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Fuster V. Role of platelets in the development of atherosclerotic disease and possible interference with platelet inhibitor drugs. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009; 38:1-38. [PMID: 7038856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1981.tb01602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, significant advances have been made in the understanding of atherosclerotic disease. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis appears to depend on a precise sequence of critical events based on the interaction of blood elements and lipids with the arterial wall. The major critical events and their sequence appears to be as follows: hemodynamic stress and endothelial injury; arterial wall-platelet interaction; smooth muscle cell proliferation; lipid entry and accumulation; significant arterial narrowing with fibrosis and development of thrombi; and complications in the form of calcification, ulceration, aneurysm, acute thrombotic occlusion and embolization. This sequence of critical events starts at a young age and in all geographic racial groups. Their evolution into advanced symptomatic lesions takes many years and varies in incidence and extent among different geographic and ethnic groups. It appears that in promoting and accelerating this process into the advanced stage of the disease, the presence at a young age of the so-called risk factors of atherosclerotic disease is most important. The recent advances in the understanding of the atherosclerotic process will be highlighted in this chapter with particular attention being focused on the role of platelets and thrombosis in the development of the disease and the possible role of platelet inhibitor drugs on the prevention of coronary atherosclerotic disease.
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Hegner B, Lange M, Kusch A, Essin K, Sezer O, Schulze-Lohoff E, Luft FC, Gollasch M, Dragun D. mTOR regulates vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 29:232-8. [PMID: 19074484 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.179457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and circulating mesenchymal progenitor cells (MSCs) with a VSMC phenotype contribute to neointima formation and lumen loss after angioplasty and during allograft arteriosclerosis. We hypothesized that phosphoinositol-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin-p70S6 kinase (PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K) pathway activation regulates VSMC differentiation from MSCs. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied effects of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling on phenotypic modulation of MSC and VSMC marker expression, including L-type Ca(2+) channels. Phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K featured downregulation of VSMC markers in dedifferentiated MSCs. mTOR inhibition with rapamycin at below pharmacological concentrations blocked p70S6K phosphorylation and induced a differentiated contractile phenotype with smooth muscle (sm)-calponin, sm-alpha-actin, and SM protein 22-alpha (SM22alpha) expression. The PI3K inhibitor Ly294002 abolished Akt and p70S6K phosphorylation and reversed the dedifferentiated phenotype via induction of sm-calponin, sm-alpha-actin, SM22alpha, and myosin light chain kinase. Rapamycin acted antiproliferative without impairing MSC viability. In VSMCs, rapamycin increased a homing chemokine for MSCs, stromal cell-derived factor-1-alpha, at mRNA and protein levels. The CXCR4-mediated MSC migration toward conditioned medium of rapamycin-treated VSMCs was enhanced. CONCLUSIONS We describe novel pleiotropic effects of rapamycin at very low concentrations that stabilized differentiated contractile VSMCs from MSCs in addition to exerting antiproliferative and enhanced homing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hegner
- Clinic for Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Virchow Klinihum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Covas DT, Panepucci RA, Fontes AM, Silva WA, Orellana MD, Freitas MCC, Neder L, Santos ARD, Peres LC, Jamur MC, Zago MA. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from diverse human tissues share functional properties and gene-expression profile with CD146+ perivascular cells and fibroblasts. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:642-54. [PMID: 18295964 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) with pericytes and fibroblasts has not been established thus far, although they share many markers of primitive marrow stromal cells and the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potentials. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared MSCs from adult or fetal tissues, MSC differentiated in vitro, fibroblasts and cultures of retinal pericytes obtained either by separation with anti-CD146 or adhesion. The characterizations included morphological, immunophenotypic, gene-expression profile, and differentiation potential. RESULTS Osteogenic, adipocytic, and chondrocytic differentiation was demonstrated for MSC, retinal perivascular cells, and fibroblasts. Cell morphology and the phenotypes defined by 22 markers were very similar. Analysis of the global gene expression obtained by serial analysis of gene expression for 17 libraries and by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of 39 selected genes from 31 different cell cultures, revealed similarities among MSC, retinal perivascular cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Despite this overall similarity, there was a heterogeneous expression of genes related to angiogenesis, in MSC derived from veins, artery, perivascular cells, and fibroblasts. Evaluation of typical pericyte and MSC transcripts, such as NG2, CD146, CD271, and CD140B on CD146 selected perivascular cells and MSC by real-time polymerase chain reaction confirm the relationship between these two cell types. Furthermore, the inverse correlation between fibroblast-specific protein-1 and CD146 transcripts observed on pericytes, MSC, and fibroblasts highlight their potential use as markers of this differentiation pathway. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that human MSC and pericytes are similar cells located in the wall of the vasculature, where they function as cell sources for repair and tissue maintenance, whereas fibroblasts are more differentiated cells with more restricted differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas T Covas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Cell Therapy and Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Abstract
The presence of ectopic tissue in the diseased artery wall is evidence for the presence of multipotential stem cells in the vasculature. Mesenchymal stem cells were first identified in the marrow stroma, and they differentiate along multiple lineages giving rise to cartilage, bone, fat, muscle, and vascular tissue in vitro and in vivo. Transplantation studies show that marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells appear to enter the circulation and engraft other tissues, including the artery wall, at sites of injury. Recent evidence indicates that mesenchymal stem cells are also present in normal artery wall and microvessels and that they also may enter the circulation, contributing to the population of circulating progenitor cells and engrafting other tissues. Thus, the artery wall is not only a destination but also a source of progenitor cells that have regenerative potential. Although potential artifacts, such as fusion, need to be taken into consideration, these new developments in vascular biology open important therapeutic avenues. A greater understanding of how mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow or artery wall bring about vascular regeneration and repair may lead to novel cell-based treatments for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeen Abedin
