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Francis S, Kortei NK, Sackey M, Richard SA. Aflatoxin B 1 induces infertility, fetal deformities, and potential therapies. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20240907. [PMID: 38283584 PMCID: PMC10818061 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a subsidiary poisonous metabolite, archetypally spawned by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, which are often isolated in warm or tropical countries across the world. AFB1 is capable of disrupting the functioning of several reproductive endocrine glands by interrupting the enzymes and their substrates that are liable for the synthesis of various hormones in both males and females. In men, AFB1 is capable of hindering testicular development, testicular degeneration, and reduces reproductive capabilities. In women, a direct antagonistic interaction of AFB1 with steroid hormone receptors influencing gonadal hormone production of estrogen and progesterone was responsible for AFB1-associated infertility. AFB1 is potentially teratogenic and is responsible for the development of malformation in humans and animals. Soft-tissue anomalies such as internal hydrocephalus, microphthalmia, cardiac defects, augmented liver lobes, reproductive changes, immune modifications, behavioral changes and predisposition of animals and humans to neoplasm development are AFB1-associated anomalies. Substances such as esculin, selenium, gynandra extract, vitamins C and E, oltipraz, and CDDO-Im are potential therapies for AFB1. Thus, this review elucidates the pivotal pathogenic roles of AFB1 in infertility, fetal deformities, and potential therapies because AFB1 toxicity is a key problem globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sullibie Francis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ho Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box MA-374, Ho, Ghana
| | - Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Marian Sackey
- Department of Pharmacy, Ho Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box MA-374, Ho, Ghana
| | - Seidu A. Richard
- Department of Medicine, Princefield University, P. O. Box MA128, Ho, Ghana
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2
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Farhat Z, Hershberger PA, Freudenheim JL, Mammen MJ, Hageman Blair R, Aga DS, Mu L. Types of garlic and their anticancer and antioxidant activity: a review of the epidemiologic and experimental evidence. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3585-3609. [PMID: 33543365 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Garlic, an Allium vegetable, contains rich flavonoids organosulfur compounds (OSCs) that have potent anticancer properties. The aim of the review is to provide an overview of the different types of garlic, their active compounds, and the potential anticancer benefits with a focus on antioxidant activity. Animal and cell line studies have provided convincing evidence that garlic and its organosulfur compounds inhibit carcinogenesis through a number of events including induction of apoptosis, inhibiting cellular proliferation, scavenging radical oxygen species (ROS), increasing the activities of enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase, and reducing tumor size. Epidemiological studies showed compelling evidence that garlic consumption is associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer, but inconsistent evidence for stomach, breast, and prostate cancers. Studies also suggest that the presence and potency of garlic OSCs varies with respect to the preparation and form of garlic. Further epidemiological studies with information on garlic form consumed or preparation methods and molecular studies regarding its antioxidant mechanisms, such as increasing enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants levels, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Farhat
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Pamela A Hershberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Manoj J Mammen
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rachael Hageman Blair
- Department of Biostatistics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Sulaiman FA, Kazeem MO, Waheed AM, Temowo SO, Azeez IO, Zubair FI, Adeyemi TA, Nyang A, Adeyemi OS. Antimicrobial and toxic potential of aqueous extracts ofAllium sativum,Hibiscus sabdariffaandZingiber officinalein Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faoziyat A. Sulaiman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Muinat O. Kazeem
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed M. Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Simisade O. Temowo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Idris O. Azeez
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Faridat I. Zubair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Temitope A. Adeyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Azido Nyang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Oluyomi S. Adeyemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara, Nigeria
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4
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Park HS, Kim C, Park MS. Discovery and synthesis of novel allylthioaralkylthiopyridazines: their antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 and Hep3B cells. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:791-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Kim C, Kim SB, Park MS. Synthesis of novel 3-allylseleno-6-alkylthiopyridazines: their anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:452-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Antitumoral effects of Allium sivasicum on breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:597-604. [PMID: 23065225 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to investigate the antiproliferative properties of Allium sivasicum (AS) on breast cancer. AS extracts were studied for cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell lines. In vitro apoptosis studies of breast cancer cells were performed by annexin V staining in flow cytometry analyses. AS showed cytotoxicity to three cancer cell lines. Annexin-positive cells level in AS treated cell lines were higher than the untreated control cells. The expressions of caspase-7 protein and TUNEL positive cells were much higher for the rats treated by AS, compared with the untreated control group. The expressions of the Ki-67 decreased in treatment groups compared with the control group. In vivo studies showed that mean tumor volume inhibition ratio in AS treated group was 38 % compared with the untreated rats. These results indicate that A. sivasicum has antitumoral potential against breast cancer.
