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Hrichi H, Ali AM, Elkanzi NAA, Abdou A. A selective colorimetric chemosensor for detecting Ni(II) in aqueous solutions based on 4-[{[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]hydrazono}methyl]phenyl 4-methyl benzene sulfonate (CTHMBS). ANAL SCI 2024; 40:741-754. [PMID: 38308675 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Among the toxic heavy metals, Ni(II) can cause a variety of side effects on human health, such as allergy, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, lung fibrosis, lung, and nasal cancer. It is therefore critical from a public health and environmental perspective to determine and monitor Ni(II) ions in drinking water, foods, and environmental samples. In this study, a novel selective chemosensor (4-[{[4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1,3-Thiazol-2-yl]Hydrazono}Methyl]phenyl4-methylBenzene Sulfonate (CTHMBS) was developed for the colorimetric detection of Ni(II) in aqueous medium. The presence of Ni(II) led to a distinct naked-eye color change from yellow to reddish-brown in aqueous solution. To examine the binding mechanism of CTHMBS to Ni(II), UV-vis spectroscopy analysis and DFT calculations were conducted. The detection limit of CTHMBS for Ni(II) was 11.87 µM, and the sensing ability of CTHMBS for Ni(II) was successfully carried out in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Hrichi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali M Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Nadia A A Elkanzi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, P.O. Box 81528, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Aly Abdou
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
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2
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Hartl N, Jürgens DC, Carneiro S, König AC, Xiao X, Liu R, Hauck SM, Merkel OM. Protein corona investigations of polyplexes with varying hydrophobicity - From method development to in vitro studies. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123257. [PMID: 37482228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In the field of non-viral drug delivery, polyplexes (PXs) represent an advanced investigated and highly promising tool for the delivery of nucleic acids. Upon encountering physiological fluids, they adsorb biological molecules to form a protein corona (PC), that influence PXs biodistribution, transfection efficiencies and targeting abilities. In an effort to understand protein - PX interactions and the effect of PX material on corona composition, we utilized cationic branched 10 kDa polyethyleneimine (b-PEI) and a hydrophobically modified nylon-3 polymer (NM0.2/CP0.8) within this study to develop appropriate methods for PC investigations. A centrifugation procedure for isolating hard corona - PX complexes (PCPXs) from soft corona proteins after incubating the PXs in fetal bovine serum (FBS) for PC formation was successfully optimized and the identification of proteins by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method clearly demonstrated that the PC composition is affected by the underlying PXs material. With regard to especially interesting functional proteins, which might be able to induce active targeting effects, several candidates could be detected on b-PEI and NM0.2/CP0.8 PXs. These results are of high interest to better understand how the design of PXs impacts the PC composition and subsequently PCPXs-cell interactions to enable precise adjustment of PXs for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Hartl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - David C Jürgens
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Carneiro
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine König
- Metbolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Heidemannsstr. 1, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Ximian Xiao
- East China University of Science and Technology, 30 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- East China University of Science and Technology, 30 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Metbolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Heidemannsstr. 1, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Beijer G, Clarin L, Östervall J, Barclay V, Eliasson E. Reproducible Quantification of Unbound Fractions of Four Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: Ultrafiltration Versus Microdialysis of Spiked Healthy Donor Plasma. Ther Drug Monit 2023; 45:45-54. [PMID: 35971673 PMCID: PMC10321508 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrafiltration (UF) is a conventional method for isolating the protein-unbound plasma fractions of therapeutic drugs. However, the ideal UF conditions for specific compounds remain largely unexplored. By comparing UF-derived unbound concentrations with the corresponding results obtained using a reference method, the authors sought to identify appropriate UF conditions for cefotaxime, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, and piperacillin. METHODS In vitro microdialysis (MD) with a no-net-flux approach was used as a reference method for plasma protein separation, for which UF performance was assessed. Four levels of relative centrifugal force (2500-11,290 g ) and 2 levels of temperature (37 vs. 22°C) during 10 minutes of UF centrifugation were evaluated. Ultrafiltrates and reference microdialysates were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to obtain unbound concentrations. After identifying the appropriate UF conditions in the spiked plasma samples, exploratory analyses of clinical samples (n = 10 per analyte) were performed. RESULTS Of the evaluated UF alternatives, the best overall agreement with the MD-derived reference concentrations was obtained with 11,290 g UF performed at 22°C. For cloxacillin specifically, 37°C UF yielded better agreement than 22°C UF at 11,290 g. Clinical sample analyses indicated minimal differences between 22°C and 37°C at 11,290 g UF for cefotaxime and piperacillin. However, consistently lower levels of unbound cloxacillin (median: -23%, IQR: -19% to -24%) and flucloxacillin (median: -27%, IQR: -21 to -34%) were observed after UF at 22°C versus 37°C. CONCLUSIONS For the evaluated UF device, 10 minutes of 11,290 g UF at 22°C is appropriate for flucloxacillin, cefotaxime, and piperacillin, and can arguably be justified for cloxacillin as well for laboratory practice purposes. Maintenance of 37°C during high-centrifugal UF may lead to overestimation, particularly for unbound flucloxacillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Beijer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; and
