Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes: From biochemistry to gerontology and successful aging

Astrocytes: Therapeutic targets for stroke

Stroke is the leading cause of mortality globally, ultimately leading to severe, lifelong neurological impairments. Patients often suffer from a secondary cascade of damage, including neuroinflammation, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Regrettably, there is a paucity of clinically available therapeutics to address these issues. Emerging evidence underscores the pivotal roles of astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, throughout the various stages of ischemic stroke. In this comprehensive review, we initially provide an overview of the fundamental physiological functions of astrocytes in the brain, emphasizing their critical role in modulating neuronal homeostasis, synaptic activity, and blood-brain barrier integrity. We then delve into the growing body of evidence that highlights the functional diversity and heterogeneity of astrocytes in the context of ischemic stroke. Their well-established contributions to energy provision, metabolic regulation, and neurotransmitter homeostasis, as well as their emerging roles in mitochondrial recovery, neuroinflammation regulation, and oxidative stress modulation following ischemic injury, are discussed in detail. We also explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning these functions, with particular emphasis on recently identified targets within astrocytes that offer promising prospects for therapeutic intervention. In the final section of this review, we offer a detailed overview of the current therapeutic strategies targeting astrocytes in the treatment of ischemic stroke. These astrocyte-targeting strategies are categorized into traditional small-molecule drugs, microRNAs (miRNAs), stem cell-based therapies, cellular reprogramming, hydrogels, and extracellular vesicles. By summarizing the current understanding of astrocyte functions and therapeutic targeting approaches, we aim to highlight the critical roles of astrocytes during and after stroke, particularly in the pathophysiological development in ischemic stroke. We also emphasize promising avenues for novel, astrocyte-targeted therapeutics that could become clinically available options, ultimately improving outcomes for patients with stroke.

Role of iron in brain development, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases

It is now understood that iron crosses the blood-brain barrier via a complex metabolic regulatory network and participates in diverse critical biological processes within the central nervous system, including oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and the synthesis and catabolism of myelin and neurotransmitters. During brain development, iron is distributed throughout the brain, playing a pivotal role in key processes such as neuronal development, myelination, and neurotransmitter synthesis. In physiological aging, iron can selectively accumulate in specific brain regions, impacting cognitive function and leading to intracellular redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lipid peroxidation, thereby accelerating aging and associated pathologies. Furthermore, brain iron accumulation may be a primary contributor to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Comprehending the role of iron in brain development, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases, utilizing iron-sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology for timely detection or prediction of abnormal neurological states, and implementing appropriate interventions may be instrumental in preserving normal central nervous system function.

Ferroptosis and renal fibrosis: mechanistic insights and emerging therapeutic targets

Ferroptosis is a regulated, iron-dependent form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation and distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Recent studies implicate ferroptosis as a central contributor to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, a hallmark of chronic kidney disease associated with high morbidity and progression to end-stage renal failure. This review synthesizes current evidence linking ferroptotic signaling to fibrotic remodeling in the kidney, focusing on iron metabolism dysregulation, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation, lipid peroxide accumulation, and ferroptosis-regulatory pathways such as FSP1-CoQ10-NAD(P)H and GCH1-BH4. We detail how ferroptosis in tubular epithelial cells modulates pro-fibrotic cytokine release, macrophage recruitment, and TGF-β1-driven extracellular matrix deposition. Moreover, we explore ferroptosis as a therapeutic vulnerability in renal fibrosis, highlighting promising agents including iron chelators, GPX4 activators, anti-lipid peroxidants, and exosome-based gene delivery systems. By consolidating emerging preclinical data, this review provides a comprehensive mechanistic framework and identifies translational opportunities for targeting ferroptosis in fibrotic kidney disease.

Drying methods affect nutritional value, amino acids, bioactive compounds, and in vitro function of extract in mulberry leaves

Mulberry leaves (ML) are nutrient-rich and beneficial for food and feed. Our study evaluated five drying methods-sun drying (SD), air drying (AD), oven drying (OD), freeze drying (FD), and vacuum-microwave drying (MD) for preserving nutrients and bioactivity. In vitro models tested the bioactivities of ML extracts. Results showed that machine-based methods (OD, FD, and MD) were superior to natural processes (SD, AD) retaining nutrients and bioactivity. OD preserved amino acids effectively, FD and MD retained crude protein and fibers, and MD excelled in maintaining the total polyphenols, vitamin E, minerals, and bioactive compounds, enhancing the antioxidant capacity and beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, ROS scavenging, and anti-apoptotic in lipid-laden HepG2 cells. Overall, FD and MD are ideal for high-value products like food and pharmaceuticals, while OD is cost-effective for animal feed. SD and AD lead to significant nutrient loss and are not recommended unless cost is a major concern.

An integrated non-alkaline derivatization strategy using 2,2'-dithiodipyridine and HPLC for simultaneous analysis of total and low-molecular-weight free thiols in human serum

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress is a major mechanism underlying aging and health damage, and it is associated with decreased serum free thiol levels. Monitoring serum free thiol levels provides a valuable reference for assessing the body's health status. However, it is a key challenge in clinical analysis to simultaneously monitor serum total free thiols and specific low-molecular-mass free thiol compounds in a single run. Traditional methods often struggle to avoid interference from side reactions due to the high reactivity of free thiols in alkaline derivatization environments.

RESULTS

In this study, we developed an integrated non-alkaline derivatization strategy using 2,2'-dithiodipyridine and high-performance liquid chromatography. 2,2'-Dithiodipyridine can react rapidly with free thiols under acidic to neutral environments, and all derivatives exhibit similar absorbance characteristics to the substrates. Taking advantage of these properties, this method combines reliable derivatization with efficient chromatographic separation, enabling the simultaneous analysis of total free thiols and five main specific low-molecular-mass thiol compounds within a single injection cycle. Eight chromatographic peaks including free thiol derivatives, the derivatization reagent, and internal standard were observed during a 14-min analysis. The peak corresponding to 2-thiopyridone indicates the total concentration of free thiols while specific pyridyldithio derivative peaks represent the individual levels of low-molecular-mass free thiols. Using the developed method, a significant negative correlation was observed between free thiol levels and both age and health risk factors in a study involving 260 volunteers.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study presents a robust and simple method for the simultaneous measurement of total free and low-molecular-mass free thiols, providing a facile technique for population analysis and for investigating the relationship between free thiols and human health.

Glutathione metabolism in ferroptosis and cancer therapy

Glutathione (GSH), a non-enzymatic antioxidant in mammalian cells, plays an essential role in maintaining redox balance, mitigating oxidative stress, and preserving cellular homeostasis. Beyond its well-established function in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), GSH serves as a critical regulator of ferroptosis-an iron-dependent form of cell death marked by excessive lipid peroxidation. Serving as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), GSH catalyzes the conversion of lipid peroxides into non-toxic lipid alcohols, thereby preventing the accumulation of deleterious lipid oxidation products and halting the spread of oxidative damage. In cancer cells, upregulated GSH synthesis and GPX4 activity contribute to an enhanced antioxidant defense, countering oxidative stress provoked by increased metabolic demands and exposure to therapeutic agents such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. This ability of cancer cells to modulate their ferroptosis susceptibility through GSH metabolism underscores its potential as a therapeutic target. Additionally, GSH influences several key oncogenic and tumor-suppressive signaling pathways, including NFE2L2/NRF2, TP53/p53, NF-κB, Hippo, and mTOR, which collectively regulate responses to oxidative stress, affect metabolic processes, and modulate sensitivity to ferroptosis in cancer cells. This review explores recent advancements in understanding GSH's multifaceted role in ferroptosis, emphasizing its implications for cancer biology and therapeutic interventions.

