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Herawati O, Bejo SK, Zakaria Z, Ramanoon SZ. The global profile of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from goats and sheep: A systematic review. Vet World 2023; 16:977-986. [PMID: 37576756 PMCID: PMC10420705 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.977-986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Antibiotic resistance has become an issue of global importance due to increasing levels of bacterial infections worldwide. Farm management and usage of antibiotics in livestock are known risk factors associated with the increase in global levels of antibiotic resistance. Goats and sheep are examples of livestock with large populations. Although antibiotic resistance in bacteria from livestock negatively affects both human health and the economy, the global data regarding this issue in goats and sheep are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to provide information on the antibiotic-resistance profile of bacteria isolated from goats and sheep worldwide (Asia, Europe, and Africa). Materials and Methods We performed a systematic review of articles published on this topic without any restriction on the year of publication. We searched the Directory of Open Access Journals, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus using Boolean logic through various keywords. The search generated a total of 1325 articles, and after screening for duplicates and implementing inclusion and exclusion criteria, qualitative synthesis (i.e., qualitative systematic review) was performed on 37 articles. Results The synthesized information indicated that 18 Gram-positive and 13 Gram-negative bacterial species from goats and sheep were resistant to ten antibiotics, namely penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin (CIP), and sulfamethoxazole. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance ranged from 0.4% to 100%. However, up to 100% of some bacteria, namely, Salmonella Dublin, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas sobria, were susceptible to CIP. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were highly resistant to all antibiotics tested. Moreover, eight of the ten antibiotics tested were critically important antibiotics for humans. Conclusion Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in goats and sheep are a potential risk to animal and human health. Collaboration between all stakeholders and further research is needed to prevent the negative impacts of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okti Herawati
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siti Khairani Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ryu JH, Kim S, Park J, Choi KS. Characterization of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from pre-weaned calves in the Republic of Korea. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:45. [PMID: 32819409 PMCID: PMC7439630 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli is an important cause of diarrhea in calves and its diarrheagenic properties are related to presence of certain virulence genes. In this study, the prevalence of virulence genes F5, F17, F41, sta, stx1, stx2, eae, and saa in E. coli isolated from pre-weaned calves presenting with (n= 329) or without diarrhea (n= 360) was explored using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. We also evaluated the association between detection of E. coli and the presence of diarrhea. Results Escherichia coli was detected in 56.3% (388/689) of the fecal samples and showed the highest prevalence (66.5%) in 21–40-day-old calves and the lowest (46.3%) among those that were 1–20 days old. The prevalence of the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) pathotypes was detected in 73.9% and 15.9%, respectively. The results showed no association between diarrhea and the presence of E. coli in general, ETEC or STEC. The F17 gene was the most frequently detected virulence factor in E. coli of calves of all ages regardless of diarrhea. Interestingly, the results show that the calves aged 41–60 days with F17-positive E. coli are at a higher risk for production of Shiga toxin (Stx1; 95% confidence intervals: 1.86–31.95; P = 0.005) compared to calves aged 1–20 days; no association between this finding and diarrhea was observed among the calves of this age group. Moreover, the virulence genes associated with the ETEC and STEC strains were not significantly associated with pathogenicity in this study cohort. Conclusions These results suggest that while the incidence of E. coli is age-related, there was no relationship linking E. coli virulence genes to calf age and diarrhea. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that detection of E. coli strains either with or without virulence factors was not associated with diarrhea in pre-weaned calves.
