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Murakami T, Kobayashi N, Iwaide S, Itoh Y, Hisada M, Izawa T, Kuwamura M. Identification of calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide 1-derived amyloid in a feline C-cell carcinoma. Amyloid 2024; 31:142-144. [PMID: 37981706 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2023.2282361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Murakami
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kobayashi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Iwaide
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Itoh
- Smart-Core-Facility Promotion Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Hisada
- Smart-Core-Facility Promotion Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Nemunaitis J, Stanbery L, Senzer N. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: let the virus be its own demise. Future Virol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7249572 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been a collaborative global effort to construct novel therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to SARS-CoV-2 management. Although vaccine development is crucial, acute management of newly infected patients, especially those with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, is a priority. Herein we describe the rationale and potential of repurposing a dual plasmid, Vigil (pbi-shRNAfurin-GM-CSF), now in Phase III cancer trials, for the treatment of and, in certain circumstances, enhancement of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
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Braun E, Sauter D. Furin-mediated protein processing in infectious diseases and cancer. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1073. [PMID: 31406574 PMCID: PMC6682551 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage regulates numerous processes in health and disease. One key player is the ubiquitously expressed serine protease furin, which cleaves a plethora of proteins at polybasic recognition motifs. Mammalian substrates of furin include cytokines, hormones, growth factors and receptors. Thus, it is not surprising that aberrant furin activity is associated with a variety of disorders including cancer. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of furin is exploited by numerous viral and bacterial pathogens, thereby enhancing their virulence and spread. In this review, we describe the physiological and pathophysiological substrates of furin and discuss how dysregulation of a simple proteolytic cleavage event may promote infectious diseases and cancer. One major focus is the role of furin in viral glycoprotein maturation and pathogenicity. We also outline cellular mechanisms regulating the expression and activation of furin and summarise current approaches that target this protease for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Braun
- Institute of Molecular VirologyUlm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular VirologyUlm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
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4
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Biosynthesis of human myeloperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 642:1-9. [PMID: 29408362 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Members of Chordata peroxidase subfamily [1] expressed in mammals, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO), express conserved motifs around the heme prosthetic group essential for their activity, a calcium-binding site, and at least two covalent bonds linking the heme group to the protein backbone. Although most studies of the biosynthesis of these peroxidases have focused on MPO, many of the features described occur during biosynthesis of other members of the protein subfamily. Whereas MPO biosynthesis includes events typical for proteins generated in the secretory pathway, the importance and consequences of heme insertion are events uniquely associated with peroxidases. This Review summarizes decades of work elucidating specific steps in the biosynthetic pathway of human MPO. Discussion includes cotranslational glycosylation and subsequent modifications of the N-linked carbohydrate sidechains, contributions by molecular chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum, cleavage of the propeptide from proMPO, and proteolytic processing of protomers and dimerization to yield mature MPO. Parallels between the biosynthesis of MPO and TPO as well as the impact of inherited mutations in the MPO gene on normal biosynthesis will be summarized. Lastly, specific gaps in our knowledge revealed by this review of our current understanding will be highlighted.
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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Serine Protease StmPr1 Induces Matrilysis, Anoikis, and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Activation in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00544-17. [PMID: 28893914 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00544-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging, opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals. We recently identified the StmPr1 and StmPr2 serine proteases to be the substrates of the Xps type II secretion system in S. maltophilia strain K279a. Here, we report that a third serine protease, StmPr3, is also secreted in an Xps-dependent manner. By constructing a panel of protease mutants in strain K279a, we were able to determine that StmPr3 contributes to the previously described Xps-mediated rounding and detachment of cells of the A549 human lung epithelial cell line as well as the Xps-mediated degradation of fibronectin, fibrinogen, and the cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). We also determined that StmPr1, StmPr2, and StmPr3 account for all Xps-mediated effects toward A549 cells and that StmPr1 contributes the most to Xps-mediated activities. Thus, we purified StmPr1 from the S. maltophilia strain K279a culture supernatant and evaluated the protease's activity toward A549 cells. Our analyses revealed that purified StmPr1 behaves more similarly to subtilisin than to trypsin. We also determined that purified StmPr1 likely induces cell rounding and detachment of A549 cells by targeting cell integrin-extracellular matrix connections (matrilysis) as well as adherence and tight junction proteins for degradation. In this study, we also identified anoikis as the mechanism by which StmPr1 induces the death of A549 cells and found that StmPr1 induces A549 IL-8 secretion via activation of protease-activated receptor 2. Altogether, these results suggest that the degradative and cytotoxic activities exhibited by StmPr1 may contribute to S. maltophilia pathogenesis in the lung by inducing tissue damage and inflammation.
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Narayanan S, Sanpui P, Sahoo L, Ghosh SS. Tobacco phytaspase: Successful expression in a heterologous system. Bioengineered 2017; 8:457-461. [PMID: 28282252 PMCID: PMC5639862 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2017.1292187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytaspase, a plant serine protease, has been demonstrated to play an important role in the programmed cell death of various plants. Phytaspase is synthesized as an inactive proenzyme containing an N-terminal signal peptide followed by a pro-domain and a mature protease catalytic domain. Pre-prophytaspase autocatalytically processes itself into a pro-domain and an active mature phytaspase enzyme. We have recently demonstrated the successful expression of mature phytaspase from tobacco in a bacterial system. Herein, we focus on the expression of pre-prophytaspase as a GST-tag fusion and on its purification by affinity chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pallab Sanpui
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-39, Assam, India
| | - Lingaraj Sahoo
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Guwahati-39, Assam, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Guwahati-39, Assam, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-39, Assam, India
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Wang Z, Lv P, Luo W, Yuan Z, He D. Expression in Pichia pastoris and characterization of Rhizomucor miehei lipases containing a new propeptide region. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2017; 62:25-30. [PMID: 26923128 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.62.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A large number of propeptide regions from various proteins have been identified which function as intramolecular chaperones and assist the folding of the respective functional domains. The same polypeptide can fold into an altered conformation because of a mutated intramolecular chaperone and can maintain the "memory" of the folding process (new physicochemical properties). Two new kinds of Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) were constructed by replacing its propeptide region with that from either Rhizopus chinensis lipase (RCL) or Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL). The enzymatic properties were also analyzed and compared between wild-type RML and the mutants. The results indicated that the same polypeptide can fold into different conformations because of changes in the propeptide region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Type II Secretion-Dependent Degradative and Cytotoxic Activities Mediated by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Serine Proteases StmPr1 and StmPr2. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3825-37. [PMID: 26169274 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00672-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that primarily causes pneumonia and bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals. We recently reported that S. maltophilia strain K279a encodes the Xps type II secretion system and that Xps promotes rounding, actin rearrangement, detachment, and death in the human lung epithelial cell line A549. Here, we show that Xps-dependent cell rounding and detachment occur with multiple human and murine cell lines and that serine protease inhibitors block Xps-mediated rounding and detachment of A549 cells. Using genetic analysis, we determined that the serine proteases StmPr1 and StmPr2, which were confirmed to be Xps substrates, are predominantly responsible for secreted proteolytic activities exhibited by strain K279a, as well as the morphological and cytotoxic effects on A549 cells. Supernatants from strain K279a also promoted the degradation of type I collagen, fibrinogen, and fibronectin in a predominantly Xps- and protease-dependent manner, although some Xps-independent degradation of fibrinogen was observed. Finally, Xps, and predominantly StmPr1, degraded interleukin 8 (IL-8) secreted by A549 cells during coculture with strain K279a. Our findings indicate that while StmPr1 and StmPr2 are predominantly responsible for A549 cell rounding, extracellular matrix protein degradation, and IL-8 degradation, additional Xps substrates also contribute to these activities. Altogether, our data provide new insight into the virulence potential of the S. maltophilia Xps type II secretion system and its StmPr1 and StmPr2 substrates.