- Department of Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
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Finch CE, Stanford CB. Meat‐Adaptive Genes and the Evolution of Slower Aging in Humans. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2004; 79:3-50. [PMID: 15101252 DOI: 10.1086/381662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The chimpanzee life span is shorter than that of humans, which is consistent with a faster schedule of aging. We consider aspects of diet that may have selected for genes that allowed the evolution of longer human life spans with slower aging. Diet has changed remarkably during human evolution. All direct human ancestors are believed to have been largely herbivorous. Chimpanzees eat more meat than other great apes, but in captivity are sensitive to hypercholesterolemia and vascular disease. We argue that this dietary shift to increased regular consumption of fatty animal tissues in the course of hominid evolution was mediated by selection for "meat-adaptive" genes. This selection conferred resistance to disease risks associated with meat eating also increased life expectancy. One candidate gene is apolipoprotein E (apoE), with the E3 allele evolved in the genus Homo that reduces the risks for Alzheimer's and vascular disease, as well as influencing inflammation, infection, and neuronal growth. Other evolved genes mediate lipid metabolism and host defense. The timing of the evolution of apoE and other candidates for meat-adaptive genes is discussed in relation to key events in human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E Finch
- Andrus Gerontology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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Efendy JL, Campbell GR, Campbell JH. The effect of environmental cues on the differentiation of myofibroblasts in peritoneal granulation tissue. J Pathol 2000; 192:257-62. [PMID: 11004704 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::aid-path681>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of haemodynamic stress, active stretch, and neuronal input on the differentiation of myofibroblasts in peritoneal granulation tissue. Lengths of silastic tubing (10 mm long x 3 mm diameter) were placed in the peritoneal cavity of the rat. By 2 weeks, a capsule of granulation tissue had formed around the tubing. This capsule consisted of several layers of myofibroblasts and the matrix that they had produced, overlaid by a single layer of mesothelial cells. The silastic tubing was removed and at the same time, the living tube of tissue was everted so that the mesothelium now lined its inner surface. To examine the effect of haemodynamic factors on myofibroblast differentiation, the 10 mm long tubes of mesothelial-lined granulation tissue were transplanted into the severed abdominal aorta of the same rat in which the granulation tissue was grown. End-to-end anastomoses were performed to extend the existing aorta. At 1, 2, and 3 months post-transplantation, the grafts were removed and a progressive increase in the percent volume fraction of myofilaments (% V(v)myo) was observed (from 35.7+/-1.6% to 58.7 3+/-1.4%; p<0.05). To determine whether the active stretching that occurs in vivo could account for differentiation of the constituent myofibroblasts, tubes of granulation tissue were placed into a mechanical device in which they underwent continuous stretching of 5-10% elongation from the resting position at 50 cycles per minute for 3, 24 or 72 h. This caused a significant (p<0. 05) increase in %V(v)myo after 72 h. Granulation tissue was also transplanted into the rat anterior eye chamber, where it became surrounded by adrenergic nerves supplying the host iris. Two months after implantation, there was no significant change in the %V(v)myo of the myofibroblasts (35.7+/-1.6% to 33.3+/-2.7%). These studies show that myofibroblasts of the granulation tissue encapsulating free-floating foreign bodies in the peritoneal cavity further differentiate towards a smooth muscle phenotype when transplanted into a smooth muscle environment, namely the abdominal aorta. Similar changes are seen when the granulation tissue is subjected to active, intermittent stretch in vitro, while the presence of nerves has no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Efendy
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, Department of Anatomical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.5.1262 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Virmani
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Frank D. Kolodgie
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Allen P. Burke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andrew Farb
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
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Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.5.1262 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Virmani
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Frank D. Kolodgie
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Allen P. Burke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andrew Farb
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
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Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.5.1262 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Virmani
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Frank D. Kolodgie
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Allen P. Burke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andrew Farb
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
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Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.5.1262 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Virmani
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Frank D. Kolodgie
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Allen P. Burke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andrew Farb
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
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Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.5.1262 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Virmani
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Frank D. Kolodgie
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Allen P. Burke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andrew Farb
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
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12
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Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.5.1262 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Virmani
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Frank D. Kolodgie
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Allen P. Burke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andrew Farb
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
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Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.5.1262 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Virmani
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Frank D. Kolodgie
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Allen P. Burke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andrew Farb
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology (R.V., F.D.K., A.P.B., A.F.), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and the Department of Pathology (S.M.S.), Vascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
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Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:1262-75. [PMID: 10807742 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.5.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2718] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Virmani
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA.
