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Zhylkibayev A, Ung TT, Mobley J, Athar M, Gorbatyuk M. The Involvement of Unfolded Protein Response in the Mechanism of Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Ocular Toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:518-525. [PMID: 37914413 PMCID: PMC10801749 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a known surrogate of sulfur mustard, a chemical-warfare agent that causes a wide range of ocular symptoms, from a permanent reduction in visual acuity to blindness upon exposure. Although it has been proposed that the two blistering agents have a similar mechanism of toxicity, the mode of NM-induced cell death in ocular tissue has not been fully explored. Therefore, we hypothesized that direct ocular exposure to NM in mice leads to retinal tissue injury through chronic activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) PERK arm in corneal cells and VEGF secretion, eventually causing cell death. We topically applied NM directly to mice to analyze ocular and retinal tissues at 2 weeks postexposure. A dramatic decline in retinal function, measured by scotopic and photopic electroretinogram responses, was detected in the mice. This decline was associated with enhanced TUNEL staining in both corneal and retinal tissues. In addition, exposure of corneal cells to NM revealed 228 differentially and exclusively expressed proteins primarily associated with the UPR, ferroptosis, and necroptosis. Moreover, these cells exhibited activation of the UPR PERK arm and an increase in VEGF secretion. Enhancement of VEGF staining was later observed in the corneas of the exposed mice. Therefore, our data indicated that the mechanism of NM-induced ocular toxicity should be carefully examined and that future research should identify a signaling molecule transmitted via a prodeath pathway from the cornea to the retina. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrated that NM topical exposure in mice results in dramatic decline in retinal function associated with enhanced TUNEL staining in both corneal and retinal tissues. We also found that the NM treatment of corneal cells resulted in 228 differentially and exclusively expressed proteins primarily associated with ferroptosis. Moreover, these cells manifest the UPR PERK activation and an increase in VEGF secretion. The latter was also found in the corneas of the cexposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assylbek Zhylkibayev
- School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science (A.Z., T.T.U., M.G.), School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.M.), and Department of Dermatology (M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Trong Thuan Ung
- School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science (A.Z., T.T.U., M.G.), School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.M.), and Department of Dermatology (M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James Mobley
- School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science (A.Z., T.T.U., M.G.), School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.M.), and Department of Dermatology (M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science (A.Z., T.T.U., M.G.), School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.M.), and Department of Dermatology (M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marina Gorbatyuk
- School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science (A.Z., T.T.U., M.G.), School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.M.), and Department of Dermatology (M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Nishida H, Albero AB, Onoue K, Ikegawa Y, Sulekh S, Sakizli U, Minami Y, Yonemura S, Wang YC, Yoo SK. Necrosensor: a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor for visualizing necrosis in Drosophila. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060104. [PMID: 38156558 PMCID: PMC10836653 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, necrosis has been considered a passive process, which is induced by extreme stress or damage. However, recent findings of necroptosis, a programmed form of necrosis, shed a new light on necrosis. It has been challenging to detect necrosis reliably in vivo, partly due to the lack of genetically encoded sensors to detect necrosis. This is in stark contrast with the availability of many genetically encoded biosensors for apoptosis. Here we developed Necrosensor, a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor that detects necrosis in Drosophila, by utilizing HMGB1, which is released from the nucleus as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). We demonstrate that Necrosensor is able to detect necrosis induced by various stresses in multiple tissues in both live and fixed conditions. Necrosensor also detects physiological necrosis that occurs during spermatogenesis in the testis. Using Necrosensor, we discovered previously unidentified, physiological necrosis of hemocyte progenitors in the hematopoietic lymph gland of developing larvae. This work provides a new transgenic system that enables in vivo detection of necrosis in real time without any intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishida
- Division of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Onoue
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuko Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Kyoto University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shivakshi Sulekh
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ugurcan Sakizli
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yu-Chiun Wang
- Laboratory for Epithelial Morphogenesis, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sa Kan Yoo
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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Ahmadzadeh E, Dudink I, Walker DW, Sutherland AE, Pham Y, Stojanovska V, Polglase GR, Miller SL, Allison BJ. The medullary serotonergic centres involved in cardiorespiratory control are disrupted by fetal growth restriction. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37641535 DOI: 10.1113/jp284971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with cardiovascular and respiratory complications after birth and beyond. Despite research showing a range of neurological changes following FGR, little is known about how FGR affects the brainstem cardiorespiratory control centres. The primary neurons that release serotonin reside in the brainstem cardiorespiratory control centres and may be affected by FGR. At two time points in the last trimester of sheep brain development, 110 and 127 days of gestation (0.74 and 0.86 of gestation), we assessed histopathological alterations in the brainstem cardiorespiratory control centres of the pons and medulla in early-onset FGR versus control fetal sheep. The FGR cohort were hypoxaemic and asymmetrically growth restricted. Compared to the controls, the brainstem of FGR fetuses exhibited signs of neuropathology, including elevated cell death and reduced cell proliferation, grey and white matter deficits, and evidence of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. FGR brainstem pathology was predominantly observed in the medullary raphé nuclei, hypoglossal nucleus, nucleus ambiguous, solitary tract and nucleus of the solitary tract. The FGR groups showed imbalanced brainstem serotonin and serotonin 1A receptor abundance in the medullary raphé nuclei, despite evidence of increased serotonin staining within vascular regions of placentomes collected from FGR fetuses. Our findings demonstrate both early and adaptive brainstem neuropathology in response to placental insufficiency. KEY POINTS: Early-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) was induced in fetal sheep, resulting in chronic fetal hypoxaemia. Growth-restricted fetuses exhibit persistent neuropathology in brainstem nuclei, characterised by disrupted cell proliferation and reduced neuronal cell number within critical centres responsible for the regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory functions. Elevated brainstem inflammation and oxidative stress suggest potential mechanisms contributing to the observed neuropathological changes. Both placental and brainstem levels of 5-HT were found to be impaired following FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadzadeh
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid Dudink
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy E Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yen Pham
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanesa Stojanovska
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme R Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beth J Allison
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Purpose: Retinal ganglion cell death occurs during the glaucoma pathological process, and it is significant because of the poor regeneration capacity of retinal ganglion cells. With a constantly increasing understanding of retinal cell death mechanisms, we now know that simply blocking a specific mechanism of cell death might not prevent retinal ganglion cell death. This review aimed to summarize the mechanisms of retinal cell death in glaucoma models and discuss the caveats in restoring visual function in these studies.Methods: A literature search was done on PubMed using key words including glaucoma, ocular hypertension, retinal ganglion cell, cell death, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagic cell death, and parthanatos. The literature was reviewed to summarize the information about the lethal pathways of retinal ganglion cell in the glaucoma-like animal models.Results: Based on the purpose, 100 studies were selected and discussed in this review.Conclusions: The damage to ganglion cells in glaucoma-like animals can occur via multiple lethal pathways and the molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Further investigations on the crosstalk between different cell death pathways and the common upstream regulators could augment the development of novel targeting agents for the curative treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lin Z, Chen A, Cui H, Shang R, Su T, Li X, Wang K, Yang J, Gao K, Lv J, Shen J, Wang S, Qi Y, Guo M, Zhu Y. Renal tubular epithelial cell necroptosis promotes tubulointerstitial fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22625. [PMID: 36331546 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200706rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis, a common pathological manifestation of virtually all types of chronic kidney disease (CKD), ultimately predisposes patients to end-stage renal disease. However, there is no effective therapy for renal fibrosis. Our earlier studies proved that RIP3-mediated necroptosis might be an important mode of renal tubular cell death in rats with chronic renal injury. Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found morphological changes in the necrosis of human renal tissue, and the percentage of necrotic cells increased significantly in patients with stages 2 and 3a CKD. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that the percentages of TUNEL+ /RIP3+ double-positive and TUNEL+ /MLKL+ double-positive tubular epithelial cells in renal tubules of patients with stages 2 and 3a CKD were significantly increased compared to those in control patients without renal disease. Immunohistochemistry analyses of renal biopsy specimens from patients with CKD revealed RIP3, MLKL, and p-MLKL upregulation in patients with stages 2 and 3a CKD, suggesting that necroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in CKD patients occurs, and the peak of necroptosis was in stages 2 and 3a CKD. We showed that profibrotic factor proteins (TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3) and fibroblast activation markers (α-SMA and Vimentin) were specifically upregulated in stage 2 and 3a CKD patients. In addition, Pearson correlation analysis showed that the percentage of necroptotic renal tubular epithelial cells was positively correlated with TGF-β1 and collagen-I. We also showed that RIP1/3 or MLKL inhibitors decreased the expression of RIP3, MLKL, TGF-β1, and Smad3 in HK-2 cells treated with TNF-α. FGF-2, α-SMA, Vimentin and FN were overexpressed in the hRIFs cultured with the supernatant of necroptotic HK-2 cells, whereas necroptosis blockers (Nec-1s, GSK'872 and NSA) and TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway antagonists (LY364947 and SIS3) reduced FGF-2, α-SMA, Vimentin and FN levels. Collectively, necroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in CKD patients occurs, and the peak of necroptosis was in stages 2 and 3a CKD. Renal tubular epithelial cell necroptosis mediates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease, which is related to the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Ai Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongwang Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Ruihua Shang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Tian Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Kekun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Qionghai People's Hospital, Qionghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Keli Gao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yonghui Qi
- Blood Purification Center, Hannan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Minghao Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Louis F, Sowa Y, Irie S, Higuchi Y, Kitano S, Mazda O, Matsusaki M. Injectable Prevascularized Mature Adipose Tissues (iPAT) to Achieve Long-Term Survival in Soft Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201440. [PMID: 36103662 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue regeneration remains a challenge in reconstructive surgery. So far, both autologous fat implantations and artificial implants methods used in clinical applications lead to various disadvantages and limited lifespan. To overcome these limitations and improve the graft volume maintenance, reproducing a mature adipose tissue already including vasculature structure before implantation can be the solution. Therefore, injectable prevascularized adipose tissues (iPAT) are made from physiological collagen microfibers mixed with human mature adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, embedded in fibrin gel. Following murine subcutaneous implantation, the iPAT show a higher cell survival (84% ± 6% viability) and volume maintenance after 3 months (up to twice heavier) when compared to non-prevascularized balls and liposuctioned fat implanted controls. This higher survival can be explained by the greater amount of blood vessels found (up to 1.6-fold increase), with balanced host anastomosis (51% ± 1% of human/mouse lumens), also involving infiltration by the lymphatic and neural vasculature networks. Furthermore, with the cryopreservation possibility enabling their later reinjection, the iPAT technology has the merit to allow noninvasive soft tissue regeneration for long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Louis
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Irie
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,TOPPAN INC, Taito, Tokyo, 110-0016, Japan
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shiro Kitano