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Singh A, Upadhyay V, Upadhyay AK, Singh SM, Panda AK. Protein recovery from inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli using mild solubilization process. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:41. [PMID: 25889252 PMCID: PMC4379949 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of inclusion bodies in bacterial hosts poses a major challenge for large scale recovery of bioactive proteins. The process of obtaining bioactive protein from inclusion bodies is labor intensive and the yields of recombinant protein are often low. Here we review the developments in the field that are targeted at improving the yield, as well as quality of the recombinant protein by optimizing the individual steps of the process, especially solubilization of the inclusion bodies and refolding of the solubilized protein. Mild solubilization methods have been discussed which are based on the understanding of the fact that protein molecules in inclusion body aggregates have native-like structure. These methods solubilize the inclusion body aggregates while preserving the native-like protein structure. Subsequent protein refolding and purification results in high recovery of bioactive protein. Other parameters which influence the overall recovery of bioactive protein from inclusion bodies have also been discussed. A schematic model describing the utility of mild solubilization methods for high throughput recovery of bioactive protein has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Singh
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Arun Kumar Upadhyay
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Surinder Mohan Singh
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Amulya Kumar Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Yang M, Yu XW, Zheng H, Sha C, Zhao C, Qian M, Xu Y. Role of N-linked glycosylation in the secretion and enzymatic properties of Rhizopus chinensis lipase expressed in Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:40. [PMID: 25880561 PMCID: PMC4417512 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, is widely used as a useful experimental tool in protein engineering and production. It is common for proteins expressed in P. pastoris to exhibit N-glycosylation. In recent years, glycosylation studies in P. pastoris have attracted increasing attention from scholars. Rhizopus chinensis lipase (RCL) is one of the most important industrial lipases, and it has four potential N-linked glycosylation sites. The aim of the present study was to determine whether RCL undergoes asparagine-linked (N-linked) glycosylation and to examine the role of this modification in RCL expression and function. Results In this study, we demonstrated that RCL expressed in Pichia pastoris was N-glycosylated at the sites N-14, N-48 and N-60. The majority of the sites N-14 and N-60 were glycosylated, but the glycosylation degree of the site N-48 was only a very small portion. The glycan on N-60 played a key role in the expression and secretion of RCL. RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA level of proRCLCN60Q remained unchanged even though the protein secretion was hampered. Although the N-glycan on N-14 had no effect on the secretion of RCL, this glycan was beneficial for the lipase catalytic activity. On the other hand, the little amount of N-glycan on N-48 had no effect both on the secretion and activity of RCL in P. pastoris. Moreover, the thermostability analysis of RCL revealed that the lipase with more N-glycan was more thermostable. Conclusions RCL was N-glycosylated when expressed in P. pastoris. The N-glycans of RCL on the different sites had different functions for the secretion and enzymatic properties of the lipase. Our report may also provide theoretical support for the improvement of enzyme expression and stability based on the N-linked glycosylation modification to meet the future needs of the biotechnological industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility at Robert wood Johnson medical school and Rutgers, the state university of new jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Chong Sha
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Caifeng Zhao
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility at Robert wood Johnson medical school and Rutgers, the state university of new jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Meiqian Qian
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility at Robert wood Johnson medical school and Rutgers, the state university of new jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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BDNF-TrkB axis regulates migration of the lateral line primordium and modulates the maintenance of mechanoreceptor progenitors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119711. [PMID: 25751404 PMCID: PMC4353718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF and its specialized receptor TrkB are expressed in the developing lateral line system of zebrafish, but their role in this organ is unknown. To tackle this problem in vivo, we used transgenic animals expressing fluorescent markers in different cell types of the lateral line and combined a BDNF gain-of-function approach by BDNF mRNA overexpression and by soaking embryos in a solution of BDNF, with a loss-of-function approach by injecting the antisence ntrk2b-morpholino and treating embryos with the specific Trk inhibitor K252a. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that the BDNF-TrkB axis regulates migration of the lateral line primordium. In particular, BDNF-TrkB influences the expression level of components of chemokine signaling including Cxcr4b, and the generation of progenitors of mechanoreceptors, at the level of expression of Atoh1a-Atp2b1a.
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12
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Subbian E, Williamson DM, Shinde U. Protein Folding Mediated by an Intramolecular Chaperone: Energy Landscape for Unimolecular Pro-Subtilisin E Maturation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2015.62008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pelzer A, Polen T, Funken H, Rosenau F, Wilhelm S, Bott M, Jaeger KE. Subtilase SprP exerts pleiotropic effects in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiologyopen 2013; 3:89-103. [PMID: 24376018 PMCID: PMC3937732 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The open reading frame PA1242 in the genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 encodes a putative protease belonging to the peptidase S8 family of subtilases. The respective enzyme termed SprP consists of an N-terminal signal peptide and a so-called S8 domain linked by a domain of unknown function (DUF). Presumably, this DUF domain defines a discrete class of Pseudomonas proteins as homologous domains can be identified almost exclusively in proteins of the genus Pseudomonas. The sprP gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and proteolytic activity was demonstrated. A P. aeruginosa ΔsprP mutant was constructed and its gene expression pattern compared to the wild-type strain by genome microarray analysis revealing altered expression levels of 218 genes. Apparently, SprP is involved in regulation of a variety of different cellular processes in P. aeruginosa including pyoverdine synthesis, denitrification, the formation of cell aggregates, and of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pelzer
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Research Centre Juelich, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, D-52426, Juelich, Germany
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14
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The putative propeptide of MycP1 in mycobacterial type VII secretion system does not inhibit protease activity but improves protein stability. Protein Cell 2013; 4:921-31. [PMID: 24248472 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosin-1 protease (MycP1) is a serine protease anchored to the inner membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and is essential in virulence factor secretion through the ESX-1 type VII secretion system (T7SS). Bacterial physiology studies demonstrated that MycP1 plays a dual role in the regulation of ESX-1 secretion and virulence, primarily through cleavage of its secretion substrate EspB. MycP1 contains a putative N-terminal inhibitory propeptide and a catalytic triad of Asp-His-Ser, classic hallmarks of a subtilase family serine protease. The MycP1 propeptide was previously reported to be initially inactive and activated after prolonged incubation. In this study, we have determined crystal structures of MycP1 with (MycP1²⁴⁻⁴²²) and without (MycP1⁶³⁻⁴²²) the propeptide, and conducted EspB cleavage assays using the two proteins. Very high structural similarity was observed in the two crystal structures. Interestingly, protease assays demonstrated positive EspB cleavage for both proteins, indicating that the putative propeptide does not inhibit protease activity. Molecular dynamic simulations showed higher rigidity in regions guarding the entrance to the catalytic site in MycP1²⁴⁻⁴²² than in MycP1⁶³⁻⁴²², suggesting that the putative propeptide might contribute to the conformational stability of the active site cleft and surrounding regions.