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Das Q, Islam MR, Marcone MF, Warriner K, Diarra MS. Potential of berry extracts to control foodborne pathogens. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zhou D, Chen C, Xu L, Utkina N, Danilov L, Torgov V, Veselovsky V, Liu B, Feng L. Mass spectrometric characterization of a two-glycosyltransferase tandem reaction for assembly of tetrasaccharide repeating unit of Escherichia coli O77 O-antigen. Carbohydr Res 2016; 424:24-9. [PMID: 26963608 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The wbaD gene and wbaC gene from Escherichia coli O77 O-antigen gene cluster encoding mannosyltransferases were functionally characterized in vitro. A synthetic acceptor P(1)-(11-phenoxyundecyl)-P(2)-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl) diphosphate (GlcNAc-PP-PhU) was used as an acceptor and GDP-Man as a donor substrate; the activities of WbaD and WbaC were confirmed by detailed structural characterization of their lipooligosacharide enzyme products using high-sensitivity negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID) MS-MS. The extensive fragmentation unequivocally demonstrated that the Man(1-3)-GlcNAc linkage in WbaD catalyzed reaction product and two Man(1-2)-Man linkages in tandem WbaD/WbaC catalyzed reaction product are present, respectively. This study provided valuable information for the understanding of diversified glycosyltransferase (GT) functions and the two GTs characterized can serve as additional enzyme sources for possible pharmaceutical related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhou
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chao Chen
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Natalia Utkina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Danilov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Torgov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Veselovsky
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lu Feng
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Lacasta D, Ferrer L, Ramos J, González J, Ortín A, Fthenakis G. Vaccination schedules in small ruminant farms. Vet Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gascoigne E, Millar M. Multidrug resistance in enterotoxigenic K99 E coli
infection in lambs. Vet Rec 2015; 177:52. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.h3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Millar
- School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford BS40 5DU
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7
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Identification, characterization and molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli isolated from lamb and goat kids with diarrhoea. ACTA VET BRNO 2014. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201382040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal diarrhoea is a serious health problem on commercial farms. EnterovirulentEscherichia coliis a significant aetiological agent of neonatal diarrhoea. In this work, identification and classification ofE. coliisolates obtained from lambs and goat kids with diarrhoea were studied along with antibiotic resistance and clonal relationships of enterovirulent strains. A total of 107E. colistrains isolated from animals on 43 farms were investigated. Specific virulence genes were determined by multiplex and uniplex polymerase chain reaction. Testing of antibiotic susceptibility was carried out by the Vitek II compact system. The relationship ofE. coliisolates was determined by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction. A total of 39 (36.4%) enterovirulentE. colistrains were identified and of this 19 (48.7%) were shiga toxigenic, 12 (30.8%) enterotoxigenic and 8 (20.5%) enteropathogenic. Three isolates (7.7%) were found to be positive for extended spectrum beta lactamase; 10 (25.6%) isolates showed multi-drug resistance to antimicrobials. A total of 28 types were detected by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction. Twenty strains had distinct types while 5 types were common for 2 strains and 3 types were common for 3 strains. This is the first current determination of types, clonality and antibiotic resistance of enterovirulentE. coliisolated from small ruminants with diarrhoea. The results of this study showed that the rates of shiga toxigenic, enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic isolates ofE. coliare high in the western part of Turkey. Although these isolates were not clonal, presence of multidrug resistant isolates may cause public health problems.
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Whittem T, Hanlon D. Dihydrostreptomycin or streptomycin in combination with penicillin G in dairy cattle therapeutics: A review and re-analysis of published data Part 2: Resistance and residues. N Z Vet J 2011; 45:223-9. [PMID: 16031994 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1997.36034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Combination formulations of penicillin G salts and dihydrostreptomycin were developed during the 1960s and are currently marketed in New Zealand for parenteral and intramammary use in dairy cattle. In this paper, the second part of a two paper series, the mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance to each of these drugs independently is reviewed and the impact of this resistance on potential for synergy is discussed. Further, the considerable potential for tissue drug residues with dihydrostreptomycin or streptomycin from these formulations is examined by re-analysis of literature data, demonstrating an urgent need to reassess the place for aminoglycoside-containing formulations in dairy cattle therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Whittem
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Dr, LAC210, MC-004, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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Scott LC, Menzies PI. Antimicrobial resistance and small ruminant veterinary practice. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2011; 27:23-32. [PMID: 21215887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as an emerging issue in the practice of veterinary medicine. Although little surveillance and research has been completed on the prevalence of AMR and associated risk factors in small ruminants, evidence of AMR is present in many countries. Furthermore, antimicrobial use (AMU) practices in sheep have been shown to be associated with increased resistance, highlighting the issue of prudent use of these drugs in many countries. Furthermore, AMU practices in sheep have been shown to be associated with increased resistance, highlighting the issue of prudent use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Scott
- Population Medicine Department, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 2541 Stewart Building (#45), Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Paula I Menzies
