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Tan Y, Chrysopoulou M, Rinschen MM. Integrative physiology of lysine metabolites. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:579-586. [PMID: 37781739 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00061.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine is an essential amino acid that serves as a building block in protein synthesis. Beside this, the metabolic activity of lysine has only recently been unraveled. Lysine metabolism is tissue specific and is linked to several renal, cardiovascular, and endocrinological diseases through human metabolomics datasets. As a free molecule, lysine takes part in the antioxidant response and engages in protein modifications, and its chemistry shapes both proteome and metabolome. In the proteome, it is an acceptor for a plethora of posttranslational modifications. In the metabolome, it can be modified, conjugated, and degraded. Here, we provide an update on integrative physiology of mammalian lysine metabolites such as α-aminoadipic acid, saccharopine, pipecolic acid, and lysine conjugates such as acetyl-lysine, and sugar-lysine conjugates such as advanced glycation end products. We also comment on their emerging associative and mechanistic links to renal disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Tan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Schmidt-Glenewinkel T, Nomura Y, Giacobini E. The conversion of lysine into piperidine, cadaverine, and pipecolic acid in the brain and other organs of the mouse. Neurochem Res 2013; 2:619-37. [PMID: 24272322 DOI: 10.1007/bf00963776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/1977] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of piperidine, a possible neuromodulator, and its presumed precursors cadaverine and pipecolic acid, has been investigated in the mouse under in vitro conditions. Conversion of lysine into piperidine was observed only in the intestines and is probably caused by the intestinal flora. Formation of cadaverine and pipecolic acid from lysine was observed in the brain, liver, kidney, and large intestine. In addition, pipecolic acid was formed in the heart. The possible contributions of the diet and of the intestinal bacteria to the endogenous pool(s) of piperidine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schmidt-Glenewinkel
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, University of Connecticut, 06268, Storrs, Connecticut
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Grbin PR, Herderich M, Markides A, Lee TH, Henschke PA. The role of lysine amino nitrogen in the biosynthesis of mousy off-flavor compounds by Dekkera anomala. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10872-10879. [PMID: 18038976 DOI: 10.1021/jf071243e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mousy off-flavor is an insidious and economically disastrous microbiologically derived spoilage characteristic of wine and other fermented beverages. Tainted wines are rendered unpalatable and there is currently no satisfactory procedure for removal of the off-flavor. Here we report the confirmation of that both d- and l-lysine can act as a precursor for the formation of mousy off-flavor N-heterocycles. Further, through the use of stable isotope feeding experiments, we could establish that a pentylamine group from lysine is incorporated into the piperideine moiety of two off-flavor N-heterocycles. A biochemical pathway for the formation of mousy off-flavor compounds is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Grbin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
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Muramatsu H, Mihara H, Kakutani R, Yasuda M, Ueda M, Kurihara T, Esaki N. The putative malate/lactate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida is an NADPH-dependent delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate/delta1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase involved in the catabolism of D-lysine and D-proline. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:5329-35. [PMID: 15561717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411918200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A Pseudomonas putida ATCC12633 gene, dpkA, encoding a putative protein annotated as malate/L-lactate dehydrogenase in various sequence data bases was disrupted by homologous recombination. The resultant dpkA(-) mutant was deprived of the ability to use D-lysine and also D-proline as a sole carbon source. The dpkA gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the gene product was characterized. The enzyme showed neither malate dehydrogenase nor lactate dehydrogenase activity but catalyzed the NADPH-dependent reduction of such cyclic imines as Delta(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate and Delta(1)-pyrroline-2-carboxylate to form L-pipecolate and L-proline, respectively. NADH also served as a hydrogen donor for both substrates, although the reaction rates were less than 1% of those with NADPH. The reverse reactions were also catalyzed by the enzyme but at much lower rates. Thus, the enzyme has dual metabolic functions, and we named the enzyme Delta(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate/Delta(1)-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase, the