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15
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pH-dependent activation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus transglutaminase mediated by intein. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:723-9. [PMID: 24242235 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02820-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) from Streptomyces is naturally secreted as a zymogen (pro-MTG), which is then activated by the removal of its N-terminal proregion by additional proteases. Inteins are protein-intervening sequences that catalyze protein splicing without cofactors. In this study, a pH-dependent Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 DnaB mini-intein (SDB) was introduced into pro-MTG to simplify its activation process by controlling pH. The recombinant protein (pro-SDB-MTG) was obtained, and the activation process was determined to take 24 h at pH 7 in vitro. To investigate the effect of the first residue in MTG on the activity and the cleavage time, two variants, pro-SDB-MTG(D1S) and pro-SDB-MTG(ΔD1), were expressed, and the activation time was found to be 6 h and 30 h, respectively. The enzymatic property and secondary structure of the recombinant MTG and two variants were similar to those of the wild type, indicating that the insertion of mini-intein did not affect the function of MTG. This insignificant effect was further illustrated by molecular dynamics simulations. This study revealed a controllable and effective strategy to regulate the activation process of pro-MTG mediated by a mini-intein, and it may have great potential for industrial MTG production.
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16
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Huang Y, Zhen B, Lin Y, Cai Y, Lin Z, Deng C, Zhang Y. Expression of codon optimized human bone morphogenetic protein 4 in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 61:175-83. [PMID: 23941573 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are TGF-β family member proteins that have therapeutic potential. The amount of BMPs from natural resources is limited, and the production of biologically active BMPs in heterologous protein expression systems remains an obstacle for their clinical application. In this study, the DNA sequence of human BMP4 mature domain (hBMP4) was optimized according to the codon relative synonymous codon usage values in Pichia pastoris, and the A+T content in the sequence after optimization was within the range of 30% to 55%. In Pichia pastoris cultured in shake-flask, the expression level of hBMP4 protein from the optimized sequence (48 mg/L) increased fourfold in comparison with that from the native sequence (12 mg/L). Recombinant hBMP4 protein was purified by SP Sepharose and heparin affinity chromatography. The biological activities of recombinant hBMP4 were examined by measuring proliferation stimulation in cells and induction of ectopic cartilage formation in mouse models. Our results demonstrated that the optimized DNA sequence could significantly enhance hBMP4 protein expression in Pichia pastoris compared with the native sequence and produce biologically active recombinant hBMP4; this indicates the potential of this optimized sequence for bulk production of hBMP4 protein in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Hassan N, Tan TC, Spadiut O, Pisanelli I, Fusco L, Haltrich D, Peterbauer CK, Divne C. Crystal structures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium pyranose 2-oxidase suggest that the N-terminus acts as a propeptide that assists in homotetramer assembly. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:496-504. [PMID: 24282677 PMCID: PMC3839853 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavin-dependent homotetrameric enzyme pyranose 2-oxidase (P2O) is found mostly, but not exclusively, in lignocellulose-degrading fungi where it catalyzes the oxidation of β-d-glucose to the corresponding 2-keto sugar concomitantly with hydrogen peroxide formation during lignin solubilization. Here, we present crystal structures of P2O from the efficient lignocellulolytic basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Structures were determined of wild-type PcP2O from the natural fungal source, and two variants of recombinant full-length PcP2O, both in complex with the slow substrate 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-β-d-glucose. The active sites in PcP2O and P2O from Trametes multicolor (TmP2O) are highly conserved with identical substrate binding. Our structural analysis suggests that the 17 °C higher melting temperature of PcP2O compared to TmP2O is due to an increased number of intersubunit salt bridges. The structure of recombinant PcP2O expressed with its natural N-terminal sequence, including a proposed propeptide segment, reveals that the first five residues of the propeptide intercalate at the interface between A and B subunits to form stabilizing, mainly hydrophobic, interactions. In the structure of mature PcP2O purified from the natural source, the propeptide segment in subunit A has been replaced by a nearby loop in the B subunit. We propose that the propeptide in subunit A stabilizes the A/B interface of essential dimers in the homotetramer and that, upon maturation, it is replaced by the loop in the B subunit to form the mature subunit interface. This would imply that the propeptide segment of PcP2O acts as an intramolecular chaperone for oligomerization at the A/B interface of the essential dimer. Structures of pyranose 2-oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium were determined. The N-terminus may act as a propeptide with a role in homotetramer assembly. A large number of salt bridges between subunits provides thermostability. The substrate is bound in the productive binding mode for oxidation at C2.
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Key Words
- 2FGlc, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose
- 3FGlc, 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucose
- Crystal structure
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- IMAC, by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography
- IPTG, β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside
- Lignin degradation
- MES, 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid
- MWCO, molecular weight cut off
- Oligomerization
- P2O, pyranose oxidase
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- Propeptide
- Pyranose 2-oxidase
- TEV, Tobacco Etch Virus
- Thermostability
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hassan
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Albanova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691 StockholmSweden
| | - Tien-Chye Tan
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177 StockholmSweden
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Albanova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691 StockholmSweden
| | - Ines Pisanelli
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, A-1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Laura Fusco
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, A-1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, A-1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Clemens K. Peterbauer
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, A-1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Christina Divne
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Albanova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691 StockholmSweden
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177 StockholmSweden
- Corresponding author at: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Albanova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691StockholmSweden. Tel.: +46 8 55378296; fax: +46 8 55378468.
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18
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Williamson DM, Elferich J, Ramakrishnan P, Thomas G, Shinde U. The mechanism by which a propeptide-encoded pH sensor regulates spatiotemporal activation of furin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19154-65. [PMID: 23653353 PMCID: PMC3696687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proprotein convertase furin requires the pH gradient of the secretory pathway to regulate its multistep, compartment-specific autocatalytic activation. Although His-69 within the furin prodomain serves as the pH sensor that detects transport of the propeptide-enzyme complex to the trans-Golgi network, where it promotes cleavage and release of the inhibitory propeptide, a mechanistic understanding of how His-69 protonation mediates furin activation remains unclear. Here we employ biophysical, biochemical, and computational approaches to elucidate the mechanism underlying the pH-dependent activation of furin. Structural analyses and binding experiments comparing the wild-type furin propeptide with a nonprotonatable His-69 → Leu mutant that blocks furin activation in vivo revealed protonation of His-69 reduces both the thermodynamic stability of the propeptide as well as its affinity for furin at pH 6.0. Structural modeling combined with mathematical modeling and molecular dynamic simulations suggested that His-69 does not directly contribute to the propeptide-enzyme interface but, rather, triggers movement of a loop region in the propeptide that modulates access to the cleavage site and, thus, allows for the tight pH regulation of furin activation. Our work establishes a mechanism by which His-69 functions as a pH sensor that regulates compartment-specific furin activation and provides insights into how other convertases and proteases may regulate their precise spatiotemporal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Williamson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Oregon 97239 and
| | - Johannes Elferich
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Oregon 97239 and
| | - Parvathy Ramakrishnan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Oregon 97239 and
| | - Gary Thomas
- the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Oregon 97239 and
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19
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Rafieva LM, Shubin AV, Gasanov EV. [Precursors and propeptides of neurotrophic factors as the modulators of biological activity of its mature forms]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013; 38:515-23. [PMID: 23342485 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012050123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review the problems of neurotrophic factors' folding, the role of its precursors (proneurotrophins) and the contribution of elements deleted during its maturation (propeptides) in biological functioning of these growth factors.