Metal-organic framework-based nanozymes for water-soluble antioxidants and Total antioxidant capacity detection: Principles and applications

Nanozymes, engineered catalysts exhibiting catalytic properties, have emerged as key players at the interface of nanotechnology and biology, holding great promise in diverse food applications. Notably, nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained widespread recognition as flexible platforms for developing potent nanozymes. This review explores the design, development, and applications of MOF-based nanozymes, with a focus on their potential in detecting antioxidants and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), two critical parameters in the assessment of oxidative stress and related diseases. A comprehensive classification of these MOF-based nanozymes is presented, based on their catalytic activities, and recent advancements in their application to antioxidants and TAC detection are discussed. The review further delves into the challenges faced by MOF nanozymes in these areas, including issues related to stability, reproducibility, and selectivity. By addressing these challenges and proposing potential solutions, the review offers future perspectives on advancing the use of MOF nanozymes in sensing applications.

Arsenite-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Glutathione Synthesis in Mammalian Primary Cortical Astrocytes

Arsenic, a potent metalloid contaminant of drinking water, is known for its ability to act as an initiator and modulator of disease in a variety of human tissues. Upon ingestion, arsenic is bio-transformed in the liver into a variety of metabolites, including arsenite. Arsenite permeates the blood-brain barrier (BBB), inducing oxidative stress that can be detrimental to brain neurons. As the primary glial cell at the BBB interface, astrocytes play a pivotal role in detoxifying xenobiotics such as arsenite via the production of the tripeptide antioxidant γ-glutamylcysteine, or glutathione (GSH). In this study, we assessed the mRNA levels of key components of the GSH synthetic pathway in astrocytes exposed to arsenite compared to vehicle controls. These components included xCT [substrate-specific light chain of the substrate importing transporter, system xc- (Sxc-)], glutamate-cysteine ligase [both catalytic (GCLC) and modifying (GCLM) subunits], and glutathione synthetase (GS). Additionally, we analyzed protein levels of some components by Western blotting and evaluated functional activity of Sxc- using a fluorescence-based cystine uptake assay. Finally, we utilized a luminescence-based glutathione assay to determine the intracellular and extracellular GSH content in arsenite-treated cells. Arsenite significantly increased xCT, GCLC, GCLM, and GS mRNA levels, an effect blocked by the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D (ActD). A corresponding increase in Sxc- activity was also observed in the arsenite treatment groups, along with significant increases in GCLC and GCLM protein expression. However, no increase in GS protein expression was detected. Finally, arsenite treatment significantly increased extracellular GSH levels, an effect which was also prevented by the inclusion of ActD. Overall, our study provides evidence that arsenite transcriptionally regulates several cellular processes necessary for GSH synthesis in primary cortical astrocyte cultures, thereby contributing to a better understanding of how this environmental toxicant influences antioxidant defenses in the brain. However, these results should be interpreted with caution regarding their applicability to vivo systems.

Design, fluorescent sensing, and biological activity of 1-oxo-1H-phenalene-2,3-dicarbonitrile (OPD) derivatives

1-Oxo-1H-phenalene-2,3-dicarbonitrile (OPD) derivatives are pivotal in biomedicine, particularly for applications in fluorescent sensing, biological imaging, and cancer therapy. Their appealing properties, which include excellent optical characteristics, ease of functionalization, modulation of apoptosis, and anticancer effects, have led to the development of a diverse range of OPD derivatives for both analytical and biomedical applications. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the structural features, optical properties, biological activities, and practical applications of OPD and its derivatives. These OPD derivatives exhibit significant potential for advancements in biosensing and antitumor therapies.

CD38 inhibits ferroptosis to promote radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by competitively binding to TRIM21 to stabilize SLC7A11 protein

Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for nasopharyngeal cancer, but resistance to radiotherapy is the main obstacle. Previous studies have found that CD38 is involved in the occurrence and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is closely related to the resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to radiotherapy. In this study, targeted quantitative detection of energy metabolism and Co-IP combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry suggested that CD38 may be closely related to ferroptosis. It was further found that CD38 inhibited the levels of ferroptosis-related indicators in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, and CD38 promoted radiotherapy resistance by inhibiting ferroptosis. Mechanistically, CD38, SLC7A11, and TRIM21 proteins interact with each other, and CD38 inhibits TRIM21-mediated ubiquitinated degradation of the SLC7A11 protein in its K48-linked form by competitively binding to the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21. CD38 inhibits ferroptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by stabilizing SLC7A11 proteins to activate the SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4 ferroptosis signaling axis, thereby promoting radiotherapy resistance. In summary, we demonstrated for the first time that CD38 stabilizes SLC7A11 proteins by competitively binding to TRIM21, and revealed a novel mechanism of the CD38/SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4 ferroptosis signaling axis in radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, highlighting the potential of CD38 as a radiosensitizing target for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Taohong Siwu Decoction Modulates Glutathione Metabolism to Suppress Hepatocyte Ferroptosis and Demonstrates Anti-Fibrotic Effects in the Liver

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The ameliorative effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on hepatic fibrosis has been widely recognized and researched, but studies on the mechanism of action have been hampered by its complex composition, which requires more in-depth studies to elucidate why and how TCM works. The theory of TCM believes that the liver is closely related to blood circulation, and hepatic fibrosis is caused by blood stagnation. Taohong Siwu Decoction (THSW) is a classic formula for nourishing and invigorating blood and has been used clinically for centuries. Current evidence has demonstrated its ameliorative effect on hepatic fibrosis, but the exact mechanism of action remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Exploring the possible mechanism of the anti-hepatic fibrosis effect of THSW by proteomics and validating with in vivo and in vitro studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis model was conducted in mice and treated with THSW in vivo with colchicine as the positive control. Then serum biomarker alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and histopathological analysis were evaluated to examine the effects of THSW. And hepatic fibrosis indicators alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and Collagen Ⅰ (Col-Ⅰ) were detected by western blotting, immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Additionally, the 4D Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of liver samples was applied. In vitro, erastin-induced BRL-3A cells, a rat hepatocyte line, were performed as a hepatocyte ferroptosis model and treated with or without drug-containing serum of THSW. Finally, molecular docking was used to verify the binding ability of the main components of THSW to potential targets.

RESULTS

THSW treatment significantly ameliorated serum ALT, AST, hydroxyproline (Hyp) content, α-SMA and Col-Ⅰ mRNA expression in fibrosis mice. Further results showed that THSW decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) content and increased the glutathione (GSH) content of liver tissue. Notably, proteomic analyses have identified 294 differentially expressed proteins in the THSW-treated group compared to the model group, with 97 proteins up-regulated and 197 down-regulated. Functional analysis of these differential proteins highlights the significant roles of inflammation and oxidative stress. Further validation in vivo and in vitro, THSW significantly improved the protein expression of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), down-regulate the expression of transferrin receptor (TFRC), and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1) proteins, and promote the metabolism of GSH. Especially it reduced serum iron levels, increased total iron binding capacity, and up-regulated recombinant solute carrier family 7, member 11 (SLC7A11), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protein expression, suggesting the inhibition of hepatocyte ferroptosis. In addition, the molecular docking results showed that its main components, amygdalin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, paeoniflorin, and albiflorin, possessed good binding ability with Keap1.