- Population Medicine Department, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 2541 Stewart Building (#45), Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Vettorato MP, de Castro AFP, Cergole-Novella MC, Camargo FLL, Irino K, Guth BEC. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy sheep of different populations in São Paulo, Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:53-9. [PMID: 19413771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sheep are important carriers of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in several countries. However, there are a few reports about ovine STEC in American continent. METHODS AND RESULTS About 86 E. coli strains previously isolated from 172 healthy sheep from different farms were studied. PCR was used for detection of stx(1), stx(2), eae, ehxA and saa genes and for the identification of intimin subtypes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR was performed to investigate the variants of stx(1) and stx(2), and the flagellar antigen (fliC) genes in nonmotile isolates. Five isolates were eae(+) and stx(-), and belonged to serotypes O128:H2/beta-intimin (2), O145:H2/gamma, O153:H7/beta and O178:H7/epsilon. Eighty-one STEC isolates were recovered, and the stx genotypes identified were stx(1c)stx(2d-O118) (46.9%), stx(1c) (27.2%), stx(2d-O118) (23.4%), and stx(1c)stx(2dOX3a) (2.5%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed 27 profiles among 53 STEC and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolates. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that healthy sheep in São Paulo, Brazil, can be carriers of potential human pathogenic STEC and atypical EPEC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY As some of the STEC serotypes presently found have been involved with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in other countries, the important role of sheep as sources of STEC infection in our settings should not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Vettorato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-II, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Improved Synthesis of the Tetrasaccharide Repeat Unit of the O-Antigen Polysaccharide from Escherichia coli O77. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant strains of bacteria are an increasing threat to animal and human health. Resistance mechanisms to circumvent the toxic action of antimicrobials have been identified and described for all known antimicrobials currently available for clinical use in human and veterinary medicine. Acquired bacterial antibiotic resistance can result from the mutation of normal cellular genes, the acquisition of foreign resistance genes, or a combination of these two mechanisms. The most common resistance mechanisms employed by bacteria include enzymatic degradation or alteration of the antimicrobial, mutation in the antimicrobial target site, decreased cell wall permeability to antimicrobials, and active efflux of the antimicrobial across the cell membrane. The spread of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons has greatly contributed to the rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among several bacterial genera of human and veterinary importance. Antimicrobial resistance genes have been shown to accumulate on mobile elements, leading to a situation where multidrug resistance phenotypes can be transferred to a susceptible recipient via a single genetic event. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial pathogens has severe implications for the future treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in both animals and humans. The versatility with which bacteria adapt to their environment and exchange DNA between different genera highlights the need to implement effective antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programs in both human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harbottle
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA.
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Aktan I, La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ. Colonization, persistence, and tissue tropism of Escherichia coli O26 in conventionally reared weaned lambs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 73:691-8. [PMID: 17158624 PMCID: PMC1800784 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01879-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O26 is recognized as an emerging pathogen associated with disease in both ruminants and humans. Compared to those of E. coli O157:H7, the shedding pattern and location of E. coli O26 in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants are poorly understood. In the studies reported here, an stx-negative E. coli O26 strain of ovine origin was inoculated orally into 6-week-old lambs and the shedding pattern of the O26 strain was monitored by serial bacteriological examination of feces. The location of colonization in the GIT was examined at necropsy at two time points. The numbers of O26 organisms excreted in feces declined from approximately 10(7) to 10(4) CFU per gram of feces by day 7 and continued at this level for a further 3 weeks. Beyond day 30, excretion was from few animals, intermittent, and just above the detection limit. By day 38, all fecal samples were negative, but at necropsy, O26 organisms were recovered from the upper GIT, specifically the ileum. However, no attaching-effacing (AE) lesions were observed. To identify the location of E. coli O26 within the GIT early after inoculation, two lambs were examined postmortem, 4 days postinoculation. High numbers of O26 organisms were recovered from all GIT sites examined, and approximately 10(9) CFU were recovered from 1 gram of ileal tissue from one animal. Despite high numbers of O26 organisms, AE lesions were identified on the mucosa of the ascending colon of only one animal. These data indicate that E. coli O26 readily colonizes 6-week-old lambs, but the sparseness of AE lesions suggests that O26 is well adapted to this host, and mechanisms other than those dependent upon intimin may play a role in persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Aktan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom.
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14
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Lee BR, Jeon JM, Jung JH, Jeon HB, Kim KS. Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeat unit of the O-antigen polysaccharide from Escherichia coli O77 employing the 2′-carboxybenzyl glycoside. CAN J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/v06-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the suitably protected form (1) of the tetrasaccharide repeat unit, →2)-α-D-Manp-(1→2)-β-D-Manp-(1→3)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→ (A), of the O-antigen polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O77 has been accomplished by latentactive glycosylation employing the 2′-carboxybenzyl (CB) gly coside method. In addition to previously used latent glycosyl donors, 2′-(benzyloxycarbonyl)benzyl (BCB) glycosides, new latent glycosyl donors, 2'-(allyloxycarbonyl)benzyl (ACB) glycosides, have been introduced as a direct precursor for the active CB glycosides. We also demonstrate that 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-azido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranoside (7) has been readily prepared from D-glucosamine in good yield.Key words: Escherichia coli O77, glycosylation, 2′-carboxybenzyl (CB) glycosides, 2′-(allyloxycarbonyl)benzyl (ACB) glycosides, glycosyl donor.