- Medical Diagnostics Karolinska, Medical Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leona Clarin
- Medical Diagnostics Karolinska, Medical Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennie Östervall
- Medical Diagnostics Karolinska, Medical Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victoria Barclay
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; and
- Medical Diagnostics Karolinska, Medical Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Eliasson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; and
- Medical Diagnostics Karolinska, Medical Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mondal A, Chattopadhyay SK. Selective Turn-On Fluorescence Sensing of Cyanide Using the Pyridoxal Platform of a Ni(II) Complex. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40941-40949. [PMID: 36406569 PMCID: PMC9670700 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide is a very toxic pollutant to aquatic life and the environment. Analytical methods for the quantitative assay of cyanide, which are rapid, sensitive (low limit of detection), and cost-effective, are in great demand. Colorimetric and fluorometric methods are ideally suited for this purpose. In this report, we describe a Ni(II) complex containing a pyridoxal platform for the rapid and sensitive fluorometric estimation of cyanide. The square-planar Ni(II) complex, [Ni(L)(N3)]·3H2O, where the ligand LH = 4-[(2-dimethylamino-ethylimino)-methyl]-5-hydroxymtheyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol, a Schiff base formed between pyridoxal and (2-dimethylamino)ethyl amine, was synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques as well as by single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The complex was found to selectively bind CN- in the presence of other biologically important anions such as F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, OAc-, S2-, NO3 -, PO4 3-, SO4 2-, and H2PO4 - in tris-HCl/NaCl buffer [pH = 7.4], and it can be monitored by fluorescence turn-on or by UV-visible spectroscopy. The binding constant of the complex with CN- was estimated to be 2.046 × 1014 M-2 and the limit of detection (LOD) was 9 nM, the LOD being considerably lower than the maximum permissible level of cyanide ions (1.9 μM) in drinking water, as recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). The effects of pH and temperature on the sensing are also investigated. The Ni(II) complex is also found to bind to calf-thymus DNA very strongly, and the apparent binding constant (K app) was determined to be 1.33 × 107 M-1 by the fluorescence quenching of the ethidium bromide-DNA adduct by the complex.
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Subhasri A, Balachandran S, Mohanraj K, Kumar PS, Jothi KJ, Anbuselvan C. Synthesis, Computational and cytotoxicity studies of aryl hydrazones of β-diketones: Selective Ni 2+ metal Responsive fluorescent chemosensors. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134150. [PMID: 35247452 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new fluorescent sensor 2-(2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)hydrazono)-5,5-dimethyl cyclohexane-1,3-dione (A) and 2-(2-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)hydrazono)-5,5-dimethyl cyclohexane-1,3-dione (B) composed of a β-diketones of aryl hydrazones synthesized by simple and cost-effective method. Various analytical tools analyzed the structural investigations of the synthesized substituted β-diketones of aryl hydrazones like FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR and UV-Vis techniques, Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies (SCXRD) (for A), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fluorescence spectroscopy. SEM also investigates surface morphology modifications of aryl hydrazones and Ni2+ complex. Furthermore, the metal sensing (Chemo sensing) behavior of newly prepared aryl hydrazones of β-diketones derivatives was further studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The aryl hydrazones sensor materials show admirable fluorescence selectivity with enrichment to Ni2+ over different cations in an aqueous ethanol solution with a recognition extremity of 4 μM-7 μM. A joint experimental and theoretical investigation was led on the chemical structure employing a density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP), engaging a 6-31G basis set. The DFT technique's enhanced geometrical bond angles and lengths exhibited great covenant with the experimental results. The highest occupied molecular (HOMO) orbital and lowest unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbital energy has been concluded. The cytotoxicity studies show these compounds impede the growth of KB cells highly and from the studies to evaluate their capability to accurately dock aryl hydrazones to antibodies of cancer protein such as 4LRH, 4L9K, 4 EKD and 4GIW cancer proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamalai Subhasri
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, India; Department of Chemistry, Shree Raghavendra Arts And Science College, Keezhamoongiladi, Chidambaram, Tami Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Balachandran
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chennai Institute of Technology, Sarathy Nagar, Kundrathur, Chennai, 600069, Tami Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Mohanraj
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan
| | - Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603 110, India
| | - Kumaravel Jeeva Jothi
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), T.V.K Industrial Estate, Guindy, Chennai, 600032, India
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6
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Ashraf A, Islam M, Khalid M, Davis AP, Ahsan MT, Yaqub M, Syed A, Elgorban AM, Bahkali AH, Shafiq Z. Naphthyridine derived colorimetric and fluorescent turn off sensors for Ni 2+ in aqueous media. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19242. [PMID: 34584124 PMCID: PMC8479070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly selective and sensitive 2,7-naphthyridine based colorimetric and fluorescence "Turn Off" chemosensors (L1-L4) for detection of Ni2+ in aqueous media are reported. The receptors (L1-L4) showed a distinct color change from yellow to red by addition of Ni2+ with spectral changes in bands at 535-550 nm. The changes are reversible and pH independent. The detection limits for Ni2+ by (L1-L4) are in the range of 0.2-0.5 µM by UV-Visible data and 0.040-0.47 µM by fluorescence data, which is lower than the permissible value of Ni2+ (1.2 µM) in drinking water defined by EPA. The binding stoichiometries of L1-L4 for Ni2+ were found to be 2:1 through Job's plot and ESI-MS analysis. Moreover the receptors can be used to quantify Ni2+ in real water samples. Formation of test strips by the dip-stick method increases the practical applicability of the Ni2+ test for "in-the-field" measurements. DFT calculations and AIM analyses supported the experimentally determined 2:1 stoichiometries of complexation. TD-DFT calculations were performed which showed slightly decreased FMO energy gaps due to ligand-metal charge transfer (LMCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abida Ashraf