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,TOPPAN INC, Taito, Tokyo, 110-0016, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Brozat JF, Brandt EF, Stark M, Fischer P, Wirtz TH, Flaßhove A, Rodenhausen AN, Vajen T, Heinzmann ACA, Schmitz SMT, Abu Jhaisha S, Röth AA, Koenen RR, Sahin H, Trautwein C, Berres ML. JAM-A is a multifaceted regulator in hepatic fibrogenesis, supporting LSEC integrity and stellate cell quiescence. Liver Int 2022; 42:1185-1203. [PMID: 35129269 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leukocyte infiltration is a hallmark of hepatic inflammation. The Junctional Adhesion Molecule A (JAM-A) is a crucial regulator of leukocyte extravasation and is upregulated in human viral fibrosis. Reduced shear stress within hepatic sinusoids and the specific phenotype of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) cumulate in differing adhesion characteristics during liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to define the functional role of cell-specific adhesion molecule JAM-A during hepatic fibrogenesis. METHODS Complete, conditional (intestinal epithelial; endothelial) and bone marrow chimeric Jam-a knockout animals and corresponding C57Bl/6 wild-type animals were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 , 6 weeks). For functional analyses of JAM-A, comprehensive in vivo studies, co-culture models and flow-based adhesion assays were performed. RESULTS Complete and bone marrow-derived Jam-a-/- animals showed aggravated fibrosis with increased non-sinusoidal, perivascular accumulation of CD11b+ F4/80+ monocyte-derived macrophages in contrast to wild-type mice. Despite being associated with disturbed epithelial barrier function, an intestinal epithelial Jam-a knockout did not affect fibrogenesis. In endothelial-specific Jam-a-/- animals, liver fibrosis was aggravated alongside sinusoid capillarization and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. HSC activation is induced via Jam-a-/- LSEC-derived secretion of soluble factors. Sinusoid CD31 expression and hedgehog gene signalling were increased, but leukocyte infiltration and adhesion to LSECs remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Our models decipher cell-specific JAM-A to exert crucial functions during hepatic fibrogenesis. JAM-A on bone marrow-derived cells regulates non-sinusoidal vascular immune cell recruitment, while endothelial JAM-A controls liver sinusoid capillarization and HSC quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Brozat
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisa F Brandt
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Myriam Stark
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa H Wirtz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Flaßhove
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron N Rodenhausen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tanja Vajen
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra C A Heinzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sophia M-T Schmitz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Samira Abu Jhaisha
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anjali A Röth
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rory R Koenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hacer Sahin
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Ferroptosis is iron-dependent, lipid peroxidation-driven, regulated cell death that is triggered when cellular glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)-mediated cellular defense is insufficient to prevent pathologic accumulation of toxic lipid peroxides. Ferroptosis is implicated in various human pathologies, including neurodegeneration, chemotherapy-resistant cancers, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and acute and chronic kidney diseases. Despite the fact that the ferroptotic process has been rigorously interrogated in multiple preclinical models, the lack of specific and readily available biomarkers to detect ferroptosis in vivo in mouse models makes it challenging to delineate its contribution to key pathologic events in vivo. Critical steps to practically evaluate ferroptosis include, but are not limited to, detecting increased cell death and pathologic accumulation of toxic lipid peroxides and testing augmentation of observed pathologic events by genetic inhibition of the glutathione-GPX4 axis or mitigation of the pathologic process by ferroptosis inhibitors. Here, we describe methods to evaluate these key features of the ferroptotic process in mice in vivo. Specifically, we describe methods to detect toxic lipid peroxides (4-hydroxynonenal) and cell death (based on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining) as well as a protocol to pharmacologically inhibit ferroptotic stress using liproxstatin-1. These protocols provide tools for understanding the ferroptotic process in mouse genetic or disease models. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: How to use liproxstatin-1 Basic Protocol 2: How to evaluate ferroptosis in mouse kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ide
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tomokazu Souma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Shen Y, Cingolani F, Malik SA, Wen J, Liu Y, Czaja MJ. Sex-Specific Regulation of Interferon-γ Cytotoxicity in Mouse Liver by Autophagy. Hepatology 2021; 74:2745-2758. [PMID: 34118081 PMCID: PMC8542567 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a central activator of immune responses in the liver and other organs. IFNγ triggers tissue injury and inflammation in immune diseases, which occur predominantly in females for unknown reasons. Recent findings that autophagy regulates hepatotoxicity from proinflammatory cytokines led to an examination of whether defective hepatocyte autophagy underlies sex-specific liver injury and inflammation induced by IFNγ. APPROACH AND RESULTS A lentiviral autophagy-related 5 (Atg5) knockdown was performed to decrease autophagy-sensitized alpha mouse liver (AML 12) hepatocytes to death from IFNγ in combination with IL-1β or TNF. Death was necrosis attributable to impaired energy homeostasis and adenosine triphosphate depletion. Male mice with decreased autophagy from a tamoxifen-inducible, hepatocyte-specific Atg5 knockout were resistant to IFNγ hepatotoxicity whereas female knockout mice developed liver injury and inflammation. Female mice had increased IFNγ-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) levels compared to males. Blocking STAT1, but not interferon regulatory factor 1, signaling prevented IFNγ-induced hepatocyte death in autophagy-deficient AML12 cells and female mice. The mechanism of death is STAT1-induced overexpression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) as in vitro hepatocyte death and in vivo liver injury were blocked by NOS2 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Decreased hepatocyte autophagy sensitizes mice to IFNγ-induced liver injury and inflammation through overactivation of STAT1 signaling that causes NOS2 overexpression. Hepatotoxicity is restricted to female mice, suggesting that sex-specific effects of defective autophagy may underlie the increased susceptibility of females to IFNγ-mediated immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Francesca Cingolani
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shoaib Ahmad Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Sargodha Medical College, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Jing Wen
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yunshan Liu
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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10
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Seese SE, Deml B, Muheisen S, Sorokina E, Semina EV. Genetic disruption of zebrafish mab21l1 reveals a conserved role in eye development and affected pathways. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1056-1073. [PMID: 33570754 PMCID: PMC8349561 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male-abnormal 21 like (MAB21L) genes are important in human ocular development. Homozygous loss of MAB21L1 leads to corneal dystrophy in all affected individuals along with cataracts and buphthalmos in some. The molecular function and downstream pathways of MAB21L factors are largely undefined. RESULTS We generated the first mab21l1 zebrafish mutant carrying a putative loss-of-function allele, c.107delA p.(Lys36Argfs*7). At the final stages of embryonic development, homozygous mab21l1c.107delA fish displayed enlarged anterior chambers and corneal thinning which progressed with age. Additional studies revealed increased cell death in the mutant corneas, transformation of the cornea into a skin-like epithelium, and progressive lens degeneration with development of fibrous masses in the anterior chamber. RNA-seq of wild-type and mutant ocular transcriptomes revealed significant changes in expression of several genes, including irf1a and b, stat1, elf3, krt17, tlr9, and loxa associated with immunity and/or corneal function. Abnormal expression of lysyl oxidases have been previously linked with corneal thinning, fibrosis, and lens defects in mammals, suggesting a role for loxa misexpression in the progressive mab21l1c.107delA eye phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Zebrafish mab21l1 is essential for normal corneal development, similar to human MAB21L1. The identified molecular changes in mab21l1c.107delA mutants provide the first clues about possible affected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Seese
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- PreventionGenetics, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Sanaa Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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11
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Warner DR, Warner JB, Hardesty JE, Song YL, Chen CY, Chen Z, Kang JX, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Beneficial effects of an endogenous enrichment in n3-PUFAs on Wnt signaling are associated with attenuation of alcohol-mediated liver disease in mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21377. [PMID: 33481293 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001202r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major human health issue for which there are limited treatment options. Experimental evidence suggests that nutrition plays an important role in ALD pathogenesis, and specific dietary fatty acids, for example, n6 or n3-PUFAs, may exacerbate or attenuate ALD, respectively. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the beneficial effects of n3-PUFA enrichment in ALD were mediated, in part, by improvement in Wnt signaling. Wild-type (WT) and fat-1 transgenic mice (that endogenously convert n6-PUFAs to n3) were fed ethanol (EtOH) for 6 weeks followed by a single LPS challenge. fat-1 mice had less severe liver damage than WT littermates as evidenced by reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase, hepatic steatosis, liver tissue neutrophil infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. WT mice had a greater downregulation of Axin2, a key gene in the Wnt pathway, than fat-1 mice in response to EtOH and LPS. Further, there were significant differences between WT and fat-1 EtOH+LPS-challenged mice in the expression of five additional genes linked to the Wnt signaling pathway, including Apc, Fosl1/Fra-1, Mapk8/Jnk-1, Porcn, and Nkd1. Compared to WT, primary hepatocytes isolated from fat-1 mice exhibited more effective Wnt signaling and were more resistant to EtOH-, palmitic acid-, or TNFα-induced cell death. Further, we demonstrated that the n3-PUFA-derived lipid mediators, resolvins D1 and E1, can regulate hepatocyte expression of several Wnt-related genes that were differentially expressed between WT and fat-1 mice. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism by which n3-PUFAs can ameliorate ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ying L Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chi-Yu Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoe Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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12
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Nozhat Z, Khalaji MS, Hedayati M, Kia SK. Different Methods for Cell Viability and Proliferation Assay: Essential Tools in Pharmaceutical Studies. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 22:703-712. [PMID: 33390140 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621999201230202614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The ratio of live cells to total cells in a sample is a definition for cell viability or cell toxicity. The assessment of the viable cells plays a critical role in all processes of the cell culture workflows. Overall, they are used to evaluate the survival of cells and also to optimize culture or experimental conditions following treatment with different agents or compounds, like during a drug screen. In most cases, the measurement of cell viability is the primary purpose of the experiments, for example, in pharmaceutical studies to evaluate agents' toxicity. METHODS A literature research was conducted on cell viability assays in MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science and Scopus. RESULTS There is a wide range of cell viability assays and different parameters such as cost, speed, and complexity of a test effect to determine the choosing method. However each method has some advantages and disadvantages and none of them is not 100% perfect method. CONCLUSION Accordingly, it seems that the simultaneous utility of at least two assays will cover each other disadvantages to demonstrate the effects of different agents on different cell types. For instance, when one assay measures cell metabolic health, the other one checks cells permeability. Therefore by this strategy a researcher can report with more confidence the effective doses of the examined therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nozhat
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, . Iran
| | - Mina S Khalaji
- Microbiological Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology Group, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620,. China
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, . Iran
| | - Sima K Kia
- Laboratory for Red Blood Cell Diagnostics, Sanquin, Amsterdam,. Netherlands
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13
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Carrington J, Andersen MK, Brzezinski K, MacMillan HA. Hyperkalaemia, not apoptosis, accurately predicts insect chilling injury. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201663. [PMID: 33323084 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that insect distribution and abundance are associated with the limits of thermal tolerance, but the physiology underlying thermal tolerance remains poorly understood. Many insects, like the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), suffer a loss of ion and water balance leading to hyperkalaemia (high extracellular [K+]) in the cold that indirectly causes cell death. Cells can die in several ways under stress, and how they die is of critical importance to identifying and understanding the nature of thermal adaptation. Whether apoptotic or necrotic cell death pathways are responsible for low-temperature injury is unclear. Here, we use a caspase-3 specific assay to indirectly quantify apoptotic cell death in three locust tissues (muscle, nerves and midgut) following prolonged chilling and recovery from an injury-inducing cold exposure. Furthermore, we obtain matching measurements of injury, extracellular [K+] and muscle caspase-3 activity in individual locusts to gain further insight into the mechanistic nature of chilling injury. We found a significant increase in muscle caspase-3 activity, but no such increase was observed in either nervous or gut tissue from the same animals, suggesting that chill injury primarily relates to muscle cell death. Levels of chilling injury measured at the whole animal level, however, were strongly correlated with the degree of haemolymph hyperkalaemia, and not apoptosis. These results support the notion that cold-induced ion balance disruption triggers cell death but also that apoptosis is not the main form of cell damage driving low-temperature injury.
