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Allakhverdiev ES, Kossalbayev BD, Sadvakasova AK, Bauenova MO, Belkozhayev AM, Rodnenkov OV, Martynyuk TV, Maksimov GV, Allakhverdiev SI. Spectral insights: Navigating the frontiers of biomedical and microbiological exploration with Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 252:112870. [PMID: 38368635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy (RS), a powerful analytical technique, has gained increasing recognition and utility in the fields of biomedical and biological research. Raman spectroscopic analyses find extensive application in the field of medicine and are employed for intricate research endeavors and diagnostic purposes. Consequently, it enjoys broad utilization within the realm of biological research, facilitating the identification of cellular classifications, metabolite profiling within the cellular milieu, and the assessment of pigment constituents within microalgae. This article also explores the multifaceted role of RS in these domains, highlighting its distinct advantages, acknowledging its limitations, and proposing strategies for enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin S Allakhverdiev
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov 15А St., Moscow 121552, Russia; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Bekzhan D Kossalbayev
- Ecology Research Institute, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Kazakhstan; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32, West 7th Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 300308 Tianjin, China; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named after K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan
| | - Asemgul K Sadvakasova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan
| | - Meruyert O Bauenova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan
| | - Ayaz M Belkozhayev
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named after K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Oleg V Rodnenkov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov 15А St., Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Tamila V Martynyuk
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov 15А St., Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Georgy V Maksimov
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia; Institute of Basic Biological Problems, FRC PSCBR Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia; Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Domes R, Frosch T. Molecular Interactions Identified by Two-Dimensional Analysis-Detailed Insight into the Molecular Interactions of the Antimalarial Artesunate with the Target Structure β-Hematin by Means of 2D Raman Correlation Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12719-12731. [PMID: 37586701 PMCID: PMC10469332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the interaction of endoperoxide antimalarial agents with their biological target structures is of utmost importance for the tailored design of future efficient antimalarials. Detailed insights into molecular interactions between artesunate and β-hematin were derived with a combination of resonance Raman spectroscopy, two-dimensional correlation analysis, and density functional theory calculations. Resonance Raman spectroscopy with three distinct laser wavelengths enabled the specific excitation of different chromophore parts of β-hematin. The resonance Raman spectra of the artesunate-β-hematin complexes were thoroughly analyzed with the help of high-resolution and highly sensitive two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Spectral changes in the peak properties were found with increasing artesunate concentration. Changes in the low-frequency, morphology-sensitive Raman bands indicated a loss in crystallinity of the drug-target complexes. Differences in the high-wavenumber region were assigned to increased distortions of the planarity of the structure of the target molecule due to the appearance of various coexisting alkylation species. Evidence for the appearance of high-valent ferryl-oxo species could be observed with the help of differences in the peak properties of oxidation-state sensitive Raman modes. To support those findings, the relaxed ground-state structures of ten possible covalent mono- and di-meso(Cm)-alkylated hematin-dihydroartemisinyl complexes were calculated using density functional theory. A very good agreement with the experimental peak properties was achieved, and the out-of-plane displacements along the lowest-frequency normal coordinates were investigated by normal coordinate structural decomposition analysis. The strongest changes in all data were observed in vibrations with a high participation of Cm-parts of β-hematin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Domes
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Strasse 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Biophotonics and
Biomedical Engineering Group, Technical
University Darmstadt, Merckstraße 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Strasse 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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3
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Acevedo AJ, Desai D, Zaman MH, Apiou-Sbirlea G. PharmaChk: a decade of research and development towards the first quantitative, field-based medicine quality screening instrument. Analyst 2022; 147:3805-3816. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the scientific, engineering work over the first ten years of PharmaChk, the first quantitative, portable instrument for medicine quality screening, to illustrate what it takes for academic labs to translate observations into interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Acevedo
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
- Mass General Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darash Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Muhammad H. Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela Apiou-Sbirlea
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
- Mass General Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114, Boston, MA, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Sanada T, Yoshida N, Kimura K, Tsuboi H. Discrimination of Falsified Erectile Dysfunction Medicines by Use of an Ultra-Compact Raman Scattering Spectrometer. PHARMACY 2020; 9:pharmacy9010003. [PMID: 33374339 PMCID: PMC7839056 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Substandard and falsified medicines are often reported worldwide. An accurate and rapid detection method for falsified medicines is needed to prevent human health hazards. Raman scattering spectroscopy has emerged as a non-destructive analysis method for the detection of falsified medicines. In this laboratory study, Raman spectroscopy was performed to evaluate the applicability of the ultra-compact Raman scattering spectrometer (C13560). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed on the Raman spectra. This study analyzed tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra), and sildenafil (Viagra) tablets. We tested the standard product and products purchased from the internet (genuine or falsified). For Cialis and Levitra, all falsified tablets were identified by the Raman spectra and PCA score plot. For Viagra, the Raman spectra of some falsified tablets were almost comparable to the standard tablet. The PCA score plots of falsified tablets were dispersed, and some plots of falsified tablets were close to the standard tablet. In conclusion, C13560 was useful for the discrimination of falsified Cialis and Levitra tablets, whereas some falsified Viagra tablets had Raman spectra similar to that of the standard tablet. The development of detection methods that can be introduced in various settings may help prevent the spread of falsified products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sanada
- Clinical Pharmacy and Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan; (T.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Naoko Yoshida
- AI Hospital/Macro Signal Dynamics Research and Development Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(0)76-264-6286
| | - Kazuko Kimura
- Medi-Quality Security Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Hirohito Tsuboi
- Clinical Pharmacy and Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan; (T.S.); (H.T.)
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5
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Wang W, Keller MD, Baughman T, Wilson BK. Evaluating Low-Cost Optical Spectrometers for the Detection of Simulated Substandard and Falsified Medicines. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:323-333. [PMID: 31617368 PMCID: PMC7066480 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819877422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of substandard and falsified (SF) medicines is on the rise, and its impact on public health, particularly in low-resource countries, is becoming increasingly significant. Portable, nondestructive screening devices can support regulatory authorities in their defense against the spread of SF medicines. Vibrational spectroscopy is an ideal candidate due to its sampling ease and speed. In this work, five portable, among which four are considered low-cost, spectroscopic devices based on near-infrared (NIR), Raman, and mid-infrared (MIR) were evaluated to quantify active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and formulation accuracy within simulated authentic, falsified, and substandard medicines. Binary sample mixtures containing a typical API in antimalarial, antiretroviral, or anti-tuberculosis medicines were assessed. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, the API quantification performance of the digital light processing (DLP) NIR spectrometer and a handheld Raman device consistently matched or exceeded that of the other NIR spectrometers and a scientific grade MIR spectrometer. In the formulation accuracy tests, data from all devices, other than the silicon photodiode array NIR spectrometer, were able to create regression models with less than 6% error. From this exploratory study, we conclude that certain portable NIR devices hold significant promise as cost-effective screening tools for falsified and potentially substandard medicines, and they warrant further investigation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benjamin K. Wilson
- Benjamin K. Wilson, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA.
