatial and temporal gradients in light availability. Although light distribution drives tree performance and species replacement during secondary forest succession, we yet lack understanding how light distribution changes with tropical forest development.This study aims to evaluate how changes in forest structure lead to changes in vertical and horizontal light heterogeneity during tropical forest succession.We described successional patterns in light using a chronosequence approach in which we compared 14 Mexican secondary forest stands that differ in age (8-32 years) since agricultural abandonment. For each stand, we measured vertical light profiles in 16 grid cells, and structural parameters (diameter at breast height, height and crown dimensions) for each tree.During succession, we found a rapid increase in stand size (basal area, crown area and length) and stand differentiation (i.e. a gradual leaf distribution along the forest profile), which leads to fast changes in light conditions and more light heterogeneity. The inflection points of the vertical light gradient (i.e. the absolute height at which 50% relative light intensity is attained) rapidly moved towards higher heights in the first 20 years, indicating that larger amounts of light are intercepted by canopy trees. Light attenuation rate (i.e. the rate of light extinction) decreased during succession due to slower accumulation of the crown area with height. Understorey light intensity and heterogeneity slightly decreased during succession because of an increase in crown size and a decrease in lateral gap frequency. Understorey relative light intensity was 1.56% at 32 years after abandonment.Synthesis. During succession, light conditions changed linearly, which should lead to a continuous and constant replacement of species. Especially in later successional stages, stronger vertical light gradients can limit the regeneration of light-demanding pioneer species and increase the proportion of shade-tolerant late-successional species under the canopy. These changes in light conditions were largely driven by the successional changes in forest structure, as basal area strongly determined the height where most light is absorbed, whereas crown area, and to a lesser extent crown length, determined light distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Matsuo
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Miguel Martínez‐Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMichoacánMéxico
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Masha T. van der Sande
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Civitello DJ, Hartman RB. Size-asymmetric competition among snails disrupts production of human-infectious Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Ecology 2021; 102:e03383. [PMID: 33950517 PMCID: PMC8249335 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Parasites can harm hosts and influence populations, communities, and ecosystems. However, parasites are reciprocally affected by population- and community-level dynamics. Understanding feedbacks between infection dynamics and larger-scale epidemiological and ecological processes could improve predictions and reveal novel control methods. We evaluated how exploitative resource competition among hosts, a fundamental aspect of population biology, influences within-host infection dynamics of the widespread human parasite Schistosoma mansoni in its intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata. We added size-dependent consumption of shared resources to a parameterized bioenergetics model to predict a priori the growth, parasite production, and survival of an infected focal host coexisting with an uninfected conspecific competitor in an experiment that varied competitor size. The model quantitatively anticipated that competitors disrupt growth and parasite production and that these effects increase with competitor size. Fitting the model to these data improved its match to host survivorship. Thus, resource competition alters infection dynamics, there are strong size asymmetries in these effects, and size-asymmetric resource competition effects on infection dynamics can be accurately predicted by bioenergetics theory. More broadly, this framework can assess parasite transmission and control in other contexts, such as in resource competitive host communities, or in response to eutrophication, food supplementation, or culling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Civitello
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Rachel B. Hartman
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Onofrio L, Hawley G, Leites LP. Ecological genetics of Juglans nigra: Differences in early growth patterns of natural populations. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7399-7410. [PMID: 34188822 PMCID: PMC8216888 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Many boreal and temperate forest tree species distributed across large geographic ranges are composed of populations adapted to the climate they inhabit. Forestry provenance studies and common gardens provide evidence of local adaptation to climate when associations between fitness traits and the populations' home climates are observed. Most studies that evaluate tree height as a fitness trait do so at a specific point in time. In this study, we elucidate differences in early growth patterns in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) populations by modeling height growth from seed up to age 11. The data comprise tree height measurements between ages 2 and 11 for 52 natural populations of black walnut collected through its geographic range and planted in one or more of 3 common gardens. We use the Chapman-Richards growth model in a mixed effects framework and test whether populations