CONCLUSIONS

THSW represents a novel therapeutic effect on hepatic fibrosis in mice, accompanied by inhibiting hepatocyte ferroptosis. Mechanically, THSW may regulate the glutathione metabolic pathway and TFRC expression through its main ingredients, such as amygdalin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, paeoniflorin, and albiflorin, thereby inhibiting hepatocyte ferroptosis.

Ultrasensitive and Selective Detection of Dopamine Through Substituent-Regulated Evolution of Quantum Defects

Accurate detection and analysis of biomolecules like dopamine (DA) are vital for monitoring human health, particularly given DA's critical roles in a lot of medical disorders such as depression, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, and myopia. DA is often found at very low concentrations within certain body fluids, making it a challenging yet essential target for detection. This study presents an innovative and ultrasensitive detection methodology based on a quantum system, characterized by its exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and linearity. By leveraging the unique quantum defect emission from semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in the near-infrared II region, our approach effectively detects DA with high sensitivity, within the physiologically relevant range of nanomolar, and a detection limit as low as 1 nM. The sensing system maintains performance in phosphate-buffered saline and human urine environments. The interaction between aryldiazonium salts and DA that generates sp3 defects on the SWCNTs surface, regulated by specific substituents on the benzene ring, dictates the sensor's performance, ensuring superior selectivity against biologically relevant molecules. These advancements hold great potential for early disease detection, prevention, and treatment, marking an important advance in the field of biomedical diagnostics and nanosensor research.

The crosstalk between glutathione metabolism and non-coding RNAs in cancer progression and treatment resistance

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely associated with the initiation and progression of cancers. As the most abundant intracellular antioxidant, glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role in regulating cellular ROS levels, modulating physiological processes, and is intricately linked to tumor progression and drug resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms remain not fully elucidated. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are key regulators of GSH levels. Different ncRNAs modulate various pathways involved in GSH metabolism, and these regulatory targets have the potential to serve as therapeutic targets for enhancing cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the functions of GSH metabolism and highlight the significance of ncRNA-mediated regulation of GSH in cancer progression, drug resistance, and clinical applications.

Dexmedetomidine Blocks the ERK Pathway by Inhibiting MAP3K8 to Achieve a Protective Effect in Lung Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Lung ischemia/reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a primary contributor to morbidity and mortality following lung transplantation. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) protects the lungs from I/R injury, but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. This paper examined the protective effect of DEX in LIRI and elucidated the potential regulation involved. LIRI was induced in mice, followed by the detection of pulmonary arterial pressure, lung compliance, pathological changes, pulmonary vascular permeability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Mice were infected with overexpression (OE)-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 (MAP3K8) adenovirus and treated with DEX. MAP3K8 expression was examined in mouse lung tissue and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Cells were infected using OE-MAP3K8 lentivirus and treated with DEX, followed by detection of cell viability and apoptosis, VE-cadherin and α-E-catenin, and pro-inflammatory factors. Rescue experiments were performed by MAP3K8 overexpression and combined extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway blocker, PD98059. The results demonstrated that DEX protected mice from LIRI. DEX inhibited MAP3K8 expression. MAP3K8 overexpression increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and activated the ERK pathway. Upregulation of MAP3K8 impaired the protective effect of DEX in vivo and in vitro, which was reversed by the ERK inhibitor PD98059. Overall, DEX achieved its protective effect against LIRI by inhibiting the MAP3K8-ERK axis.

Tumor cell-intrinsic BIN1 deficiency promotes the immunosuppression and impedes ferroptosis of non-small cell lung cancer via G3BP1-mediated degradation of STAT1

BACKGROUND

Tumors often evade immune surveillance by limiting T cell infiltration. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells is associated with a favorable response to immunotherapy. While BIN1 is recognized as a tumor suppressor gene, its role in shaping the tumor microenvironment in NSCLC has yet to be fully clarified.

METHODS

To investigate the relationship between BIN1 expression and CD8+T cell infiltration in NSCLC, we performed a comprehensive data analysis utilizing clinical information from NSCLC patients. BIN1 expression levels in NSCLC tissues were evaluated, and their correlation with CD8+T cells infiltration and patient survival outcomes was examined. Loss-of-function strategies targeting BIN1 were applied in syngeneic NSCLC mouse models to assess its functional significance. Tumor growth was monitored, and immune cell populations were analyzed in terms of frequency and functionality through mass cytometry and flow cytometry techniques. Cytokine secretion was profiled using multiplex assays. Additionally, RNA sequencing, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, and molecular docking were employed to confirm direct interactions between BIN1 and cytokine-encoding genes. Finally, the regulatory role of BIN1 in ferroptosis in NSCLC cells were explored using metabolomics analysis, ROS measurement, and MDA detection.

RESULTS

We observed that BIN1 expression is downregulated in NSCLC tumor tissues, with its reduced expression strongly associated with advanced disease progression and poor prognosis. Bioinformatics analysis of immune infiltration in human NSCLC samples revealed a positive correlation between BIN1 expression in NSCLC tissues and CD8+ T cell infiltration. Furthermore, the prognostic impact of BIN1 on NSCLC patients is strongly linked to the level of CD8+ T cell infiltration. In syngeneic mouse models, the knockout of BIN1 in NSCLC cells significantly inhibited CD8+ T cell infiltration and impaired their cytotoxic function, facilitating tumor immune evasion. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that BIN1 directly interacts with G3BP1, and its knockout stabilizes G3BP1. This, in turn, promotes STAT1 degradation and reduces the secretion of T cell-recruiting chemokines such as CXCL10 and CCL5. Finally, our findings reveal that BIN1 influences ferroptosis in NSCLC cells through the G3BP1/STAT1/GSH pathway, thereby regulating NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the crucial role of the BIN1/G3BP1/STAT1/CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte signaling pathway in the progression of NSCLC and its mechanisms of immune evasion. This fundings lay a foundation for the development of BIN1-targeted therapies aimed at improving tumor immunogenicity and transforming immunologically "cold" NSCLC into a more responsive disease.

Longevity Humans Have Youthful Erythrocyte Function and Metabolic Signatures

Longevity individuals have lower susceptibility to chronic hypoxia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging-related diseases. It has long been speculated that "rejuvenation molecules" exist in their blood to promote extended lifespan. We unexpectedly discovered that longevity individuals exhibit erythrocyte oxygen release function similar to young individuals, whereas most elderly show reduced oxygen release capacity. Untargeted erythrocyte metabolomics profiling revealed that longevity individuals are characterized by youth-like metabolic reprogramming and these metabolites effectively differentiate the longevity from the elderly. Quantification analyses led us to identify multiple novel longevity-related metabolites within erythrocytes including adenosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and glutathione (GSH) related amino acids. Mechanistically, we revealed that increased bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) and reduced MFSD2B protein levels in the erythrocytes of longevity individuals collaboratively work together to induce elevation of intracellular S1P, promote the release of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from membrane to the cytosol, and thereby orchestrate glucose metabolic reprogramming toward Rapoport-Luebering Shunt to induce the 2,3-BPG production and trigger oxygen delivery. Furthermore, increased glutamine and glutamate transporter expression coupled with the enhanced intracellular metabolism underlie the elevated GSH production and the higher anti-oxidative stress capacity in the erythrocytes of longevity individuals. As such, longevity individuals displayed less systemic hypoxia-related metabolites and more antioxidative and anti-inflammatory metabolites in the plasma, thereby healthier clinical outcomes including lower inflammation parameters as well as better glucose-lipid metabolism, and liver and kidney function. Overall, we identified that youthful erythrocyte function and metabolism enable longevity individuals to better counteract peripheral tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress, thus maintaining healthspan.