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Frosch T, Wyrwich E, Yan D, Popp J, Frosch T. Fiber-Array-Based Raman Hyperspectral Imaging for Simultaneous, Chemically-Selective Monitoring of Particle Size and Shape of Active Ingredients in Analgesic Tablets. Molecules 2019; 24:E4381. [PMID: 31801249 PMCID: PMC6930444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The particle shape, size and distribution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are relevant quality indicators of pharmaceutical tablets due to their high impact on the manufacturing process. Furthermore, the bioavailability of the APIs from the dosage form depends largely on these characteristics. Routinely, particle size and shape are only analyzed in the powder form, without regard to the effect of the formulation procedure on the particle characteristics. The monitoring of these parameters improves the understanding of the process; therefore, higher quality and better control over the biopharmaceutical profile can be ensured. A new fiber-array-based Raman hyperspectral imaging technique is presented for direct simultaneous in-situ monitoring of three different active pharmaceutical ingredients- acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen and caffeine- in analgesic tablets. This novel method enables a chemically selective, noninvasive assessment of the distribution of the active ingredients down to 1 µm spatial resolution. The occurrence of spherical and needle-like particles, as well as agglomerations and the respective particle size ranges, were rapidly determined for two commercially available analgesic tablet types. Subtle differences were observed in comparison between these two tablets. Higher amounts of acetaminophen were visible, more needle-shaped and bigger acetylsalicylic acid particles, and a higher incidence of bigger agglomerations were found in one of the analgesic tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Frosch
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.F.); (E.W.); (D.Y.); (J.P.)
| | - Elisabeth Wyrwich
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.F.); (E.W.); (D.Y.); (J.P.)
| | - Di Yan
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.F.); (E.W.); (D.Y.); (J.P.)
| | - Juergen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.F.); (E.W.); (D.Y.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 code Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.F.); (E.W.); (D.Y.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 code Jena, Germany
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Hou HY, Yang X, Mao ZL, Yao XY, Chen XB. Raman study of impurity influence on active center in artemisinin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 221:117206. [PMID: 31154240 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The unusual endoperoxide bridge is believed to be the active center for artemisinin activations. Our Raman study indicated that the active center endoperoxide bridge is more significantly influenced by impurity than other parts in artemisinin molecule. This phenomenon provides a Raman spectroscopy method for quantitative measurement of impurity content basing on the relative intensity ratio analysis of characteristic vibrational modes. The proposed Raman method can be a good alternative to high performance liquid chromatography, which is a commonly applied technique for measuring impurity content. Also, the Raman method can provide additional information of impurity homogeneity. In addition, Raman imaging is presented for easy visualization of impurity content and homogeneity in artemisinin simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yi Hou
- School of Science and Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Science and Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Mao
- School of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Xi-Yu Yao
- School of Science and Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiang-Bai Chen
- School of Science and Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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8
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Frosch T, Wyrwich E, Yan D, Domes C, Domes R, Popp J, Frosch T. Counterfeit and Substandard Test of the Antimalarial Tablet Riamet ® by Means of Raman Hyperspectral Multicomponent Analysis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183229. [PMID: 31491881 PMCID: PMC6767462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fight against counterfeit pharmaceuticals is a global issue of utmost importance, as failed medication results in millions of deaths every year. Particularly affected are antimalarial tablets. A very important issue is the identification of substandard tablets that do not contain the nominal amounts of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), and the differentiation between genuine products and products without any active ingredient or with a false active ingredient. This work presents a novel approach based on fiber-array based Raman hyperspectral imaging to qualify and quantify the antimalarial APIs lumefantrine and artemether directly and non-invasively in a tablet in a time-efficient way. The investigations were carried out with the antimalarial tablet Riamet® and self-made model tablets, which were used as examples of counterfeits and substandard. Partial least-squares regression modeling and density functional theory calculations were carried out for quantification of lumefantrine and artemether and for spectral band assignment. The most prominent differentiating vibrational signatures of the APIs were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Frosch
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Di Yan
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Domes
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Domes
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Juergen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Abbe Centre of Photonics, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Friedrich Schiller University, Abbe Centre of Photonics, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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9
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10
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Recognition of Pharmacological Bi-Heterocyclic Compounds by Using Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19153349. [PMID: 31366175 PMCID: PMC6696483 DOI: 10.3390/s19153349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we presented the concept and implementation of a fully functional system for the recognition of bi-heterocyclic compounds. We have conducted research into the application of machine learning methods to correctly recognize compounds based on THz spectra, and we have described the process of selecting optimal parameters for the kernel support vector machine (KSVM) with an additional `unknown' class. The chemical compounds used in the study contain a target molecule, used in pharmacy to combat inflammatory states formed in living organisms. Ready-made medical products with similar properties are commonly referred to as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) once authorised on the pharmaceutical market. It was crucial to clearly determine whether the tested sample is a chemical compound known to researchers or is a completely new structure which should be additionally tested using other spectrometric methods. Our approach allows us to achieve 100% accuracy of the classification of the tested chemical compounds in the time of several milliseconds counted for 30 samples of the test set. It fits perfectly into the concept of rapid recognition of bi-heterocyclic compounds without the need to analyse the percentage composition of compound components, assuming that the sample is classified in a known group. The method allows us to minimize testing costs and significant reduction of the time of analysis.
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11
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Vickers S, Bernier M, Zambrzycki S, Fernandez FM, Newton PN, Caillet C. Field detection devices for screening the quality of medicines: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000725. [PMID: 30233826 PMCID: PMC6135480 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor quality medicines have devastating consequences. A plethora of innovative portable devices to screen for poor quality medicines has become available, leading to hope that they could empower medicine inspectors and enhance surveillance. However, information comparing these new technologies is woefully scarce. METHODS We undertook a systematic review of Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and SciFinder databases up to 30 April 2018. Scientific studies evaluating the performances/abilities of portable devices to assess any aspect of the quality of pharmaceutical products were included. RESULTS Forty-one devices, from small benchtop spectrometers to 'lab-on-a-chip' single-use devices, with prices ranging from US$20 000, were included. Only six devices had been field-tested (GPHF-Minilab, CD3/CD3+, TruScan RM, lateral flow dipstick immunoassay, CBEx and Speedy Breedy). The median (range) number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) assessed per device was only 2 (1-20). The majority of devices showed promise to distinguish genuine from falsified medicines. Devices with the potential to assay API (semi)-quantitatively required consumables and were destructive (GPHF-Minilab, PharmaChk, aPADs, lateral flow immunoassay dipsticks, paper-based microfluidic strip and capillary electrophoresis), except for spectroscopic devices. However, the 10 spectroscopic devices tested for their abilities to quantitate APIs required processing complex API-specific calibration models. Scientific evidence of the ability of the devices to accurately test liquid, capsule or topical formulations, or to distinguish between chiral molecules, was limited. There was no comment on cost-effectiveness and little information on where in the pharmaceutical supply chain these devices could be best deployed. CONCLUSION Although a diverse range of portable field detection devices for medicines quality screening is available, there is a vitally important lack of independent evaluation of the majority of devices, particularly in field settings. Intensive research is needed in order to inform national medicines regulatory authorities of the optimal choice of device(s) to combat poor quality medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vickers