differ in growth patterns by incorporating populations' home climate into the model. In addition, we evaluate differences in populations' absolute growth and relative growth based on the fitted model. Models indicated that populations from warmer climates had the highest cumulative growth through time, with differences in average tree height between populations from home climates with a mean annual temperature (MAT) of 13°C and of 7°C estimated to be as high as 80% at age 3. Populations from warmer climates were also estimated to have higher and earlier maximum absolute growth rate than populations from colder climates. In addition, populations from warm climates were predicted to have higher relative growth rates at any given tree size. Results indicate that natural selection may shape early growth patterns of populations within a tree species, suggesting that fast early growth rates are likely selected for in relatively mild environments where competition rather than tolerance to environmental stressors becomes the dominant selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Onofrio
- Department of Ecosystem Science and ManagementThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Gary Hawley
- Rubenstein School of Environment and the Natural ResourcesThe University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Laura P. Leites
- Department of Ecosystem Science and ManagementThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
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Newbery DM, Stoll P. Including tree spatial extension in the evaluation of neighborhood competition effects in Bornean rain forest. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6195-6222. [PMID: 34141212 PMCID: PMC8207374 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical tree neighborhood models use size variables acting at point distances. In a new approach here, trees were spatially extended as a function of their crown sizes, represented impressionistically as points within crown areas. Extension was accompanied by plasticity in the form of crown removal or relocation under the overlap of taller trees. Root systems were supposedly extended in a similar manner. For the 38 most abundant species in the focal size class (10-<100 cm stem girth) in two 4-ha plots at Danum (Sabah), for periods P1 (1986-1996) and P2 (1996-2007), stem growth rate and tree survival were individually regressed against stem size, and neighborhood conspecific (CON) and heterospecific (HET) basal areas within incremented steps in radius. Model parameters were critically assessed, and statistical robustness in the modeling was set by randomization testing. Classical and extended models differed importantly in their outcomes. Crown extension weakened the relationship of CON effect on growth versus plot species' abundance, showing that models without plasticity overestimated negative density dependence. A significant negative trend of difference in CON effects on growth (P2-P1) versus CON or HET effect on survival in P1 was strongest with crown extension. Model outcomes did not then support an explanation of CON and HET effects being due to (asymmetric) competition for light alone. An alternative hypothesis is that changes in CON effects on small trees, largely incurred by a drought phase (relaxing light limitation) in P2, and following the more shaded (suppressing) conditions in P1, were likely due to species-specific (symmetric) root competition and mycorrhizal processes. The very high variation in neighborhood composition and abundances led to a strong "neighborhood stochasticity" and hence to largely idiosyncratic species' responses. A need to much better understand the roles of rooting structure and processes at the individual tree level was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Stoll
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Section of Conservation BiologyDepartment of Environmental SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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Crawford MS, Schlägel UE, May F, Wurst S, Grimm V, Jeltsch F. While shoot herbivores reduce, root herbivores increase nutrient enrichment's impact on diversity in a grassland model. Ecology 2021; 102:e03333. [PMID: 33710633 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient enrichment is widespread throughout grassland systems and expected to increase during the Anthropocene. Trophic interactions, like aboveground herbivory, have been shown to mitigate its effect on plant diversity. Belowground herbivory may also impact these habitats' response to nutrient enrichment, but its influence is much less understood, and likely to depend on factors such as the herbivores' preference for dominant species and the symmetry of belowground competition. If preferential toward the dominant, fastest growing species, root herbivores may reduce these species' relative fitness and support diversity during nutrient enrichment. However, as plant competition belowground is commonly considered to be symmetric, root herbivores may be less impactful than shoot herbivores because they do not reduce any competitive asymmetry between the dominant and subordinate plants. To better understand this system, we used an established, two-layer, grassland community model to run a full-factorially designed simulation experiment, crossing the complete removal of aboveground herbivores and belowground herbivores with nutrient enrichment. After 100 yr of simulation, we analyzed communities' diversity, competition on the individual level, as well as their resistance and recovery. The model reproduced both observed general effects of nutrient enrichment in grasslands and the short-term trends of specific experiments. We found that belowground herbivores exacerbate