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Carleton RA, Dwyer J, Finberg L, Flora J, Goodman DS, Grundy SM, Havas S, Hunter GT, Kritchevsky D, Lauer RM. Report of the Expert Panel on Population Strategies for Blood Cholesterol Reduction. A statement from the National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Circulation 1991; 83:2154-232. [PMID: 2040066 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.83.6.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Kita T, Yokode M, Watanabe Y, Narumiya S, Kawai C. Stimulation of cholesteryl ester synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages by cholesterol-rich very low density lipoproteins from the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit, an animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:1460-5. [PMID: 3700648 PMCID: PMC424546 DOI: 10.1172/jci112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) from the homozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit induced marked cholesteryl ester accumulation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. This WHHL rabbit, an animal model of human familial hypercholesterolemia, has severe hypercholesterolemia, cutaneous xanthomas, and fulminant atherosclerosis due to the deficiency of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. When incubated with mouse peritoneal macrophages, the VLDL from WHHL rabbit (WHHL-VLDL) stimulated cholesteryl [14C]oleate synthesis 124-fold more than did VLDL from the normal Japanese White rabbit (control-VLDL). The enhancement in cholesteryl ester synthesis and accumulation of WHHL-VLDL was due to the presence of a high affinity binding receptor site on the macrophage cell surface that mediated the uptake and lysosomal degradation of WHHL-VLDL. Competition studies showed that the uptake and degradation of 125I-WHHL-VLDL was inhibited by unlabeled excess WHHL-VLDL and beta-migrating VLDL (beta-VLDL), but not LDL. Furthermore, the degradation of WHHL-VLDL was not blocked by either fucoidin, polyinosinic acid, or polyguanylic acid, potent inhibitors of the acetylated (acetyl)-LDL binding site, or by acetyl-LDL. These results suggest that macrophages possess a high affinity receptor that recognizes the cholesterol-rich VLDL present in the plasma of the WHHL rabbit and that the receptor which mediates ingestion of WHHL-VLDL seems to be the same as that for beta-VLDL and leads to cholesteryl ester deposition within macrophages. Thus the uptake of the cholesterol-rich VLDL from the WHHL rabbit by macrophages in vivo may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the WHHL rabbit.
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17
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Fainaru M, Mahley RW, Hamilton RL, Innerarity TL. Structural and metabolic heterogeneity of beta-very low density lipoproteins from cholesterol-fed dogs and from humans with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. J Lipid Res 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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18
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Cholesteryl ester synthesis in macrophages: stimulation by beta-very low density lipoproteins from cholesterol-fed animals of several species. J Lipid Res 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Vesselinovitch D, Wissler RW, Harris L, Lusk L. The relationship between lipoprotein levels and xanthomas during progression and regression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(80)90216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Srinivasan SR, Radhakrishnamurthy B, Dalferes ER, Berenson GS. Serum alpha-lipoprotein responses to variations in dietary cholesterol, protein and carbohydrate in different non-human primate species. Lipids 1979; 14:559-65. [PMID: 110992 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serum alpha-lipoprotein responses to variations in dietary cholesterol, protein, and carbohydrate were studied in different nonhuman primate species. Chimpanzee, rhesus, green, patas, squirrel and spider monkeys all showed significant interspecies differences in serum total cholesterol responses to 1.84 mg/kcal exogenous cholesterol. Dietary cholesterol significantly increased the alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol in all species except rhesus and chimpanzee. Among these species, there was no relationship between the basal serum lipoprotein profile and subsequent lipoprotein responses to dietary cholesterol. Although the level of dietary protein at 6%, 12%, and 37% of calories had no appreciable main effect on serum total cholesterol in spider monkeys, very low protein diet (6% of calories) produced a significant elevation in alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol. Serum alpha-lipoprotein responses to exogenous cholesterol (1.84 mg/kcal) was highest for the very low protein diet and lowest for low protein diet (12% of calories). Diets with high sucrose (76.5% of calories) and low saturated fat (12.5% of calories) containing no added cholesterol were tested in squirrel and spider monkeys and produced a consistent serum total cholesterol response; the alpha-lipoprotein response was significantly higher in squirrel monkeys than in spider monkeys. The above findings have implications in experimentally induced and comparative atherogenesis.