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Bernier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen Zambrzycki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernandez
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Céline Caillet
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Recent advances in the applications of vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping to pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:10-29. [PMID: 29290567 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping approaches have continued in their development and applications for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Obtaining spatially resolved chemical information about the distribution of different components within pharmaceutical formulations is integral for improving the understanding and quality of final drug products. This review aims to summarise some key advances of these technologies over recent years, primarily since 2010. An overview of FTIR, NIR, terahertz spectroscopic imaging and Raman mapping will be presented to give a perspective of the current state-of-the-art of these techniques for studying pharmaceutical samples. This will include their application to reveal spatial information of components that reveals molecular insight of polymorphic or structural changes, behaviour of formulations during dissolution experiments, uniformity of materials and detection of counterfeit products. Furthermore, new advancements will be presented that demonstrate the continuing novel applications of spectroscopic imaging and mapping, namely in FTIR spectroscopy, for studies of microfluidic devices. Whilst much of the recently developed work has been reported by academic groups, examples of the potential impacts of utilising these imaging and mapping technologies to support industrial applications have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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13
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Perez-Guaita D, Marzec KM, Hudson A, Evans C, Chernenko T, Matthäus C, Miljkovic M, Diem M, Heraud P, Richards JS, Andrew D, Anderson DA, Doerig C, Garcia-Bustos J, McNaughton D, Wood BR. Parasites under the Spotlight: Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy to Malaria Research. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5330-5358. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Perez-Guaita
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Katarzyna M. Marzec
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, Kraków 30-348, Poland
- Center for Medical Genomics (OMICRON), Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 7C, Krakow 31-034, Poland
| | - Andrew Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Tatyana Chernenko
- Becton Dickinson and Company, 2350 Qume Drive, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Straße 9, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe School of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtz Weg 4, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Milos Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Max Diem
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis (LSpD), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 316 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Philip Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jack S. Richards
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Dean Andrew
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - David A. Anderson
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology and the Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jose Garcia-Bustos
- Department of Microbiology and the Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Don McNaughton
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bayden R. Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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14
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Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Infrared spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging in forensic science. Analyst 2018; 142:257-272. [PMID: 27905577 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02244h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging, are robust, label free and inherently non-destructive methods with a high chemical specificity and sensitivity that are frequently employed in forensic science research and practices. This review aims to discuss the applications and recent developments of these methodologies in this field. Furthermore, the use of recently emerged Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging in transmission, external reflection and Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) modes are summarised with relevance and potential for forensic science applications. This spectroscopic imaging approach provides the opportunity to obtain the chemical composition of fingermarks and information about possible contaminants deposited at a crime scene. Research that demonstrates the great potential of these techniques for analysis of fingerprint residues, explosive materials and counterfeit drugs will be reviewed. The implications of this research for the examination of different materials are considered, along with an outlook of possible future research avenues for the application of vibrational spectroscopic methods to the analysis of forensic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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15
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Zou WB, Yin LH, Jin SH. Advances in rapid drug detection technology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Kakio T, Yoshida N, Macha S, Moriguchi K, Hiroshima T, Ikeda Y, Tsuboi H, Kimura K. Classification and Visualization of Physical and Chemical Properties of Falsified Medicines with Handheld Raman Spectroscopy and X-Ray Computed Tomography. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:684-689. [PMID: 28722604 PMCID: PMC5590587 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical methods for the detection of substandard and falsified medical products (SFs) are important for public health and patient safety. Research to understand how the physical and chemical properties of SFs can be most effectively applied to distinguish the SFs from authentic products has not yet been investigated enough. Here, we investigated the usefulness of two analytical methods, handheld Raman spectroscopy (handheld Raman) and X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT), for detecting SFs among oral solid antihypertensive pharmaceutical products containing candesartan cilexetil as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). X-ray CT visualized at least two different types of falsified tablets, one containing many cracks and voids and the other containing aggregates with high electron density, such as from the presence of the heavy elements. Generic products that purported to contain equivalent amounts of API to the authentic products were discriminated from the authentic products by the handheld Raman and the different physical structure on X-ray CT. Approach to investigate both the chemical and physical properties with handheld Raman and X-ray CT, respectively, promise the accurate discrimination of the SFs, even if their visual appearance is similar with authentic products. We present a decision tree for investigating the authenticity of samples purporting to be authentic commercial tablets. Our results indicate that the combination approach of visual observation, handheld Raman and X-ray CT is a powerful strategy for nondestructive discrimination of suspect samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kakio
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshida
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Susan Macha
- Global Product Protection, Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Deerfield, Illinois
| | - Kazunobu Moriguchi
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Hiroshima
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ikeda
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohito Tsuboi
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kimura
- Drug Management and Policy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing menace of poor quality and falsified drugs constitutes a major hazard, compromising healthcare and patient outcomes. Efforts to assess drug standards worldwide have almost exclusively focused on anti-microbial drugs; with no study to date on cardiovascular drugs. Our study aims to assess quality of seven routinely used cardiovascular medications (anticoagulants, antihypertensives and statins) in ten Sub-Saharan African countries. METHODS Drugs were prospectively collected using standardized methods between 2012 and 2014 from licensed (random pharmacies) and unlicensed (street-markets) places of sale in Africa. We developed a validated reversed-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method to accurately quantify the active ingredient in a certified public laboratory. Three quality categories were defined based on the ratio of the measured to the expected dosage of the active ingredient: A (good quality): 95% to 105%, B (low quality): 85 to 94.99% or 105.01 to 115%, C (very low quality): <85% or >115%. RESULTS All expected medicines (n=3468 samples) were collected in Benin, Burkina-Faso, Congo-Brazzaville, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Mauritania, Niger, Togo and Senegal. Out of the 1530 samples randomly tested, poor quality (types B and C) was identified in 249 (16.3%) samples. The prevalence of poor quality was significantly increased in certain specific drugs (amlodipine 29% and captopril 26%), in generic versions (23%) and in drugs produced in Asia (35%). The proportion of poor quality reached 50% when drugs produced in Asia were sold in street-markets. CONCLUSION In this first study assessing the quality of cardiovascular drugs in Africa, we found a significant proportion of poor quality drugs. This requires continued monitoring strategies.