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20
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Wang D, Wang J, Wang B, Yu H. A new and efficient colorimetric high-throughput screening method for triacylglycerol lipase directed evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Dillon SL, Williamson DM, Elferich J, Radler D, Joshi R, Thomas G, Shinde U. Propeptides are sufficient to regulate organelle-specific pH-dependent activation of furin and proprotein convertase 1/3. J Mol Biol 2012; 423:47-62. [PMID: 22743102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The proprotein convertases (PCs) furin and proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1) cleave substrates at dibasic residues along the eukaryotic secretory/endocytic pathway. PCs are evolutionarily related to bacterial subtilisin and are synthesized as zymogens. They contain N-terminal propeptides (PRO) that function as dedicated catalysts that facilitate folding and regulate activation of cognate proteases through multiple-ordered cleavages. Previous studies identified a histidine residue (His69) that functions as a pH sensor in the propeptide of furin (PRO(FUR)), which regulates furin activation at pH~6.5 within the trans-Golgi network. Although this residue is conserved in the PC1 propeptide (PRO(PC1)), PC1 nonetheless activates at pH~5.5 within the dense core secretory granules. Here, we analyze the mechanism by which PRO(FUR) regulates furin activation and examine why PRO(FUR) and PRO(PC1) differ in their pH-dependent activation. Sequence analyses establish that while both PRO(FUR) and PRO(PC1) are enriched in histidines when compared with cognate catalytic domains and prokaryotic orthologs, histidine content in PRO(FUR) is ~2-fold greater than that in PRO(PC1), which may augment its pH sensitivity. Spectroscopy and molecular dynamics establish that histidine protonation significantly unfolds PRO(FUR) when compared to PRO(PC1) to enhance autoproteolysis. We further demonstrate that PRO(FUR) and PRO(PC1) are sufficient to confer organelle sensing on folding and activation of their cognate proteases. Swapping propeptides between furin and PC1 transfers pH-dependent protease activation in a propeptide-dictated manner in vitro and in cells. Since prokaryotes lack organelles and eukaryotic PCs evolved from propeptide-dependent, not propeptide-independent prokaryotic subtilases, our results suggest that histidine enrichment may have enabled propeptides to evolve to exploit pH gradients to activate within specific organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Dillon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97229, USA
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22
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Wang J, Wang D, Wang B, Mei ZH, Liu J, Yu HW. Enhanced activity of Rhizomucor miehei lipase by directed evolution with simultaneous evolution of the propeptide. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:443-50. [PMID: 22584429 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Propeptides are short sequences that facilitate the folding of their associated proteins. The present study found that the propeptide of Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) was not proteolytically removed in Escherichia coli. Moreover, RML was not expressed if the propeptide was removed artificially during the cloning process in E. coli. This behavior in E. coli permitted the application of directed evolution to full-length RML, which included both propeptide and catalytic domain, to explore the role played by the propeptide in governing enzyme activity. The catalytic rate constant, k (cat), of the most active mutant RML protein (Q5) was increased from 10.63 ± 0.80 to 71.44 ± 3.20 min(-1) after four rounds of screening. Sequence analysis of the mutant displayed three mutations in the propeptide (L57V, S65A, and V67A) and two mutations in the functional region (I111T and S168P). This result showed that improved activity was obtained with essential involvement by mutations in the propeptide, meaning that the majority of mutants with enhanced activity had simultaneous mutations in propeptide and catalytic domains. This observation leads to the hypothesis that directed evolution has simultaneous and synergistic effects on both functional and propeptide domains that arise from the role played by the propeptide in the folding and maturation of the enzyme. We suggest that directed evolution of full-length proteins including their propeptides is a strategy with general validity for extending the range of conformations available to proteins, leading to the enhancement of the catalytic rates of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
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23
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Naumann TA, Wicklow DT, Price NPJ. Identification of a chitinase-modifying protein from Fusarium verticillioides: truncation of a host resistance protein by a fungalysin metalloprotease. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35358-35366. [PMID: 21878653 PMCID: PMC3195611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-modifying proteins (cmps) are proteases secreted by fungal pathogens that truncate the plant class IV chitinases ChitA and ChitB during maize ear rot. cmp activity has been characterized for Bipolaris zeicola and Stenocarpella maydis, but the identities of the proteases are not known. Here, we report that cmps are secreted by multiple species from the genus Fusarium, that cmp from Fusarium verticillioides (Fv-cmp) is a fungalysin metalloprotease, and that it cleaves within a sequence that is conserved in class IV chitinases. Protein extracts from Fusarium cultures were found to truncate ChitA and ChitB in vitro. Based on this activity, Fv-cmp was purified from F. verticillioides. N-terminal sequencing of truncated ChitA and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of reaction products showed that Fv-cmp is an endoprotease that cleaves a peptide bond on the C-terminal side of the lectin domain. The N-terminal sequence of purified Fv-cmp was determined and compared with a set of predicted proteins, resulting in its identification as a zinc metalloprotease of the fungalysin family. Recombinant Fv-cmp also truncated ChitA, confirming its identity, but had reduced activity, suggesting that the recombinant protease did not mature efficiently from its propeptide-containing precursor. This is the first report of a fungalysin that targets a nonstructural host protein and the first to implicate this class of virulence-related proteases in plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Naumann
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604.
| | - Donald T Wicklow
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Neil P J Price
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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24
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Shinde U, Thomas G. Insights from bacterial subtilases into the mechanisms of intramolecular chaperone-mediated activation of furin. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 768:59-106. [PMID: 21805238 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-204-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prokaryotic subtilisins and eukaryotic proprotein convertases (PCs) are two homologous protease subfamilies that belong to the larger ubiquitous super-family called subtilases. Members of the subtilase super-family are produced as zymogens wherein their propeptide domains function as dedicated intramolecular chaperones (IMCs) that facilitate correct folding and regulate precise activation of their cognate catalytic domains. The molecular and cellular determinants that modulate IMC-dependent folding and activation of PCs are poorly understood. In this chapter we review what we have learned from the folding and activation of prokaryotic subtilisin, discuss how this has molded our understanding of furin maturation, and foray into the concept of pH sensors, which may represent a paradigm that PCs (and possibly other IMC-dependent eukaryotic proteins) follow for regulating their biological functions using the pH gradient in the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA.