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14
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Wang X, Blanco LP, Carmona-Rivera C, Nakabo S, Pedersen HL, Yu ZX, Kaplan MJ. Effects of Gasdermin D in Modulating Murine Lupus and its Associated Organ Damage. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:2118-2129. [PMID: 32692482 DOI: 10.1002/art.41444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is the key executioner of an inflammatory cell death mechanism known as pyroptosis. Recent reports have also implicated GSDMD in other mechanisms of cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, and NETosis. Given the role of dysregulated cell death in autoimmune syndromes such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), this study was undertaken in a murine lupus model to investigate whether GSDMD plays a pathogenic role in systemic autoimmunity by promoting inflammatory cell death, leading to increased generation of nuclear autoantigens and autoantibodies. METHODS An imiquimod-induced model of SLE was tested in GSDMD-/- mice (n = 30), with wild-type (WT) mice as controls (n = 34), on a C57BL/6 background. At the time of euthanasia, the mice were examined for serum autoantibodies, immune complex deposition, organ inflammation, immune dysregulation, and type I interferon responses. A model of pristane-induced lung injury in GSDMD-/- mice (n = 7), with WT mice as controls (n = 10), was used to confirm the pulmonary phenotype. Regulation of various mechanisms of cell death by GSDMD was investigated in the mice. RESULTS Unexpectedly, GSDMD-/- mice developed enhanced mortality, more severe renal and pulmonary inflammation, and exacerbated autoantibody production in response to imiquimod. Pulmonary involvement was also more severe in the absence of GSDMD in mice with pristane-induced lung injury. Compared to WT mice, lack of GSDMD was associated with increased levels of circulating nuclear autoantigens (P < 0.01), anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibodies (P < 0.01), tissue immune complex deposition (P < 0.05), expansion of myeloid cell subsets (P < 0.05), and enhanced B cell activation and plasma cell differentiation (P = 0.001). Moreover, in the absence of GSDMD, enhanced autoantigen generation was associated with increased local induction of cell death in vivo. CONCLUSION GSDMD negatively regulates autoantigen generation and immune dysregulation in response to tissue injury and may play previously unappreciated protective roles in systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Wang
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Luz P Blanco
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Carmelo Carmona-Rivera
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Shuichiro Nakabo
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Hege L Pedersen
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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15
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Baidya R, Crawford DHG, Gautheron J, Wang H, Bridle KR. Necroptosis in Hepatosteatotic Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165931. [PMID: 32824744 PMCID: PMC7460692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While liver transplantation remains the sole treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease, there are numerous limitations to liver transplantation including the scarcity of donor livers and a rise in livers that are unsuitable to transplant such as those with excess steatosis. Fatty livers are susceptible to ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury during transplantation and IR injury results in primary graft non-function, graft failure and mortality. Recent studies have described new cell death pathways which differ from the traditional apoptotic pathway. Necroptosis, a regulated form of cell death, has been associated with hepatic IR injury. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) are thought to be instrumental in the execution of necroptosis. The study of hepatic necroptosis and potential therapeutic approaches to attenuate IR injury will be a key factor in improving our knowledge regarding liver transplantation with fatty donor livers. In this review, we focus on the effect of hepatic steatosis during liver transplantation as well as molecular mechanisms of necroptosis and its involvement during liver IR injury. We also discuss the immune responses triggered during necroptosis and examine the utility of necroptosis inhibitors as potential therapeutic approaches to alleviate IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Baidya
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4006, Australia; (R.B.); (D.H.G.C.)
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4120, Australia;
| | - Darrell H. G. Crawford
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4006, Australia; (R.B.); (D.H.G.C.)
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4120, Australia;
| | - Jérémie Gautheron
- Sorbonne University, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 75012 Paris, France;
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Haolu Wang
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4120, Australia;
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kim R. Bridle
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4006, Australia; (R.B.); (D.H.G.C.)
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4120, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3346-0698
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16
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Shen Y, Malik SA, Amir M, Kumar P, Cingolani F, Wen J, Liu Y, Zhao E, Farris AB, Raeman R, Czaja MJ. Decreased Hepatocyte Autophagy Leads to Synergistic IL-1β and TNF Mouse Liver Injury and Inflammation. Hepatology 2020; 72:595-608. [PMID: 32108953 PMCID: PMC8114460 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β has been implicated in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis. How IL-1β promotes liver injury in these diseases is unclear, as no IL-1β receptor-linked death pathway has been identified. Autophagy functions in hepatocyte resistance to injury and death, and findings of decreased hepatic autophagy in many liver diseases suggest a role for impaired autophagy in disease pathogenesis. Recent findings that autophagy blocks mouse liver injury from lipopolysaccharide led to an examination of autophagy's function in hepatotoxicity from proinflammatory cytokines. APPROACH AND RESULTS AML12 cells with decreased autophagy from a lentiviral autophagy-related 5 (Atg5) knockdown were resistant to toxicity from TNF, but sensitized to death from IL-1β, which was markedly amplified by TNF co-treatment. IL-1β/TNF death was necrosis by trypan blue and propidium iodide positivity, absence of mitochondrial death pathway and caspase activation, and failure of a caspase inhibitor or necrostatin-1s to prevent death. IL-1β/TNF depleted autophagy-deficient cells of ATP, and ATP depletion and cell death were prevented by supplementation with the energy substrate pyruvate or oleate. Pharmacological inhibitors and genetic knockdown studies demonstrated that IL-1β/TNF-induced necrosis resulted from lysosomal permeabilization and release of cathepsins B and L in autophagy-deficient cells. Mice with a tamoxifen-inducible, hepatocyte-specific Atg5 knockout were similarly sensitized to cathepsin-dependent hepatocellular injury and death from IL-1β/TNF in combination, but neither IL-1β nor TNF alone. Knockout mice had increased hepatic inflammation, and IL-1β/TNF-treated, autophagy-deficient AML12 cells secreted exosomes with proinflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns. CONCLUSIONS The findings delineate mechanisms by which decreased hepatocyte autophagy promotes IL-1β/TNF-induced necrosis from impaired energy homeostasis and lysosomal permeabilization and inflammation through the secretion of exosomal damage-associated molecular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shoaib Ahmad Malik
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA;,Department of Biochemistry, Sargodha Medical College, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amir
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Francesca Cingolani
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jing Wen
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yunshan Liu
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Enpeng Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alton B. Farris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Reben Raeman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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17
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Iwaki A, Moriwaki K, Sobajima T, Taniguchi M, Yoshimura SI, Kunii M, Kanda S, Kamada Y, Miyoshi E, Harada A. Loss of Rab6a in the small intestine causes lipid accumulation and epithelial cell death from lactation. FASEB J 2020; 34:9450-9465. [PMID: 32496646 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000028r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are not only responsible for the digestion and absorption of dietary substrates but also function as a first line of host defense against commensal and pathogenic luminal bacteria. Disruption of the epithelial layer causes malnutrition and enteritis. Rab6 is a small GTPase localized to the Golgi, where it regulates anterograde and retrograde transport by interacting with various effector proteins. Here, we generated mice with IEC-specific deletion of Rab6a (Rab6a∆IEC mice). While Rab6aΔIEC mice were born at the Mendelian ratio, they started to show IEC death, inflammation, and bleeding in the small intestine shortly after birth, and these changes culminated in early postnatal death. We further found massive lipid accumulation in the IECs of Rab6a∆IEC neonates. In contrast to Rab6a∆IEC neonates, knockout embryos did not show any of these abnormalities. Lipid accumulation and IEC death became evident when Rab6a∆IEC embryos were nursed by a foster mother, suggesting that dietary milk-derived lipids accumulated in Rab6a-deficient IECs and triggered IEC death. These results indicate that Rab6a plays a crucial role in regulating the lipid transport and maintaining tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Iwaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sobajima
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Yoshimura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masataka Kunii
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanda
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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18
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Cubero FJ, Mohamed MR, Woitok MM, Zhao G, Hatting M, Nevzorova YA, Chen C, Haybaeck J, de Bruin A, Avila MA, Boekschoten MV, Davis RJ, Trautwein C. Loss of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1 and 2 Function in Liver Epithelial Cells Triggers Biliary Hyperproliferation Resembling Cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:834-851. [PMID: 32490320 PMCID: PMC7262317 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted inhibition of the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs) has shown therapeutic potential in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)‐related tumorigenesis. However, the cell‐type‐specific role and mechanisms triggered by JNK in liver parenchymal cells during CCA remain largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the relevance of JNK1 and JNK2 function in hepatocytes in two different models of experimental carcinogenesis, the dethylnitrosamine (DEN) model and in nuclear factor kappa B essential modulator (NEMO)hepatocyte‐specific knockout (Δhepa) mice, focusing on liver damage, cell death, compensatory proliferation, fibrogenesis, and tumor development. Moreover, regulation of essential genes was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblottings, and immunostainings. Additionally, specific Jnk2 inhibition in hepatocytes of NEMOΔhepa/JNK1Δhepa mice was performed using small interfering (si) RNA (siJnk2) nanodelivery. Finally, active signaling pathways were blocked using specific inhibitors. Compound deletion of Jnk1 and Jnk2 in hepatocytes diminished hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in both the DEN model and in NEMOΔhepa mice but in contrast caused massive proliferation of the biliary ducts. Indeed, Jnk1/2 deficiency in hepatocytes of NEMOΔhepa (NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa) animals caused elevated fibrosis, increased apoptosis, increased compensatory proliferation, and elevated inflammatory cytokines expression but reduced HCC. Furthermore, siJnk2 treatment in NEMOΔhepa/JNK1Δhepa mice recapitulated the phenotype of NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa mice. Next, we sought to investigate the impact of molecular pathways in response to compound JNK deficiency in NEMOΔhepa mice. We found that NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa livers exhibited overexpression of the interleukin‐6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway in addition to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. The functional relevance was tested by administering lapatinib, which is a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of erythroblastic oncogene B‐2 (ErbB2) and EGFR signaling, to NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa mice. Lapatinib effectively inhibited cystogenesis, improved transaminases, and effectively blocked EGFR‐Raf‐MEK‐ERK signaling. Conclusion: We define a novel function of JNK1/2 in cholangiocyte hyperproliferation. This opens new therapeutic avenues devised to inhibit pathways of cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology, and ENT Complutense University School of Medicine Madrid Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute Madrid Spain
| | - Mohamed Ramadan Mohamed
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany.,Department of Therapeutic Chemistry National Research Center Giza Egypt
| | - Marius M Woitok
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany
| | - Maximilian Hatting
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany.,Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology Faculty of Biology Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Chaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology, and ENT Complutense University School of Medicine Madrid Spain
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg Germany.,Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria.,Department of Pathology, Neuropathology, and Molecular Pathology Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Dutch Molecular Pathology Center Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Matias A Avila