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18
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Lalani M, Kitutu FE, Clarke SE, Kaur H. Anti-malarial medicine quality field studies and surveys: a systematic review of screening technologies used and reporting of findings. Malar J 2017; 16:197. [PMID: 28506234 PMCID: PMC5433090 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the quality of medicines in low-middle income countries (LMICs) relies primarily on human inspection and screening technologies, where available. Field studies and surveys have frequently utilized screening tests to analyse medicines sampled at the point of care, such as health care facilities and medicine outlets, to provide a snap shot of medicine quality in a specific geographical area. This review presents an overview of the screening tests typically employed in surveys to assess anti-malarial medicine quality, summarizes the analytical methods used, how findings have been reported and proposes a reporting template for future studies. METHODS A systematic search of the peer-reviewed and grey literature available in the public domain (including national and multi-national medicine quality surveys) covering the period 1990-2016 was undertaken. Studies were included if they had used screening techniques to assess the quality of anti-malarial medicines. As no standardized set of guidelines for the methodology and reporting of medicine quality surveys exist, the included studies were assessed for their standard against a newly proposed list of criteria. RESULTS The titles and abstracts of 4621 records were screened and only 39 were found to meet the eligibility criteria. These 39 studies utilized visual inspection, disintegration, colorimetry and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) either as components of the Global Pharma Health Fund (GPHF) MiniLab® or as individual tests. Overall, 30/39 studies reported employing confirmatory testing described in international pharmacopeia to verify the quality of anti-malarials post assessment by a screening test. The authors assigned scores for the 23 criteria for the standard of reporting of each study. CONCLUSIONS There is considerable heterogeneity in study design and inconsistency in reporting of field surveys of medicine quality. A lack of standardization in the design and reporting of studies of medicine quality increases the risk of bias and error, impacting on the generalizability and reliability of study results. The criteria proposed for reporting on the standard of studies in this review can be used in conjunction with existing medicine quality survey guidelines as a checklist for designing and reporting findings of studies. The review protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42015026782).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Lalani
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Freddy Eric Kitutu
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siân E Clarke
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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19
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Wilson BK, Kaur H, Allan EL, Lozama A, Bell D. A New Handheld Device for the Detection of Falsified Medicines: Demonstration on Falsified Artemisinin-Based Therapies from the Field. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1117-1123. [PMID: 28219992 PMCID: PMC5417204 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor-quality medicines are a major problem for health-care systems in resource-poor settings as identifying falsified medicines requires a complex laboratory infrastructure such as a Medicines Quality Control Laboratory. We report here an evaluation of a low-cost, handheld near-infrared spectrometer (NIRS) device by analyzing a library of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) medicines to determine its usefulness as a drug-screening tool. The “SCiO” research prototype device was used to collect NIR spectra of a library of ACT and artesunate monotherapy medicine samples previously collected in Bioko Island and Equatorial Guinea and Kintampo, Ghana. The quality of these samples had been categorized as falsified, substandard, and quality assured based on the amount of stated active pharmaceutical ingredients detected using high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array. Numerical analyses were performed on the NIR spectra to assess the usefulness of NIR to identify falsified and substandard medicines. The NIRS device was successful at detecting falsified medicines in all cases where the library contained both quality assured and falsified medicines of the same stated brand of medicines. The NIRS device was successful at identifying substandard amounts of artesunate but not amodiaquine in the ACT samples (N = 15) of artesunate–amodiaquine. This work reveals that this low-cost, portable NIRS device is promising for screening ACTs for falsified samples and could enable widespread drug screening at all points of the health system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harparkash Kaur
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David Bell
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington
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20
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Rebiere H, Guinot P, Chauvey D, Brenier C. Fighting falsified medicines: The analytical approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 142:286-306. [PMID: 28531832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the harm to human health, the fight against falsified medicines has become a priority issue that involves numerous actors. Analytical laboratories contribute by performing analyses to chemically characterise falsified samples and assess their hazards for patients. A wide range of techniques can be used to obtain individual information on the organic and inorganic composition, the presence of an active substance or impurities, or the crystalline arrangement of the formulation's compound. After a presentation of these individual techniques, this review puts forward a methodology to combine them. In order to illustrate this approach, examples from the scientific literature (products used for erectile dysfunction treatment, weight loss and malaria) are placed in the centre of the proposed methodology. Combining analytical techniques allows the analyst to conclude on the falsification of a sample, on its compliance in terms of pharmaceutical quality and finally on the safety for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Rebiere
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France.
| | - Pauline Guinot
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Denis Chauvey
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Charlotte Brenier
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
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21
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Wirtz VJ, Hogerzeil HV, Gray AL, Bigdeli M, de Joncheere CP, Ewen MA, Gyansa-Lutterodt M, Jing S, Luiza VL, Mbindyo RM, Möller H, Moucheraud C, Pécoul B, Rägo L, Rashidian A, Ross-Degnan D, Stephens PN, Teerawattananon Y, 't Hoen EFM, Wagner AK, Yadav P, Reich MR. Essential medicines for universal health coverage. Lancet 2017; 389:403-476. [PMID: 27832874 PMCID: PMC7159295 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika J Wirtz
- Department of Global Health/Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hans V Hogerzeil
- Global Health Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Andrew L Gray
- Division of Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Sun Jing
- Peking Union Medical College School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Vera L Luiza
- National School of Public Health Sergio Arouca, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Helene Möller
- United Nations Children's Fund, Supply Division, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Corrina Moucheraud
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernard Pécoul
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lembit Rägo
- Regulation of Medicines and other Health Technologies, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arash Rashidian
- Department of Information, Evidence and Research, Eastern Mediterranean Region, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dennis Ross-Degnan
- Research, Eastern Mediterranean Region, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yot Teerawattananon
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Thai Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ellen F M 't Hoen
- Global Health Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anita K Wagner
- Research, Eastern Mediterranean Region, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prashant Yadav
- William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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22
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Guillemain A, Dégardin K, Roggo Y. Performance of NIR handheld spectrometers for the detection of counterfeit tablets. Talanta 2017; 165:632-640. [PMID: 28153309 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an attractive tool for pharmaceutical analyses. While lab spectrometers are very performant, they are expensive and due to their size, not adapted for field analyses. In this study, two handheld NIR spectrometers have been evaluated for the fast detection of counterfeits of pharmaceutical tablets: one low cost sensor providing a short wavelength NIR range (swNIR) and one handheld spectrometer providing a classical NIR range (cNIR). A large database containing almost all the tablets produced by the firm was created on each spectrometer. A screening for supervised classifications was performed in order to determine the most accurate model for product authentication. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) model was finally chosen for the swNIR, providing 100% of correct identification in calibration and 96.0% in validation, and a Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) model was chosen for the cNIR delivering 99.9% of correct identification in calibration and 91.1% in validation. Challenging samples (counterfeits and generics) could be 100% identified by the chosen classifiers combined with a class name check and a correlation distance. Statistical tests were used to compare the performance of selected swNIR and cNIR models. These results demonstrate that both devices can be used for tablet identification and the detection of counterfeits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Guillemain
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Klara Dégardin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Yves Roggo
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
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23
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Koide T, Fukami T, Hisada H, Inoue M, Carriere J, Heyler R, Katori N, Okuda H, Goda Y. Identification of Pseudopolymorphism of Magnesium Stearate by Using Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Koide
- Division
of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukami
- Department
of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hisada
- Department
of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
- TEK Analysis Inc. Neyagawa, Osaka 572-0020, Japan
| | - Motoki Inoue
- Department
of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - James Carriere
- Ondax Inc. 850 Duarte Road, Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - Randy Heyler
- Ondax Inc. 850 Duarte Road, Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - Noriko Katori
- Division
of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Okuda
- Division
of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- Division
of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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24
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Chen C, Zhang F, Barras J, Althoefer K, Bhunia S, Mandal S. Authentication of Medicines Using Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 13:417-430. [PMID: 26841409 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2015.2511763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The production and sale of counterfeit and substandard pharmaceutical products, such as essential medicines, is an important global public health problem. We describe a chemometric passport-based approach to improve the security of the pharmaceutical supply chain. Our method is based on applying nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy to authenticate the contents of medicine packets. NQR is a non-invasive, non-destructive, and quantitative radio frequency (RF) spectroscopic technique. It is sensitive to subtle features of the solid-state chemical environment and thus generates unique chemical fingerprints that are intrinsically difficult to replicate. We describe several advanced NQR techniques, including two-dimensional measurements, polarization enhancement, and spin density imaging, that further improve the security of our authentication approach. We also present experimental results that confirm the specificity and sensitivity of NQR and its ability to detect counterfeit medicines.