first member of a novel subclass in a large family of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Muramatsu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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HUSSAIN-YUSUF H, SULTANA H, TAKAHASHI T, MORITA T, SATO H, ITABASHI H, ONODERA R. Pipecolic acid in rumen fluid and plasma in ruminant animals. Anim Sci J 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1344-3941.2003.00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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HUSSAIN-YUSUF H, ONODERA R, NASSER MEA, SULTANA H, SATO H. Quantitative studies of the in vitro production of pipecolic acid by rumen protozoa and its degradation by rumen bacteria. Anim Sci J 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1344-3941.2002.00067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ho B, Zabriskie TM. Epoxide derivatives of pipecolic acid and proline are inhibitors of pipecolate oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:739-44. [PMID: 9871533 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cis-4,5-epoxide derivative of L-pipecolic acid (2S,4S,5R-epoxypipecolic acid, cis-3) was synthesized and found to serve as an excellent substrate for L-pipecolate oxidase (L-PO) and also to cause time-dependent, irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Data are presented showing this compound is a mechanism-based inhibitor of L-PO, whereas 2S,3R,4S-epoxyproline acts as a reversible inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ho
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-3507, USA
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Zabriskie TM, Kelly WL, Liang X. Stereochemical Course of the Oxidation of l-Pipecolic Acid by the Flavoenzyme l-Pipecolate Oxidase. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja970825h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Mark Zabriskie
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507
| | - Wendy L. Kelly
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507
| | - Xi Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507
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Zabriskie T, Xi Liang. Mechanism-based inactivation of l-pipecolate oxidase by a sulfur-containing substrate analog, 5-thia-l-pipecolic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Mihalik SJ, McGuinness M, Watkins PA. Purification and characterization of peroxisomal L-pipecolic acid oxidase from monkey liver. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Several childhood multisystem disorders with prominent ophthalmological manifestations have been ascribed to the malfunction of the peroxisome, a subcellular organelle. The peroxisomal disorders have been divided into three groups: 1) those that result from defective biogenesis of the peroxisome (Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and infantile Refsum's disease); 2) those that result from multiple enzyme deficiencies (rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata); and 3) those that result from a single enzyme deficiency (X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, primary hyperoxaluria type 1). Zellweger syndrome, the most lethal of the three peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, causes infantile hypotonia, seizures, and death within the first year. Ophthalmic manifestations include corneal opacification, cataract, glaucoma, pigmentary retinopathy and optic atrophy. Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum's disease appear to be genetically distinct, but clinically, biochemically, and pathologically similar to Zellweger syndrome, although milder. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, a peroxisomal disorder which results from at least two peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies, presents at birth with skeletal abnormalities and patients rarely survive past one year of age. The most prominent ocular manifestation consists of bilateral cataracts. X-linked (childhood) adrenoleukodystrophy, results from a deficiency of a single peroxisomal enzyme, presents in the latter part of the first decade with behavioral, cognitive and visual deterioration. The vision loss results from demyelination of the entire visual pathway, but the outer retina is spared. Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 manifests parafoveal subretinal pigment proliferation. Classical Refsum's disease may also be a peroxisomal disorder, but definitive evidence is lacking. Early identification of these disorders, which may depend on recognizing the ophthalmological findings, is critical for prenatal diagnosis, treatment, and genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Folz