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra Pamplona Spain.,Hepatology Program Center for Applied Medical Research University of Navarra Pamplona Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester MA
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany
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19
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Mendoza-Rodríguez MG, Sánchez-Barrera CÁ, Callejas BE, García-Castillo V, Beristain-Terrazas DL, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Chirino YI, León-Cabrera SA, Rodríguez-Sosa M, Gutierrez-Cirlos EB, Pérez-Plasencia C, Vaca-Paniagua F, Meraz-Ríos MA, Terrazas LI. Use of STAT6 Phosphorylation Inhibitor and Trimethylglycine as New Adjuvant Therapies for 5-Fluorouracil in Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062130. [PMID: 32244885 PMCID: PMC7139326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most widespread and deadly types of neoplasia around the world, where the inflammatory microenvironment has critical importance in the process of tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Despite its limited effectiveness, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the main drug utilized for CRC treatment. The combination of 5-FU with other agents modestly increases its effectiveness in patients. Here, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory Trimethylglycine and the Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT6) inhibitor AS1517499, as possible adjuvants to 5-FU in already established cancers, using a model of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). We found that these adjuvant therapies induced a remarkable reduction of tumor growth when administrated together with 5-FU, correlating with a reduction in STAT6-phosphorylation. This reduction upgraded the effect of 5-FU by increasing both levels of apoptosis and markers of cell adhesion such as E-cadherin, whereas decreased epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers were associated with aggressive phenotypes and drug resistance, such as β-catenin nuclear translocation and Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (SNAI1). Additionally, Il-10, Tgf-β, and Il-17a, critical pro-tumorigenic cytokines, were downmodulated in the colon by these adjuvant therapies. In vitro assays on human colon cancer cells showed that Trimethylglycine also reduced STAT6-phosphorylation. Our study is relatively unique in focusing on the effects of the combined administration of AS1517499 and Trimethylglycine together with 5-FU on already established CAC which synergizes to markedly reduce the colon tumor load. Together, these data point to STAT6 as a valuable target for adjuvant therapy in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G. Mendoza-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - C. Ángel Sánchez-Barrera
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Blanca E. Callejas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Verónica García-Castillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Diana L. Beristain-Terrazas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Norma L. Delgado-Buenrostro
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Yolanda I. Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Sonia A. León-Cabrera
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Emma Bertha Gutierrez-Cirlos
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Felipe Vaca-Paniagua
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Meraz-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico;
| | - Luis I. Terrazas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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20
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Halim AB. Do We have a Satisfactory Cell Viability Assay? Review of the Currently Commercially-Available Assays. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 17:2-22. [PMID: 30251606 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180925095433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based assays are an important part of the drug discovery process and clinical research. One of the main hurdles is to design sufficiently robust assays with adequate signal to noise parameters while maintaining the inherent physiology of the cells and not interfering with the pharmacology of target being investigated. A plethora of assays that assess cell viability (or cell heath in general) are commercially available and can be classified under different categories according to their concepts and principle of reactions. The assays are valuable tools, however, suffer from a large number of limitations. Some of these limitations can be procedural or operational, but others can be critical as those related to a poor concept or the lack of proof of concept of an assay, e.g. those relying on differential permeability of dyes in-and-out of viable versus compromised cell membranes. While the assays can differentiate between dead and live cells, most, if not all, of them can just assess the relative performance of cells rather than providing a clear distinction between healthy and dying cells. The possible impact of relatively high molecular weight dyes, used in most of the assay, on cell viability has not been addressed. More innovative assays are needed, and until better alternatives are developed, setup of current cell-based studies and data interpretation should be made with the limitations in mind. Negative and positive control should be considered whenever feasible. Also, researchers should use more than one orthogonal method for better assessment of cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Baset Halim
- VP Translational Medicine, Biomarkers & Diagnostics, Celldex Therapeutics, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ 08827-4032, United States
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21
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Baumbach CM, Schrödl W, Nenoff P, Uhrlaß S, Mülling CKW, Michler JK. Modeling dermatophytosis: Guinea pig skin explants represent a highly suitable model to study Trichophyton benhamiae infections. J Dermatol 2019; 47:8-16. [PMID: 31782188 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophyte infections are a growing health concern worldwide with increasing patient numbers, especially in children. However, detailed knowledge about infection mechanisms and virulence factors are scarce. This study aimed to establish an infection model based on guinea pig skin explants mimicking the in vivo situation as closely as possible to survey the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses. A fundamental prerequisite was the detailed description of native guinea pig skin and its morphological changes during tissue culture because comprehensive data on guinea pig skin characteristics were not available. Skin explants were harvested from healthy, adult guinea pigs and transferred to cell culture inserts. One group was inoculated with defined suspensions of colony-forming units of zoonotic Trichophyton benhamiae isolates; others served as controls to assess the tissue viability during the 10-day culture. Samples were taken on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 and processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Standard tissue culture conditions provoked acantholysis and regional orthokeratotic alterations. The reduced desquamation caused hyperkeratosis paralleled by hypogranulosis or regional hyperplasia. During T. benhamiae infection, keratinocyte proliferation came to a complete halt on day 5 whereas the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay-positive cells increased moderately up to day 7. Hyphae grew massively into the skin explants causing strong keratinolysis and tricholysis. By the end of the culture, complete disintegration of the basement membrane and dermal tissue was observed. A realistic and reliable skin infection model was established to study dermatophytoses in general and cutaneous T. benhamiae infections in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Christoph K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jule Kristin Michler
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Kim K, Shin EA, Jung JH, Park JE, Kim DS, Shim BS, Kim SH. Ursolic Acid Induces Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells Partially via Upregulation of MicroRNA-4500 and Inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E114. [PMID: 30597956 PMCID: PMC6337206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Though ursolic acid (UA) isolated from Oldenlandia diffusa was known to exhibit anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects, the underlying antitumor mechanism of ursolic acid was not fully understood to date. Thus, in the present study, the apoptotic mechanism of ursolic acid was elucidated in HCT116 and HT29 colorectal cancer cells in association with STAT3 and microRNA-4500 (miR-4500) by MTT assay, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay, cell cycle analysis, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. Ursolic acid significantly exerted cytotoxicity, increased TUNEL positive cells and sub-G1 apoptotic portion, induced cleavage of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase 3 in HCT116 and HT29 cells. Of note, ursolic acid attenuated the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and also blocked nuclear translocation of STAT3 in colorectal cancer cells. Notably, ursolic acid increased the expression level of miR-4500 in HCT116 cells by qRT-PCR analysis and conversely miR-4500 inhibitor reversed cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic effects by increasing TUNEL positive cells, PARP cleavage and inhibiting p-STAT3 in ursolic acid treated colorectal cancer cells. Overall, our findings provide evidence that usolic acid induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells partially via upregulation of miR-4500 and inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation as a potent anti-cancer agent for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Eun Ah Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Ji Eon Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Dong Soub Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Bum Sang Shim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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23
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Husain I, Akhtar M, Madaan T, Abdin MZ, Islamuddin M, Najmi AK. Rosuvastatin alleviates high-salt and cholesterol diet-induced cognitive impairment in rats via Nrf2-ARE pathway. Redox Rep 2018; 23:168-179. [PMID: 29961403 PMCID: PMC6748700 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2018.1492774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of our study were to investigate the possible effect of rosuvastatin in ameliorating high salt and cholesterol diet (HSCD)-induced cognitive impairment and to also investigate its possible action via the Nrf2-ARE pathway. METHODS In silico studies were performed to check the theoretical binding of rosuvastatin to the Nrf2 target. HSCD was used to induce cognitive impairment in rats and neurobehavioral studies were performed to evaluate the efficacy of rosuvastatin in enhancing cognition. Biochemical analyses were used to estimate changes in oxidative markers. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were done to check Nrf2 translocation. TUNEL and caspase 3 tests were performed to evaluate reversal of apoptosis by rosuvastatin. RESULTS Rosuvastatin showed good theoretical affinity to Nrf2, significantly reversed changes in oxidative biomarkers which were induced by HSCD, and also improved the performance of rats in the neurobehavioral test. A rise in nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was revealed through immunohistochemical analysis and western blot. TUNEL staining and caspase 3 activity showed attenuation of apoptosis. DISCUSSION We have investigated a novel mechanism of action for rosuvastatin (via the Nrf2-ARE pathway) and demonstrated that it has the potential to be used in the treatment of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem Husain
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Tushar Madaan
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Malik Zainul Abdin
- b Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- b Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
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24
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The Impact of Moderate Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia on the Level of Apoptotic and Autophagic Proteins in Myocardial Tissue. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5786742. [PMID: 30186545 PMCID: PMC6116398 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5786742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The redox imbalance and the consequent oxidative stress have been implicated in many pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. The lack or the excess of O2 supply can alter the redox balance. The aim of the present study was to understand the heart responses to prolonged hypoxia or hyperoxia and how such situations may activate survival mechanisms or trigger cell death. Seven-week-old Foxn1 mice were exposed to hypoxia (10% O2), normoxia (21% O2), or hyperoxia (30% O2) for 28 days, then the heart tissue was excised and analyzed. The alterations in redox balance, housekeeping protein levels, and autophagic and apoptotic process regulation were studied. The D-ROM test demonstrated an increased oxidative stress in the hypoxic group compared to the hyperoxic group. The level of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) was increased by hypoxia while HIF-2α was not affected by treatments. Chronic hypoxia activated the biochemical markers of autophagy, and we observed elevated levels of Beclin-1 while LC3B-II and p62 were constant. Nevertheless, we measured significantly enhanced number of TUNEL-positive cells and higher Bax/Bcl2 ratio in hyperoxia with respect to hypoxia. Surprisingly, our results revealed alterations in the level of housekeeping proteins. The expression of α-tubulin, total-actin, and GAPDH was increased in the hypoxic group while decreased in the hyperoxic group. These findings suggest that autophagy is induced in the heart under hypoxia, which may serve as a protective mechanism in response to enhanced oxidative stress. While prolonged hypoxia-induced autophagy leads to reduced heart apoptosis, low autophagic level in hyperoxia failed to prevent the excessive DNA fragmentation.