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Ewers C, Schüffner C, Weiss R, Baljer G, Wieler LH. Molecular characteristics of Escherichia coli serogroup O78 strains isolated from diarrheal cases in bovines urge further investigations on their zoonotic potential. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005; 48:504-14. [PMID: 15538707 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the virulence properties and clonal relationship of 21 Escherichia coli strains of serogroup O78 isolated from diarrhoeic cattle and calves. Isolates were screened for 18 genes representing virulence features of different Escherichia coli pathotypes. None of the strains harboured enterotoxin-genes estIa/Ib, eltIa/Ib, or Shiga toxin (stx) genes, genes involved in adhesion (eae, f5, f41) hemolysin gene hlyA or invasion gene ipaC. With a high prevalence we detected enterotoxin astA (61.9%), genes involved in iron acquisition, like fyuA, irp (each 57.1%) and iucD (81.0%), and the operon sequence of Colicin V plasmids (38.1%). Some strains possessed toxin genes cdt-IIIB and cnf1/2 (both 14.3%), the invasion gene tia (23.8%), and the serine protease encoding gene espP (23.8%). Moreover, we could show that E. coli O78 strains under investigation were able to adhere to and invade MDBK-cells with varying efficiencies. The results indicate that the closely related O78 strains, constituting two major PFGE-clusters, harbor various virulence features for bovine intestinal disease but cannot be grouped into one of the common E. coli intestinal pathogenic or other pathotypes according to their virulence gene pattern. Nevertheless, the ability to adhere, invade or harbor toxin genes lets us suggest that O78 strains isolated from diarrheal cases in bovines urges further investigations on the zoonotic potential of these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Ewers
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Kyaw CM, De Araujo CR, Lima MR, Gondim EGS, Brígido MM, Giugliano LG. Evidence for the presence of a type III secretion system in diffusely adhering Escherichia coli (DAEC). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2003; 3:111-7. [PMID: 12809805 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1348(03)00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffusely adhering Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains (DAEC) represent a potential cause of diarrhoea in infants, and the detection of type three secretion system (TTSS) genes in DAEC would substantiate their pathogenic nature. In this work, four isolates of DAEC, recovered from stools of diarrhoeic children, were analysed by PCR, in order to detect the presence of TTSS genes. Primers targeted to the escC, escJ, escN and escV, some of the most conserved TTSS genes in enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC), were used in order to verify the occurrence of homologous genes in our DAEC isolates. By this approach, we were able to characterise DNA fragments corresponding to putative escJ and escN genes in all DAEC isolates. Furthermore, DNA fragments homologous to the escC and escV genes were also amplified from all isolates. Besides the similarity found among the DAEC esc homologues with EPEC and EHEC esc genes, the nucleotide sequence analysis of the flanking regions of the amplified DNA fragments suggests that the putative DAEC esc genes are organised in the same manner as observed in EPEC and in EHEC strains. The results described here provide strong evidence for the presence of a TTSS in the DAEC strains analysed, implicating a pathogenic nature of these isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kyaw
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Distrito Federal, CEP 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil
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17
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McDermott PF, Zhao S, Wagner DD, Simjee S, Walker RD, White DG. The food safety perspective of antibiotic resistance. Anim Biotechnol 2002; 13:71-84. [PMID: 12212946 DOI: 10.1081/abio-120005771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance in both the medical and agricultural fields has become a serious problem worldwide. Antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are an increasing threat to animal and human health, with resistance mechanisms having been identified and described for all known antimicrobials currently available for clinical use. There is currently increased public and scientific interest regarding the administration of therapeutic and sub-therapeutic antimicrobials to animals, due primarily to the emergence and dissemination of multiple antibiotic resistant zoonotic bacterial pathogens. This issue has been the subject of heated debates for many years, however, there is still no complete consensus on the significance of antimicrobial use in animals, or resistance in bacterial isolates from animals, on the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance among human bacterial pathogens. In fact, the debate regarding antimicrobial use in animals and subsequent human health implications has been going on for over 30 years, beginning with the release of the Swann report in the United Kingdom. The latest report released by the National Research Council (1998) confirmed that there were substantial information gaps that contribute to the difficulty of assessing potential detrimental effects of antimicrobials in food animals on human health. Regardless of the controversy, bacterial pathogens of animal and human origin are becoming increasingly resistant to most frontline antimicrobials, including expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and even fluoroquinolones. The lion's share of these antimicrobial resistant phenotypes is gained from extra-chromosomal genes that