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25
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Zingaretti C, Falugi F, Nardi‐Dei V, Pietrocola G, Mariani M, Liberatori1 Marilena Gallotta S, Tontini M, Tani C, Speziale P, Grandi G, Margarit I. Streptococcus pyogenes
SpyCEP: a chemokine‐inactivating protease with unique structural and biochemical features. FASEB J 2010; 24:2839-48. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-145631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zingaretti
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics Siena Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Milan Italy
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26
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Allen WJ, Phan G, Waksman G. Structural biology of periplasmic chaperones. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2009; 78:51-97. [PMID: 20663484 DOI: 10.1016/s1876-1623(08)78003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteins often require specific helper proteins, chaperones, to assist with their correct folding and to protect them from denaturation and aggregation. The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria provides a particularly challenging environment for chaperones to function in as it lacks readily available energy sources such as adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) to power reaction cycles. Periplasmic chaperones have therefore evolved specialized mechanisms to carry out their functions without the input of external energy and in many cases to transduce energy provided by protein folding or ATP hydrolysis at the inner membrane. Structural and biochemical studies have in recent years begun to elucidate the specific functions of many important periplasmic chaperones and how these functions are carried out. This includes not only specific carrier chaperones, such as those involved in the biosynthesis of adhesive fimbriae in pathogenic bacteria, but also more general pathways including the periplasmic transport of outer membrane proteins and the extracytoplasmic stress responses. This chapter aims to provide an overview of protein chaperones so far identified in the periplasm and how structural biology has assisted with the elucidation of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Allen
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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27
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Lo HF, Chou WM, Chen PJ, Lin LL. Influence of signal-peptide truncations on the functional expression of Escherichia coli gamma -glutamyltranspeptidase. J Basic Microbiol 2008; 48:260-8. [PMID: 18720502 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200700325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The full-length Escherichia coli gamma -glutamyltranspeptidase (EcGGT) gene and five truncations lacking 33, 51, 54, 60, and 78 bp respectively at the 5' end were prepared by polymerase chain reaction and cloned into the expression vector pQE-30. Isopropyl-beta -D-thiogalactopyranoside induction of E. coli M15 cells bearing the recombinant plasmids resulted in the intracellular production of the expressed proteins, EcGGT, EcGGT/DeltaN11, EcGGT/DeltaN17, EcGGT/DeltaN18, EcGGT/DeltaN20, and EcGGT/DeltaN26. The overexpressed enzymes were purified to near homogeneity by Ni(2+)-NTA resin. The specific activity for EcGGT, EcGGT/DeltaN11 and EcGGT/DeltaN17 was 5.3, 4.9, and 4.8 U/mg protein respectively, whereas the rest three enzymes had shown no GGT activity under the enzyme assay conditions. More than 94% of the activity was found in the cytoplasmic fraction of E. coli M15 cells harboring pQE-EcGGT, pQE-EcGGT/DeltaN11 or pQE-EcGGT/DeltaN17. Western blot analysis confirmed that the majority of N-terminally truncated enzymes were present in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Fen Lo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Shalu, Taichung, Taiwan
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28
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Influence of N-Terminal Truncations on the Functional Expression of Bacillus licheniformis γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase in Recombinant Escherichia coli. Curr Microbiol 2008; 57:603-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Kojima S, Iwahara A, Hisano Y, Yanai H. Effects of hydrophobic amino acid substitution in Pleurotus ostreatus proteinase A inhibitor 1 on its structure and functions as protease inhibitor and intramolecular chaperone. Protein Eng Des Sel 2007; 20:211-7. [PMID: 17437962 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzm013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that Pleurotus ostreatus proteinase A inhibitor 1 (POIA1) could function as an intramolecular chaperone of subtilisin BPN', as in the case of the propeptide of subtilisin BPN', and that its Phe44 --> Ala mutant, which lost its tertiary structure, could not assist the refolding of subtilisin BPN'. In this study, we examined the effects of hydrophobic amino acid substitutions at other sites and substitutions of Phe44 with other hydrophobic residues on the structure and functions of POIA1. These mutations were introduced into POIA1cm that had been obtained by the substitution of the C-terminal six residues of POIA1 with those of the propeptide of subtilisin BPN'. When Ile32 or Ile64 was substituted with Ala, the tertiary structure of the resultant mutant was markedly destroyed, and the activities as a protease inhibitor and an intramolecular chaperone were significantly lowered. Among the position 44 mutants, the Phe44 --> Val mutant was a much less effective intramolecular chaperone with conversion to a digestible inhibitor, possibly owing to destruction of the tertiary structure. On the other hand, the Phe44 --> Leu or Ile mutant maintained its tertiary structure, and hence could function as a more effective intramolecular chaperone than the Phe44 --> Val mutant. Furthermore, since the Phe44 --> Leu mutant was a more susceptible inhibitor than POIA1cm, the halo formed around a colony of Bacillus cells transformed with a plasmid encoding this mutant was larger than others. These results clearly show the close relationship between the tertiary structure and functions of POIA1 as a protease inhibitor and an intramolecular chaperone, and that a combination of such inhibitory properties and intramolecular chaperone activity of POIA1 might affect the diameter of the halo formed around Bacillus colonies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kojima
- Institute for Biomolecular Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
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30
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Falzon L, Patel S, Chen YJ, Inouye M. Autotomic Behavior of the Propeptide in Propeptide-mediated Folding of Prosubtilisin E. J Mol Biol 2007; 366:494-503. [PMID: 17169372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 77 residue propeptide at the N-terminal end of subtilisin E plays an essential role in subtilisin folding as a tailor-made intramolecular chaperone. Upon completion of folding, the propeptide is autoprocessed and removed by subtilisin digestion. This propeptide-mediated protein folding has been used as a paradigm for the study of protein folding. Here, we show by three independent methods, that the propeptide domain and the subtilisin domain show distinctive intrinsic stability that is obligatory for efficient autoprocessing of the propeptide domain. Two tryptophan residues, Trp106 and Trp113, on the surface of subtilisin located on one of the two helices that form the interface between the propeptide and the subtilisin domains play a key role in maintaining the distinctive instability of the propeptide domain, after completion of folding. When either of the Trp residues was substituted with Tyr, the characteristic biphasic heat denaturation profile of two domains unfolding was not observed, resulting in a single transition of denaturation. The results provide evidence that the propeptide not only plays an essential role in subtilisin folding, but upon completion of folding it behaves as an independent domain. Once the propeptide-mediated folding is completed, the propeptide domain is readily eliminated without interference from the subtilisin domain. This "autotomic" behavior of the propeptide may be a prevailing principle in propeptide-mediated protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Falzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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31
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Liang X, Zhang L, Zhong J, Huan L. Secretory expression of a heterologous nattokinase in Lactococcus lactis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:95-101. [PMID: 17225095 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase has been reported as an oral health product for the prevention of atherosclerosis. We developed a novel strategy to express a nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis in a live delivery vehicle, Lactococcus lactis. Promoter P( nisZ) and signal peptide SP(Usp) were used for inducible and secretory expression of nattokinase in L. lactis. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that nattokinase was successfully expressed, and about 94% of the enzyme was secreted to the culture. The recombinant nattokinase showed potent fibrinolytic activity, equivalent to 41.7 urokinase units per milliliter culture. Expression and delivery of such a fibrinolytic enzyme in the food-grade vehicle L. lactis would facilitate the widespread application of nattokinase in the control and prevention of thrombosis diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Liang
- Center for Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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32
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Kojima S, Iwahara A, Yanai H. Inhibitor-assisted refolding of protease: A protease inhibitor as an intramolecular chaperone. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:4430-6. [PMID: 16061231 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pleurotus ostrearus proteinase A inhibitor 1 (POIA1), which was discovered as a protease inhibitor, is unique in that it shows sequence homology to the propeptide of subtilisin, which functions as an intramolecular of a cognate protease. In this study, we demonstrate that POIA1 can function as an intramolecular chaperone of subtilisin by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The specific cleavage between POIA1 and the mature region of subtilisin BPN' occurred in a refolding process of a chimera protein, and Bacillus cells transformed with a chimera gene formed a halo on a skim milk plate. The mutational analyses of POIA1 in the chimera protein suggested that the tertiary structure of POIA1 is required for such a function, and that an increase in its ability to bind to subtilisin BPN' makes POIA1 a more effective intramolecular chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kojima