Glutathione Metabolism of the Brain-The Role of Astrocytes

Astrocytes have essential functions in the brain as partners of neurons in many metabolic and homeostatic processes. The metabolism of the tripeptide GSH (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is an important example of a metabolic interaction between astrocytes and neurons. GSH is present in brain cells in millimolar concentrations and has essential functions as an antioxidant and as a substrate for detoxification reactions. A high GSH content protects astrocytes against oxidative stress and toxins and is therefore beneficial for the astrocytic self-defense that helps to maintain the essential functions of astrocytes in the brain and will enable astrocytes to eliminate potential toxins before they may reach other brain cells. In addition, astrocytes provide neurons with the amino acids required for GSH synthesis in a process that involves the export of GSH from astrocytes by the multidrug resistance protein 1, the extracellular processing of GSH via the astrocytic γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to generate the dipeptide cysteinyl-glycine, and the extracellular cleavage of this dipeptide by the neuronal ectopeptidase aminopeptidase N. As GSH export from astrocytes strongly depends on the cytosolic GSH concentration, a high astrocytic GSH content will also facilitate GSH release and thereby the supply of GSH precursors to neighboring neurons. In this article, we will give an overview of the current knowledge on the GSH metabolism of astrocytes, address how a high astrocytic GSH content can help to maintain brain functions, and discuss open questions and future perspectives of research on the functions of astrocytes in the GSH metabolism of the healthy and diseased brain.

Unraveling the immunotoxic effects of benzo[a]pyrene on Mytilus coruscus through histopathological, enzymatic, and transcriptomic analyses

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) known for its significant toxicity and environmental persistence, capable of causing mutations, deformities, and cancer in aquatic organisms. However, systematic studies on the effects of BaP exposure on histological damage, cell apoptosis, enzyme activity changes, and gene expression in Mytilus coruscus (M. coruscus), an important ecological indicator species, remain scarce. In this study, the biological effects of BaP on M. coruscus and the immunotoxic mechanisms following BaP exposure were evaluated using histological analysis, TUNEL assay, enzyme activity assays, and transcriptome sequencing. Our findings revealed notable histopathological changes due to BaP exposure, including hemocyte infiltration, atrophy, and deformation of digestive tubules in the digestive glands, as well as epithelial cell detachment and deformation in gills. Antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, GSH-Px, SOD, T-AOC) varied significantly across tissues under BaP stress. Additionally, significant DNA fragmentation and increased apoptosis were observed in BaP-exposed groups compared to controls. Transcriptome analysis showed that after BaP exposure, nucleotide excision repair and innate immune response pathways were suppressed, while the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, glutathione biosynthesis, and apoptosis pathways were upregulated. These results elucidate the toxic mechanisms of BaP on M. coruscus and the immunotoxic responses of the mussels. This study enhances our understanding of how BaP and similar pollutants affect marine bivalves, providing valuable insights for environmental monitoring and pollutant management strategies.

Optimizing cancer therapy through metal organic frameworks-based nanozymes

Cancer remains a leading global health challenge, with conventional treatments facing limitations due to drug resistance and adverse effects arising from tumor heterogeneity. Nanozymes, nanomaterials mimicking natural enzymes, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents owing to their catalytic efficiency, stability, and biocompatibility. Among nanozymes, MOFs-based nanozymes are particularly attractive due to the inherent tunability of MOFs, which allows for precise control over their structure, porosity, and catalytic activity. This review comprehensively explores the recent advancements in optimizing cancer therapy through MOFs-based nanozymes. We delve into the classification of these nanozymes based on their enzyme-mimicking activities, including peroxidase, oxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, and discuss their underlying catalytic mechanisms. Additionally, emerging single-atom nanozymes are discussed as a distinct category. Furthermore, we highlight the diverse therapeutic strategies employing MOFs-based nanozymes, such as starvation therapy, oxygen supply, catalytic therapy, glutathione depletion, and activation of therapeutic agents within tumor microenvironment. By exploiting the unique properties of MOFs, these nanozymes demonstrate enhanced therapeutic efficacy in various cancer treatment modalities, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and sonodynamic therapy. This review underscores the significant potential of MOFs-based nanozymes as a versatile platform for developing next-generation cancer therapeutics, offering improved targeting, reduced systemic toxicity, and enhanced treatment outcomes.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt juice ameliorates metabolic disorder in arsenicosis patients based on the analysis of untargeted plasma metabolomics

Arsenic is an environmental metalloid contaminant known to induce multi-system and multi-organ damage, yet the precise toxicological mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, effective low-toxicity interventions or treatments are lacking. This study aims to investigate the potential ameliorative effects of Rosa roxburghii Tratt juice (RRTJ) on metabolic disorders in arsenicosis patients, with a focus on plasma metabolite profiles. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), we analyzed the plasma metabolic profiles of arsenicosis patients before and after RRTJ intervention. After RRTJ intervention, significant alterations were observed in the plasma levels of 61 metabolites, with 30 metabolites upregulated and 31 downregulated. These metabolites were predominantly involved in six key biological pathways, including taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, histidine metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, as well as cysteine and methionine metabolism. In conclusion, RRTJ intervention may effectively alleviate metabolic disorders associated with arsenic toxicity, potentially through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and regulation of methylation pathways.

Identifying Aberrant 1CM-Related Pathways by Multi-Omics Analysis and Validating Tumor Inhibitory Effect of One-Carbon Donor Betaine in Gastric Cancer

Metabolic reprogramming, a well-established hallmark of gastric carcinogenesis, has been implicated in driving tumor progression. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms through which these metabolic alterations orchestrate gastric cancer (GC) pathogenesis remain incompletely elucidated. We conducted metabolomic analyses of plasma samples obtained from 334 patients with GC and healthy individuals to identify differential metabolites and metabolic pathways. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted on six pairs of tissues, and a joint analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome was performed. Single-cell sequencing data were acquired and co-analyzed with metabolomics to investigate metabolic abnormalities at the single-cell level. Finally, four representative metabolites selected using Random Forest analysis were subjected to cellular experiments to elucidate the mechanisms through which these metabolites exert their effects. Metabolomic analyses revealed that serine and glycine metabolism, glycolysis, and glutamate metabolism were significantly altered in GC, suggesting that one-carbon metabolism (1CM)-related pathways are aberrantly activated. A combined analysis of the transcriptome, single-cell transcriptome, and metabolomics indicated that pathways related to oxidative phosphorylation, nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid metabolism in epithelial cells were altered in GC. Cellular experiments demonstrated that the one-carbon donor metabolite betaine could inhibit the activity, invasion, and migration of GC cells while activating the phosphorylation of AMPKα. In conclusion, the 1CM-related pathway and the metabolite betaine play significant roles in GC, and the mechanisms through which the one-carbon donor betaine influences GC warrant further investigation.