- W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Mihalik SJ, Rhead WJ. Species variation in organellar location and activity of L-pipecolic acid oxidation in mammals. J Comp Physiol B 1991; 160:671-6. [PMID: 2045546 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of L-pipecolic acid to alpha-aminoadipic acid was studied in eight species of mammals using an assay system more sensitive than those previously employed. After percoll-gradient fractionation, activity was localized to the mitochondrial-enriched fractions in tissues from rabbit, guinea pig, pig, dog, and sheep, with guinea pig kidney cortex showing greatest specific activity. These results contrast with the peroxisomal oxidation of L-pipecolic acid observed in macaques and man (Mihalik and Rhead 1989; Mihalik et al. 1989). Rats and mice had undetectable levels of both peroxisomal and mitochondrial L-pipecolic acid oxidation. In the rat, peroxisomal oxidation activity was not induced by feeding with either clofibrate or clofibrate and L-pipecolic acid. Thus, among mammals, both the ability to oxidize L-pipecolic acid and the organellar location of this oxidation is species dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Mihalik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Nishio H, Sogabe H, Segawa T. Effect of immobilization stress on pipecolic acid transport in mouse brain areas and peripheral tissues. Neurochem Int 1988; 13:217-21. [PMID: 20501290 DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(88)90057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/1988] [Accepted: 03/07/1988] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transport activity of d-pipecolic acid and of l-pipecolic acid in mouse brain and peripheral tissues were tested, and the effect of immobilization stress was described, along with the method for preparative, enantiomeric resolution and purification of d,l-pipecolic acid using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a chiral column. It was found that l-isomer, an endogenous substance, was more rapidly transported to brain and liver than the d-isomer, non-endogenous one, which was more rapidly eliminated into the kidney. Immobilization stress caused acceleration of transport of l-pipecolic acid into the brain region, liver and heart, but not that of d-pipecolic acid. From these results it was suggested that the elevation of pipecolic acid concentration caused by stress might be exerted through its stimulatory effect on the transport of l-pipecolic acid into the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishio
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima 734, Japan
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Kim JS, Giacobini E. Quantitative determination and regional distribution of pipecolic acid in rodent brain. Neurochem Res 1984; 9:1559-69. [PMID: 6521819 DOI: 10.1007/bf00964591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of pipecolic acid (PA), one of the three cyclic secondary imino acids present in mammalian brain is described. The quantification and identification of PA are accomplished in rat and mouse brain using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC) and nipecotic acid (NPA) as an internal standard. The cyclic imino acids are derivatized with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) to dinitrophenyl derivatives. The remaining time for LCEC analysis is less than 30 min and the limit of sensitivity is in the lower picomole range. The levels of PA found in rat and mouse brain are comparable to those reported using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The regional distribution of PA shows higher concentrations of PA in hypothalamus, pons-medulla oblongata and cerebellum. The present results demonstrate that LCEC is sensitive enough to determine endogenous levels of PA in mg amounts of rodent brain tissue. Due to its simplicity and rapidity, the technique represents an alternative to existing methods. This method can also be used for determination of PA in CSF, blood or urine of hyperpipecolic patients.
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Chang YF. Lysine metabolism in the human and the monkey: demonstration of pipecolic acid formation in the brain and other organs. Neurochem Res 1982; 7:577-88. [PMID: 6811962 DOI: 10.1007/bf00965124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of L-[U-14C]lysine was studied in the human autopsy tissues and the intact monkeys through intracerebroventricular and intravenous injections. The human tissues were more active in the metabolism of L-[14C]lysine to [14C]pipecolate than the rat tissues previously reported. This metabolism was equally active in the phosphate (pH 7) and the glycyl-glycine (pH 8.6) buffers with the brain and the kidney having higher activity than the liver. Besides [14C]pipecolate, traces of [14C]saccharopine and alpha-[14C]aminoadipate were also detected in the liver incubation. Twenty-four hr after intraventricular injection of L-[14C]lysine to the monkey, substantial labeling of pipecolate and alpha-aminoadipate was observed in the brain and spinal cord, with the kidney, liver and the plasma having much reduced levels. Radioactivity levels of these two compounds were found low in the organs and plasma of the intravenously injected monkey. The urine of both monkeys contained only traces of [14C]pipecolate, even though it contained high levels of L-[14C]lysine and alpha-[14C]aminoadipate. It was concluded that L-lysine is actively metabolized to pipecolate and alpha-aminoadipate in the human and the monkey, that this reaction is most active in the brain when L-lysine is intraventricularly administered, and that in contrast to the rat, the monkey may have an effective renal reabsorption for pipecolate which is similar to the human.