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7
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Synthesis and anticancer activities of new 3-allylthio-6-(mono or disubstituted)aminopyridazines. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:189-96. [PMID: 20195817 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 3-allylthio-6-(mono or disubstituted) aminopyridazines was synthesized by reacting 3-allylthio-6-chloropyridazine with several amines to develop new anticancer agents. These new compounds showed antiproliferative activities against lung cancer (A549), hepatoblastoma (Hep3b), prostate cancer (PC3), colon cancer (SW480) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cells in MTT assays, and could be promising candidates for chemotherapy of carcinomas. Compound 5 (3-allylthio-6-homopiperidinylaminopyridazine) showed higher potencies than 5-FU for inhibiting the growth of these cell lines. This suggests the potential anticancer activity of compound 5.
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8
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Jeong CH, Shim KH, Bae YI, Choi JS. Quality Characteristics of Wet Noodle Added with Freeze Dried Garlic Powder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.10.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Lau BHS. Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic compounds is a possible mechanism of cardiovascular health benefit. J Nutr 2006; 136:765S-768S. [PMID: 16484559 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.3.765s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, and lowering cholesterol can significantly reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Oxidation of LDL has recently been recognized as playing an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL, but not native LDL, promotes vascular dysfunction by exerting direct cytotoxicity to endothelial cells, by increasing chemotactic properties of monocytes, by transforming macrophages to foam cells, and by enhancing the proliferation of endothelial cells, monocytes, and muscle cells. All these events are recognized as contributors to cardiovascular diseases. This paper presents experimental evidence showing that several garlic compounds can suppress LDL oxidation in vitro. Short-term supplementation of garlic in human subjects has demonstrated an increased resistance of LDL to oxidation. These data suggest that suppressed LDL oxidation may be one of the mechanisms that accounts for the beneficial effects of garlic in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H S Lau
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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10
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Uda N, Kashimoto N, Sumioka I, Kyo E, Sumi SI, Fukushima S. Aged garlic extract inhibits development of putative preneoplastic lesions in rat hepatocarcinogenesis. J Nutr 2006; 136:855S-860S. [PMID: 16484580 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.3.855s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique garlic preparation, aged garlic extract (AGE), was examined for its modifying effect on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced neoplasia of the liver in male F344 rats, using the medium-term bioassay system based on the 2-step model of hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenic potential was scored by comparing the numbers and areas of induced glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive hepatocellular foci. GST-P-positive foci were significantly decreased in rats treated with AGE at doses of 2, 5, and 10 mL/kg, i.g., 5 times per week during the promotion phase. In addition, to clarify the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of AGE, the effect of AGE on hepatocellular proliferation was evaluated using partially hepatectomized rats as a liver-regeneration model. The bromodeoxyuridine-labeling indices in the livers of the AGE group were significantly lower than those in the control group at 24 h, the maximum proliferation period after partial hepatectomy. These findings indicate that AGE inhibited the development of putative preneoplastic lesions in rat hepatocarcinogenesis, involving a slowing in the proliferation rate of liver cells after partial hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Uda
- Healthcare Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan.
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11
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Tanaka S, Haruma K, Yoshihara M, Kajiyama G, Kira K, Amagase H, Chayama K. Aged garlic extract has potential suppressive effect on colorectal adenomas in humans. J Nutr 2006; 136:821S-826S. [PMID: 16484573 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.3.821s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal studies suggest AGE and its organosulfur constituents, such as S-allylcysteine and S-allylmercaptocysteine have anticarcinogenic effects. To confirm these effects in humans, a preliminary double-blind, randomized clinical trial using high-dose AGE (AGE 2.4 mL/d) as an active treatment and low-dose AGE (AGE 0.16 mL/d) as a control was performed on patients with colorectal adenomas-precancerous lesions of the large bowel. The study enrolled 51 patients who were diagnosed as carrying colorectal adenomas. The patients were randomly assigned to the two groups after adenomas larger than 5 mm in diameter were removed by polypectomy. The number and size of adenomas right before intake (0 mo) and at 6 and 12 mo after intake were measured using colonoscopy. Thirty-seven patients (19 in the active group, 18 in the control group) completed the study and were evaluated for the efficacy of AGE. The number of adenomas increased linearly in the control group from the beginning (the baseline), but AGE significantly suppressed both the size and number of colon adenomas in patients after 12 mo of high-dose treatment (P=0.04). The results suggest AGE suppresses progression of colorectal adenomas in humans. It appears that AGE has multiple pathways to reduce cancer incidence and suppress its growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan.