the negative influence of nutrient enrichment on Shannon diversity within our model grasslands, while aboveground herbivores mitigate its effect. Indeed, data on individuals' above- and belowground resource uptake reveals that root herbivory reduces resource limitation belowground. As with nutrient enrichment, this shifts competition aboveground. Since shoot competition is asymmetric, with larger, taller individuals gathering disproportionate resources compared to their smaller, shorter counterparts, this shift promotes the exclusion of the smallest species. While increasing the root herbivores' preferences toward dominant species lessens their negative impact, at best they are only mildly advantageous, and they do very little reduce the negative consequences of nutrient enrichment. Because our model's belowground competition is symmetric, we hypothesize that root herbivores may be beneficial when root competition is asymmetric. Future research into belowground herbivory should account for the nature of competition belowground to better understand the herbivores' true influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Crawford
- Transformation Pathways, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Building A65 Room 120, P.O. Box 60 12 03, Telegraphenberg, Potsdam, 14412, Germany.,Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ulrike E Schlägel
- Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix May
- Theoretical Ecology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Grimm
- Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Biodiversity Economics, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Jeltsch
- Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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41
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Postma JA, Hecht VL, Hikosaka K, Nord EA, Pons TL, Poorter H. Dividing the pie: A quantitative review on plant density responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1072-1094. [PMID: 33280135 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant population density is an important variable in agronomy and forestry and offers an experimental way to better understand plant-plant competition. We made a meta-analysis of responses of even-aged mono-specific stands to population density by quantifying for 3 stand and 33 individual plant variables in 334 experiments how much both plant biomass and phenotypic traits change with a doubling in density. Increasing density increases standing crop per area, but decreases the mean size of its individuals, mostly through reduced tillering and branching. Among the phenotypic traits, stem diameter is negatively affected, but plant height remains remarkably similar, partly due to an increased stem length-to-mass ratio and partly by increased allocation to stems. The reduction in biomass is caused by a lower photosynthetic rate, mainly due to shading of part of the foliage. Total seed mass per plant is also strongly reduced, marginally by lower mass per seed, but mainly because of lower seed numbers. Plants generally have fewer shoot-born roots, but their overall rooting depth seems hardly affected. The phenotypic plasticity responses to high densities correlate strongly with those to low light, and less with those to low nutrients, suggesting that at high density, shading affects plants more than nutrient depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Postma
- Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Strasse, Juelich, Germany
| | - Vera L Hecht
- Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Strasse, Juelich, Germany
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eric A Nord
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Greenville University, Greenville, Illinois, USA
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Strasse, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Neighbor GWAS: incorporating neighbor genotypic identity into genome-wide association studies of field herbivory. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:597-614. [PMID: 33514929 PMCID: PMC8115658 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00401-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of field studies have shown that the phenotype of an individual plant depends not only on its genotype but also on those of neighboring plants; however, this fact is not taken into consideration in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Based on the Ising model of ferromagnetism, we incorporated neighbor genotypic identity into a regression model, named "Neighbor GWAS". Our simulations showed that the effective range of neighbor effects could be estimated using an observed phenotype when the proportion of phenotypic variation explained (PVE) by neighbor effects peaked. The spatial scale of the first nearest neighbors gave the maximum power to detect the causal variants responsible for neighbor effects, unless their effective range was too broad. However, if the effective range of the neighbor effects was broad and minor allele frequencies were low, there was collinearity between the self and neighbor effects. To suppress the false positive detection of neighbor effects, the fixed effect and variance components involved in the neighbor effects should be tested in comparison with a standard GWAS model. We applied neighbor GWAS to field herbivory data from 199 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana and found that neighbor effects explained 8% more of the PVE of the observed damage than standard GWAS. The neighbor GWAS method provides a novel tool that could facilitate the analysis of complex traits in spatially structured environments and is available as an R package at CRAN ( https://cran.rproject.org/package=rNeighborGWAS ).