- Institute for Biomolecular Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
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33
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Sone M, Falzon L, Inouye M. The role of tryptophan residues in the autoprocessing of prosubtilisin E. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1749:15-22. [PMID: 15848132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Subtilisin E, a serine protease from Bacillus subtilis, requires an N-terminal propeptide for its correct folding. The propeptide is autocleaved and digested by the subtilisin domain upon proper folding. Here we investigated the individual roles of the three Trp residues within the subtilisin domain (Trp106, Trp113 and Trp241) on propeptide processing, enzymatic activity and stability of subtilisin. When the propeptide processing was examined by SDS-PAGE after refolding by rapid dilution, the mutation at either position Trp106 or Trp113 was found to significantly delay the propeptide processing, while the mutation at Trp241 had no effect. Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the mutants revealed that the mutations at the three positions did not affect appreciably the alpha-helix content of subtilisin. Secondary structure thermal unfolding monitored by CD spectroscopy revealed that none of the tryptophan residues had any significant effect on the stability of mature subtilisin. The enzymatic activity measurements showed that only Trp106 plays a major role in the enzymatic activity of subtilisin E. These results demonstrate that both Trp106 and Trp113 play a specific role in propeptide processing and enzymatic activity, while Trp241 plays no considerable role on any of these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Sone
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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34
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Ignatova Z, Wischnewski F, Notbohm H, Kasche V. Pro-sequence and Ca2+-binding: Implications for Folding and Maturation of Ntn-hydrolase Penicillin Amidase from E.coli. J Mol Biol 2005; 348:999-1014. [PMID: 15843029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin amidase (PA) is a bacterial periplasmic enzyme synthesized as a pre-pro-PA precursor. The pre-sequence mediates membrane translocation. The intramolecular pro-sequence is expressed along with the A and B chains but is rapidly removed in an autocatalytic manner. In extensive studies we show here that the pro-peptide is required for the correct folding of PA. Pro-PA and PA unfold via a biphasic transition that is more pronounced in the case of PA. According to size-exclusion chromatography and limited proteolysis experiments, the inflection observed in the equilibrium unfolding curves corresponds to an intermediate in which the N-terminal domain (A-chain) still possesses native-like topology, whereas the B-chain is unfolded to a large extent. In a series of in vitro experiments with a slow processing mutant pro-PA, we show that the pro-sequence in cis functions as a folding catalyst and accelerates the folding rate by seven orders of magnitude. In the absence of the pro-domain the PA refolds to a stable inactive molten globule intermediate that has native-like secondary but little tertiary structure. The pro-sequence of the homologous Alcaligenes faecalis PA can facilitate the folding of the hydrolase domain of Escherichia coli PA when added in trans (as a separate polypeptide chain). The isolated pro-sequence has a random structure in solution. However, difference circular dichroism spectra of native PA and native PA with pro-peptide added in trans suggest that the pro-sequence adopts an alpha-helical conformation in the context of the mature PA molecule. Furthermore, our results establish that Ca2+, found in the crystal structure, is not directly involved in the folding process. The cation shifts the equilibrium towards the native state and facilitates the autocatalytic processing of the pro-peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Ignatova
- Institute of Biotechnology II, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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35
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Subbian E, Yabuta Y, Shinde UP. Folding Pathway Mediated by an Intramolecular Chaperone: Intrinsically Unstructured Propeptide Modulates Stochastic Activation of Subtilisin. J Mol Biol 2005; 347:367-83. [PMID: 15740747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several secreted proteases are synthesized with N-terminal propeptides that function as intramolecular chaperones (IMCs) and direct the folding of proteases to their native functional states. Using subtilisin E as our model system, we had earlier established that (i) release and degradation of the IMC from its complex with the protease upon completion of folding is the rate-determining step to protease maturation and, (ii) IMC of SbtE is an extremely charged, intrinsically unstructured polypeptide that adopts an alpha-beta structure only in the presence of the protease. Here, we explore the mechanism of IMC release and the intricate relationship between IMC structure and protease activation. We establish that the release of the first IMC from its protease domain is a non-deterministic event that subsequently triggers an activation cascade through trans-proteolysis. By in silico simulation of the protease maturation pathway through application of stochastic algorithms, we further analyze the sub-stages of the release step. Our work shows that modulating the structure of the IMC domain through external solvent conditions can vary both the time and randomness of protease activation. This behavior of the protease can be correlated to varying the release-rebinding equilibrium of IMC, through simulation. Thus, a delicate balance underlies IMC structure, release, and protease activation. Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes crucial for fundamental cellular processes and require deterministic activation mechanisms. Our work on SbtE establishes that through selection of an intrinsically unstructured IMC domain, nature appears to have selected for a viable deterministic handle that controls a fundamentally random event. While this outlines an important mechanism for regulation of protease activation, it also provides a unique approach to maintain industrially viable subtilisins in extremely stable states that can be activated at will.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezhilkani Subbian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MRB-631, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 S. W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L224, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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36
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Kubota K, Nishii W, Kojima M, Takahashi K. Specific Inhibition and Stabilization of Aspergilloglutamic Peptidase by the Propeptide. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:999-1006. [PMID: 15516690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410852200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergilloglutamic peptidase (formerly called aspergillopepsin II) is an acid endopeptidase produced by Aspergillus niger var. macrosporus, with a novel catalytic dyad of a glutamic acid and a glutamine residue, thus belonging to a novel peptidase family G1. The mature enzyme is generated from its precursor by removal of the putative 41-residue propeptide and an 11-residue intervening peptide through autocatalytic activation. In the present study, the propeptide (Ala1-Asn41) and a series of its truncated peptides were chemically synthesized, and their effects on the enzyme activity and thermal stability were examined to identify the sequences and residues in the propeptide most critical to the inhibition and thermal stabilization. The synthetic propeptide was shown to be a potent competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (Ki = 27 nM at pH 4.0). Various shorter propeptide fragments derived from the central region of the propeptide had significant inhibitory effect, whereas their Ala scan-substituted peptides, especially R19A and H20A, showed only weak inhibition. Substitution of the Pro23-Pro24 sequence near His20 with an Ala-Ala sequence changed the peptide Lys18-Tyr25 to a substrate with His20 as the P1 residue. Furthermore, the propeptide was shown to be able to significantly protect the enzyme from thermal denaturation (DeltaTm = approximately 19 degrees C at pH 5.6). The protective potencies of the propeptide as well as truncated propeptides and their Ala scan-substituted peptides are parallel with their inhibitory potencies. These results indicate that the central part, and especially Arg19 and His20 therein, of the propeptide is most critical to the inhibition and thermal stabilization and that His20 interacts with the enzyme at or near the S1 site in a nonproductive fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kubota
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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37
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Bissonnette L, Charest G, Longpré JM, Lavigne P, Leduc R. Identification of furin pro-region determinants involved in folding and activation. Biochem J 2004; 379:757-63. [PMID: 14741044 PMCID: PMC1224113 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pro-region of the subtilisin-like convertase furin acts early in the biosynthetic pathway as an intramolecular chaperone to enable proper folding of the zymogen, and later on as an inhibitor to constrain the activity of the enzyme until it reaches the trans -Golgi network. To identify residues that are important for pro-region function, we initially identified amino acids that are conserved among the pro-regions of various mammalian convertases. Site-directed mutagenesis of 17 selected amino acids within the 89-residue pro-region and biosynthetic labelling revealed that I60A-furin and H66A-furin were rapidly degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner, while W34A-furin and F67A-furin did not show any autocatalytic activation. Intriguingly, the latter mutants proteolytically cleaved pro-von Willebrand factor precursor to the mature polypeptide, suggesting that the mutations permitted proper folding, but did not allow the pro-region to exercise its role in inhibiting the enzyme. Homology modelling of furin's pro-region revealed that residues Ile-60 and His-66 might be crucial in forming the binding interface with the catalytic domain, while residues Trp-34 and Phe-67 might be involved in maintaining a hydrophobic core within the pro-region itself. These results provide structural insights into the dual role of furin's pro-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyne Bissonnette
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
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38