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12
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Tapiero H, Townsend DM, Tew KD. Organosulfur compounds from alliaceae in the prevention of human pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother 2004; 58:183-93. [PMID: 15164729 PMCID: PMC6361170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong association between elevated plasma low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been established. Oxidation of LDL (Ox-LDL) promotes vascular dysfunction, enhances the production and release of inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and contribute to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In addition, Ox-LDL enhances the production and release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, arachidonic acid metabolites and nitric oxide (NO) that are responsible for various human pathologies including cancer. Organosulfur compounds (OSC) from alliaceae modulate the glutathione (GSH) redox cycle and inhibits NFkappa-B activation in human T cells. Furthermore, OSC bioactivities include antioxidant, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, immunostimulatory, and liver protection potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Tapiero
- Université de Paris-Faculté de Pharmacie CNRS UMR 8612, Châtenay Malabry, France.
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Banerjee SK, Mukherjee PK, Maulik SK. Garlic as an antioxidant: the good, the bad and the ugly. Phytother Res 2003; 17:97-106. [PMID: 12601669 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Garlic has played an important dietary and medicinal role throughout the history of mankind. In some Western countries, the sale of garlic preparations ranks with those of leading prescription drugs. The therapeutic efficacy of garlic encompasses a wide variety of ailments, including cardiovascular, cancer, hepatic and microbial infections to name but a few. However, the elucidation of its mechanism for therapeutic action has proved to be more elusive and a unifying theory, which could account for its reported multifarious activities, is yet to emerge. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) seem to be at the core of many disease processes and it is an attractive and convenient hypothesis that garlic might exert its activities through modulatory effects on ROS. A literature search on garlic and its antioxidant potential churned up a surprisingly large amount of data, some of it good, some bad and some of its definitely ugly. Various preparations of garlic, mainly aged garlic extract (AGE), have been shown to have promising antioxidant potential. However, the presence of more than one compounds in garlic, with apparently opposite biological effects, has added to the complexity of the subject. Raw garlic homogenate has been reported to exert antioxidant potential but higher doses have been shown to be toxic to the heart, liver and kidney. So where do we stand today on this issue of garlic? Is garlic always good for health? How safe is it? Is it necessary to isolate the antioxidant compounds for its medicinal use in a more effective way? These issues are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Pinto JT, Lapsia S, Shah A, Santiago H, Kim G. Antiproliferative effects of garlic-derived and other allium related compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 492:83-106. [PMID: 11480677 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1283-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J T Pinto
- Nutrition Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and Weill Medical College of Cornell University New York, New York, USA
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15
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Kodera Y, Ayabe M, Ogasawara K, Yoshida S, Hayashi N, Ono K. Allixin accumulation with long-term storage of garlic. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:405-7. [PMID: 11911208 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extremely high accumulation of allxiin, a phytoalexin derived from garlic, was observed in necrotic tissue areas after long-term storage. The allixin produced recrystallized on the surface of the garlic clove. The amount of allixin produced in raw garlic with necrotic tissue areas was 1400 ng/mg wet garlic, which exceeds the minimum exhibitory concentration of allixin. After approximately 2 years of storage, amount of allixin accumulated reached slightly less than 1% of the dry weight of garlic cloves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kodera
- Healthcare Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan.