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25
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Chemometrics and the identification of counterfeit medicines-A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:112-22. [PMID: 27133184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides readers with a number of actual case studies dealing with verifying the authenticity of selected medicines supported by different chemometric approaches. In particular, a general data processing workflow is discussed with the major emphasis on the most frequently selected instrumental techniques to characterize drug samples and the chemometric methods being used to explore and/or model the analytical data. However, further discussion is limited to a situation in which the collected data describes two groups of drug samples - authentic ones and counterfeits.
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26
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Kaur H, Clarke S, Lalani M, Phanouvong S, Guérin P, McLoughlin A, Wilson BK, Deats M, Plançon A, Hopkins H, Miranda D, Schellenberg D. Fake anti-malarials: start with the facts. Malar J 2016; 15:86. [PMID: 26873700 PMCID: PMC4752758 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This meeting report presents the key findings and discussion points of a 1-day meeting entitled ‘Fake anti-malarials: start with the facts’ held on 28th May 2015, in Geneva, Switzerland, to disseminate the findings of the artemisinin combination therapy consortium’s drug quality programme. The teams purchased over 10,000 samples, using representative sampling approaches, from six malaria endemic countries: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island), Cambodia, Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda and Tanzania. Laboratory analyses of these samples showed that falsified anti-malarials (<8 %) were found in just two of the countries, whilst substandard artemisinin-based combinations were present in all six countries and, artemisinin-based monotherapy tablets are still available in some places despite the fact that the WHO has urged regulatory authorities in malaria-endemic countries to take measures to halt the production and marketing of these oral monotherapies since 2007. This report summarizes the presentations that reviewed the public health impact of falsified and substandard drugs, sampling strategies, techniques for drug quality analysis, approaches to strengthen health systems capacity for the surveillance of drug quality, and the ensuing discussion points from the dissemination meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harparkash Kaur
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Siȃn Clarke
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Mirza Lalani
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Souly Phanouvong
- Promoting the Quality of Medicines Program, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Philippe Guérin
- Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Andrew McLoughlin
- The Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Michael Deats
- SSFFC Surveillance and Monitoring, Safety and Vigilance, Essential Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Aline Plançon
- Medical Product Counterfeiting and Pharmaceutical Crime Sub-Directorate, INTERPOL, Lyon, France.
| | - Heidi Hopkins
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Debora Miranda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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27
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Abstract
MS imaging has rapidly evolved over the last decade, finding roles in all aspects of pharmaceutical research and development. This article discusses possible methodological and technological future advancements and describes research areas where the technology can expand and continue to prove to be worthwhile tool for drug discovery and development.
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28
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Zheng T, Gao Z, Luo Y, Liu X, Zhao W, Lin B. Manual-slide-engaged paper chip for parallel SERS-immunoassay measurement of clenbuterol from swine hair. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:418-24. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xianming Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian P. R. China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian P. R. China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian P. R. China
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29
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Han Z, Liu H, Meng J, Yang L, Liu J, Liu J. Portable Kit for Identification and Detection of Drugs in Human Urine Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9500-6. [PMID: 26305415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Han
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Juan Meng
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jinhuai Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Paudel A, Raijada D, Rantanen J. Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical product design. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 89:3-20. [PMID: 25868453 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Almost 100 years after the discovery of the Raman scattering phenomenon, related analytical techniques have emerged as important tools in biomedical sciences. Raman spectroscopy and microscopy are frontier, non-invasive analytical techniques amenable for diverse biomedical areas, ranging from molecular-based drug discovery, design of innovative drug delivery systems and quality control of finished products. This review presents concise accounts of various conventional and emerging Raman instrumentations including associated hyphenated tools of pharmaceutical interest. Moreover, relevant application cases of Raman spectroscopy in early and late phase pharmaceutical development, process analysis and micro-structural analysis of drug delivery systems are introduced. Finally, potential areas of future advancement and application of Raman spectroscopic techniques are discussed.
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Neuberger S, Neusüß C. Determination of counterfeit medicines by Raman spectroscopy: Systematic study based on a large set of model tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 112:70-8. [PMID: 25956227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, counterfeit pharmaceutical products have become a widespread issue for public health. Raman spectroscopy which is easy, non-destructive and information-rich is particularly suitable as screening method for fast characterization of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Combined with chemometric techniques, it provides a powerful tool for the analysis and determination of counterfeit medicines. Here, for the first time, a systematic study of the benefits and limitations of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of pharmaceutical samples on a large set of model tablets, varying with respect to chemical and physical properties, was performed. To discriminate between the different mixtures, a combination of dispersive Raman spectroscopy performing in backscattering mode and principal component analysis was used. The discrimination between samples with different coatings, a varying amount of active pharmaceutical ingredients and a diversity of excipients were possible. However, it was not possible to distinguish between variations of the press power, mixing quality and granulation. As a showcase, the change in Raman signals of commercial acetylsalicylic acid effervescent tablets due to five different storage conditions was monitored. It was possible to detect early small chemical changes caused by inappropriate storage conditions. These results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis provides a powerful methodology for the fast and easy characterization of genuine and counterfeit medicines.