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Vallejo LF, Rinas U. Strategies for the recovery of active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2004; 3:11. [PMID: 15345063 PMCID: PMC517725 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in generating active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins are summarized in conjunction with a short overview on inclusion body isolation and solubilization procedures. In particular, the pros and cons of well-established robust refolding techniques such as direct dilution as well as less common ones such as diafiltration or chromatographic processes including size exclusion chromatography, matrix- or affinity-based techniques and hydrophobic interaction chromatography are discussed. Moreover, the effect of physical variables (temperature and pressure) as well as the presence of buffer additives on the refolding process is elucidated. In particular, the impact of protein stabilizing or destabilizing low- and high-molecular weight additives as well as micellar and liposomal systems on protein refolding is illustrated. Also, techniques mimicking the principles encountered during in vivo folding such as processes based on natural and artificial chaperones and propeptide-assisted protein refolding are presented. Moreover, the special requirements for the generation of disulfide bonded proteins and the specific problems and solutions, which arise during process integration are discussed. Finally, the different strategies are examined regarding their applicability for large-scale production processes or high-throughput screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Vallejo
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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39
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Kwon YD, Nagy I, Adams PD, Baumeister W, Jap BK. Crystal structures of the Rhodococcus proteasome with and without its pro-peptides: implications for the role of the pro-peptide in proteasome assembly. J Mol Biol 2004; 335:233-45. [PMID: 14659753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To understand the role of the pro-peptide in proteasome assembly, we have determined structures of the Rhodococcus proteasome and a mutant form that prevents the autocatalytic removal of its pro-peptides. The structures reveal that the pro-peptide acts as an assembly-promoting factor by linking its own beta-subunit to two adjacent alpha-subunits, thereby providing a molecular explanation for the observed kinetics of proteasome assembly. The Rhodococcus proteasome has been found to have a substantially smaller contact region between alpha-subunits compared to those regions in the proteasomes of Thermoplasma, yeast, and mammalian cells, suggesting that a smaller contact area between alpha-subunits is likely the structural basis for the Rhodococcus alpha-subunits not assembling into alpha-rings when expressed alone. Analysis of all available beta-subunit structures shows that the contact area between beta-subunits within a beta-ring is not sufficient for beta-ring self-assembly without the additional contact provided by the alpha-ring. This appears to be a fail-safe mechanism ensuring that the active sites on the beta-subunits are activated only after proteasome assembly is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Do Kwon
- Graduate Group in Comparative Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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40
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Majerle A, Jerala R. Protein inhibitors form complexes with procathepsin L and augment cleavage of the propeptide. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 417:53-8. [PMID: 12921779 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The proregion fits tightly into the active site in the tertiary structure of procathepsin L and prevents its activity. We show that complexes between enzyme precursor and its endogenous protein inhibitors-the cystatins-can be formed without prior proteolytic removal of the propeptide. Complexes between cystatins and procathepsin L are formed at acidic pH and their formation is facilitated by acidic oligosaccharides. Binding of the inhibitor to the proenzyme is reversible and the slow dissociation of complex around neutral pH may serve as a pool for the sustained release of the enzyme. Formation of the complex between cystatin and procathepsin L increases the susceptibility of the proregion to proteolytic cleavage. This process may constitute an alternative mechanism of formation of the complex between enzyme and inhibitor without prior activation of the proenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Majerle
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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41
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Germond JE, Delley M, Gilbert C, Atlan D. Determination of the domain of the Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus cell surface proteinase PrtB involved in attachment to the cell wall after heterologous expression of the prtB gene in Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:3377-84. [PMID: 12788739 PMCID: PMC161544 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.6.3377-3384.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Belonging to the subtilase family, the cell surface proteinase (CSP) PrtB of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus differs from other CSPs synthesized by lactic acid bacteria. Expression of the prtB gene under its own promoter was shown to complement the proteinase-deficient strain MG1363 (PrtP(-) PrtM(-)) of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. Surprisingly, the maturation process of PrtB, unlike that of lactococcal CSP PrtPs, does not require a specific PrtM-like chaperone. The carboxy end of PrtB was previously shown to be different from the consensus anchoring region of other CSPs and exhibits an imperfect duplication of 59 amino acids with a high lysine content. By using a deletion strategy, the removal of the last 99 amino acids, including the degenerated anchoring signal (LPKKT), was found to be sufficient to release a part of the truncated PrtB into the culture medium and led to an increase in PrtB activity. This truncated PrtB is still active and enables L. lactis MG1363 to grow in milk supplemented with glucose. By contrast, deletion of the last 806 amino acids of PrtB led to the secretion of an inactive proteinase. Thus, the utmost carboxy end of PrtB is involved in attachment to the bacterial cell wall. Proteinase PrtB constitutes a powerful tool for cell surface display of heterologous proteins like antigens.
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42
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Yabuta Y, Subbian E, Oiry C, Shinde U. Folding pathway mediated by an intramolecular chaperone. A functional peptide chaperone designed using sequence databases. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:15246-51. [PMID: 12582173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic domains of several prokaryotic and eukaryotic protease families require dedicated N-terminal propeptide domains or "intramolecular chaperones" to facilitate correct folding. Amino acid sequence analysis of these families establishes three important characteristics: (i) propeptides are almost always less conserved than their cognate catalytic domains, (ii) they contain a large number of charged amino acids, and (iii) propeptides within different protease families display insignificant sequence similarity. The implications of these findings are, however, unclear. In this study, we have used subtilisin as our model to redesign a peptide chaperone using information databases. Our goal was to establish the minimum sequence requirements for a functional subtilisin propeptide, because such information could facilitate subsequent design of tailor-made chaperones. A decision-based computer algorithm that maintained conserved residues but varied all non-conserved residues from a multiple protein sequence alignment was developed and utilized to design a novel peptide sequence (ProD). Interestingly, despite a difference of 5 pH units between their isoelectric points and despite displaying only 16% sequence identity with the wild-type propeptide (ProWT), ProD chaperones folding and functions as a potent subtilisin inhibitor. The computed secondary structures and hydrophobic patterns within these two propeptides are similar. However, unlike ProWT, ProD adopts a well defined alpha-beta conformation as an isolated peptide and forms a stoichiometric complex with mature subtilisin. The CD spectra of this complex is similar to ProWT.subtilisin. Our results establish that despite low sequence identity and dramatically different charge distribution, both propeptides adopt similar structural scaffolds. Hence, conserved scaffolds and hydrophobic patterns, but not absolute charge, dictate propeptide function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Yabuta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
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43
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Wolfowicz CB, HuangFu T, Chua KY. Expression and immunogenicity of the major house dust mite allergen Der p 1 following DNA immunization. Vaccine 2003; 21:1195-204. [PMID: 12559798 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mite protein Der p 1 is a major trigger of allergy and atopic asthma world-wide, and thus, a good vaccine candidate for allergy prevention. Since it is a cysteine protease, the catalytic effects of Der p 1 vaccination may be unpredictable. One approach to reduce this risk is to vaccinate with DNA encoding enzymatically inactive forms of Der p 1. Here we show that Der p 1 DNA without its native pre-pro sequences potently induced Der p 1-specific antibodies, as long as its pre-sequence was substituted by another leader sequence. Without any pre-pro sequence, the same DNA fragment was well expressed but failed to induce significant level of anti-Der p 1 antibodies, without further boosting by protein.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/biosynthesis
- Allergens/genetics
- Allergens/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides/genetics
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides/immunology
- Arthropod Proteins
- Cysteine Endopeptidases
- Electroporation
- Female
- Genes, Reporter
- Genes, Synthetic
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mites/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/immunology
- Protein Sorting Signals/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/prevention & control
- Sequence Deletion
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Betina Wolfowicz
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Bryan
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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45