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19
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Garweg G, von Rehren D, Hintze U. L-Pipecolate formation in the mammalian brain. Regional distribution of delta1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase activity. J Neurochem 1980; 35:616-21. [PMID: 6893842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb03700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
L-Pipecolate formation exhibits considerable regional differences in the central nervous system of the mouse, dog, and monkey, as reflected in measurements of the activity of delta1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase (D.C. 1.5.1.1). The rate of reduction of delta1-piperidine-2-carboxylate was high in certain telencephalic and diencephalic regions, lower in the brain stem, and not measurable in the cerebellum and spinal cord. In addition to delta1-piperidine-2-carboxylate, delta1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate was also found to be a substrate for the same enzyme in homogenates of mouse forebrain. Enzyme kinetic data for both substrates and, in addition, for NADH were derived from determinations using enzyme fractions of mouse telencephalon. The discussion is based on earlier findings concerning the utilisation of D-proline in the neuronal protein synthesis of mouse brain.
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Chang YF. Lysine metabolism in the rat brain: blood-brain barrier transport, formation of pipecolic acid and human hyperpipecolatemia. J Neurochem 1978; 30:355-60. [PMID: 624942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb06537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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vd Heiden C, Brink M, de Bree PK, v Sprang FJ, Wadman SK, de Pater JM, van Biervliet JP. Familial hyperlysinaemia due to L-lysine alpha-ketoglutarate reductase deficiency: results of attempted treatment. J Inherit Metab Dis 1978; 1:89-94. [PMID: 116084 DOI: 10.1007/bf01805679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A mentally retarded male infant with persistent hyperlysinaemia due to L-lysine alpha-ketoglutarate reductase deficiency is described. The effect of dietary restriction of lysine on his mental and behavioural development was examined. By restricting daily dietary lysine to 5.5 mg/kg body weight the fasting serum lysine became normal. Urinary lysine also became normal and the secondary metabolites homocitrulline, homoarginine, N alpha-acetyllysine and N epsilon-acetyllysine were no longer detected. After control of serum lysine for 2.5 y it was felt that the patient's social behaviour, but not his mental development, had improved somewhat.
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Halliday D, Lockhart IM. The use of stable isotopes in medicinal chemistry. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1978; 15:1-86. [PMID: 400610 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Boulanger P, Mizon J. [The fate of alpha and epsilon lysine amino groups in rat liver in vitro (author's transl)]. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 451:161-9. [PMID: 1009106 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(76)90268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The fate of alpha and epsilon lysine amino groups has been explored in rat liver homogenate by means of L-lysine labelled selectively in the two positions. alpha-15NH2 and epsilon-15NH2 are rapidly incorporated into the amino group of glutamic acid and it seems at first that both transaminations occur simultaneously. But the reversible transfer of the amino group between alpha-aminoadipic acid and glutamic acid, determined by means of labelled alpha-aminoadipic acid, proceeds swiftly, and the incorporation of alpha-15NH2 from the corresponding labelled lysine in glutamic acid may be easily explained by epsilon-transamination and saccharopine formation. The direct transamination of the alpha-amino group of L-lysine is most improbable and might be limited to some microorganisms and to epsilon-N-substituted lysine derivatives.
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Abstract
The catabolism of lysine was studied in several yeasts and fungi. Results with cell-free extracts of Rhizoctonia leguminicola support a proposed pathway involving (D- and L-) EPSILON-N-acetyllysine, alpha-keto-epsilon-acetamidohexanoic acid, delta-acetamidovaleric acid, and delta-aminovaleric acid in the conversion of L-lysine to shortchain organic acids. Label from radioactive L-lysine was found to accumulate in D- and L-epsilon-N-acetyllysine, delta-acetamidovaleric acid, delta-aminovaleric acid, and glutaric acid in cultures of R. leguminicola, Neurospora crassa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Hansenula saturnus, suggesting that the proposed omega-acetyl pathway of lysine catabolism is generalized among yeasts and fungi. In N. crassa, as is the case in R. leguminicola, the major precursor of L-pipecolic acid was the L-isomer of lysine; 15N experiments were consistent with delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the transformation.