Liver lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in glutamine-supplemented ob/ob mice

Glutamine availability may be reduced in chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced by obesity. Herein, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and lipid metabolism effects of chronic oral glutamine supplementation in its free and dipeptide form were assessed in ob/ob mice. Adult male C57BL/6J ob/ob mice were supplemented with L-alanyl-L-glutamine (DIP) or free L-glutamine (GLN) in the drinking water for 40 days, whilst C57BL/6J Wild-type lean (WT) and control ob/ob mice (CTRL) received fresh water only. Plasma and tissue (skeletal muscle and liver) glutamine levels, and insulin resistance parameters (e.g., GTT, ITT, insulin) were determined. Oxidative stress (e.g., GSH system, Nrf2 translocation), inflammatory (e.g., NFkB translocation, TNF-α gene expression) and lipid metabolism parameters (e.g., plasma and liver triglyceride levels, SRBP-1, FAS, ACC, and ChRBP gene expression) were also analyzed. CTRL ob/ob mice showed lower glutamine levels in plasma and tissue, as well as increased insulin resistance and fat in the liver. Conversely, chronic DIP supplementation restored glutamine levels in plasma and tissues, improved glucose homeostasis and reduced plasma and liver lipid levels. Also, Nrf2 restoration, reduced NFkB translocation, and lower TNF-α gene expression was observed in the DIP group. Interestingly, chronic free GLN only increased muscle glutamine stores but reduced overall insulin resistance, and attenuated plasma and liver lipid metabolic biomarkers. The results presented herein indicate that restoration of body glutamine levels reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in obese and T2DM ob/ob mice. This effect attenuated hepatic lipid metabolic changes observed in obesity.

CUR-PDT induces ferroptosis of RA-FLS via the Nrf2/xCT/GPX4 pathway to inhibit proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic cell death mechanism driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron. Its significance in inflammatory arthritis is well-established, but its role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains uncertain. This study aimed to clarify the mechanisms through which curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy (CUR-PDT) triggers ferroptosis in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs).

METHODS

In vivo studies using a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model evaluated CUR-PDT effects on joint edema, synovial inflammation, and fibrosis through paw volume measurements and H&E and Masson's trichrome staining. The expression of Nrf2, xCT, and GPX4 in FLSs was assessed via ELISA and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, MH7A cells treated with TNF-α were analyzed for viability, proliferation, invasion, and migration through various assays. Mitochondrial potential and morphology were examined using JC-1 staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ferroptosis biomarkers, including ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Fe2+ levels, were measured. Nrf2, xCT, and GPX4 levels were quantified with RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was employed to knock down Nrf2 to validate the effect of CUR-PDT on ferroptosis in RA-FLS.

RESULTS

The CUR-PDT therapy markedly reduced joint inflammation and collagen deposition in the synovial tissue of CIA rats. It effectively alleviated both inflammation and hyperplasia. Moreover, this therapy facilitated ferroptosis within the synovial tissue. In vitro analyses indicated that CUR-PDT diminished the proliferation and viability of FLSs, resulting in increased ROS levels in the cells. This cascade initiated ferroptosis, as evidenced by decreased glutathione, heightened iron concentrations, mitochondrial shrinkage, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Crucially, the expression of xCT and GPX4 was significantly lowered. Interestingly, knocking down the Nrf2 gene amplified this effect, leading to an even greater reduction in xCT and GPX4 expression. In this context, RA-FLSs exhibited more pronounced ferroptotic traits, including diminished proliferation, invasion, and migration.

CONCLUSIONS

This study elucidated a mechanism by which CUR-PDT triggers ferroptosis in FLSs through the downregulation of the Nrf2-xCT-GPX4 signaling cascade, thereby effectively hindering the progression of RA and emphasizing the importance of targeting Nrf2 in disease advancement.

Role of the sulfur-containing amino acid-ROS axis in cancer chemotherapeutic drug resistance

Chemotherapeutic drug resistance remains a major barrier to effective cancer treatment. Drug resistance could be driven in part by adaptive redox remodeling of cancer cells. Paradoxically, drug-resistant malignancies exhibit elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as amplified antioxidant defenses, which enable cancer cell survival under therapeutic stress. Central to this adaptation is glutathione (GSH), the predominant cellular antioxidant, whose synthesis relies on sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs) - methionine and cysteine. This review delineates the metabolic interplay between methionine and cysteine in the transsulfuration pathway, highlighting their roles as precursors in GSH biosynthesis. We systematically summarize the key enzymes that drive GSH production and their contributions to resistance against platinum-based drugs and other chemotherapeutics. In addition to GSH synthesis, we summarize the roles of GSH antioxidant systems, including glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), peroxiredoxins (PRDXs), and thioredoxins (TRXs), which are critical in chemotherapeutic drug resistance through ROS scavenging. Recent advances reveal that targeting these enzymes, by pharmacologically inhibiting transsulfuration enzymes or disrupting GSH-dependent antioxidant cascades, can sensitize resistant cancer cells to ROS-mediated therapies. These findings not only clarify the mechanistic links between SAA metabolism and redox adaptation but also provide practical approaches to overcome chemotherapeutic drug resistance. By analyzing metabolic and redox vulnerabilities, this review highlights the therapeutic potential to restore chemosensitivity, offering new options in precision oncology medicine.

The role of the glutathione pathway in tracheal regeneration with aortic allografts through antioxidant-driven tissue integration

Tracheal regeneration remains a major challenge due to the lack of efficient graft integration and functional restoration. Current approaches fail to address oxidative stress-induced tissue remodeling. Here, we show that the glutathione pathway plays a pivotal role in tracheal regeneration with aortic allografts by modulating redox homeostasis and promoting host-graft integration. Through transcriptomic profiling, histological analyses, and functional assessment, we demonstrate that antioxidant-driven tissue remodeling enhances epithelialization, neovascularization, and extracellular matrix organization, thereby improving graft stability and biomechanical properties. These findings provide mechanistic insights into oxidative stress-mediated tissue remodeling and suggest that targeting redox signaling could optimize bioengineered tracheal grafts for clinical translation.

Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in Gastric Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications

Oxidative stress, which is characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, has critical roles in the initiation, progression, and treatment of gastric cancer. On the one hand, an excessive ROS accumulation induces oxidative damage and cancer cell death. On the other hand, moderate levels of ROS cause genetic mutations and dysregulation of signaling pathways to promote proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis in gastric cancer. Notably, emerging evidence has revealed that ROS also mediate oxidative post-translational modifications (oxPTMs) of redox-sensitive proteins, which can directly affect protein functions and regulate redox signaling in cancer cells. Therefore, elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of oxidative stress and redox signaling in gastric cancer holds great promise to identify novel therapeutic targets or redox-targeting strategies. This review will summarize the mechanisms of oxidative stress in regulating the hallmarks of gastric cancer and highlight the roles of ROS-mediated oxPTMs in gastric cancer. In addition, we will discuss emerging strategies targeting oxidative stress for the treatment of gastric cancer, with an emphasis on the use of bioactive natural products and nanomaterials.

Aspirin Eugenol Ester Alleviates Energy Metabolism Disorders by Reducing Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in the Livers of Broilers Under High-Stocking-Density Stress

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) on growth performance, oxidative liver damage, inflammation, and liver metabolomics in broilers under high-stocking-density (HSD) stress. A total of 360 broilers were divided into four groups: normal density (ND, 14/m2), high density (HD, 22/m2), ND-AEE (ND + 0.01% AEE), and HD-AEE (HD + 0.01% AEE). HSD decreased total antioxidant capacity, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and elevated the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) mRNA, which contributed to the reduced performance of broilers. Specifically, HSD caused abnormalities in linoleic acid metabolism, leading to elevated levels of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) synthesis, which aggravated inflammation, increased liver lipid levels, and impaired ATP production. AEE counteracted the decline in broiler production performance induced by HSD by enhancing total antioxidant capacity, reducing MDA levels, protecting the liver from oxidative damage, and maintaining mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. AEE positively regulated the linoleic acid metabolism by promoting the synthesis of γ-linolenic acid and phosphatidylcholine, which reduced the synthesis of COX-2 and mPGES-1. AEE alleviated the metabolic imbalance caused by HSD stress and enhanced the efficiency of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which reduced excess lipid accumulation in the liver and promoted ATP production. In summary, this study provides strong support for the dietary addition of AEE to alleviate liver oxidative damage, inflammation, and energy metabolism disorders caused by HSD stress.