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Aouacheria A, Cunningham KW, Hardwick JM, Palková Z, Powers T, Severin FF, Váchová L. Comment on "Sterilizing immunity in the lung relies on targeting fungal apoptosis-like programmed cell death". Science 2018; 360:360/6395/eaar6910. [PMID: 29930109 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar6910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Shlezinger et al (Reports, 8 September 2017, p. 1037) report that the common fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, a cause of aspergillosis, undergoes caspase-dependent apoptosis-like cell death triggered by lung neutrophils. However, the technologies they used do not provide reliable evidence that fungal cells die via a protease signaling cascade thwarted by a fungal caspase inhibitor homologous to human survivin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Aouacheria
- ISEM, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Kyle W Cunningham
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - J Marie Hardwick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Zdena Palková
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ted Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Fedor F Severin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Libuše Váchová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
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26
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Heisler-Taylor T, Kim B, Reese AY, Hamadmad S, Kusibati R, Fischer AJ, Cebulla CM. A new multichannel method quantitating TUNEL in detached photoreceptor nuclei. Exp Eye Res 2018; 176:121-129. [PMID: 29959928 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear co-localization labels are critical to ocular research. Among these, the TUNEL assay has been established as a gold standard of cell death and apoptosis. While several validated computer-based methods exist to quantitate these markers, including ImageJ Retina Analysis (RA) Toolkit and ImagePro, none verify the count with the nuclear counter stain to confirm nuclear co-localization. We established a new ImageJ-based automated multichannel thresholding (MCT) method to quantitate nuclear co-localized labeling. The MCT method was validated by comparing it with the two published TUNEL analysis in TUNEL-positive photoreceptors in an experimental retinal detachment (RD) model. RDs were induced in murine eyes and cross-sectional images of TUNEL and DAPI counter stain were obtained. Images were classified as "typical" or high density "hotspot" TUNEL regions (n = 10/group). Images were analyzed and compared between the MCT method and the published techniques including both "standard" and "high" settings of the RA Toolkit for detecting lower or higher TUNEL densities, respectively. Additional testing of the MCT method with built-in ImageJ thresholding algorithms was performed to produce fully automated measurements. All images were compared with Bland-Altman mean difference plots to assess the difference in counts and linear regression plots to assess correlation. Comparison between the MCT method and the ImagePro method were found to be well correlated (typical: R2 = 0.8972, hotspot: R2 = 0.9000) with minor to non-significant differences. The RA Toolkit settings were found to be mostly well correlated as well (standard/typical: R2 = 0.8036, standard/hotspot: R2 = 0.4309, high/typical: R2 = 0.7895, high/hotspot: R2 = 0.8738) but were often found to have significantly higher counts than the MCT. In conclusion, the MCT method compared favorably with validated computer-based methods of nuclear marker immunofluorescence quantitation and avoids staining artifacts through the incorporation of the nuclear counter stain to confirm positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Heisler-Taylor
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bongsu Kim
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alana Y Reese
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sumaya Hamadmad
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rania Kusibati
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Colleen M Cebulla
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Lefevre S, Stecyk JAW, Torp MK, Løvold LY, Sørensen C, Johansen IB, Stensløkken KO, Couturier CS, Sloman KA, Nilsson GE. Re-oxygenation after anoxia induces brain cell death and memory loss in the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:3883-3895. [PMID: 29093186 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.165118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) survive without oxygen for several months, but it is unknown whether they are able to protect themselves from cell death normally caused by the absence, and particularly return, of oxygen. Here, we quantified cell death in brain tissue from crucian carp exposed to anoxia and re-oxygenation using the terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay, and cell proliferation by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as well as PCNA mRNA expression. We also measured mRNA and protein expression of the apoptosis executer protease caspase 3, in laboratory fish exposed to anoxia and re-oxygenation and fish exposed to seasonal anoxia and re-oxygenation in their natural habitat over the year. Finally, a behavioural experiment was used to assess the ability to learn and remember how to navigate in a maze to find food, before and after exposure to anoxia and re-oxygenation. The number of TUNEL-positive cells in the telencephalon increased after 1 day of re-oxygenation following 7 days of anoxia, indicating increased cell death. However, there were no consistent changes in whole-brain expression of caspase 3 in either laboratory-exposed or naturally exposed fish, indicating that cell death might occur via caspase-independent pathways or necrosis. Re-oxygenated crucian carp appeared to have lost the memory of how to navigate in a maze (learnt prior to anoxia exposure), while the ability to learn remained intact. PCNA mRNA was elevated after re-oxygenation, indicating increased neurogenesis. We conclude that anoxia tolerance involves not only protection from damage but also repair after re-oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjannie Lefevre
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan A W Stecyk
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - May-Kristin Torp
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa Y Løvold
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christina Sørensen
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida B Johansen
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine S Couturier
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Katherine A Sloman
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Göran E Nilsson
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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Charakidas A, Kalogeraki A, Tsilimbaris M, Koukoulomatis P, Brouzas D, Delides G. Lens Epithelial Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation in Human Age-Related Cortical Cataract. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 15:213-20. [PMID: 15812762 DOI: 10.1177/112067210501500206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To probe the presence of apoptosis in the epithelium of human lenses with age-related cortical cataract as well as to assess cell proliferation, a predicted consequence of apoptotic cell death, in this specific cell population. Methods DNA fragmentation was assessed using terminal digoxigenin-labeled dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) in capsulotomy specimens obtained from patients who underwent either extracapsular cataract extraction for the removal of adult-onset cortical cataract (n=27) or clear lens extraction for the correction of high myopia (n=25). Cell proliferation was assayed in 23 epithelia of cataractous lenses, and 20 epithelia of non-cataractous lenses with the proliferation marker MIB1, a monoclonal antibody against the nuclear antigen Ki-67 that is detected throughout the cell cycle but is absent in the resting (G0) cell. Results TUNEL staining was observed in 25 (92.6%) specimens of cataractous lenses, whereas cells undergoing apoptosis were identified in 2 (8%) of the epithelia from non-catarac-tous lenses. Only two MIB1-positive samples were detected, one of which was a capsule obtained during intracapsular cataract extraction. Conclusions The epithelium of human lenses with cortical cataract undergoes low rate apoptotic death. This limited epithelial apoptosis is unlikely to result in any significant cell density decrease since epithelial gaps are likely to be replaced by cell proliferation at the germinative zone of the anterior lens capsule. Nevertheless, the accumulation of small-scale epithelial losses during lifetime may induce alterations in lens fiber formation and homeostasis and result in loss of lens transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Charakidas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Pelletier RM, Akpovi CD, Chen L, Vitale ML. Cholesterol metabolism and Cx43, Cx46, and Cx50 gap junction protein expression and localization in normal and diabetic and obese ob/ob and db/db mouse testes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E21-E38. [PMID: 28851737 PMCID: PMC5866387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00215.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Decreased fertility and birth rates arise from metabolic disorders. This study assesses cholesterol metabolism and Cx46, Cx50, and Cx43 expression in interstitium- and seminiferous tubule-enriched fractions of leptin-deficient ( ob/ob) and leptin receptor-deficient ( db/db) mice, two type 2 diabetes and obesity models associated with infertility. Testosterone levels decreased and glucose and free and esterified cholesterol (FC and EC) levels increased in serum, whereas FC and EC levels decreased in the interstitium, in ob/ob and db/db mice. In tubules, a decrease in EC caused FC-to-EC ratios to increase in db/db mice. In tubules, only acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyl transferase type 1 and 2 protein levels significantly decreased in ob/ob, but not db/db, mice compared with wild-type mice, and imbalances in the cholesterol transporters Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), scavenger receptor class B member I (SR-BI), and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) were observed in ob/ob and db/db mice. In tubules, 14-kDa Cx46 prevailed during development, 48- to 49- and 68- to 71-kDa Cx46 prevailed during adulthood, and total Cx46 changed little. Compared with wild-type mice, 14-kDa Cx46 increased, whereas 48- to 49- and 68- to 71-kDa Cx46 decreased, in tubules, whereas the opposite occurred in the interstitium, in db/db and ob/ob mice. Total and 51-kDa Cx50 increased in db/db and ob/ob interstitium and tubules. Cx43 levels decreased in ob/ob interstitium and tubules, whereas Cx43 decreased in db/db interstitium but increased in db/db tubules. Apoptosis levels measured by ELISA and numbers of apostain-labeled apoptotic cells significantly increased in db/db, but not ob/ob, tubules. Testicular db/db capillaries were Cx50-positive but weakly Cx43-positive with a thickened lamina, suggesting altered permeability. Our findings indicate that the db mutation-induced impairment of meiosis may arise from imbalances in cholesterol metabolism and upregulated Cx43 expression and phosphorylation in tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-Marc Pelletier
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Casimir D Akpovi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - María Leiza Vitale
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
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Xu K, Yu Q, Zhang J, Lv Z, Fu W, Wang T. Cell loss by apoptosis is involved in the intestinal degeneration that occurs during aestivation in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 216:25-31. [PMID: 29128641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) commonly undergoes aestivation in response to high water temperatures. This process is accompanied by tissue regression and body mass reduction. Previous studies have suggested that apoptosis may play a role in the tissue remodeling that occurs during aestivation, although this has not definitively been shown. To investigate this hypothesis, the present study used A. japonicus as a model organism to examine cell loss through apoptosis in intestinal degeneration during aestivation. Apostichopus japonicus individuals were collected from Yellow Sea (N 36° 05' 44.87″, E 120° 31' 58.51″), China in April 2016 and split into two groups. Aestivation was induced in the experimental group by incubation at 25°C. This resulted in a significant decrease in body mass and increased evidence of intestinal degeneration in hematoxylin and eosin, Hoechst 33342, and in situ TUNEL analyses of tissue sections. Along with further Hoechst 33342 analysis using intestinal cell smears, these results showed that A. japonicus intestinal cell apoptosis occurred soon after the initial temperature increase, with most apoptotic events completing within 20days. Transcriptional quantification of the Ajcaspase-8 (CASP8) and Ajcaspase-3 (CASP3) apoptotic genes demonstrated that their expression was significantly elevated at the beginning of the experiment but was decreased at later stages of aestivation. The results of this study strongly suggest that apoptosis is involved in the intestinal regression of A. japonicus during aestivation, and play important role in understanding fundamental cellular events in tissue regression under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Qiuhan Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Wandong Fu
- Zhejiang Marine Development Research Insititute, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316021, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China.