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Abstract
Substandard/counterfeit antimicrobial drugs are a growing global problem. The most common substandard/counterfeit antimicrobials include beta-lactams (among antibiotics) and chloroquine and artemisin derivatives (among antimalarials). The most common type of substandard/counterfeit antimicrobial drugs have a reduced amount of the active drug, and the majority of them are manufactured in Southeast Asia and Africa. Counterfeit antimicrobial drugs may cause increased mortality and morbidity and pose a danger to patients. Here we review the literature with regard to the issue of substandard/counterfeit antimicrobials and describe the prevalence of this problem, the different types of substandard/counterfeit antimicrobial drugs, and the consequences for the individuals and global public health. Local, national, and international initiatives are required to combat this very important public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew E Falagas
- Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, Greece Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ranieri N, Tabernero P, Green MD, Verbois L, Herrington J, Sampson E, Satzger RD, Phonlavong C, Thao K, Newton PN, Witkowski MR. Evaluation of a new handheld instrument for the detection of counterfeit artesunate by visual fluorescence comparison. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:920-924. [PMID: 25266348 PMCID: PMC4228888 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for accurate and inexpensive handheld instruments for the evaluation of medicine quality in the field. A blinded evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the Counterfeit Detection Device 3 (CD-3), developed by the US Food and Drug Administration Forensic Chemistry Center, was conducted in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Two hundred three samples of the oral antimalarial artesunate were compared with authentic products using the CD-3 by a trainer and two trainees. The specificity (95% confidence interval [95% CI]), sensitivity (95% CI), positive predictive value (95% CI), and negative predictive value (95% CI) of the CD-3 for detecting counterfeit (falsified) artesunate were 100% (93.8-100%), 98.4% (93.8-99.7%), 100% (96.2-100%), and 97.4% (90.2-99.6%), respectively. Interobserver agreement for 203 samples of artesunate was 100%. The CD-3 holds promise as a relatively inexpensive and easy to use instrument for field evaluation of medicines, potentially empowering drug inspectors, customs agents, and pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ranieri
- Forensic Chemistry Center, US Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio; Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia; Office of International Programs, Office of Global Regulatory Operations and Policy, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Bureau of Food and Drug Inspection (BFDI), Ministry of Health, Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; Food and Drug Quality Control Centre (FDQCC), Ministry of Health, Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul N. Newton
- Forensic Chemistry Center, US Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio; Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia; Office of International Programs, Office of Global Regulatory Operations and Policy, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Bureau of Food and Drug Inspection (BFDI), Ministry of Health, Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; Food and Drug Quality Control Centre (FDQCC), Ministry of Health, Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
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Johnston A, Holt DW. Substandard drugs: a potential crisis for public health. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 78:218-43. [PMID: 24286459 PMCID: PMC4137817 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor-quality medicines present a serious public health problem, particularly in emerging economies and developing countries, and may have a significant impact on the national clinical and economic burden. Attention has largely focused on the increasing availability of deliberately falsified drugs, but substandard medicines are also reaching patients because of poor manufacturing and quality-control practices in the production of genuine drugs (either branded or generic). Substandard medicines are widespread and represent a threat to health because they can inadvertently lead to healthcare failures, such as antibiotic resistance and the spread of disease within a community, as well as death or additional illness in individuals. This article reviews the different aspects of substandard drug formulation that can occur (for example, pharmacological variability between drug batches or between generic and originator drugs, incorrect drug quantity and presence of impurities). The possible means of addressing substandard manufacturing practices are also discussed. A concerted effort is required on the part of governments, drug manufacturers, charities and healthcare providers to ensure that only drugs of acceptable quality reach the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atholl Johnston
- Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of LondonLondon, UK
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Karunamoorthi K. The counterfeit anti-malarial is a crime against humanity: a systematic review of the scientific evidence. Malar J 2014; 13:209. [PMID: 24888370 PMCID: PMC4064812 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The counterfeiting of anti-malarials represents a form of attack on global public health in which fake and substandard anti-malarials serve as de facto weapons of mass destruction, particularly in resource-constrained endemic settings, where malaria causes nearly 660,000 preventable deaths and threatens millions of lives annually. It has been estimated that fake anti-malarials contribute to nearly 450,000 preventable deaths every year. This crime against humanity is often underestimated or ignored. This study attempts to describe and characterize the direct and indirect effects of counterfeit anti-malarials on public health, clinical care and socio-economic conditions. METHODS A search was performed using key databases, WHO documents, and English language search engines. Of 262 potential articles that were identified using a fixed set of criteria, a convenience sample of 105 appropriate articles was selected for this review. RESULTS Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is an important tool in the fight against malaria, but a sizable number of patients are unable to afford to this first-line treatment. Consequently, patients tend to procure cheaper anti-malarials, which may be fake or substandard. Forensic palynology reveals that counterfeits originate in Asia. Fragile drug regulations, ineffective law-enforcement agencies and corruption further burden ailing healthcare facilities. Substandard/fake anti-malarials can cause (a) economic sabotage; (b) therapeutic failure; (c) increased risk of the emergence and spread of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax; (d) an undermining of trust/confidence in healthcare stakeholders/systems; and, (e) serious side effects or death. CONCLUSION Combating counterfeit anti-malarials is a complex task due to limited resources and poor techniques for the detection and identification of fake anti-malarials. This situation calls for sustainable, global, scientific research and policy change. Further, responsible stakeholders in combination with the synthesis and supply of next generation malaria control tools, such as low-cost anti-malarials, must promote the development of a counterfeit-free and malaria-free future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliyaperumal Karunamoorthi
- Unit of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, College of Public Health & Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Glass BD. Counterfeit drugs and medical devices in developing countries. Res Rep Trop Med 2014; 5:11-22. [PMID: 32669888 PMCID: PMC7337201 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s39354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has reported that counterfeit medicines potentially make up more than 50% of the global drug market, with a significant proportion of these fake products being encountered in developing countries. This occurrence is attributed to a lack of effective regulation and a weak enforcement capacity existing in these countries, with an increase in this trade resulting from the growing size and sophistication of drug counterfeiters. In addition, due to both cost and lack of availability of medicines, consumers in developing countries are more likely to seek out these inexpensive options. The World Health Organization is mindful of the impact of counterfeit drugs on consumer confidence in health care systems, health professionals, the supply chain, and genuine suppliers of medicines and medical devices. Antibiotics, antituberculosis drugs, and antimalarial and antiretroviral drugs are frequently targeted, with reports of 60% of the anti-infective drugs in Asia and Africa containing active pharmaceutical ingredients outside their pharmacopoeial limits. This has obvious public health implications of increasing drug resistance and negating all the efforts that have already gone into the provision of medicines to treat these life threatening conditions in the developing world. This review, while focusing on counterfeit medicines and medical devices in developing countries, will present information on their impact and how these issues can be addressed by regulation and control of the supply chain using technology appropriate to the developing world. The complexity of the problem will also be highlighted in terms of the definition of counterfeit and substandard medicines, including gray pharmaceuticals. Although this issue presents as a global public health problem, outcomes in developing countries where counterfeit drugs to treat malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome not only result in drug resistance, but a number of deaths from the untreated disease, is in stark contrast with the developed world, where lifestyle drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra®) are most commonly counterfeited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley D Glass
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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37