Association of Tramadol-Induced Ovarian Damage and Reproductive Dysfunction with Adenosine Triphosphate and the Protective Role of Exogenous ATP Treatment

Background: Tramadol, a weak opioid analgesic agent, is known to induce ovarian damage. Previous studies have held oxidative stress responsible for the adverse effects of tramadol on female reproduction. This study examined the protective effects of ATP against tramadol-induced ovarian damage and reproductive dysfunction in rats. Methods: Rats were divided into four groups (n = 12); healthy (HG), only ATP (ATPG), only tramadol (TMDG), and ATP + tramadol (ATMG). ATP was injected intraperitoneally at 25 mg/kg. Tramadol at 50 mg/kg was initiated one hour after ATP. The treatment was administered once a day for 14 days. Six rats from each group were euthanized. For two months, the remaining rats were paired with male rats. Rats that failed to give birth during this period were considered infertile. A maternity period was calculated for the rats that were delivered. Results: Tramadol caused an increase in malondialdehyde and interleukin-6, and decreased total glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels in the ovarian tissue. Furthermore, tramadol disrupted the histological structure of the ovaries, and immunohistochemical staining revealed severe immunopositivity. Tramadol again caused infertility and delayed pregnancy in fertile women. By suppressing biochemical changes, ATP significantly reduced tramadol-induced ovarian damage. Both histopathologically and immunohistochemically, ATP treatment regressed ovarian damage. Additionally, ATP significantly reduced tramadol-induced infertility and maternal delay. Conclusions: The results indicate that tramadol-induced oxidative and inflammatory ovarian injury, infertility, and caspase 3 were suppressed by ATP, as demonstrated by our experimental findings.

The role of potential oxidative biomarkers in the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage and the exploration antioxidants as possible preventive and treatment options

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a non traumatic hemorrhage that occurs in a certain part of the brain. It usually leads to brain cell damage. According to a large number of experimental research, oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological processes of cerebral hemorrhage. In this paper, we aim to determine how changes in oxidative stress biomarkers indicate the damage degree of cerebral hemorrhage, and to explore and summarize potential treatments or interventions. We found that patients with cerebral hemorrhage are characterized by increased levels of oxidative stress markers, such as total malondialdehyde (MDA), F2 isoprostaglandin, hydroxynonenal, myeloperoxidase and protein hydroxyl. Therefore, the changes of oxidative stress caused by ICH on these markers can be used to evaluate and diagnose ICH, predict its prognosis, and guide preventive treatment to turn to antioxidant based treatment as a new treatment alternative.

The impact of cysteine on lifespan in three model organisms: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cysteine is an amino acid present in thiol proteins and often dictates their secondary structures. Although considered nonessential, cysteine may be essential for patients with certain metabolic diseases and can reduce the requirement for dietary methionine. Cysteine and some of its derivatives, such as N-acetylcysteine, are considered antioxidants and widely used in animal aging studies. To provide insights into the potential anti-aging effects of cysteine, we systematically reviewed and performed a meta-analysis to investigate the impact of cysteine supplementation on lifespan using three model organisms: mice, nematodes, and fruit flies. A total of 13 mouse studies, 13 C. elegans studies, and 5 Drosophila studies were included in the analysis. The findings revealed that cysteine supplementation significantly reduced the risk of mortality in mice and C. elegans. Subgroup analysis showed consistent results across different starting times and administration methods and revealed adverse effects of high doses on worms and a lack of effect in nondisease mouse models. Similar to mice, the effects of cysteine supplementation on Drosophila were not statistically significant, except in transgenic flies. The study identified certain limitations, including the quality of the included studies and the potential for publication bias. We also discussed uncertainties in the underlying molecular mechanisms and the clinical application of dietary cysteine.

Serine metabolism in aging and age-related diseases

Non-essential amino acids are often overlooked in biomedical research; however, they are crucial components of organismal metabolism. One such metabolite that is integral to physiological function is serine. Serine acts as a pivotal link connecting glycolysis with one-carbon and lipid metabolism, as well as with pyruvate and glutathione syntheses. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests that serine metabolism may impact the aging process, and supplementation with serine may confer benefits in safeguarding against aging and age-related disorders. This review synthesizes recent insights into the regulation of serine metabolism during aging and its potential to promote healthy lifespan and mitigate a spectrum of age-related diseases.

Effect of cadmium stress on gill tissues of Magallana gigas after adaptation to different light conditions

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly soluble pollutant in aquatic ecosystems that poses a significant threat to mollusks. In this study, a solar simulator with a filter was used to establish two light conditions (with and without the ultraviolet [UV] spectrum) for a light-adaptation period (120 d) in Magallana gigas. Following adaptation, Cd was introduced into seawater containing M. gigas. Comprehensive bioaccumulation, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses were conducted to assess the responses of M. gigas gill tissues to Cd exposure following adaptation to simulated light. The results demonstrated that Cd exposure under both light conditions increased activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase, and altered glutathione content, indicating that Cd consistently induced oxidative stress in M. gigas gill tissues. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed more severe cellular structural damage and a reduction in mitochondria under Cd exposure with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) than under UV radiation, suggesting a more pronounced stress response under PAR. This may lead to lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction in gill tissues. Additionally, co-exposure to Cd and UV radiation upregulated genes related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the gill tissue, indicating increased energy demand. This high-energy state may have reduced the stress induced by Cd in the gill tissue. These findings highlight the importance of exploring different response strategies among mollusks with varied environmental adaptabilities, while underscoring the significance of considering their environmental acclimation history when investigating the toxicological mechanisms of heavy metal exposure in marine species.

Development of a fast fluorescent probe for sensitive detection of glutathione in 100 % aqueous solution and its applications in real samples, oxidative stress model and ferroptosis model

Glutathione (GSH) plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including anti-oxidation and heavy metal detoxification. GSH is produced endogenously in the human body and can also be obtained through diet. The development of fast, highly sensitive, and multi-application fluorescent probes remains a challenging task. In this study, we have designed and synthesized a coumarin-based fluorescent probe (NFRF) for the sensitive and rapid detection of GSH in 100 % aqueous solution. By loading probe NFRF on the filter paper, the real-time visual detection of GSH is achieved in both daylight and fluorescence modes, providing a convenient, economical and rapid on-site detection tool. Probe NFRF could be used for the detection of GSH in real samples, with recoveries rates of 81.74 %-115.12 %. Notably, the probe imaged changes in GSH concentrations in oxidative stress environments and during ferroptosis. This work provides a prospective method for GSH detection in food and complex biological systems.

Reductive stress: The key pathway in metabolic disorders induced by overnutrition

BACKGROUND

The balance of redox states is crucial for maintaining physiological homeostasis. For decades, the focus has been mainly on the concept of oxidative stress, which is involved in the mechanism of almost all diseases. However, robust evidence has highlighted that reductive stress, the other side of the redox spectrum, plays a pivotal role in the development of various diseases, particularly those related to metabolism and cardiovascular health.