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Abstract
The seeds of premature coronary heart disease are often sown in childhood and it is the developing arteries of children which are the most susceptible. Paediatricians and all who work with them have the earliest and most promising opportunities for prevention. Coronary protection can be added to the potential advantages of breast feeding and to ensure appropriate fatty acid balance throughout weaning. It is reasonable to accept the strong consensus of opinion on diet reflected in the reports of the eighteen national committees. They are: to reduce total fat intake to 30-35% of the energy, to restrict consumption of saturated fat, cholesterol, sugar, and salt, to increase unrefined carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fat, and to maintain a P/S balance of 1.0-1.5:1. Food is the fundamental coronary risk factor, but others may add insult to injury. Smoking, hypertension, obesity, lack of exercise, and stress, each of which is related to behaviour, may start in childhood. Smoking doubles the overall risk CHD and increases it ten times in males under 45 years old. Good habits, including food preferences and eating patterns learned early, are those most likely to be continued. School meals require and should match revised nutritional education. The co-operation of the food industry is essential and can be anticipated, but it requires a clear lead by paediatricians. The nutritional advice should come from the medical profession. Every contact with children and their parents provides an opportunity for enquiry and giving advice.
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Portman OW, Illingworth DR, Alexander M. The effects of hyperlipidemia on lipoprotein metabolism in squirrel monkeys and rabbits. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 398:55-71. [PMID: 167856 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(75)90169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We studied the metabolism of different classes of lipoprotein in squirrel monkeys and rabbits. Lipoproteins were labeled in vivo in donor animals with (3H)leucine and (3H)cholesterol. The rate of disappearance from plasma of recipient squirrel monkeys of the protein moiety of the very low density lipoproteins was rapid, that of high density lipoproteins slow, and the rate for low density lipoproteins was intermediate. The fractional turnover of the apoprotein of low density lipoproteins was slightly reduced in hyperlipidemic monkeys, but the absolute rates of synthesis and catabolism were increased. Hyperdipidemia in rabbits resulted in a dramatic reduction in the fractional catabolic rate of low density lipoprotein apoprotein. Hyperlipidemia in the donors of biosynthetic low density lipoproteins also influenced the rates of catabolism in rabbits. We showed the cycloheximide that although there was recycling of (3H)leucine into other proteins, the reutilization of leucine from low density lipoproteins for nascent low density lipoproteins was not significant. In most tissues the ratio of cholesterol:protein radioactivity was much greater than that for plasma 24 h after administration of labeled low density lipoproteins, but the ratios for aortic intima plus inner media and for plasma low density lipoproteins were similar. The presence of atherosclerosis resulted in a large increase in the apparent uptake of low density lipoproteins by the aortas of rabbits and monkeys.
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Berenson LM, Bhandaru RR, Radhakrishnamurthy B, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The effect of dietary pectin on serum lipoprotein cholesterol in rabbits. Life Sci 1975; 16:1533-43. [PMID: 1195976 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(75)90071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Berenson GS, Pargaonkar PS, Srinivasan SR, Dalferes ER, Radhakrishnamurthy B. Studies of serum lipoprotein concentrations in children: preliminary report. Clin Chim Acta 1974; 56:65-74. [PMID: 4371093 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(74)90193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Peters TJ, De Duve C. Lysosomes of the arterial wall. II. Subcellular fractionation of aortic cells from rabbits with experimantal atheroma. Exp Mol Pathol 1974; 20:228-56. [PMID: 4363127 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(74)90057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Srinivasan SR, McBride JR, Radhakrishnamurthy B, Berenson GS. Comparative studies of serum lipoprotein and lipid profiles in subhuman primates. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 47:711-6. [PMID: 4375552 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(74)90016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Smith EB. The relationship between plasma and tissue lipids in human atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1974; 12:1-49. [PMID: 4371518 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024912-1.50008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bressler RS, Ross MH. On the character of the monolayer outgrowth and the fate of the peritubular myoid cells in cultured mouse testis. Exp Cell Res 1973; 78:295-302. [PMID: 4698167 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Arterial Composition and Metabolism: Esterified Fatty Acids and Cholesterol1 1Publication No. 413 from the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, supported in part by Grant No. FR 00163 of the National Institutes of Health. The experiments carried out in our laboratory were supported by a grant-in-aid from the National Institutes of Health (HE 09744), Bethesda, Maryland. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024908-4.50009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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