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Islam
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan.
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - Muhammad Yaqub
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Bahkali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
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7
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Dual core clickate fluorophores for selective recognition of Cu2+ and Ni2+ along with live cell imaging. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Improving Confidence in the Determination of Free Fraction for Highly Bound Drugs Using Bidirectional Equilibrium Dialysis. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1296-1302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Weiss HM, Gatlik E. Equilibrium Gel Filtration to Measure Plasma Protein Binding of Very Highly Bound Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:752-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Ma D, Xue F, Zhang L, Fei C, Zhang Y. A BIOISOSTERES’ APPLICATION AS INTERNAL STANDARD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF THREE TRIAZINE ANTICOCCIDIAL CHEMICALS BY UPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.758143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danpeng Ma
- a Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
- b School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- a Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- a Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Yue Zhang
- b School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhuang , China
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11
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Aggarwal P, Hall JB, McLeland CB, Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE. Nanoparticle interaction with plasma proteins as it relates to particle biodistribution, biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:428-37. [PMID: 19376175 PMCID: PMC3683962 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1208] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins bind the surfaces of nanoparticles, and biological materials in general, immediately upon introduction of the materials into a physiological environment. The further biological response of the body is influenced by the nanoparticle-protein complex. The nanoparticle's composition and surface chemistry dictate the extent and specificity of protein binding. Protein binding is one of the key elements that affects biodistribution of the nanoparticles throughout the body. Here we review recent research on nanoparticle physicochemical properties important for protein binding, techniques for isolation and identification of nanoparticle-bound proteins, and how these proteins can influence particle biodistribution and biocompatibility. Understanding the nanoparticle-protein complex is necessary for control and manipulation of protein binding, and allows for improved engineering of nanoparticles with favorable bioavailability and biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Aggarwal
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Hall
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher B. McLeland
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Scott E. McNeil
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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12
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Whitaker G, Lillquist A, Pasas SA, O'Connor R, Regan F, Lunte CE, Smyth MR. CE-LIF method for the separation of anthracyclines: application to protein binding analysis in plasma using ultrafiltration. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1828-33. [PMID: 18461567 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are chemotherapeutic drugs that are widely used in the treatment of cancers such as lung and ovarian cancers. The simultaneous determination of the anthracyclines, daunorubicin, doxorubicin and epirubicin, was achieved using CE coupled to LIF, with an excitation and emission wavelength of 488 and 560 nm, respectively. Using a borate buffer (105 mM, pH 9.0) and 30% MeOH, a stable and reproducible separation of the three anthracyclines was obtained. The method developed was shown to be capable of monitoring the therapeutic concentrations (50-50 000 ng/mL) of anthracyclines. LODs of 10 ng/mL, calculated at an S/N = 3, were achieved. Using the CE method developed, the in vitro protein binding to plasma was measured by ultrafiltration, and from this investigation the estimated protein binding was determined to be in the range of 77-94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Whitaker
- R. N. Adams Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, KS, USA
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13
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Musteata ML, Musteata FM, Pawliszyn J. Biocompatible Solid-Phase Microextraction Coatings Based on Polyacrylonitrile and Solid-Phase Extraction Phases. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6903-11. [PMID: 17685583 DOI: 10.1021/ac070296s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The applications of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are continuously expanding, and one of the most interesting current aspects consists of applying SPME for fast analysis of biological fluids. The goal of this study is to develop biocompatible SPME coatings that can be utilized for in vivo and in vitro extractions, in direct contact with a biological matrix such as blood or tissue. The biocompatibility of the proposed new coatings is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and their performance is tested by developing an SPME/HPLC method for analysis of verapamil, loperamide, diazepam, nordiazepam, and warfarin in buffer solutions and in human plasma. The coatings prove to be biocompatible by not adsorbing proteins and are successfully applied for fast drug analysis and assay of drug plasma protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela L Musteata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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15