may impart resistance to an entire antimicrobial class. In recent years, a number of these resistance genes have been associated with large, transferable, extra-chromosomal DNA elements, called plasmids, on which may be other DNA mobile elements, such as transposons and integrons. These DNA mobile elements have been shown to transmit genetic determinants for several different antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and may account for the rapid dissemination of resistance genes among different bacteria. The increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial pathogens has severe implications for the future treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in both animals and humans. Although much scientific information is available on this subject, many aspects of the development of antimicrobial resistance still remain uncertain. The emergence and dissemination of bacterial antimicrobial resistance is the result of numerous complex interactions among antimicrobials, microorganisms, and the surrounding environments. Although research has linked the use of antibiotics in agriculture to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens, debate still continues whether this role is significant enough to merit further regulation or restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F McDermott
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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de la Fuente R, Garcia S, Orden JA, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Diez R, Cid D. Prevalence and characteristics of attaching and effacing strains of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic and healthy sheep and goats. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:262-6. [PMID: 11843128 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and characteristics of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) in diarrheic and healthy small ruminants. ANIMALS 502 lambs and kids with diarrhea and 511 healthy sheep and goats. PROCEDURE Fecal samples from diarrheic and healthy sheep and goats were screened for the eae gene. In addition, E coli isolates with positive results for the eae gene (E coli eae+) were analyzed for the espB gene, production of verotoxins (VT), and serogroup. RESULTS A significantly higher prevalence of healthy lambs and kids were infected with AEEC, compared with diarrheic lambs and kids and healthy adult sheep and goats. Some differences in the characteristics of E coli eae strains isolated from diarrheic and healthy animals were detected. Thus, the espB gene was detected more frequently among E coli eae+ strains isolated from healthy animals than in those isolated from diarrheic animals, and VT production was only detected in E coli eae+ strains isolated from healthy lambs and kids. The E coli eae+ isolates belonged to several O serogroups. However, 17 of 40 (42.5%) isolates from diarrheic lambs and only 4 of 168 (2.4%) isolates from healthy sheep belonged to serogroup 026. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results suggest that E coli eae+ 026 strains may play a role in diarrheal disease in lambs, whereas E coli eae+ strains that also had VT production and eae+ strains that had positive results for the espB gene did not appear to be associated with diarrhea in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de la Fuente
- Departamento de Patologia Animal 1, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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19
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Van Bost S, Bâbe MH, Jacquemin E, Mainil J. Characteristics of necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from septicemic and diarrheic calves between 1958 and 1970. Vet Microbiol 2001; 82:311-20. [PMID: 11506925 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 434 Escherichia coli isolated from septicemic calves between 1958 and 1965 and 430 E. coli isolated from diarrheic calves between 1967 and 1970 were studied by colony hybridisation and PCR assays for the presence of the cnf1- and the cnf2-like genes. They were also studied for the presence of genes coding for putative virulence factors associated with the CNF toxins including F17-, Pap- and Sfa-fimbrial adhesins and the recently described CDT-III toxin and AfaVIII-afimbrial adhesin. Thirty (7%) of the 434 septicemic strains were positive for CNF by colony hybridisation. Twenty-six were confirmed as necrotoxigenic E. coli type 2 (NTEC2) and four as NTEC1 by PCR. Thirty-five (8%) of the 430 diarrheic strains were positive for CNF by colony hybridisation. Five of them were studied by PCR and confirmed as NTEC1. The 26 septicemic NTEC2 strains and 20 of the 35 diarrheic NTEC including three of the five NTEC1 were positive for CDT-III. All adhesins studied were present in NTEC as well as in non-NTEC. NTEC1 were mainly Pap-, Sfa- and/or Afa8-positive, whereas NTEC2 were mainly F17- and/or Afa8-positive. This study shows that necrotoxigenic E. coli with their associated adhesins and toxins were present in calves as early as 1958, but their prevalence seems to have increased since that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Van Bost
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B43a, 20 bd de Colonster, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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20
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Rivera-Betancourt M, Keen JE. Murine monoclonal antibodies against Escherichia coli O4 lipopolysaccharide and H5 flagellin. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:3409-13. [PMID: 11526192 PMCID: PMC88360 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.9.3409-3413.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two murine monoclonal antibodies (MAb), 2C5-F10 and 8D1-H10, reactive with Escherichia coli O4 and H5 antigens, respectively, were generated and characterized. Enzyme immunoassays and immunoblots demonstrated that MAb 2C5-F10 reacted specifically with lipopolysaccharide O antigen of E. coli O4 isolates, while MAb 8D1-H10 reacted with E. coli strains expressing H5 flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rivera-Betancourt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