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Kodera Y, Ichikawa M, Yoshida J, Kashimoto N, Uda N, Sumioka I, Ide N, Ono K. Pharmacokinetic study of allixin, a phytoalexin produced by garlic. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:354-63. [PMID: 11911198 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic behavior of allixin (3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-penthyl-4H-pyran-4-one) was investigated in an experimental animal, mice. Allixin was administered using an inclusion compound because the solubility of allixin in aqueous solution is very low. The allixin content in serum and in the organs of administered animals was analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC)-MS. Most of the administered allixin disappeared within 2 h, and the bioavailability of allixin was estimated to be 31% by obtained area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC). The metabolites of allixin were studied using the metabolic enzyme fraction of liver and liver homogenate. Several new peaks corresponding to allixin metabolites were observed in the HPLC chromatoprofile. The chemical structure of the metabolites was investigated using LC-MS and NMR. Three of them were identified as allixin metabolites having a hydroxylated pentyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kodera
- Healthcare Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takatagun, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used since ancient times, as a spice and also for its medicinal properties. In present set of investigations antimutagenic effect of garlic extract (GE) has been evaluated using 'in vivo chromosomal aberration assay' in Swiss albino mice. Cyclophosphamide (CP), a well-known mutagen, was given at a single dose of 25 mg/kg b.w. intraperitoneally. Pretreatment with 1, 2.5 and 5% of freshly prepared GE was given through oral intubation for 5 days prior to CP administration. Animals from all the groups were sacrificed at sampling times of 24 and 48 h and their bone marrow tissue was analyzed for chromosomal damage. The animals of the positive control group (CP alone) shows a significant increase in chromosomal aberrations both at 24 and 48 h sampling time. GE, alone did not significantly induced aberrations at either sampling time, confirming its non-mutagenicity. However in the GE pre-treated and CP post-treated groups, a dose dependent decrease in cytogenetic damage was recorded. A significant suppression in the chromosomal aberrations was recorded following pretreatment with 2.5 and 5% GE administration. The anticytotoxic effects of GE were also evident, as observed by significant increase in mitotic index, when compared to positive control group. Reduction in CP induced clastogenicity by GE was evident at 24 h and to a much greater extent at 48 h of cell cycle. Thus results of the present investigations revealed that GE has chemopreventive potential against CP induced chromosomal mutations in Swiss albino mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwer Shukla
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, MG Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India.
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Mahady GB, Matsuura H, Pendland SL. Allixin, a phytoalexin from garlic, inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori in vitro. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:3454-5. [PMID: 11774979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kodera Y, Ayabe M, Ogasawara K, Ono K. Allixin induction and accumulation by light irradiation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:1636-7. [PMID: 11767087 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Allixin, a phytoalexin isolated from garlic, was induced by irradiating fresh garlic cloves with sunlight or UV light. Induced allixin was analyzed by HPLC, and the accumulated amounts of allixin were 3.1-6.3 microg/g under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kodera
- Healthcare Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Takatagun, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Abstract
It has been known for several decades that hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and that lowering of cholesterol can significantly reduce risk for cardiovascular diseases. More recently, oxidation of LDL has been recognized as playing an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL, but not native LDL, promotes vascular dysfunction by exerting direct cytotoxicity toward endothelial cells, by increasing chemotactic properties for monocytes, by transforming macrophages to foam cells via scavenger-receptors and by enhancing the proliferation of various cell types, e.g., endothelial cells, monocytes and smooth muscle cells; all of these events are recognized as contributing to atherogenesis. In this paper, experimental evidence is presented that shows that several garlic compounds can effectively suppress LDL oxidation in vitro. Short-term supplementation of garlic in human subjects has demonstrated an increased resistance of LDL to oxidation. These data suggest that suppressed LDL oxidation may be one of the powerful mechanisms accounting for the antiatherosclerotic properties of garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Lau
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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21
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Abstract
Oxidative modification of DNA, proteins and lipids by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a role in aging and disease, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases and cancer. Extracts of fresh garlic that are aged over a prolonged period to produce aged garlic extract (AGE) contain antioxidant phytochemicals that prevent oxidant damage. These include unique water-soluble organosulfur compounds, lipid-soluble organosulfur components and flavonoids, notably allixin and selenium. Long-term extraction of garlic (up to 20 mo) ages the extract, creating antioxidant properties by modifying unstable molecules with antioxidant activity, such as allicin, and increasing stable and highly bioavailable water-soluble organosulfur compounds, such as S-allylcysteine and S-allylmercaptocysteine. AGE exerts antioxidant action by scavenging ROS, enhancing the cellular antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and increasing glutathione in the cells. AGE inhibits lipid peroxidation, reducing ischemic/reperfusion damage and inhibiting oxidative modification of LDL, thus protecting endothelial cells from the injury by the oxidized molecules, which contributes to atherosclerosis. AGE inhibits the activation of the oxidant-induced transcription factor, nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, which has clinical significance in human immunodeficiency virus gene expression and atherogenesis. AGE protects