AIM OF REVIEW

In this review, we present an extensive array of evidence for the occurrence of reductive stress and its significant implications mainly in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

Reductive stress is defined as a shift in the cellular redox balance towards a more reduced state, characterized by an excess of endogenous reductants (such as NADH, NADPH, and GSH) over their oxidized counterparts (NAD+, NADP+, and GSSG). While oxidative stress has been the predominant mechanism studied in obesity, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases, growing evidence underscores the critical role of reductive stress. This review discusses how reductive stress contributes to metabolic and cardiovascular pathologies, emphasizing its effects on key cellular processes. For example, excessive NADH accumulation can disrupt mitochondrial function by impairing the electron transport chain, leading to decreased ATP production and increased production of reactive oxygen species. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an excess of reductive equivalents hampers protein folding, triggering ER stress and activating the unfolded protein response, which can lead to insulin resistance and compromised cellular homeostasis. Furthermore, we explore how excessive antioxidant supplementation can exacerbate reductive stress by further shifting the redox balance, potentially undermining the beneficial effects of exercise, impairing cardiovascular health, and aggravating metabolic disorders, particularly in obese individuals. This growing body of evidence calls for a reevaluation of the role of reductive stress in disease pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.

Integrating Metabolomics and Genomics to Uncover the Impact of Fermented Total Mixed Ration on Heifer Growth Performance Through Host-Dependent Metabolic Pathways

With the increasing demand for enhancing livestock production performance and optimizing feed efficiency, this study aimed to investigate the effects of fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) containing different proportions of rice straw and sheath and leaves of Zizania latifolia on systemic nutrient metabolism and oxidative metabolism under host genetic regulation and on growth performance of heifers. A total of 157 heifers aged 7-8 months were selected, and their hair was collected for whole-genome sequencing. They were randomly assigned into four groups of 18 to 21 cattle each and fed FTMR containing varying levels of rice straw (21% in LSF, 28% in MSF, 35% in HSF) or 31% sheath and leaves of Zizania latifolia (ZF) for a two-month period. At the end of trial, blood and urine samples were collected to measure biochemical indexes and metabolomics. The results showed that high rice straw content and ZF diets could increase blood glucose and non-protein nitrogen in heifers, that is, blood glucose and urea nitrogen levels in HSF and ZF groups were higher than those in LSF and MSF groups (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the two diets could improve the antioxidant level of heifers. Urine metabolomics analysis between the groups identified three differential metabolic pathways, including 11 metabolites. Among them, l-homoserine and o-acetylserine had significant SNPs associated with them, which promoted glutathione metabolism. Although there was no significant effect of diet on heifers' average daily gain (ADG) in body weight (p > 0.05), there was substantial inter-individual variation in metabolites among all animals, as further correlation analyses illustrated. Twenty-eight metabolites were significantly associated with ADG (R > 0.3, p < 0.05). Four of them were identified as biomarkers, primarily regulating energy metabolism and oxidative balance. In conclusion, feeding HSF and ZF FTMR enhances glutathione metabolism and antioxidant capacity in heifers, positioning key metabolites as candidates for ADG markers. This integrative omics approach underscores the potential for enhancing livestock productivity and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Total and Reduced Aminothiols in Blood Plasma as Biochemical Markers of the Effectiveness of Hemodialysis Therapy in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

The redox status of aminothiols in the blood plasma of 15 patients with end-stage renal disease before and against the background of hemodialysis therapy was compared with that of relatively healthy volunteers. An increase in the plasma content of total cysteine and homocysteine in patients before dialysis was revealed. An increase in the level of oxidized forms of these compounds was also noted. The hemodialysis procedure was accompanied by a significant shift of the redox status towards an increase in the reduced forms typical of healthy people. Oxidized forms of aminothiols can be used as biomarkers of uremic conditions in patients with end-stage renal disease. At the same time, the predominance of reduced forms of compounds may be an indicator of the effectiveness of renal replacement therapy, including hemodialysis.

A Case Series With Cysteamine-Isobionicamide Complex: Clues for Skin-Rejuvenating Activity

BACKGROUND

Skin aging is inevitable. Wrinkles, skin texture abnormalities, senile hyperpigmentation, loss of skin tone, dryness, atrophy, and telangiectasias represent some of the hallmarks of aged skin. Skin rejuvenation can be addressed by topical therapies, such as topical retinoids and antioxidants or physical modalities with energy-based devices, all providing acceptable outcomes. In this case series, we aimed to test the rejuvenating potential of the combination of cysteamine (a naturally occurring antioxidant) and isobionicamide (a derivative of the anti-aging molecule niacinamide) applied topically.

METHODS

Healthy male and female patients (N = 7) aged between 25 and 70 years and having Fitzpatrick skin types I-VI were recruited. Topical application of a cysteamine-isobionicamide formula was done once daily. Treatment lasted for 16 weeks. Clinical high-resolution photos were acquired using LifeViz 3D at recruitment and after 16 weeks. Blinded dermatological examinations and scoring were performed. Self-assessment and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires were collected.

RESULTS

Clinical photos showed improvement in skin luminosity, increased evenness of skin tone, and reduction of fine wrinkles as well as hyperpigmentation. Patients as well as clinical investigators blinded to the chronology of photos observed the improvements in skin texture, luminosity, and radiance, the brightening of the dark spots, as well as the reduction of both number and volume of wrinkles after 16 weeks of daily application. Furthermore, a significant improvement in patients' quality of life was recorded.

CONCLUSION

This case series represents the first evidence that topical application of cysteamine isobionic-amide complex could be considered as a safe and effective option in the reversal of skin photoaging.

Catalytic Biomaterials-Activated In Situ Chemical Reactions: Strategic Modulation and Enhanced Disease Treatment

Chemical reactions underpin biological processes, and imbalances in critical biochemical pathways within organisms can lead to the onset of severe diseases. Within this context, the emerging field of "Nanocatalytic Medicine" leverages nanomaterials as catalysts to modulate fundamental chemical reactions specific to the microenvironments of diseases. This approach is designed to facilitate the targeted synthesis and localized accumulation of therapeutic agents, thus enhancing treatment efficacy and precision while simultaneously reducing systemic side effects. The effectiveness of these nanocatalytic strategies critically hinges on a profound understanding of chemical kinetics and the intricate interplay of reactions within particular pathological microenvironments to ensure targeted and effective catalytic actions. This review methodically explores in situ catalytic reactions and their associated biomaterials, emphasizing regulatory strategies that control therapeutic responses. Furthermore, the discussion encapsulates the crucial elements-reactants, catalysts, and reaction conditions/environments-necessary for optimizing the thermodynamics and kinetics of these reactions, while rigorously addressing both the biochemical and biophysical dimensions of the disease microenvironments to enhance therapeutic outcomes. It seeks to clarify the mechanisms underpinning catalytic biomaterials and evaluate their potential to revolutionize treatment strategies across various pathological conditions.

Decellularized liver scaffolds for constructing drug-metabolically functional ex vivo human liver models

The creation of ex vivo human liver models has long been a critical objective in academic, clinical, and pharmaceutical research, particularly for drug development, where accurate evaluation of hepatic metabolic dynamics is crucial. We have developed a bioengineered, perfused, organ-level human liver model that accurately replicates key liver functions, including metabolic activities, and protein synthesis, thus addressing some of the limitations associated with traditional liver monolayers, organoids, and matrix-embedded liver cells. Our approach utilizes liver-specific biomatrix scaffolds, prepared using an innovative protocol and fortified with matrix components that facilitate cellular interactions. These scaffolds, when seeded with human fetal liver cells or co-seeded with liver parenchymal and endothelial cell lines, enable the formation of three-dimensional (3D) human livers with enhanced cellular organization. The "recellularized tissue-engineered livers" (RCLs) have undergone various analyses, demonstrating the capability for establishing liver microenvironments ex vivo. Within 7-14 days, the RCLs exhibit evidence of liver differentiation and metabolic capabilities, underscoring the potential for use in drug metabolism and toxicity studies. Although our study represents a significant step forward, we acknowledge the need for direct comparisons with existing models and further research to fully elucidate the spectrum of regenerative responses. The high drug-metabolizing enzyme activity of RCLs, as demonstrated in our study, provides a promising avenue for investigating drug-induced liver injury mechanisms, contributing to a more detailed understanding of early drug discovery processes.