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21
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Van Bost S, Roels S, Mainil J. Necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli type-2 invade and cause diarrhoea during experimental infection in colostrum-restricted newborn calves. Vet Microbiol 2001; 81:315-29. [PMID: 11390113 PMCID: PMC7117233 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2000] [Revised: 02/14/2001] [Accepted: 03/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
There exists experimental evidence that necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli (NTEC) strains producing the cytotoxic necrotising factor 1 cause intestinal and extra-intestinal disease in piglets. On the other hand, no experimental model has been developed with NTEC strains producing the cytotoxic necrotising factor 2. In all, 14 colostrum-restricted calves were orally challenged with two strains isolated from the faeces of a diarrheic calf (B20a) or from the heart blood of a septicaemic calf (1404). All calves had diarrhoea which lasted until euthanasia in eight of them. In those calves, diarrhoea was correlated with the faecal excretion of the challenge strains. At necropsy, vascular congestion of the intestinal mucosa, hypertrophy of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and some congestion of the lungs were observed. Bacteriology confirmed the colonisation of the intestine by the challenge strains which were also recovered from the heart blood, the lungs and/or the liver. Histological sections confirmed enterocolitis, lymphadenitis and limited bronchopneumonia. In the intestinal tissue sections, bacteria testing positive in an in situ DNA hybridisation assay with a CNF2 probe were observed. Those results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal anti-O78 and a monoclonal anti-F17b antisera. Three of the five control calves receiving either saline or a CNF(-), F17a strain (25KH09) had no clinical signs or lesions. The other two presented a profuse liquid diarrhoea but those calves were positive for the presence of K99(+) E. coli. In this model, both NTEC2 strains were thus, able to colonise the intestine, to cause long-lasting diarrhoea and to invade the blood stream with localisation in various internal organs in colostrum-restricted conventional newborn calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Van Bost
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43a, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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22
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Cid D, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Marı N I, Sanz R, Orden JA, Amils R, de la Fuente R. Association between intimin (eae) and EspB gene subtypes in attaching and effacing Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic lambs and goat kids. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:2341-2353. [PMID: 11496011 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-8-2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) strains isolated from diarrhoeic lambs and goat kids were characterized for intimin (eae) and EspB (espB) gene subtypes by PCR and sequencing, and for genetic relatedness by PFGE. Fifty (23 ovine and 27 caprine) AEEC strains of 398 (246 ovine and 152 caprine) analysed were detected by colony blot hybridization. These strains were epidemiologically unrelated since they were isolated from different outbreaks of neonatal diarrhoea over a long period. Ovine AEEC strains belonged to serogroups O2, O4, O26, O80, O91 or were untypable, and caprine strains belonged to serogroups O3, O153 and O163. Two intimin subtypes were detected among the ovine and caprine strains studied. Most of the strains (43/50) had the beta type intimin gene, but seven ovine strains possessed a variant gamma type intimin gene (gamma(V)). Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of the eae gene revealed that the sequences of beta intimin of ovine and caprine strains were virtually identical to those of beta intimin of rabbit EPEC, human EPEC clone 2 and swine AEEC, whereas the gamma(V) intimin present in seven ovine strains had 75-76% identity with gamma intimin of human EHEC clone 1 strains, and 96% of identity with intimin of the human EHEC strain 95NR1 of serotype O111:H-. A PCR test was developed to identify the three different espB gene subtypes, espB of human EPEC clone 1 (espBalpha), espB of human EHEC clone 1 (espBgamma) and espB of rabbit EPEC and human EPEC clone 2 (espBbeta). There was close correlation between the intimin beta type and the espBbeta gene subtype in the ovine and caprine AEEC strains. The seven ovine strains possessing the gamma(V) intimin gene possessed the espBalpha gene subtype. None of the strains studied possessed the espBgamma gene found in human O157:H7 EHEC strains. PFGE analysis of genomic DNA of selected strains showed a great diversity among strains. Cluster analysis of PFGE patterns showed greater divergence between strains with the gamma(V) intimin gene than between strains with the beta intimin gene. This study showed that most of the AEEC strains isolated from diarrhoeic lambs and goat kids possessed beta intimin and espB genes identical to those of rabbit EPEC, and they may be associated with enteric disease in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cid