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Lipopolysaccharide from Crypt-Specific Core Microbiota Modulates the Colonic Epithelial Proliferation-to-Differentiation Balance. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01680-17. [PMID: 29042502 PMCID: PMC5646255 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01680-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a crypt-specific core microbiota (CSCM) dominated by strictly aerobic, nonfermentative bacteria in murine cecal and proximal colonic (PC) crypts and hypothesized that, among its possible functions, it may affect epithelial regeneration. In the present work, we isolated representative CSCM strains using selective media based upon our initial 16S rRNA-based molecular identification (i.e., Acinetobacter, Delftia, and Stenotrophomonas). Their tropism for the crypt was confirmed, and their influence on epithelial regeneration was demonstrated in vivo by monocolonization of germfree mice. We also showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), through its endotoxin activity, was the dominant bacterial agonist controlling proliferation. The relevant molecular mechanisms were analyzed using colonic crypt-derived organoids exposed to bacterial sonicates or highly purified LPS as agonists. We identified a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent program affecting crypts at different stages of epithelial differentiation. LPS played a dual role: it repressed cell proliferation through RIPK3-mediated necroptosis of stem cells and cells of the transit-amplifying compartment and concurrently enhanced cell differentiation, particularly the goblet cell lineage. The LPS from crypt-specific core microbiota controls intestinal epithelium proliferation through necroptosis of stem cells and enhances cell differentiation, mainly the goblet cell lineage.
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The antifungal activity of the peptide, periplanetasin-2, derived from American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Biochem J 2017; 474:3027-3043. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cockroach, which is a household insect, is an established model organism in research. Periplanetasin-2, derived from the American cockroach Periplaneta americana, exerted potent antifungal effect against pathogenic fungi without causing hemolysis. Periplanetasin-2 induced oxidative stress by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. Periplanetasin-2 also caused apoptosis by exposure of phosphatidylserine and fragmentation of DNA, exerted in a concentration-dependent manner. Hence, we investigated the mitochondrial apoptotic mechanism of periplanetasin-2 in Candida albicans. After treatment with periplanetasin-2, we observed mitochondrial depolarization and calcium accumulation. Moreover, we observed a decrease in cytosolic glutathione, and an increase in mitochondrial glutathione, indicating that periplanetasin-2 induced oxidative stress and high ROS production in the mitochondria. Because of this mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c was released from the mitochondria into the cytosol, and caspase was activated in a time-dependent manner. In summary, the antifungal peptide periplanetasin-2 activates apoptotic signals in the mitochondria by induction of oxidative stress.
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Fu T, Guo D, Huang X, O'gorman MRG, Huang L, Crawford SE, Soriano HE. Apoptosis Occurs in Isolated and Banked Primary Mouse Hepatocytes. Cell Transplant 2017; 10:59-66. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783987043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Danqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Maurice R. G. O'gorman
- Department of Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Lijun Huang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Humberto E. Soriano
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614
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Hänggi K, Vasilikos L, Valls AF, Yerbes R, Knop J, Spilgies LM, Rieck K, Misra T, Bertin J, Gough PJ, Schmidt T, de Almodòvar CR, Wong WWL. RIPK1/RIPK3 promotes vascular permeability to allow tumor cell extravasation independent of its necroptotic function. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2588. [PMID: 28151480 PMCID: PMC5386469 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death requiring receptor-interacting protein kinase 1, 3 (RIPK1, RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). The kinase of RIPK3 phosphorylates MLKL causing MLKL to form a pore-like structure, allowing intracellular contents to release and cell death to occur. Alternatively, RIPK1 and RIPK3 have been shown to regulate cytokine production directly influencing inflammatory immune infiltrates. Recent data suggest that necroptosis may contribute to the malignant transformation of tumor cells in vivo and we asked whether necroptosis may have a role in the tumor microenvironment altering the ability of the tumor to grow or metastasize. To determine if necroptosis in the tumor microenvironment could promote inflammation alone or by initiating necroptosis and thereby influencing growth or metastasis of tumors, we utilized a syngeneic tumor model of metastasis. Loss of RIPK3 in the tumor microenvironment reduced the number of tumor nodules in the lung by 46%. Loss of the kinase activity in RIPK1, a member of the necrosome also reduced tumor nodules in the lung by 38%. However, the loss of kinase activity in RIPK3 or the loss of MLKL only marginally altered the ability of tumor cells to form in the lung. Using bone marrow chimeras, the decrease in tumor nodules in the Ripk3-/- appeared to be due to the stromal compartment rather than the hematopoietic compartment. Transmigration assays showed decreased ability of tumor cells to transmigrate through the vascular endothelial layer, which correlated with decreased permeability in the Ripk3-/- mice after tumor injection. In response to permeability factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, RIPK3 null endothelial cells showed decreased p38/HSP27 activation. Taken together, our results suggest an alternative function for RIPK1/RIPK3 in vascular permeability leading to decreased number of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Hänggi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lazaros Vasilikos
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aida Freire Valls
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rosario Yerbes
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janin Knop
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisanne M Spilgies
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristy Rieck
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tvisha Misra
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter J Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - W Wei-Lynn Wong
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kawamoto H, Yamanaka K, Koizumi A, Hirata A, Kawano S. Cell Death and Cell Cycle Arrest of Silene latifolia Stamens and Pistils After Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae Infection. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:320-328. [PMID: 28011871 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of suppression of pistil primordia in male flowers and of stamen primordia in female flowers differ in diclinous plants. In this study, we investigated how cell death and cell cycle arrest are related to flower organ formation in Silene latifolia. Using in situ hybridization and a TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assay, we detected both cell cycle arrest and cell death in suppressed stamens of female flowers and suppressed pistils of male flowers in S. latifolia. In female flowers infected with Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, developmental suppression of stamens is released, and cell cycle arrest and cell death do not occur. Smut spores are formed in S. latifolia anthers infected with M. lychnidis-dioicae, followed by cell death in the endothelium, middle layer, tapetal cells and pollen mother cells. Cell death is difficult to detect using a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled TUNEL assay due to strong autofluorescence in the anther. We therefore combined a TUNEL assay in an infrared region with transmission electron microscopy to detect cell death in anthers. We show that following infection by M. lychnidis-dioicae, a TUNEL signal was not detected in the endothelium, middle layer or pollen mother cells, and cell death with outflow of cell contents, including the nucleoplast, was observed in tapetal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kawamoto
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Yamanaka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayako Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aiko Hirata
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kawano
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Yaeyama Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Promotion Center, Maezato, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Japan
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Crowley LC, Marfell BJ, Waterhouse NJ. Detection of DNA Fragmentation in Apoptotic Cells by TUNEL. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:2016/10/pdb.prot087221. [PMID: 27698233 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot087221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of DNA into oligonucleosomal-sized fragments is a unique event in apoptosis that is orchestrated by caspase-activated DNase. Traditionally, this event is observed by resolving cellular DNA by gel electrophoresis, which results in a characteristic "ladder" pattern. However, this technique is time-consuming and cannot be used to quantitate the number of apoptotic cells in a sample. Terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) of fragmented DNA allows researchers to identify DNA fragmentation at the single-cell level. This method involves the specific addition of fluorescently labeled UTP to the 3'-end of the DNA fragments by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The TUNEL assay is both fast and sensitive. Here, we describe a protocol in which cells are treated with TUNEL reagent and counterstained with Hoechst 33342. In contrast to TUNEL, which only stains apoptotic cells, Hoechst 33342 stains the DNA of all cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Crowley
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Brooke J Marfell
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Nigel J Waterhouse
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Flow Cytometry and Imaging, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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37
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Zhang X, Li XH, Ma X, Wang ZH, Lu S, Guo YL. Redox-Induced Apoptosis of Human Oocytes in Resting Follicles In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 13:451-8. [PMID: 16879991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The age-related depletion of the resting follicle (RF) stock occurs as a result of two processes: atresia and entry in growth phase. Due to difficulties in obtaining sufficient numbers of RFs for study, little is known about the apoptotic mechanisms for RF atresia. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of oxidative stress on the apoptosis of RF oocytes. METHODS RFs isolated from human adult ovaries were cultured in vitro, treated with H2O2 at various concentrations (50 microM, 100 microM, 1.0 mM) for 1 hour, and observed for up to 48 hours. The oxidant-induced apoptosis of oocytes were observed by detection of DNA fragments, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), and cytochrome c release. RESULTS Based on nuclear morphology and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dDTP nick end-labeling), oocyte apoptosis was observed in the RFs treated with 50 microM H2O2 with rates of 35% and 43% at 24 and 48 h after treatment, respectively. But intensive oxidative stress (1 mM H2O2) caused mainly necrosis as measured by quantifying propidium iodide (PI)-positive oocytes (44% within 12 hours), with lower level of apoptosis (17%) being observed at 24 hours after treatment. RFs treated with 100 microM H2O2 showed both apoptosis with the similar rate observed at 50microM and necrosis (13% PI-positive oocytes). Although pre-incubation with cyclosporine A (CsA) could effectively prevent oxidant-induced MMP collapse, but failed to suppress apoptosis of oocytes in RFs. CONCLUSIONS Oocytes of RFs in adult ovaries retain their ability to undergo apoptosis under oxidative stress, which is both dose- and time-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology of Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