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Zhang YT, Zhang ZJ, Sun YH. A Study on the Interaction of the DAS-K with Bovine Serum Albumin by On-line Ultrafiltration and Chemiluminescence. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Musteata FM, Pawliszyn J, Qian MG, Wu JT, Miwa GT. Determination of drug plasma protein binding by solid phase microextraction. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:1712-22. [PMID: 16795010 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The plasma protein binding of drugs has been shown to have significant effects on the quantitative relationship between clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In many clinical situations, measurement of the total drug concentration does not provide the needed information concerning the unbound fraction of drug in plasma, which is available for pharmacodynamic action. Therefore, the accurate determination of unbound plasma drug concentrations is important in understanding drug action. Many methodologies exist for determining the extent of plasma protein binding, but different methods produce a rather wide range of results for the same compound at the same concentration level. The solid phase microextraction (SPME) method reported in the present study attempts to eliminate many experimental variables that could lead to the lack of reproducibility, such as the variable content of organic solvent or ionic strength in plasma, pH shifts, and volume shifts. Five well-known drugs were chosen to study plasma protein binding: ibuprofen, warfarin, verapamil, propranolol, and caffeine, with high, intermediate and low binding properties. Dilution of plasma with isotonic PBS or incubation with 10% CO(2) in the atmosphere was found to compensate for changes in pH during incubation. The data obtained using these pH-controlled methods correlate well with the average values of plasma protein binding found in the literature. SPME, which uses an extraction phase that dissolves or adsorbs the drug of interest and rejects proteins, overcomes several limitations of currently available techniques and is a thermodynamically sound method, since the measurements are always performed at equilibrium. Compared to other methods, SPME offers several advantages: small sample size, short analysis time, possibility to automate, and ability to directly study complex samples.
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Plock N, Kloft C. Microdialysis—theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-sciences. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 25:1-24. [PMID: 15854796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade microdialysis has become a method of choice in the study of unbound tissue concentrations of both endogenous and exogenous substances. Microdialysis has been shown to offer information about substances directly at the site of action while being well tolerable and safe. The large variety of its field of application has been demonstrated. However, a few challenges have to be met to make this method generally applicable in routine applications. This review will provide an overview over theoretical aspects that have to be considered during the implementation of microdialysis. Moreover, a comparison between microdialysis and other tissue sampling techniques will demonstrate advantages and limitations of the methods mentioned. Subsequently, it will present a critical synopsis of a variety of scientific/biomedical applications of this method with emphasis on the most recent literature, focussing on target tissues while giving examples of substances examined. It is concluded that microdialysis will be of great value in future investigations of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and in monitoring of disease status and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Plock
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, D-12169 Berlin, Germany
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Huang Y, Zhang Z. Binding study of drug with bovine serum album using a combined technique of microdialysis with flow-injection chemiluminescent detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 35:1293-9. [PMID: 15336375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Revised: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis coupled with flow-injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) has been developed to determine the binding parameters of a drug binding to protein by using antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride binding to bovine serum albumin as a model system. The drug and protein were mixed in different molar ratios in 0.067 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and incubated at 37 degrees C in a water bath. The microdialysis probe was utilized to sample the mixed solution at a perfusion rate of 5 microL/min. The concentration of unbound tetracycline hydrochloride in the microdialysate was determined by FIA-CL. In vitro recovery of tetracycline hydrochloride under experimental conditions was 30.0%. The data obtained by the present microdialysis-FI-CL system was analyzed using the Scatchard analysis and Klotz plot. The results show that the Scatchard plot and Klotz plot are linear with good correlation coefficient, indicating a good agreement of the experimental data and to the theoretical equation. The FIA chemiluminescence system combined with microdialysis developed in this work demonstrated its use for determination of interaction between drug and protein by using relatively simple instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Sciences, Southwest Normal University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Misl'anová C, Hutta M. Role of biological matrices during the analysis of chiral drugs by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 797:91-109. [PMID: 14630145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review article covers advances of chiral drugs analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods achieved during last 10 years. Emphasis is given to various aspects of influence of biological matrix in pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, HPLC analysis. Discussed is composition of main biological matrices from the point of view of potential interferences to above-mentioned fields of study. Beside typical analytical approaches to chiral recognition in HPLC, sample pretreatment and/or clean-up by conventional extraction procedures, column switching (CSW) techniques using restricted access materials (RAMs), microdialysis (MCD) is discussed. Measurement of unbound drug concentration and discussion of column maintenance and remedy is an additional source of information and field where knowledge on complex properties and interactions of biological matrix is usefully applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Misl'anová
- Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Limbová 14, SK-833 01 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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20
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Tsai TH. Assaying protein unbound drugs using microdialysis techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 797:161-73. [PMID: 14630148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared with traditional sampling methods, microdialysis is a technique for protein unbound drug sampling without withdrawal of biological fluids and involving minimal disturbance of physiological function. Conventional total drug sample consists of unbound drugs and protein bound drugs, which are loosely bound to plasma proteins such as albumin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, forming an equilibrium ratio between bound and unbound drugs. However, only the unbound fraction of drug is available for absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, and delivery to the target sites for pharmacodynamic actions. Although several techniques have been used to determine protein unbound drugs from biological fluids, including ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis and microdialysis, only microdialysis allows simultaneous sampling of protein unbound chemicals from plasma, tissues and body fluids such as the bile juice and cerebral spinal fluid for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. This review article describes the technique of microdialysis and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of microdialysis are discussed, including the detailed surgical techniques in animal experiments from rat blood, brain, liver, bile duct and in vitro cell culture for unbound drug analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Hu Tsai
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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21
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Wang Z, Zhang Z, Fu Z, Chen D, Zhang X. Flow-injection chemiluminescence detection for studying protein binding of terbutaline sulfate with on-line microdialysis sampling. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:765-73. [PMID: 14623603 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The binding of terbutaline sulfate to bovine serum albumin was studied in vitro using the technique of microdialysis sampling combined with flow-injection chemiluminescence analysis (FIA-CL). In the presence of formaldehyde, terbutaline sulfate can be oxidized by KMnO(4) to produce high chemiluminescence emission in sulfate acid media. The concentration of terbutaline sulfate is proportional with the CL intensity in the range of 1 x 10(-7)-2 x 10(-5) mol l(-1) with a detection limit of 3 x 10(-8) mol l(-1). The drug and protein were mixed in different molar ratios in 0.067 mol l(-1) phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and incubated at 37 degrees C in a water bath. The microdialysis probe was utilized to sample the mixed solution at a perfusion rate of 5 microl min(-1) and the dialytic efficiency of terbutaline sulfate under the experimental conditions was 26.3%. The data obtained by proposed microdialysis flow-injection chemiluminescence method was analyzed with Scrathard analysis and Klotz plot. The estimated association constant (K) and the number of the binding site (n) on one molecule of BSA by Scrathard analysis were 4.11 x 10(4) l mol(-1) and 1.06, respectively. The proposed system proved that FIA-CL coupled with on-line microdialysis sampling is a simple and reliable technique for the study of drug-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Science, Southwest China Normal University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
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22
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Mathy FX, Preat V, Verbeeck RK. Validation of subcutaneous microdialysis sampling for pharmacokinetic studies of flurbiprofen in the rat. J Pharm Sci 2001; 90:1897-906. [PMID: 11745747 DOI: 10.1002/jps.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to validate subcutaneous (sc) microdialysis sampling to study flurbiprofen pharmacokinetics and plasma protein binding in the awake freely moving rat. A linear microdialysis probe was manufactured using a Hemophane hollow fiber which was tested in vitro and in vivo for the recovery of flurbiprofen and naproxen used as retrodialysis marker. Flurbiprofen was administered intraperitoneally and intravenously at a dose of 20 mg/kg in rats. In both cases, conventional blood sampling and sc microdialysis sampling were simultaneously performed. The microdialysates were analyzed on-line by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Naproxen, which was shown to have a similar in vivo loss by retrodialysis as flurbiprofen (71.5 +/- 0.9% and 71.0 +/- 0.8% respectively, n = 3), was used to continuously monitor probe recovery. Concentration-dependent protein binding of flurbiprofen was demonstrated in vivo based on experiments with a simultaneous sc microdialysis and blood sampling. Values of unbound fraction were similar to those reported previously by intravenous microdialysis sampling, demonstrating that the sc unbound concentrations are very similar to those in the central compartment. There was no significant difference among pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, CL, t(1/2z), Vd) for total or unbound flurbiprofen determined after intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. Subcutaneous microdialysis is a simple yet powerful tool to study the pharmacokinetics and the in vivo plasma protein binding of flurbiprofen in the awake unrestrained rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Mathy
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, Industrielle et Officinale, 7320, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Koivisto P, Bergström SK, Markides KE. Determination of the free concentration of ropivacaine in plasma by packed capillary liquid chromatography: A comparison of ultrafiltration and microdialysis as sample preparation methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The eye presents unique challenges in both the development of tools for elucidating drug disposition as well as for the development of modes of drug delivery for treatment of ocular diseases. In this paper, we present a discussion of the anatomical and physiological characteristics and limitations present in the eye for microdialysis sampling of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. To date, over twenty papers describing microdialysis approaches for assessment of ocular drug delivery and endogenous substrate characterization have been published. Although the majority of papers describe sampling of vitreous humor, recent efforts have been directed towards ocular anterior segment sampling using microdialysis. With this approach, an appreciable reduction in animal use has been realized. In addition, simultaneous examination of administered drug and endogenous substrates modulated by the drug is possible with this approach, facilitating construction of ocular pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships through use of relevant surrogate markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Rittenhouse