- Departamento Patologı́a Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain1
| | - J A Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria
- Departamento Patologı́a Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain1
| | - I Marı N
- Centro de Biologı́a Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain2
| | - R Sanz
- Departamento Patologı́a Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain1
| | - J A Orden
- Departamento Patologı́a Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain1
| | - R Amils
- Centro de Biologı́a Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain2
| | - R de la Fuente
- Departamento Patologı́a Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain1
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23
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Yildirim H, Weintraub A, Widmalm G. Structural studies of the O-polysaccharide from the Escherichia coli O77 lipopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2001; 333:179-83. [PMID: 11448680 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the O-antigen polysaccharide (PS) from Escherichia coli O77 has been determined. Sugar and methylation analysis together with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy were the main methods used. The PS is composed of tetrasaccharide repeating units with the following structure:-->2)-alpha-D-Manp-(1-->2)-beta-D-Manp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Manp-(1-->
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yildirim
- Arrhenius Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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25
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de Graaf DC, Vanopdenbosch E, Ortega-Mora LM, Abbassi H, Peeters JE. A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals. Int J Parasitol 1999; 29:1269-87. [PMID: 10576578 PMCID: PMC7127282 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species are coccidian parasites with a large capacity to reproduce and to disseminate. Several species are known to infect farm animals, although the economic importance of cryptosporidiosis is highly host species dependent. This paper reviews the impact of cryptosporidial infections in livestock and poultry. For different farm animals, the Cryptosporidium spp. that occur, as well as their clinical and pathological features, and their interactions with other pathogens, are described. In addition, data concerning the prevalence, the transmission and the epidemiology of the disease are mentioned and a description of the economic losses associated with cryptosporidiosis in each of the hosts is given. Cryptosporidiosis seems to be mainly a problem in neonatal ruminants. Cryptosporidium parvum is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome of calves, lambs and goat kids, causing considerable direct and indirect economic losses. Avian cryptosporidiosis is an emerging health problem in poultry, associated with respiratory disease in chickens and other Galliformes, and with intestinal disease in turkeys and quails. Because of limited availability of effective drugs, the control of cryptosporidiosis relies mainly on hygienic measures and good management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C de Graaf
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium.
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26
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Cid D, Sanz R, Marín I, de Greve H, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Amils R, de la Fuente R. Characterization of nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains producing F17 fimbriae isolated from diarrheic lambs and goat kids. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1370-5. [PMID: 10203489 PMCID: PMC84778 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.5.1370-1375.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-five ovine and caprine nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains producing F17-related fimbriae were characterized with respect to the fimbrial structural subunit and adhesin subtypes produced. In addition, several characteristics related to the virulence of strains producing F17 fimbriae were studied. Most of the strains (73%) possessed the f17cA structural subunit gene, whereas the f17aA and f17dA genes were detected only on three (6%) and two (4%) strains, respectively. The f17bA gene was not detected. All but one of these strains possessed the f17G genes of the adhesin subfamily II. The only strain having the f17G gene of subfamily I possessed the structural subunit gene f17dA. Sequencing of the f17A and f17G genes of four selected strains confirmed the association of f17cA and f17dA structural subunit genes with the f17G genes of the adhesin subfamily II. These results indicated that adhesins of the subfamily II are prominent among ovine and caprine isolates and that they are indistinctly associated with the F17 structural subunit subtypes on these field strains. CS31A- and CNF2-related genes were not detected. Most of the strains adhered in vitro to ovine intestinal brush borders (36 of 45) and agglutinated the erythrocytes of different species in the presence of D-mannose (39 of 45). F17-positive strains produced colicin V (57%) and were resistant to the bactericidal effect of serum (91%) in significantly higher percentages than F17-negative strains (34% produced colicin V, and 66% were serum resistant). Thus, most of the studied ovine and caprine strains showed phenotypic characteristics of septicemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cid