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Arnórsdottir J, Smáradóttir RB, Magnússon OT, Thorbjarnardóttir SH, Eggertsson G, Kristjánsson MM. Characterization of a cloned subtilisin-like serine proteinase from a psychrotrophic Vibrio species. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:5536-46. [PMID: 12423352 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding a subtilisin-like serine proteinase in the psychrotrophic Vibrio sp. PA44 has been successfully cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene is 1593 basepairs and encodes a precursor protein of 530 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 55.7 kDa. The enzyme is isolated, however, as an active 40.6-kDa proteinase, without a 139 amino acid residue N-terminal prosequence. Under mild conditions the enzyme undergoes a further autocatalytic cleavage to give a 29.7-kDa proteinase that retains full enzymatic activity. The deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme has high homology to proteinases of the proteinase K family of subtilisin-like proteinases. With respect to the enzyme characteristics compared in this study the properties of the wild-type and recombinant proteinases are the same. Sequence analysis revealed that especially with respect to the thermophilic homologues, aqualysin I from Thermus aquaticus and a proteinase from Thermus strain Rt41A, the cold-adapted Vibrio-proteinase has a higher content of polar/uncharged amino acids, as well as aspartate residues. The thermophilic enzymes had a higher content of arginines, and relatively higher number of hydrophobic amino acids and a higher aliphatic index. These factors may contribute to the adaptation of these proteinases to different temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jóhanna Arnórsdottir
- Institute of Biology, University of Iceland; and Department of Biochemistry, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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46
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Tangrea MA, Bryan PN, Sari N, Orban J. Solution structure of the pro-hormone convertase 1 pro-domain from Mus musculus. J Mol Biol 2002; 320:801-12. [PMID: 12095256 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solution structure of the mouse pro-hormone convertase (PC) 1 pro-domain was determined using heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and is the first structure to be obtained for any of the domains in the convertase family. The ensemble of NMR-derived structures shows a well-ordered core consisting of a four-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet with two alpha-helices packed against one side of this sheet. Sequence homology suggests that the other eukaryotic PC pro-domains will have the same overall fold and most of the residues forming the hydrophobic core of PC1 are highly conserved within the PC family. However, some of the core residues are predicted by homology to be replaced by polar amino acid residues in other PC pro-domains and this may help to explain their marginal stability. Interestingly, the folding topology observed here is also seen for the pro-domain of bacterial subtilisin despite little or no sequence homology. Both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic structures have hydrophobic residues clustered on the solvent-accessible surface of their beta-sheets although the individual residue types differ. In the bacterial case this region is buried at the binding interface with the catalytic domain and, in the eukaryotic PC family, these surface residues are conserved. We therefore propose that the hydrophobic patch in the PC1 pro-domain is involved in the binding interface with its cognate catalytic domain in a similar manner to that seen for the bacterial system. The PC1 pro-domain structure also reveals potential mechanisms for the acid-induced dissociation of the complex between pro- and catalytic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Tangrea
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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47
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Tanksale A, Ghatge M, Deshpande V. Alpha-crystallin binds to the aggregation-prone molten-globule state of alkaline protease: implications for preventing irreversible thermal denaturation. Protein Sci 2002; 11:1720-8. [PMID: 12070325 PMCID: PMC2384148 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0201802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2002] [Revised: 04/03/2002] [Accepted: 04/16/2002] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-crystallin, the major eye-lens protein with sequence homology with heat-shock proteins (HSPs), acts like a molecular chaperone by suppressing the aggregation of damaged crystallins and proteins. To gain more insight into its chaperoning ability, we used a protease as the model system that is known to require a propeptide (intramolecular chaperone) for its proper folding. The protease ("N" state) from Conidiobolus macrosporus (NCIM 1298) unfolds at pH 2.0 ("U" state) through a partially unfolded "I" state at pH 3.5 that undergoes transition to a molten globule-(MG) like "I(A)" state in the presence of 0.5 M sodium sulfate. The thermally-stressed I(A) state showed complete loss of structure and was prone to aggregation. Alpha-crystallin was able to bind to this state and suppress its aggregation, thereby preventing irreversible denaturation of the enzyme. The alpha-crystallin-bound I(A) state exhibited native-like secondary and tertiary structure showing the interaction of alpha-crystallin with the MG state of the protease. 8-Anilinonaphthalene sulphonate (ANS) binding studies revealed the involvement of hydrophobic interactions in the formation of the complex of alpha-crystallin and protease. Refolding of acid-denatured protease by dilution to pH 7.5 resulted in aggregation of the protein. Unfolding of the protease in the presence of alpha-crystallin and its subsequent refolding resulted in the generation of a near-native intermediate with partial secondary and tertiary structure. Our studies represent the first report of involvement of a molecular chaperone-like alpha-crystallin in the unfolding and refolding of a protease. Alpha-crystallin blocks the unfavorable pathways that lead to irreversible denaturation of the alkaline protease and keeps it in a near-native, folding-competent intermediate state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Tanksale
- Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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48
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Khatib AM, Siegfried G, Chrétien M, Metrakos P, Seidah NG. Proprotein convertases in tumor progression and malignancy: novel targets in cancer therapy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1921-35. [PMID: 12057895 PMCID: PMC1850825 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian subtilisin/kexin-like proprotein convertase (PC) family has been implicated in the activation of a wide spectrum of proteins. These proteins are usually synthesized as inactive precursors before their conversion to fully mature bioactive forms. A large majority of these active proteins such as matrix metalloproteases, growth factors, and adhesion molecules are crucial in the processes of cellular transformation, acquisition of the tumorigenic phenotype, and metastases formation. Inhibition of PCs significantly affects the malignant phenotype of various tumor cells. In addition to direct tumor cell proliferation and migration blockade, PC inhibitors can also be used to target tumor angiogenesis. In this Review article we discuss a number of recent findings on the clinical relevance of PCs in cancer patients, their implication in the regulation of multiple cellular functions that impact on the invasive/metastatic potential of cancer cells. Thus, PC inhibitors may constitute new promising agents for the treatment of multiple tumors and/or in adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Majid Khatib
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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49
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Abstract
Pro-hormone convertases PC1 and PC2 perform endoproteolytic cleavages of precursors in peptide-containing secretory granules. PC1 and PC2 are soluble, secreted with bioactive peptides. Evolutionarily related PCs have membrane tethers, not secreted. We tethered PC1 to the transmembrane-cytoplasmic domains (CD) of a granule enzyme (peptidylglycine-alpha-amidating monooxygenase; PAM) and Golgi-localized PC8. The tethered PC1 is far more stable to elevated temperature and denaturants than soluble PC1, and more active. Both tethers allow PC1 to visit the cell surface transiently, cleaving soluble molecules outside the cell. Both membrane-bound PC1 chimeras cleave membrane PAM into soluble active fragments when PAM is expressed on adjacent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bruzzaniti
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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50
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Anderson ED, Molloy SS, Jean F, Fei H, Shimamura S, Thomas G. The ordered and compartment-specfific autoproteolytic removal of the furin intramolecular chaperone is required for enzyme activation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:12879-90. [PMID: 11799113 PMCID: PMC1424220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108740200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The propeptide of furin has multiple roles in guiding the activation of the endoprotease in vivo. The 83-residue N-terminal propeptide is autoproteolytically excised in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at the consensus furin site, -Arg(104)-Thr-Lys-Arg(107)-, but remains bound to furin as a potent autoinhibitor. Furin lacking the propeptide is ER-retained and proteolytically inactive. Co-expression with the propeptide, however, restores trans-Golgi network (TGN) localization and enzyme activity, indicating that the furin propeptide is an intramolecular chaperone. Blocking this step results in localization to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC)/cis-Golgi network (CGN), suggesting the ER and ERGIC/CGN recognize distinct furin folding intermediates. Following transport to the acidified TGN/endosomal compartments, furin cleaves the bound propeptide at a second, internal P1/P6 Arg site (-Arg-Gly-Val(72)-Thr-Lys-Arg(75)-) resulting in propeptide dissociation and enzyme activation. Cleavage at Arg(75), however, is not required for proper furin trafficking. Kinetic analyses of peptide substrates indicate that the sequential pH-modulated propeptide cleavages result from the differential recognition of these sites by furin. Altering this preference by converting the internal site to a canonical P1/P4 Arg motif (Val(72) --> Arg) caused ER retention and blocked activation of furin, demonstrating that the structure of the furin propeptide mediates folding of the enzyme and directs its pH-regulated, compartment-specific activation in vivo.
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