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McClusky LM, Sulikowski J. A Comparative Study of Intratesticular Ductules in the Spermatogenically Active Testes of Shortfin Mako and Thresher Sharks. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1435-48. [PMID: 27491026 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This comparative study of the radial testes of sexually mature thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus) and shortfin mako sharks (Isurus oxyrinchus) describes the histology of the three-tiered network of sperm-carrying ductules in the testis and the lymphomyeloid tissue associated with it, namely the epigonal organ. In both species, a testis → epigonal gradient was evident regarding the thickness of the ductule epithelial lining and subepithelial investment of connective tissue. Ductules straddling the testis-epigonal border often displayed luminal leukocytes and various signs of regression, including the progressive thickening of the ductule epithelial lining, dissolution of the cytoplasm, and loss of normal histoarchitecture. In Isurus, large amorphous areas formed due to the fusion of neighboring regressing ductules. The epigonal organ of Alopias additionally revealed circular degenerative sperm-containing, Hassall-like bodies with either a degenerate or cellular appearance, the latter the result of cell proliferative activity (as shown by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry) in an expanding outer border comprising cells with intensely PCNA immunoreactive slender and oblong nuclei. The latter cells exhibited a periphery-to-center transformation of their nuclei, at which stage they were PCNA-negative and most likely in a terminally differentiated state as they phagocytized the cell debris in the degenerate core. Intermediate stages of these circular bodies were a rarity. The relationship between these degenerate bodies, and the common occurrence of blind pockets in the epithelial linings and non-apoptosis-related degenerate patches in the apical cytoplasmic regions of the irregular shaped ductules in Alopias is unclear, and needs further elucidation. Anat Rec, 299:1435-1448, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Mendel McClusky
- Department of Health and Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Narvik, Norway.
| | - James Sulikowski
- Department of Marine Science, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
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Lin SC, Gou GH, Hsia CW, Ho CW, Huang KL, Wu YF, Lee SY, Chen YH. Simulated Microgravity Disrupts Cytoskeleton Organization and Increases Apoptosis of Rat Neural Crest Stem Cells Via Upregulating CXCR4 Expression and RhoA-ROCK1-p38 MAPK-p53 Signaling. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1172-93. [PMID: 27269634 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a population of multipotent stem cells that are distributed broadly in many tissues and organs and are capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types that are dispersed throughout three germ layers. We are interested in studying the effects of simulated microgravity on the survival and self-renewal of NCSCs. NCSCs extracted from the hair follicle bulge region of the rat whisker pad were cultured in vitro, respectively, in a 2D adherent environment and a 3D suspension environment using the rotatory cell culture system (RCCS) to simulate microgravity. We found that rat NCSCs (rNCSCs) cultured in the RCCS for 24 h showed disrupted organization of filamentous actin, increased globular actin level, formation of plasma membrane blebbing and neurite-like artifact, as well as decreased levels of cortactin and vimentin. Interestingly, ∼70% of RCCS-cultured rNCSCs co-expressed cleaved (active) caspase-3 and neuronal markers microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and Tuj1 instead of NCSC markers, suggesting stress-induced formation of neurite-like artifact in rNCSCs. In addition, rNCSCs showed increased C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression, RhoA GTPase activation, Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, and p53 expression in the nucleus. Incubation of rNCSCs with the Gα protein inhibitor pertussis toxin or CXCR4 siRNA during RCCS-culturing prevented cytoskeleton disorganization and plasma membrane blebbing, and it suppressed apoptosis of rNCSCs. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that simulated microgravity disrupts cytoskeleton organization and increases apoptosis of rNCSCs via upregulating CXCR4 expression and the RhoA-ROCK1-p38 MAPK-p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Chen Lin
- 1 Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Hau Gou
- 2 Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wu Hsia
- 2 Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Ho
- 1 Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan .,3 Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital , Longtan Township, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- 1 Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan .,4 Department of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Fu Wu
- 5 Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Lee
- 1 Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Chen
- 1 Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Biswas S, Yaylaoglu MB, Safra N, Arceo R, Taylor RE, Eastham-Anderson J, Foreman O. Automated TUNEL assay on tissue sections via robotics. J Histotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2016.1148302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Katona M, Hegyi P, Kui B, Balla Z, Rakonczay Z, Rázga Z, Tiszlavicz L, Maléth J, Venglovecz V. A novel, protective role of ursodeoxycholate in bile-induced pancreatic ductal injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G193-204. [PMID: 26608189 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00317.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) strongly inhibits pancreatic ductal HCO3 (-) secretion through the destruction of mitochondrial function, which may have significance in the pathomechanism of acute pancreatitis (AP). Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is known to protect the mitochondria against hydrophobic bile acids and has an ameliorating effect on cell death. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effect of UDCA pretreatment on CDCA-induced pancreatic ductal injury. Guinea pig intrainterlobular pancreatic ducts were isolated by collagenase digestion. Ducts were treated with UDCA for 5 and 24 h, and the effect of CDCA on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), intracellular pH (pHi), morphological and functional changes of mitochondria, and the rate of apoptosis were investigated. AP was induced in rat by retrograde intraductal injection of CDCA (0.5%), and the disease severity of pancreatitis was assessed by measuring standard laboratory and histological parameters. Twenty-four-hour pretreatment of pancreatic ducts with 0.5 mM UDCA significantly reduced the rate of ATP depletion, mitochondrial injury, and cell death induced by 1 mM CDCA and completely prevented the inhibitory effect of CDCA on acid-base transporters. UDCA pretreatment had no effect on CDCA-induced Ca(2+) signaling. Oral administration of UDCA (250 mg/kg) markedly reduced the severity of CDCA-induced AP. Our results clearly demonstrate that UDCA 1) suppresses the CDCA-induced pancreatic ductal injury by reducing apoptosis and mitochondrial damage and 2) reduces the severity of CDCA-induced AP. The protective effect of UDCA against hydrophobic bile acids may represent a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of biliary AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Katona
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine and First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kui
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Balla
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; and Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; and
| | - Zoltán Rakonczay
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; and
| | - Zsolt Rázga
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - József Maléth
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Venglovecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary;
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Shi H, Jia L, Cheng J, Cui W, Li H, Li P, Du J. CARD9 mediates necrotic smooth muscle cell-induced inflammation in macrophages contributing to neointima formation of vein grafts. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 108:148-58. [PMID: 26243429 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Inflammation plays an important role in the neointima formation of grafted veins. However, the initiation of inflammation in grafted veins is still unclear. Here, we investigated the role and underlying mechanism of an innate immunity signalling protein, caspase-associated recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) in vein grafts in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS In early murine vein grafts, we observed robust death of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which was accompanied by infiltration of macrophages and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, SMC necrosis was associated with the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages in vitro. To explore the mediators of necrotic SMC-induced inflammation in grafted veins from mice, we examined the expression of CARD family proteins and found CARD9 highly expressed in infiltrated macrophages of grafted veins. CARD9-knockout (KO) inhibited necrotic SMC-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, CARD9-KO suppressed necrotic SMC-induced expression of VEGF in macrophages. Finally, CARD9-KO decreased neointima formation of grafted veins in mice. CONCLUSION The innate immune protein CARD9 in macrophages may mediate necrotic SMC-induced inflammation by activating NF-κB and contributed to neointima formation in the vein grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Collaborative Innovative Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Collaborative Innovative Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongtao Shi
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Collaborative Innovative Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lixin Jia
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Collaborative Innovative Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jizhong Cheng
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Collaborative Innovative Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Collaborative Innovative Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Collaborative Innovative Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Collaborative Innovative Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Collaborative Innovative Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
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Cai Z, Shen L, Ma H, Yang J, Yang D, Chen H, Wei J, Lu Q, Wang DW, Xiang M, Wang J. Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated C/EBP Homologous Protein Activation in Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Acute Viral Myocarditis. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8:809-18. [PMID: 25985795 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested the hypothesis whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) signaling is linked with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced acute viral myocarditis (AVMC) in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS AVMC was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1000 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of CVB3 virus in mice. In AVMC mouse hearts (n=11), ER stress and CHOP were significantly activated, and were linked to the induction of proapoptotic signaling including reduction of Bcl-2, activation of Bax and caspase 3, compared with the controls (n=10), whereas these could be markedly blocked by ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid administration (n=11). Moreover, chemical inhibition of ER stress significantly attenuated cardiomyocytes apoptosis, and prevented cardiac troponin I elevation, ameliorated cardiac dysfunction assessed by both hemodynamic and echocardiographic analysis, reduced viral replication, and increased survival rate after CVB3 inoculation. We further discovered that genetic ablation of CHOP (n=10) suppressed cardiac Bcl-2/Bax ratio reduction and caspase 3 activation, and prevented cardiomyotes apoptosis in vivo, compared with wild-type receiving CVB3 inoculation (n=10). Strikingly, CHOP deficiency exhibited dramatic protective effects on cardiac damage, cardiac dysfunction, viral replication, and promoted survival in CVB3-caused AVMC. CONCLUSIONS Our data imply the involvement of ER stress/CHOP signaling in CVB3-induced AVMC via proapoptotic pathways, and provide a novel strategy for AVMC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Cai
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Li Shen
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Hong Ma
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Jin Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Du Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Han Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Jia Wei
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Qiulun Lu
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.).
| | - Jian'an Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.).