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Williams LJ, Butler EE, Cavender-Bares J, Stefanski A, Rice KE, Messier C, Paquette A, Reich PB. Enhanced light interception and light use efficiency explain overyielding in young tree communities. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:996-1006. [PMID: 33657676 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diverse plant communities are often more productive than mono-specific ones. Several possible mechanisms underlie this phenomenon but their relative importance remains unknown. Here we investigated whether light interception alone or in combination with light use efficiency (LUE) of dominant and subordinate species explained greater productivity of mixtures relative to monocultures (i.e. overyielding) in 108 young experimental tree communities. We found mixed-species communities that intercepted more light than their corresponding monocultures had 84% probability of overyielding. Enhanced LUE, which arose via several pathways, also mattered: the probability of overyielding was 71% when, in a mixture, species with higher 'inherent' LUE (i.e. LUE in monoculture) intercepted more light than species with lower LUE; 94% when dominant species increased their LUE in mixture; and 79% when subordinate species increased their LUE. Our results suggest that greater light interception and greater LUE, generated by inter and intraspecific variation, together drive overyielding in mixed-species forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Williams
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Ethan E Butler
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Artur Stefanski
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Karen E Rice
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Extension Education, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.,Institut des sciences de la forêt tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, QC, J0V 1V0, Canada
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
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Viana DG, Egreja Filho FB, Pires FR, Soares MB, Ferreira AD, Bonomo R, Martins LF. In situ barium phytoremediation in flooded soil using Typha domingensis under different planting densities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 210:111890. [PMID: 33440270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The management of initial planting density can be a strategy to increase barium phytoextraction from soil, reducing the time required for soil decontamination. To delimit the ideal planting density for barium (Ba) phytoremediation using Typha domingensis, we conducted a 300-day experiment in an area accidentally contaminated with barite. Four initial planting densities were tested: 4, 8, 12, and 16 plantsm-2 (D4, D8, D12, and D16 treatments, respectively). Plant development was evaluated periodically, and the phytoextraction efficiency was determined at the end of the trial. The initial planting density affected Ba phytoremediation by T. domingensis monoculture. Phytoextraction potential was better represented by the mass-based translocation factor (mTF) than the concentration-based translocation factor. D16 promoted the highest final number of plants and biomass production, but the mass of Ba in the aerial part did not differ among D8, D12, and D16. D4 resulted in more Ba accumulated belowground than aboveground (6.3 times higher), whereas D12 and D16 achieved the greatest mTFs. Higher absorption of Ba from soil can be achieved using less T. domingensis individuals at the beginning of the treatment (D4 and D8) but with high accumulation in belowground tissues. We conclude that the D8 density is considered the most appropriate if considering the phytoextraction potential and field management facilitated using fewer plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Gomes Viana
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Fábio Ribeiro Pires
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, ES, Brazil
| | - Matheus Bortolanza Soares
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Duim Ferreira
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson Bonomo
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, ES, Brazil
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Cameron H, Johnson DW, Monro K, Marshall DJ. Multilevel Selection on Offspring Size and the Maintenance of Variation. Am Nat 2021; 197:448-460. [PMID: 33755536 DOI: 10.1086/712890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMultilevel selection on offspring size occurs when offspring fitness depends on both absolute size (hard selection) and size relative to neighbors (soft selection). We examined multilevel selection on egg size at two biological scales-within clutches and among clutches from different females-using an external fertilizing tube worm. We exposed clutches of eggs to two sperm environments (limiting and saturating) and measured their fertilization success. We then modeled environmental (sperm-dependent) differences in hard and soft selection on individual eggs as well as selection on clutch-level traits (means and variances). Hard and soft selection differed in strength and form depending on sperm availability-hard selection was consistently stabilizing; soft selection was directional and favored eggs relatively larger (sperm limitation) or smaller (sperm saturation) than the clutch mean. At the clutch level, selection on mean egg size was largely concave, while selection on within-clutch variance was weak but generally negative-although some correlational selection occurred between these two traits. Importantly, we found that the optimal clutch mean egg size differed for mothers and offspring, suggesting some antagonism between the levels of selection. We thus identify several pathways that may maintain offspring size variation: environmentally (sperm-) dependent soft selection, antagonistic multilevel selection, and correlational selection on clutch means and variances. Multilevel approaches are powerful but seldom-used tools for studies of offspring size, and we encourage their future use.