DNA against free radical--mediated damage and mutations, inhibits multistep carcinogenesis and defends against ionizing radiation and UV-induced damage, including protection against some forms of UV-induced immunosuppression. AGE may have a role in protecting against loss of brain function in aging and possess other antiaging effects, as suggested by its ability to increase cognitive functions, memory and longevity in a senescence-accelerated mouse model. AGE has been shown to protect against the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin, an antineoplastic agent used in cancer therapy and against liver toxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride (an industrial chemical) and acetaminophen, an analgesic. Substantial experimental evidence shows the ability of AGE to protect against oxidant-induced disease, acute damage from aging, radiation and chemical exposure, and long-term toxic damage. Although additional observations are warranted in humans, compelling evidence supports the beneficial health effects attributed to AGE, i.e., reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer and aging, including the oxidant-mediated brain cell damage that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Borek
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases Unit, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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matsumura Y, Shirai K, Maki T, Itakura Y, Kodera Y. Facile synthesis of allixin and its related compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moriguchi T, Matsuura H, Itakura Y, Katsuki H, Saito H, Nishiyama N. Allixin, a phytoalexin produced by garlic, and its analogues as novel exogenous substances with neurotrophic activity. Life Sci 1997; 61:1413-20. [PMID: 9335231 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Effects of allixin, a phytoalexin of garlic, and its analogues were studied on the survival and morphology of primary cultured neurons from fetal rat brain. Addition of allixin (1-100 ng/ml) to medium significantly promoted the survival of neurons derived from various regions of brain and increased the number of branching points per axon in hippocampal neurons. Allixin, however, was cytotoxic at higher concentrations (>1 microg/ml). Among the analogues of allixin, 2,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (DHP) possessed potent neurotrophic activity at concentrations over 10 ng/ml without any obvious cytotoxicity up to 10 microg/ml. DHP also retained the activity to promote axonal branching. These results indicate that DHP is a novel exogenous low molecular weight neurotrophic substance without apparent cytotoxicity. This compound may be a useful prototype leading chemical for developing therapeutic and/or prophylactic drugs for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Moriguchi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Sigounas G, Hooker J, Anagnostou A, Steiner M. S-allylmercaptocysteine inhibits cell proliferation and reduces the viability of erythroleukemia, breast, and prostate cancer cell lines. Nutr Cancer 1997; 27:186-91. [PMID: 9121948 DOI: 10.1080/01635589709514523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds are the biologically active components of allium vegetables. Many health benefits have been ascribed to them, including inhibition of carcinogenesis. Inasmuch as several of these thioallyl compounds are quite unstable and others are rapidly inactivated in the body, we have investigated one of the stable components present in aged garlic extract, S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), in an effort to determine whether it can inhibit proliferation of cancer cells. Proliferation and viability of two erythroleukemia cell lines, HEL and OCIM-1, two hormone-responsive breast and prostate cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and CRL-1740, respectively, and normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells in response to different concentrations of SAMC were studied for up to two weeks. There were variations in sensitivity to this organosulfur compound in the different cell lines examined, but the two hormone-responsive cancer cell lines of breast and prostate clearly were far more susceptible to the growth-inhibitory influence of the thioallyl compound. The antiproliferative effect of SAMC was limited to actively growing cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells that had reached confluence escaped the reduction in viability so noticeable in the cancer cell lines tested. Our studies thus give evidence of a direct effect of SAMC on established cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sigounas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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Edenharder R, Speth C, Decker M, Kolodziej H, Kayser O, Platt KL. Inhibition of mutagenesis of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) by coumarins and furanocoumarins, chromanones and furanochromanones. Mutat Res 1995; 345:57-71. [PMID: 8524356 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(95)90070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Edenharder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Hygiene, Mainz, Germany
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Koch HP. Garlicin—fact or fiction? the antibiotic substance from garlic (Allium sativum L.). Phytother Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650070403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Hermus RJ, Sturmans F. Garlic and its significance for the prevention of cancer in humans: a critical view. Br J Cancer 1993; 67:424-9. [PMID: 8439494 PMCID: PMC1968250 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1993.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently published results of epidemiologic case-control studies in China and Italy on gastric carcinoma in relation to diet suggest that consuming garlic may reduce the risk of gastric cancer. Chemical constituents of garlic have been tested for their inhibiting effect on carcinogenesis, using in vitro and in vivo models. In most experiments inhibition of tumour growth was established using fresh garlic extract, garlic compounds or synthetically prepared analogs. In this review the strengths and weaknesses of the experiments are discussed and the outcomes are evaluated to assess the possible significance of garlic or garlic compounds for the prevention of cancer in humans. It is concluded that evidence from laboratory experiments and epidemiologic studies is presently not conclusive as to the preventive activity of garlic. However, the available evidence warrants further research into the possible role of garlic in the prevention of cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dorant
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Limburg, Maastricht
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