- Preclinical Sciences, Bausch and Lomb Pharmaceuticals, Tampa, FL 33637, USA
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26
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Abstract
Microdialysis is a sampling technique allowing measurement of endogenous and exogenous substances in the extracellular fluid surrounding the probe. In vivo microdialysis sampling offers several advantages over conventional methods of studying the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of xenobiotics, both in experimental animals and humans. In the first part of this review article various practical aspects related to blood microdialysis will be discussed, such as: probe design, surgical implantation techniques, methods to determine the in vivo relative recovery of the analyte of interest by the probe, special analytical considerations related to small volume microdialysate samples, and pharmacokinetic calculations based on microdialysis data. In the second part of this review a few selected applications of in vivo microdialysis sampling to investigate pharmacokinetic processes are briefly discussed: determination of in vivo plasma protein binding in small laboratory animals, distribution of drugs across the blood-brain barrier, the use of microdialysis sampling to study biliary excretion and enterohepatic cycling, blood microdialysis sampling in man and in the mouse, and in vivo drug metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Verbeeck
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, PMNT 7369, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
The aim of this work was to provide a short overview of existing methods for the determination of free drug concentration and protein-drug binding fraction in plasma. Various methods have been described in terms of principles, evaluation of methods, and applications in recent years, with an emphasis on the chromatographic method, i.e. high-performance frontal analysis (HPFA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China
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28
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Hansen DK, Davies MI, Lunte SM, Lunte CE. Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies using microdialysis sampling. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88:14-27. [PMID: 9874697 PMCID: PMC2519818 DOI: 10.1021/js9801485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D K Hansen
- Departments of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Center for Bioanalytical Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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29
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to survey the recent literature regarding the various applications of microdialysis in pharmacokinetics. Microdialysis is a relatively new technique for sampling tissue extracellular fluid that is gaining popularity in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, both in experimental animals and humans. The first part of this review discusses various aspects of the technique with regard to its use in pharmacokinetic studies, such as: quantitation of the microdialysis probe relative recovery, interfacing the sampling technique with analytical instrumentation, and consideration of repeated procedures using the microdialysis probe. The remainder of the review is devoted to a survey of the recent literature concerning pharmacokinetic studies that apply the microdialysis sampling technique. While the majority of the pharmacokinetic studies that have utilized microdialysis have been done in the central nervous system, a growing number of applications are being found in a variety of peripheral tissue types, e.g. skin, muscle, adipose, eye, lung, liver, and blood, and these are considered as well. Given the rising interest in this technique, and the ongoing attempts to adapt it to pharmacokinetic studies, it is clear that microdialysis sampling will have an important place in studying drug disposition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
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30
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Hadwiger ME, Park S, Torchia SR, Lunte CE. Simultaneous determination of the elimination profiles of the individual enantiomers of racemic isoproterenol using capillary electrophoresis and microdialysis sampling. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 15:621-9. [PMID: 9127274 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(96)01896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microdialysis sampling and capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE-EC) were used in combination to simultaneously define the elimination profile of each enantiomer of isoproterenol (ISP) administered as a racemic mixture to Sprague-Dawley rats. Resolution of the enantiomers of ISP was accomplished using a running buffer containing methyl-O-beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral recognition reagent. The CE-EC system provided a concentration limit of detection of 0.63 ng ml-1, allowing monitoring of the elimination of ISP for up to six half-lives. Microdialysis sampling was capable of continuously monitoring the concentration of ISP with 60 s resolution. The concentration versus time data for the elimination of (+) and (-) ISP were fit to a biphasic first order elimination model yielding average apparent distribution half-lives of 0.52 +/- 0.07 min and 0.55 +/- 0.08 min and average apparent elimination half-lives of 9.8 +/- 2.2 and 8.8 +/- 2.0 min for (-) and (+) ISP, respectively (n = 3 rats). No statistically significant difference in the average half-lives was found. However, because each enantiomer was simultaneously determined in each animal a paired two-sample t-Test could also be done. This statistical analysis demonstrated that a difference in the elimination half-lives of the enantiomers of ISP does exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Hadwiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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31