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27
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Chang YF. Pipecolic acid pathway: the major lysine metabolic route in the rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 69:174-80. [PMID: 1259753 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(76)80288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Fjellstedt TA, Robinson JC. Purification and properties of L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase from human placenta. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 168:536-48. [PMID: 1169916 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Przyrembel H, Bachmann D, Lombeck I, Becker K, Wendel U, Wadman SK, Bremer HJ. Alpha-ketoadipic aciduria, a new inborn error of lysine metabolism; biochemical studies. Clin Chim Acta 1975; 58:257-69. [PMID: 1112064 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(75)90445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of a psychomotorically retarded girl showed excretion of abnormal amounts of alpha-ketoadipic acid, alpha-hydroxyadipic acid, alpha-aminoadipic acid, 1,2-butenedicarboxylic acid and elevation of plasma alpha-aminoadipic acid levels. The identity of these metabolities was established by various methods. The excretion of alpha-aminoadipic acid correlated to the lysine intake. Degradation studies with cultured fibroblasts indicate a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoadipic acid (see Clin. Chim. Acta, 58 (1975) 271.
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Dolezalova H, Stepita-Klauco M, Fairweather R. An elevated cadaverine content in the brain of dormant mice. Brain Res 1974; 77:166-8. [PMID: 4850532 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Dolezalova H, Stepita-Klauco M, Fairweather R. The accumulation of piperidine in the central ganglia of dormant snails. Brain Res 1974; 72:115-22. [PMID: 4830469 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Mizon JEC. Synthese de la DL-Lysine Marquee Selectivement par L'AZOTE 15 EN α ou en ε et son Dedoublement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2590100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dolezalova H, Stepita-Klauco M, Giacobini E. The passage of tritiated piperidine into the central ganglia and other tissues of the snail. Int J Neurosci 1973; 6:89-95. [PMID: 4792370 DOI: 10.3109/00207457309147652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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Abstract
A girl with spastic diplegia excreted large amounts of lysine and saccharopine in the urine, and had more than 10 times the normal plasma lysine concentration and a saccharopine peak in the plasma amino acid chromatogram. Unlike the earlier reported case of saccharopinuria, this patient had normal plasma and urine levels of citrulline. This case affords further evidence that the main degradative pathway of lysine metabolism in man is via saccharopine and α-aminoadipic acid. The fact that in this patient there is no other known cause of the spastic diplegia and that the diplegia seems to be progressing suggest a connexion with the metabolic disturbance.
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Chang YF, Adams E. Induction of separate catabolic pathways for L- and D-lysine in Pseudomonas putida. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 45:570-7. [PMID: 5128165 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Soliman AG, Harper AE. Effect of protein content of diet on lysine oxidation by the rat. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 244:146-54. [PMID: 5120211 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(71)90131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ghadimi H, Chou WS, Kesner L. Biosynthesis of saccharopine and pipecolic acid from L- and DL- 14 C-lysine by human and dog liver in vitro. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1971; 5:56-66. [PMID: 5131445 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(71)90075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Higashino K, Fujioka M, Yamamura Y. The conversion of L-lysine to saccharopine and alpha-aminoadipate in mouse. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 142:606-14. [PMID: 4396286 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hartline RA, Rodwell VW. Metabolism of pipecolic acid in a Pseudomonas species. VI. Precursors of glutamate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 142:32-9. [PMID: 5545486 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hutzler J, Dancis J. Saccharopine cleavage by a dehydrogenase of human liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 206:205-14. [PMID: 4393051 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(70)90104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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