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Tabernero P, Fernández FM, Green M, Guerin PJ, Newton PN. Mind the gaps--the epidemiology of poor-quality anti-malarials in the malarious world--analysis of the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network database. Malar J 2014; 13:139. [PMID: 24712972 PMCID: PMC4021408 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor quality medicines threaten the lives of millions of patients and are alarmingly common in many parts of the world. Nevertheless, the global extent of the problem remains unknown. Accurate estimates of the epidemiology of poor quality medicines are sparse and are influenced by sampling methodology and diverse chemical analysis techniques. In order to understand the existing data, the Antimalarial Quality Scientific Group at WWARN built a comprehensive, open-access, global database and linked Antimalarial Quality Surveyor, an online visualization tool. Analysis of the database is described here, the limitations of the studies and data reported, and their public health implications discussed. METHODS The database collates customized summaries of 251 published anti-malarial quality reports in English, French and Spanish by time and location since 1946. It also includes information on assays to determine quality, sampling and medicine regulation. RESULTS No publicly available reports for 60.6% (63) of the 104 malaria-endemic countries were found. Out of 9,348 anti-malarials sampled, 30.1% (2,813) failed chemical/packaging quality tests with 39.3% classified as falsified, 2.3% as substandard and 58.3% as poor quality without evidence available to categorize them as either substandard or falsified. Only 32.3% of the reports explicitly described their definitions of medicine quality and just 9.1% (855) of the samples collected in 4.6% (six) surveys were conducted using random sampling techniques. Packaging analysis was only described in 21.5% of publications and up to twenty wrong active ingredients were found in falsified anti-malarials. CONCLUSIONS There are severe neglected problems with anti-malarial quality but there are important caveats to accurately estimate the prevalence and distribution of poor quality anti-malarials. The lack of reports in many malaria-endemic areas, inadequate sampling techniques and inadequate chemical analytical methods and instrumental procedures emphasizes the need to interpret medicine quality results with caution. The available evidence demonstrates the need for more investment to improve both sampling and analytical methodology and to achieve consensus in defining different types of poor quality medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Tabernero
- Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Green
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philippe J Guerin
- Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul N Newton
- Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
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He L, Nan T, Cui Y, Guo S, Zhang W, Zhang R, Tan G, Wang B, Cui L. Development of a colloidal gold-based lateral flow dipstick immunoassay for rapid qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin. Malar J 2014; 13:127. [PMID: 24678609 PMCID: PMC4113134 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) plays an indispensable role in malaria control and elimination. However, the circulation of counterfeit, substandard drugs has greatly threatened malaria elimination campaigns. Most methods for the analysis of artemisinin and its derivatives require expensive equipment and sophisticated instrumentation. A convenient, easy-to-use diagnostic device for rapid evaluation of the quality of artemisinin drugs at the point-of-care is still lacking. In this study a lateral flow dipstick immunoassay was developed for qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of artesunate (ATS) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in anti-malarial drugs. Methods This assay was based on a monoclonal antibody (mAb) raised against ATS. ATS-bovine serum albumin and goat anti-mouse IgG, used as the test capture reagent and the control capture reagent, were coated on the nitrocellulose membrane to form the test line and control line, respectively. The conjugate pad was saturated with the gold-labelled anti-ATS mAb. Results The indicator range of the dipsticks, defined as lowest concentration of the target analytes between which the test line was not visible, were 100-200 and 200-500 ng mL-1 for ATS and DHA, respectively. No competitive inhibition was observed up to 5,000 ng mL-1 of quinine, chloroquine diphosphate salt, primaquine phosphate, pyrimethamine, lumefantrine, amodiaquine, piperaquine tetraphosphate tetrahydrate or pyronaridine tetraphosphate. Semi-quantitative analysis of ATS and DHA in commercial drugs and raw drug materials with the dipsticks produced result agreeable with those determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Storage test showed that the indicator range for artemisinins remained unchanged after a week at 37°C and increased four-folds after six months of storage at 4°C or ambient temperature. Conclusions The new selected mAb 3D82G7 with high avidity and broad cross reactivity for artemisinins was used to develop and optimize a dipstick immunoassay for qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of ATS and DHA in anti-malarial drugs. The semi-quantitative analysis of ATS and DHA in commercial drugs and raw drug materials, and the specificity test of the artemisinin-related drugs both proved the accurate performance of the developed dipsticks for semi-quantitation of ACT samples. The dipstick may be used as a point-of-care device for identifying substandard and counterfeit ATS- and DHA-containing anti-malarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Affum AO, Lowor S, Osae SD, Dickson A, Gyan BA, Tulasi D. A pilot study on quality of artesunate and amodiaquine tablets used in the fishing community of Tema, Ghana. Malar J 2013; 12:220. [PMID: 23809666 PMCID: PMC3722045 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ineffectiveness of artesunate and amodiaquine tablets in malaria treatment remains a health burden to WHO and governments of malaria-endemic countries, including Ghana. The proliferation of illegitimate anti-malarial drugs and its use by patients is of primary concern to international and local drug regulatory agencies because such drugs are known to contribute to the development of the malaria-resistant parasites in humans. No data exist on quality of these drugs in the fishing village communities in Ghana although the villagers are likely users of such drugs. A pilot study on the quality of anti-malarial tablets in circulation during the major fishing season at a malarious fishing village located along the coast of Tema in southern Ghana was determined. METHODS Blisterpacks of anti-malarial tablets were randomly sampled. The International Pharmacopoeia and Global Pharma Health Fund Minilab protocols were used to assess the quality of anti-malarial tablets per blisterpacks allegedly manufactured by Guilin Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, China (GPCL) and Letap Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ghana (LPL) and sold in chemical sales outlets at Kpone-on-Sea. Ferric chloride and cobaltous thiocyanate tests confirmed the presence of active ingredients in the tablets. A confirmatory test for the active ingredient was achieved with artesunate (ICRS1409) and amodiaquine (ICRS0209) reference standards. A high performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed the amount of artesunate found in tablets. RESULTS Based on the International Pharmacopoeia acceptable range of 96/98 to 102% for genuine artesunate per tablet, 10% [relative standard deviation (RSD): 3.2%] of field-selected artesunate blisterpack per tablets manufactured by GPCL, and 50% (RSD: 5.1%) of a similar package per tablet by LPL, passed the titrimetric test. However, 100% (RSD: 2.2%) of amodiaquine blisterpack per tablet by GPCL were found to be within the International Pharmacopeia acceptable range of 90 to 110% for genuine amodiaquine in tablet, whilst 17% of a similar package per tablet by LPL failed spectrophotometric testing. CONCLUSION Inadequate amounts of artesunate and amodiaquine detected in the tablets suggest that both pharmaceutical companies may not be following recommended drug formulation procedures, or the active pharmaceutical ingredients might have been degraded by improper storage conditions. Thus, drugs being sold at Kpone-on-Sea, Ghana may likely be classified as substandard drugs and not suitable for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrews O Affum
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Lowor
- Cocoa Research Institute of Ghsana, P.O. Box 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana
| | - Shiloh D Osae
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adomako Dickson
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin A Gyan
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Delali Tulasi
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Weaver AA, Reiser H, Barstis T, Benvenuti M, Ghosh D, Hunckler M, Joy B, Koenig L, Raddell K, Lieberman M. Paper analytical devices for fast field screening of beta lactam antibiotics and antituberculosis pharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6453-60. [PMID: 23725012 DOI: 10.1021/ac400989p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reports of low-quality pharmaceuticals have been on the rise in the past decade, with the greatest prevalence of substandard medicines in developing countries, where lapses in manufacturing quality control or breaches in the supply chain allow substandard medicines to reach the marketplace. Here, we describe inexpensive test cards for fast field screening of pharmaceutical dosage forms containing beta lactam antibiotics or combinations of the four first-line antituberculosis (TB) drugs. The devices detect the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) ampicillin, amoxicillin, rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide and also screen for substitute pharmaceuticals, such as acetaminophen and chloroquine that may be found in counterfeit pharmaceuticals. The tests can detect binders and fillers such as chalk, talc, and starch not revealed by traditional chromatographic methods. These paper devices contain 12 lanes, separated by hydrophobic barriers, with different reagents deposited in the lanes. The user rubs some of the solid pharmaceutical across the lanes and dips the edge of the paper into water. As water climbs up the lanes by capillary action, it triggers a library of different chemical tests and a timer to indicate when the tests are completed. The reactions in each lane generate colors to form a "color bar code" which can be analyzed visually by comparison with standard outcomes. Although quantification of the APIs is poor compared with conventional analytical methods, the sensitivity and selectivity for the analytes is high enough to pick out suspicious formulations containing no API or a substitute API as well as formulations containing APIs that have been "cut" with inactive ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Barras J, Murnane D, Althoefer K, Assi S, Rowe MD, Poplett IJF, Kyriakidou G, Smith JAS. Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy: a promising analytical methodology for medicines authentication and counterfeit antimalarial analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2746-53. [PMID: 23384229 DOI: 10.1021/ac303267v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the detection and analysis of a suspected counterfeit sample of the antimalarial medicine Metakelfin through developing nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance ((14)N NQR) spectroscopy at a quantitative level. The sensitivity of quadrupolar parameters to the solid-state chemical environment of the molecule enables development of a technique capable of discrimination between the same pharmaceutical preparations made by different manufacturers. The (14)N NQR signal returned by a tablet (or tablets) from a Metakelfin batch suspected to be counterfeit was compared with that acquired from a tablet(s) from a known-to-be-genuine batch from the same named manufacturer. Metakelfin contains two active pharmaceutical ingredients, sulfalene and pyrimethamine, and NQR analysis revealed spectral differences for the sulfalene component indicative of differences in the processing history of the two batches. Furthermore, the NQR analysis provided quantitative information that the suspected counterfeit tablets contained only 43 ± 3%, as much sulfalene as the genuine Metakelfin tablets. Conversely, conventional nondestructive analysis by Fourier transform (FT)-Raman and FT-near infrared (NIR) spectroscopies only achieved differentiation between batches but no ascription. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV analysis of the suspect tablets revealed a sulfalene content of 42 ± 2% of the labeled claim. The degree of agreement shows the promise of NQR as a means of the nondestructive identification and content-indicating first-stage analysis of counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Barras