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Kovar A, Dalla Costa T, Derendorf H. Comparison of plasma and free tissue levels of ceftriaxone in rats by microdialysis. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:52-6. [PMID: 9002459 DOI: 10.1021/js960244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ceftriaxone has a very high plasma protein binding (up to 98%) that is saturable and decreases with higher concentrations. This high protein binding results in high concentrations in plasma that are frequently related to the anti-infective activity. However, because only the free fraction of the drug is pharmacologically active and most of the infections are located in the tissues, it is more relevant to evaluate unbound concentrations in the interstitial space. Plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in rats after single intravenous administration were investigated at two different concentrations (50 and 100 mg/kg). Both plasma and tissue samples were taken simultaneously from the same animal and analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Free tissue levels in the thigh muscle were measured by microdialysis. The concentration in plasma is much higher than the free concentration in tissue. After determination of nonlinear protein binding by microdialysis and including these parameters in the pharmacokinetic model, it is possible to predict free concentrations in the interstitial space from plasma levels for any given dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kovar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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32
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Lam H, Davies M, Lunte CE. Vacuum ultrafiltration sampling for determination of plasma protein binding of drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996; 14:1753-7. [PMID: 8887723 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(96)01811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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33
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Oravcová J, Böhs B, Lindner W. Drug-protein binding sites. New trends in analytical and experimental methodology. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 677:1-28. [PMID: 8925081 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, continuous progress in instrumental analytical methodology has been achieved with a substantial increase in the number of new, more specific and more flexible methods for ligand-protein assays. In general, the methods used for drug-protein binding studies can be divided into two main groups: separation methods (enabling the calculation of binding parameters, i.e. the number of binding sites and their respective affinity constants) and non-separation methods (describing predominantly qualitative parameters of the ligand-protein complex). This review will be focussed particularly on recent trends in the development of drug-protein binding methods including stereoselective and non-stereoselective aspects using chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and microdialysis as compared to the "conventional approach" using equilibrium dialysis, ultrafiltration or size exclusion chromatography. The advantages and limitations of various methods will be discussed including a focus on "optimal" experimental strategies taking into account in vitro, ex vivo and/or in vivo studies. Furthermore, the importance of some particular aspects concerning the drug binding to proteins (covalent binding of drugs and metabolites, stereoselective interactions and evaluation of binding data) will be outlined in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oravcová
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Austria
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Knaub SR, Chang MF, Lunte CE, Topp EM, Riley CM. Automated analytical systems for drug development studies. Part IV. A microdialysis system to study the partitioning of lomefloxacin across an erythrocyte membrane in vitro. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1995; 14:121-9. [PMID: 8833974 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An automated system utilizing microdialysis sampling, intermittent dosing, and liquid chromatographic analysis was assembled in order to study the partitioning of lomefloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial, into human erythrocytes in vitro. The apparent erythrocyte:buffer partition coefficient was found to be approximately 2.0 with this system and by a manual method. The value was concentration-dependent; lower partition coefficients were observed at lomefloxacin concentrations less than 1 microgram ml-1. At all concentrations, values obtained by microdialysis were statistically indistinguishable from those obtained by a conventional manual method. The results indicate that erythrocyte partition coefficients can be measured successfully with the microdialysis system. Furthermore, microdialysis sampling eliminates the tedious methodology associated with traditional erythrocyte partitioning studies, including sample clean-up. Due to automated intermittent dosing and on-line LC analysis, the system operates unattended.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Knaub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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35
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Müller M, v Osten B, Schmid R, Piegler E, Gerngross I, Buchegger H, Eichler HG. Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1995; 352:438-41. [PMID: 8532073 DOI: 10.1007/bf00172782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions. Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (cmax, tmax, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUCtissue/AUCplasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue. We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Müller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vienna University School of Medicine, Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Austria
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36