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Aharon S, Fadida-Myers A, Nashef K, Ben-David R, Lati RN, Peleg Z. Genetic improvement of wheat early vigor promote weed-competitiveness under Mediterranean climate. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110785. [PMID: 33487360 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical weed-control is the most effective practice for wheat, however, rapid evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds threat food-security and calls for integration of non-chemical practices. We hypothesis that integration of alternative GA-responsive dwarfing genes into elite wheat cultivars can promote early vigor and weed-competitiveness under Mediterranean climate. We develop near-isogenic lines of bread wheat cultivars with GAR dwarfing genes and evaluate them for early vigor and weed-competitiveness under various environmental and management conditions to identify promising NIL for weed-competitiveness and grain yield. While all seven NILs responded to external gibberellic acid application, they exhibited differences in early vigor. Greenhouse and field evaluations highlighted NIL OC1 (Rht8andRht12) as a promising line, with significant advantage in canopy early vigor over its parental. To facilitate accurate and continuous early vigor data collection, we applied non-destructive image-based phenotyping approaches which offers non-expensive and end-user friendly solution for selection. NIL OC1 was tested under different weed density level, infestation waves, and temperatures and highlight the complex genotypic × environmental × management interactions. Our findings demonstrate the potential of genetic modification of dwarfing genes as promising approach to improve weed-competitiveness, and serve as basis for future breeding efforts to support sustainable wheat production under semi-arid Mediterranean climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomi Aharon
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Aviya Fadida-Myers
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Kamal Nashef
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Roi Ben-David
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Ran N Lati
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel.
| | - Zvi Peleg
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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Wang Q, Bai W, Sun Z, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Wang R, Evers JB, Stomph T, Werf W, Feng C, Zhang L. Does reduced intraspecific competition of the dominant species in intercrops allow for a higher population density? Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science Beijing China
- College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis (CSA) Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Wei Bai
- Tillage and Cultivation Research Institute Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Zhanxiang Sun
- Tillage and Cultivation Research Institute Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- College of Agriculture Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis (CSA) Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd‐Jan Stomph
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis (CSA) Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Wopke Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis (CSA) Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Chen Feng
- Tillage and Cultivation Research Institute Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Lizhen Zhang
- College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing China
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Xiao Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Song Z, Zhou S. The allometry of plant height explains species loss under nitrogen addition. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:553-562. [PMID: 33423373 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Light asymmetry, with a higher light acquisition per unit biomass for larger plants, has been proposed as a major mechanism of species loss after nitrogen addition. However, solid evidence for this has been scarce. We measured the allometric size-height relationships of 25 plant species along a nitrogen addition gradient manipulated annually for eight years in a speciose alpine meadow and found that the positive relationship between species relative abundance and the height scaling exponent in natural conditions disappeared after nitrogen addition. Those species with lower height scaling exponents increased in relative abundance after nitrogen addition, thereby decreasing the community weighted mean and dispersion of the height scaling exponent and ultimately the species richness. Our results provided some unique evidence for light asymmetry induced species loss after nitrogen addition and a new insight from the perspective of allometric scaling to explain biodiversity maintenance in the face of global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
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