- Department of Informatics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Dégardin K, Roggo Y, Margot P. Understanding and fighting the medicine counterfeit market. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:167-75. [PMID: 23384475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medicine counterfeiting is a serious worldwide issue, involving networks of manufacture and distribution that are an integral part of industrialized organized crime. Despite the potentially devastating health repercussions involved, legal sanctions are often inappropriate or simply not applied. The difficulty in agreeing on a definition of counterfeiting, the huge profits made by the counterfeiters and the complexity of the market are the other main reasons for the extent of the phenomenon. Above all, international cooperation is needed to thwart the spread of counterfeiting. Moreover effort is urgently required on the legal, enforcement and scientific levels. Pharmaceutical companies and agencies have developed measures to protect the medicines and allow fast and reliable analysis of the suspect products. Several means, essentially based on chromatography and spectroscopy, are now at the disposal of the analysts to enable the distinction between genuine and counterfeit products. However the determination of the components and the use of analytical data for forensic purposes still constitute a challenge. The aim of this review article is therefore to point out the intricacy of medicine counterfeiting so that a better understanding can provide solutions to fight more efficiently against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Dégardin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Forensic Science, School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Barras J, Katsura S, Sato-Akaba H, Itozaki H, Kyriakidou G, Rowe MD, Althoefer KA, Smith JAS. Variable-pitch rectangular cross-section radiofrequency coils for the nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance investigation of sealed medicines packets. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8970-2. [PMID: 23057555 PMCID: PMC3530960 DOI: 10.1021/ac3015643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The performance of rectangular radio frequency (RF) coils
capable
of being used to detect nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) signals
from blister packs of medicines has been compared. The performance
of a fixed-pitch RF coil was compared with that from two variable-pitch
coils, one based on a design in the literature and the other optimized
to obtain the most homogeneous RF field over the whole volume of the
coil. It has been shown from 14N NQR measurements with
two medicines, the antibiotic ampicillin (as trihydrate) and the analgesic
medicine Paracetamol, that the latter design gives NQR signal intensities
almost independent of the distribution of the capsules or pills within
the RF coil and is therefore more suitable for quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Barras
- Department of Informatics, King's College, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, London, United Kingdom.
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Hajjou M, Qin Y, Bradby S, Bempong D, Lukulay P. Assessment of the performance of a handheld Raman device for potential use as a screening tool in evaluating medicines quality. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 74:47-55. [PMID: 23245232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The TruScan(®) handheld Raman device is used for testing finished pharmaceutical products in the field to detect counterfeit and substandard medicines. Present work reports on the device's ability to discriminate between a specific product and similar products from different manufacturers, unrelated medicines, and medicines with different strengths. This investigation evaluated its ability to differentiate between similar drug products of similar or different strengths, focusing on the specificity and precision of the testing. First, several units of the same medicine's dosage form were compared; then comparisons were made between unrelated products, similar products, and products with different strengths. The six pharmaceutical products used in testing were from commonly used analgesic, antimalarial, and antidiarrheal medicines. The results showed that the performance of the TruScan(®) device depends on the nature and the strength of the dosage form tested; while the device could be suitable for authentication of some finished pharmaceutical products and, hence, could be used to detect some counterfeit medicines, it could not be used to detect substandard medicines. Careful consideration should be given when using the device as a screening tool for counterfeit medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Hajjou
- Promoting the Quality of Medicines Program, The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, United States.
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Lamalle C, Marini RD, Debrus B, Lebrun P, Crommen J, Hubert P, Servais AC, Fillet M. Development of a generic micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for the separation of 15 antimalarial drugs as a tool to detect medicine counterfeiting. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1669-78. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lamalle
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; CIRM; University of Liège; Belgium
| | | | - Benjamin Debrus
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; CIRM; University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Pierre Lebrun
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; CIRM; University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Jacques Crommen
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; CIRM; University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; CIRM; University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Anne-Catherine Servais
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; CIRM; University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; CIRM; University of Liège; Belgium
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The tragedy caused by fake antimalarial drugs. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012; 4:e2012027. [PMID: 22708042 PMCID: PMC3375661 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2012.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Counterfeit antimalarials (mainly artemisinin derivatives) is a crucial health problem in developing countries, particularly in Africa. The illegal production, sale and distribution of fake drugs is a huge market evaluated to several billion of dollars and represents more than 50% of the pharmaceutical market in several African countries. Fake drugs have led to a very great number of deaths from untreated malaria or fatality provoked by toxic ingredients. These fake medicines increase the risk of artemisinin resistance developed by the use of sub therapeutic dosages of antimalarials. Tackling this criminal traffic is the objective of an international program created by WHO and involves the international police and custom organizations like INTERPOL. Several very important and encouraging results have been obtained, but the problem will be completely solved if genuine antimalarials, free-of-charge, are handed-over to populations in sub Sahara African countries.
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Determination of hydrogen peroxide concentration using a handheld Raman spectrometer: Detection of an explosives precursor. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 216:e5-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Harris GA, Graf S, Knochenmuss R, Fernández FM. Coupling laser ablation/desorption electrospray ionization to atmospheric pressure drift tube ion mobility spectrometry for the screening of antimalarial drug quality. Analyst 2012; 137:3039-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dégardin K, Roggo Y, Been F, Margot P. Detection and chemical profiling of medicine counterfeits by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 705:334-41. [PMID: 21962376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics has recently become a widespread technique for the analysis of pharmaceutical solid forms. The application presented in this paper is the investigation of counterfeit medicines. This increasingly serious issue involves networks that are an integral part of industrialized organized crime. Efficient analytical tools are consequently required to fight against it. Quick and reliable authentication means are needed to allow the deployment of measures from the company and the authorities. For this purpose a method in two steps has been implemented here. The first step enables the identification of pharmaceutical tablets and capsules and the detection of their counterfeits. A nonlinear classification method, the Support Vector Machines (SVM), is computed together with a correlation with the database and the detection of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) peaks in the suspect product. If a counterfeit is detected, the second step allows its chemical profiling among former counterfeits in a forensic intelligence perspective. For this second step a classification based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation distance measurements is applied to the Raman spectra of the counterfeits.
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