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Sarre S, Deleu D, Van Belle K, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. Quantitative microdialysis for studying the in vivo L-DOPA kinetics in blood and skeletal muscle of the dog. Pharm Res 1995; 12:746-50. [PMID: 7479562 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016271911983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study the microdialysis technique, using alpha-methyldopa as internal standard (IS), is introduced for the in vivo determination of L-DOPA, dopamine (DA), and their metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) in blood plasma and skeletal muscle extracellular fluid (ECF), in anaesthetised beagle dogs, after i.v. administration of L-DOPA. In a first calibration experiment, the in vivo relative losses (RL) of the compounds and the IS were determined. These were lower in skeletal muscle than in blood plasma. K was defined as the ratio of the RL of the IS to the RL of the compound of interest and was shown to be constant for a certain compound within one tissue. However, except for DA, a significant difference was seen in K values between blood plasma and skeletal muscle. In a second step, the method was validated in blood plasma. The AUC0-->3 values for the non-protein bound L-DOPA did not differ significantly between the dialysis (141.3 +/- 16.0 nmol.h/ml) and traditional whole blood sampling (145.3 +/- 18.7 nmol.h/ml), confirming that microdialysis combined with accurate calibration is a reliable technique for studying the kinetics of drugs in vivo in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Le Quellec A, Dupin S, Tufenkji AE, Genissel P, Houin G. Microdialysis: an alternative for in vitro and in vivo protein binding studies. Pharm Res 1994; 11:835-8. [PMID: 7937522 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018973607051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the performance of conventional equilibrium dialysis method with a microdialysis method in studying drug protein binding. The two methods were assessed by comparing the measured mean unbound drug fraction in different plasma species in vitro in plasma of four different species and at two concentrations of the non-indolic melatonin analog S 20098. For the microdialysis study, the unbound drug fraction was calculated after correction for membrane recovery. Plasma protein binding of S 20098 ranged from 75 to 95%. In humans, rabbits and rats (10 ng/ml), equal unbound percentages were found between equilibrium dialysis and microdialysis. Microdialysis gave slightly but significantly higher values in rat (2000 ng/ml), and in monkey plasma independent of the drug concentration. Microdialysis was also performed in vivo in freely moving rats under steady-state conditions, yielding similar unbound fraction values (26.0 +/- 0.9%) to those obtained using microdialysis probes in rat plasma in vitro (24.4 +/- 1.6%). These results support the use of in vivo microdialysis in pharmacokinetic studies in freely moving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Le Quellec
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Pharmacocinétique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
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Andresen AT, Rasmussen KE, Rugstad HE. Automated determination of free phenytoin in human plasma with on-line equilibrium dialysis and column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 621:189-98. [PMID: 8294541 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80095-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Free phenytoin in human plasma was automatically determined by on-line equilibrium dialysis using the automated sequential trace enrichment of dialysate (ASTED) sample preparation system and HPLC. The dialysis cell was a modification of the cell supplied with the ASTED. Total phenytoin was analysed with the same analytical set-up and plasma protein binding was determined. Free phenytoin was determined in plasma from epileptic patients and the results were compared to those obtained by ultrafiltration. Automated determination of free and total phenytoin in plasma by the ASTED-HPLC combination was shown to be an accurate and reproducible method and the results in free phenytoin analyses were in agreement with those found with ultrafiltration. The sample throughput with the automated on-line combination of dialysis and column-switching HPLC was 75 samples in 24 h when the sample was dialysed at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Andresen
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
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40
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Van Belle K, Dzeka T, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. In vitro and in vivo microdialysis calibration for the measurement of carbamazepine and its metabolites in rat brain tissue using the internal reference technique. J Neurosci Methods 1993; 49:167-73. [PMID: 8271836 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(93)90120-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microdialysis, as in vivo sampling technique, can be used for determining exogenous compounds in the extracellular fluid of freely moving animals and in humans. Usually, calibration of the microdialysis probe is determined by in vitro relative recovery (RR) (dialysate extraction fraction). However, due to different diffusion properties of the compound in tissue, the RR in vivo is different from the RR in vitro. In this study, the evaluation of the internal reference technique as in vivo calibration method was established. To determine the RR in vivo, the relative loss (RL) was defined as the loss of a compound from the perfusate. RL was determined in vitro and in vivo by adding an internal standard (IS) to the perfusate. This internal reference technique was applied for the determination of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its 2 major metabolites, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-EPO) and trans-10,11-dihydroxy-10,11-dihydro-carbamazepine (CBZ-DIOL) using 2-methyl-5H-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide (m-CBZ) as IS. In vitro and in vivo, the loss of m-CBZ and the recovery of CBZ are identical. The ratios of the RR of CBZ-EPO and CBZ-DIOL to the RL of m-CBZ are constant, in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, m-CBZ can be used as IS for CBZ, CBZ-EPO and CBZ-DIOL determinations in brain tissue. It is shown that the internal reference technique is a useful method to estimate the true concentration of exogenous compounds in the extracellular space of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Belle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium
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41
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Sarre S, Deleu D, Van Belle K, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. In-vivo microdialysis sampling in pharmacokinetic studies. Trends Analyt Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(93)87053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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