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Multimodal holographic microscopy: distinction between apoptosis and oncosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121674. [PMID: 25803711 PMCID: PMC4372376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of specific cell death is of a great value for many scientists. Predominant types of cell death can be detected by flow-cytometry (FCM). Nevertheless, the absence of cellular morphology analysis leads to the misclassification of cell death type due to underestimated oncosis. However, the definition of the oncosis is important because of its potential reversibility. Therefore, FCM analysis of cell death using annexin V/propidium iodide assay was compared with holographic microscopy coupled with fluorescence detection - “Multimodal holographic microscopy (MHM)”. The aim was to highlight FCM limitations and to point out MHM advantages. It was shown that the annexin V+/PI− phenotype is not specific of early apoptotic cells, as previously believed, and that morphological criteria have to be necessarily combined with annexin V/PI for the cell death type to be ascertained precisely. MHM makes it possible to distinguish oncosis clearly from apoptosis and to stratify the progression of oncosis.
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Secher JOB, Freude KK, Li R, Callesen H. Optimization of three-dimensional imaging on in vitro produced porcine blastocysts and chimeras for stem cell testing: a technology report. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1141-5. [PMID: 25567670 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential staining is an immunocytochemical staining that visualizes trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocysts. It is used to determine the blastocyst quality, but could also be a useful tool to assess the integration site of injected cells into the early embryo. This is relevant for testing of presumed pluripotent stem cells. The gold standard for pluripotent stem cells is to test if the cells are capable of contributing to germline chimeras. Differential staining can be used to evaluate the possibility of chimeric contribution; if the cells are located in the area of the ICM they are likely to contribute to the fetus and if they are located in the area of the TE they are likely to contribute to the fetal membranes. In this article, we optimize on methods for embryo staining and mounting so that the exact location of injected stem cells within preimplantation porcine embryos can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ole Bertelsen Secher
- 1 Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Cross Talk Between Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Monocytes Through Interleukin-1β/Interleukin-18 Signaling Promotes Vein Graft Thickening. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2001-11. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.303145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 are key proinflammatory cytokines that play important roles in the pathophysiology of vein graft remodeling. However, the mechanism of IL-1β/IL-18 production and its role in the development of graft remodeling remain unclear.
Approach and Results—
IL-1β/IL-18 were rapidly expressed in venous interposition grafts. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) death and monocytic inflammasome activation occurred in grafted veins. Necrotic VSMCs induced the expression of IL-1β, IL-18, and other inflammasome-associated proteins in monocytes, which was partially inhibited by their antagonist, recombinant IL-1ra-Fc-IL-18bp. Activated monocytes stimulated proliferation of VSMCs by activating cell growth–related signaling molecules (AKT, STAT3, ERK1/2, and mTOR [AKT/protein kinase B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, mammalian target of rapamycin]) and increasing production of platelet-derived growth factor-bb; these effects were suppressed by IL-1ra-Fc-IL-18bp. Activated monocytes also promoted migration of VSMCs, which was independent of IL-1β/IL-18 signaling. Importantly, administration of IL-1ra-Fc-IL-18bp inhibited activation of cell growth–related signaling molecules, VSMC proliferation, and vein graft thickening in vivo.
Conclusions—
Our work identified an interaction among necrotic VSMCs, monocytes, and viable VSMCs through IL-1β/IL-18 signaling, which might be exploited as a therapeutic target in vein graft remodeling.
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Anders HJ, Schaefer L. Beyond tissue injury-damage-associated molecular patterns, toll-like receptors, and inflammasomes also drive regeneration and fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1387-400. [PMID: 24762401 PMCID: PMC4073442 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury initiates an inflammatory response through the actions of immunostimulatory molecules referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs encompass a group of heterogenous molecules, including intracellular molecules released during cell necrosis and molecules involved in extracellular matrix remodeling such as hyaluronan, biglycan, and fibronectin. Kidney-specific DAMPs include crystals and uromodulin released by renal tubular damage. DAMPs trigger innate immunity by activating Toll-like receptors, purinergic receptors, or the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, recent evidence revealed that DAMPs also trigger re-epithelialization upon kidney injury and contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and, potentially, to myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation. Thus, these discoveries suggest that DAMPs drive not only immune injury but also kidney regeneration and renal scarring. Here, we review the data from these studies and discuss the increasingly complex connection between DAMPs and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrological Center, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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King AL, Swain TM, Mao Z, Udoh US, Oliva CR, Betancourt AM, Griguer CE, Crowe DR, Lesort M, Bailey SM. Involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in chronic ethanol-mediated liver injury in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G265-77. [PMID: 24356880 PMCID: PMC3920122 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00278.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption increases sensitivity of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore induction in liver. Ca(2+) promotes MPT pore opening, and genetic ablation of cyclophilin D (CypD) increases the Ca(2+) threshold for the MPT. We used wild-type (WT) and CypD-null (CypD(-/-)) mice fed a control or an ethanol-containing diet to investigate the role of the MPT in ethanol-mediated liver injury. Ca(2+)-mediated induction of the MPT and mitochondrial respiration were measured in isolated liver mitochondria. Steatosis was present in WT and CypD(-/-) mice fed ethanol and accompanied by increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end label-positive nuclei. Autophagy was increased in ethanol-fed WT mice compared with ethanol-fed CypD(-/-) mice, as reflected by an increase in the ratio of microtubule protein 1 light chain 3B II to microtubule protein 1 light chain 3B I. Higher levels of p62 were measured in CypD(-/-) than WT mice. Ethanol decreased mitochondrial respiratory control ratios and select complex activities in WT and CypD(-/-) mice. Ethanol also increased CypD protein in liver of WT mice. Mitochondria from control- and ethanol-fed WT mice were more sensitive to Ca(2+)-mediated MPT pore induction than mitochondria from their CypD(-/-) counterparts. Mitochondria from ethanol-fed CypD(-/-) mice were also more sensitive to Ca(2+)-induced swelling than mitochondria from control-fed CypD(-/-) mice but were less sensitive than mitochondria from ethanol-fed WT mice. In summary, CypD deficiency was associated with impaired autophagy and did not prevent ethanol-mediated steatosis. Furthermore, increased MPT sensitivity was observed in mitochondria from ethanol-fed WT and CypD(-/-) mice. We conclude that chronic ethanol consumption likely lowers the threshold for CypD-regulated and -independent characteristics of the ethanol-mediated MPT pore in liver mitochondria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autophagy
- Calcium Signaling
- Cell Respiration
- Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F
- Cyclophilins/deficiency
- Cyclophilins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ethanol
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/etiology
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Genotype
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/etiology
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/genetics
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Liver/pathology
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore
- Mitochondrial Swelling
- Phenotype
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L King
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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49
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Shen J, Meng Q, Sui H, Yin Q, Zhang Z, Yu H, Li Y. iRGD conjugated TPGS mediates codelivery of paclitaxel and survivin shRNA for the reversal of lung cancer resistance. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:2579-91. [PMID: 24236909 DOI: 10.1021/mp400576f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major obstacles in tumor treatment. Herein, we reported an active targeting strategy with peptide-mediated nanoparticles deep into tumor parenchyma, which iRGD conjugated d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) mediated codelivery of paclitaxel (PTX) and survivin shRNA (shSur) for the reversal of lung cancer resistance. Pluronic P85-polyethyleneimine/TPGS complex nanoparticles incorporated with iRGD-TPGS conjugate codelivering PTX and shSur systems (iPTPNs) could induce effective cellular uptake, RNAi effects, and cytotoxicity on A549 and A549/T cells. In particular, iPTPNs showed superiority in biodistribution, survivin expression, tumor apoptosis, and antitumor efficacy by simultaneously exerting an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and iRGD mediated active targeting effects. iPTPNs significantly enhanced the accumulation of PTX and shSur, down-regulated survivin expression, and induced cell apoptosis in tumor tissue. The in vivo antitumor efficacy showed the tumor volume of iPTPNs group (10 mg/kg) was only 12.7% of the Taxol group. Therefore, the iRGD mediated PTX and shSur codelivery system could be a very powerful approach for the reversal and therapy of lung cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
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50
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Davis CG, Eisner E, McGlynn M, Shelton JM, Richardson J, Borrelli J, Chen CC. Posttraumatic Chondrocyte Apoptosis in the Murine Xiphoid. Cartilage 2013; 4:345-53. [PMID: 26069679 PMCID: PMC4297158 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513489830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate posttraumatic chondrocyte apoptosis in the murine xiphoid after a crush-type injury and to ultimately determine the pathway (i.e., intrinsic or extrinsic) by which chondrocytes undergo apoptosis in response to mechanical injury. DESIGN The xiphoids of adult female wild-type mice were injured with the use of a modified Kelly clamp. Postinjury xiphoid cartilage was analyzed via 3 well-described independent means of assessing apoptosis in chondrocytes: hematoxylin and eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, and activated caspase-3 staining. RESULTS Injured specimens contained many chondrocytes with evidence of apoptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and the liberation of apoptotic bodies. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of chondrocytes undergoing apoptosis in the injured specimens as compared with the uninjured specimens. CONCLUSIONS Chondrocytes can be stimulated to undergo apoptosis as a result of mechanical injury. These experiments involving predominantly cartilaginous murine xiphoid in vivo establish a baseline for future investigations that employ the genetic and therapeutic modulation of chondrocyte apoptosis in response to mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Eisner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Margaret McGlynn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M. Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James Richardson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Borrelli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA,Texas Health Physicians Group, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Christopher C.T. Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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