- Departamento Patología Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Orden JA, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Cid D, García S, Sanz R, de la Fuente R. Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) and eae-positive non-VTEC in 1-30-days-old diarrhoeic dairy calves. Vet Microbiol 1998; 63:239-48. [PMID: 9851002 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Faecal samples from 221, 1-30-days-old, diarrhoeic dairy calves were screened for the presence of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) and eae-positive non-VTEC. Calves were grouped according to their age (1-7, 8-14, 15-21 and 22-30 days) and analyses of prevalences were done by Mantel-Haenzsel chi 2-test for trend. VTEC and eae-positive non-VTEC were detected in 20 (9.0%) and 18 (8.1%) of the diarrhoeic calves, respectively. A significant age-associated increase in the prevalence of VTEC (p = 0.0001), but not in the prevalence of eae-positive non-VTEC (p = 0.381), was found. Significant differences in VTEC prevalence were found between the age-group 22-30 days and in all other age-groups. 43 (5.0%) of the 861 E. coli isolates from the 221 diarrhoeic calves were VTEC, and 30 (69.8%) of these strains produced VT1 only. More than one-half of the VTEC strains (55.8%) were positive for the eae gene and all these eae-positive VTEC strains produced VT1 only. A high percentage (76.7%) of VTEC strains belonged to E. coli serogroups (O4, O26, O39, O91, O113, O128 and O145) associated with haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome in humans. 51 (5.9%) of the E. coli strains studied were eae-positive non-VTEC and the serogroups most prevalent among these strains were O4, O14, O26 and O123. Only four of the eae-positive strains were also espB-positive by hybridization with a probe from a human EPEC isolate and none of these strains produced VT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Orden
- Departamento Patología Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Blanco JE, Blanco M, Mora A, Blanco J. Production of toxins (enterotoxins, verotoxins, and necrotoxins) and colicins by Escherichia coli strains isolated from septicemic and healthy chickens: relationship with in vivo pathogenicity. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:2953-7. [PMID: 9350766 PMCID: PMC230094 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.11.2953-2957.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the mechanism of virulence of Escherichia coli strains pathogenic to birds is not fully understood, the prevalence of toxic factors produced by E. coli strains pathogenic to other animals was investigated. A total of 625 E. coli strains isolated from visceral organs of chickens with colisepticemia and from feces of healthy chickens in Spain were tested for production of enterotoxins (heat labile [LT] and heat stable [STa]), verotoxins (VT1, VT2, and VT2v), cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNF1 and CNF2), alpha-hemolysin (Hly), enterohemolysin (EntHly), colicin V (Col V) and other types of colicins, and necrotic and lethal activities. Only 45 (7%) of avian E. coli strains were toxigenic: 20 strains produced a cytotoxic response in HeLa but not in Vero cells, indicating the production of a cytotoxin not related to the VTs; 16 were EntHly+; 5 produced a new cytotonic product that causes the appearance of whitish vacuola in Vero and HeLa cells; 3 synthesized soluble factors that cause lethal activity in mice; and 1 elaborated LT. None of 625 avian E. coli strains was positive for production of VTs or CNFs. In contrast, colicinogenicity occurred in 335 (73%) of the 458 septicemic strains and 97 (58%) of 167 fecal isolates (P < 0.01), and this property was correlated with in vivo pathogenicity of strains. Thus, 80% (P < 0.001) and 66% (P < 0.001) of strains producing Col V and other types of colicins were characterized as being of high pathogenicity, whereas only 15% of the noncolicinogenic strains were classified as highly pathogenic. Our results clearly support the special pathogenicity theory, because 60% of the E. coli strains belonging to 18 serogroups (O1, O2, O5, O8, O12, O14, O15, O18, O20, O53, O78, O81, O83, O102, O103, O115, O116, and O132) most frequently identified among clinical septicemic strains were classified as highly pathogenic in in vivo assays, whereas only 24% of the strains with O serogroups less prevalent among diseased chickens were considered highly pathogenic (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Blanco
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Cid D, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Ruíz Santa Quiteira JA, de la Fuente R, Blanco J. Serogroups, toxins and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated form diarrhoeic goat kids in Spain. Vet Microbiol 1996; 53:349-54. [PMID: 9008345 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-five Escherichia coli strains isolated from 55 diarrhoeic goat kids from 13 flocks in Spain were serotyped and investigated for production of enterotoxins (LT and STa), verotoxins (VT1 and VT2), cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNF1 and CNF2), alpha-hemolysin (Hly) and enterohemolysin (EntHly), and for antibiotic resistance. Only 3 (5%) strains were toxigenic: 1 VT1+EntHly+ (serogroup O8) and 2 CNF2+ (both of serogroup O153). The strains serotyped belonged to 19 serogroups. However, 31 (56%) were of one nine serogroups (O3, O8, O9, O10, O11, O21, O44, O103 and O153) and only three of them (O8, O9 and O11) accounted for 29% of the strains. The highest percentages of antibiotic resistance in order of frequency were: streptomycin (93%), sulfadiazine (89%), tetracyline (84%), kanamycin (82%), neomycin (82%) and ampicillin (69%). We conclude that E. coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic goat kids are usually non-toxigenic and belong to a large number of serogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cid
- Departamento de Patología Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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