LPL-RH suppresses bone loss in ovariectomised rat models

BACKGROUND

Evidence has revealed that oestrogen deprivation-induced osteolysis is microbiota-dependent and can be treated by probiotics. However, the underlying mechanism require further investigation. This study aims to provide additional evidence supporting the use of probiotics as an adjuvant treatment and to explore the pathophysiology of oestrogen-deprived osteolysis.

METHODS

Forty-five SD rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 9). Rats from four groups were ovariectomised and treated with NS, calcium, probiotics, or calcium + probiotics, while one group underwent a sham operation and was treated with NS. The osteometabolic effects were evaluated, and the mechanistic role of the probiotic supplement was explored.

RESULTS

Intragastric administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis LPL-RH (LPL-RH) markedly suppressed osteoclastic activation and bone calcium loss by downregulating TRAP enzymatic activity, the OPG/RANKL ratio, and the downstream signalling pathway RANKL/TRAF6/NF-κB/NFATc1/TRAP in ovariectomised SD rats. LPL-RH also reduced CD4+IL-17 A+ TH17 cells in the bone marrow, the pro-osteoclastogenic cytokine IL-17 A, pro-inflammatory molecules (LPS), and its binding protein (LBP) in the blood. LPL-RH restored intestinal ZO-1, occludin, claudin 2, claudin 12, and claudin 15, which improved ileal histopathology, reduced ileal oxidative stress, and attenuated the LPS-responsive TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, 16 S rRNA sequencing revealed that LPL-RH altered the faecal microbiome by reducing the relative abundance of S24-7 at the family level and promoting Prevotella and Bacteroides at the genus level.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, LPL-RH suppressed osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis by modulating type 17 immunity and gut microbiome.

Reduced glutathione attenuates pediatric sepsis-associated encephalopathy by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine release and mitigating lipid peroxidation-induced brain injury

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a severe complication of sepsis. Reduced glutathione (GSH) has antioxidant properties and is used as a neuroprotective agent in some studies. However, research on the application of exogenous GSH in the treatment of SAE is limited. This study aimed to determine the effects of exogenous GSH in pediatric SAE patients and mice. We evaluated clinical parameters, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress before and after GSH treatment. The clinical trials demonstrated that GSH treatment improved brain damage markers (S-100 beta protein, brain fatty acid-binding protein), increased neurological status scores (Glasgow coma scale), and reduced Pediatric Risk of Mortality III scores in children with SAE. GSH treatment also significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory factors (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) and decreased lipid peroxidation (superoxide dismutase). Additionally, GSH reduced lipid peroxidation resulting from abnormal lipid metabolism, as indicated by the levels of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3, and glutathione peroxidase 4. In-vivo experiments showed that the neuroprotective effect of GSH was dose-dependent, with better effects observed at medium and high doses. Furthermore, GSH alleviated brain damage, suppressed the release of inflammatory factors, and inhibited lipid peroxidation in SAE mice. The animal experiments also showed that GSH reduces lipid peroxidation through the 15-lipoxygenase/phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1/glutathione peroxidase 4 pathway. Our study suggests that exogenous GSH has neuroprotective effects in pediatric SAE. These findings provide a basis for the potential use of GSH as a therapeutic method for SAE.

Ferroptosis: mechanisms and therapeutic targets

Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in membrane phospholipids. Since its identification in 2012, extensive research has unveiled its involvement in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, organ injuries, infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, metabolic disorders, and skin diseases. Oxidizable lipids, overload iron, and compromised antioxidant systems are known as critical prerequisites for driving overwhelming lipid peroxidation, ultimately leading to plasma membrane rupture and ferroptotic cell death. However, the precise regulatory networks governing ferroptosis and ferroptosis-targeted therapy in these diseases remain largely undefined, hindering the development of pharmacological agonists and antagonists. In this review, we first elucidate core mechanisms of ferroptosis and summarize its epigenetic modifications (e.g., histone modifications, DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and N6-methyladenosine modification) and nonepigenetic modifications (e.g., genetic mutations, transcriptional regulation, and posttranslational modifications). We then discuss the association between ferroptosis and disease pathogenesis and explore therapeutic approaches for targeting ferroptosis. We also introduce potential clinical monitoring strategies for ferroptosis. Finally, we put forward several unresolved issues in which progress is needed to better understand ferroptosis. We hope this review will offer promise for the clinical application of ferroptosis-targeted therapies in the context of human health and disease.

Validation and optimisation of reduced glutathione quantification in erythrocytes by means of a coulometric high-performance liquid chromatography analytical method

Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that consists of cysteine, glutamate and glycine, is present in all mammalian tissues in the millimolar range. Besides having numerous cellular functions, GSH is an important antioxidant and is considered a valuable biomarker in evaluating oxidative stress. This paper provides a sensitive analytical method using HPLC-ECD to quantify GSH in erythrocytes, validated using the ICH guidelines for Bioanalytical Method Validation. The sample preparation was optimised using centrifugal filtration and a hypotonic phosphate buffer for extracting GSH from erythrocytes. HPLC-ECD parameters were adjusted to allow a fast, reversed phase, isocratic separation in 10 min. The detector response was linear between 0.3 and 9.5 μg/mL with a satisfactory regression coefficient and a LOQ of 0.11 μg/mL. Intra- and inter-day repeatability ranged between 1.10% and 8.57% with recoveries ranging from 94.3% to 106.0%. Dilution integrity, benchtop, freeze-thaw and long-term stability were investigated. Samples were stable for up to 6 months at -80°C. This method has a good linear response and is repeatable, precise and accurate. It minimises GSH auto-oxidation using a centrifugal filter during sample preparation, instead of acidification. Therefore, this analytical method is suitable for quantifying GSH in erythrocytes as a marker of oxidative stress.

Initial Glutathione Depletion During Short-Term Bed Rest: Pinpointing Synthesis and Degradation Checkpoints in the γ-Glutamyl Cycle

Hypokinesia triggers oxidative stress and accelerates the turnover of the glutathione system via the γ-glutamyl cycle. Our study aimed to identify the regulatory checkpoints controlling intracellular glutathione levels. We measured the intermediate substrates of the γ-glutamyl cycle in erythrocytes from 19 healthy young male volunteers before and during a 10-day experimental bed rest. Additionally, we tracked changes in glutathione levels and specific metabolite ratios up to 21 days of bed rest. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the internal standard technique, we observed a 9 ± 9% decrease in glutathione levels during the first 5 days of bed rest, followed by an 11 ± 9% increase from the 5th to the 10th day, nearly returning to baseline ambulatory levels. The cysteinyl-glycine-to-glutathione ratio, reflecting γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase activity (a key enzyme in glutathione breakdown), rose by 14 ± 22% in the first 5 days and then fell by 10 ± 14% over the subsequent 5 days, again approaching baseline levels. Additionally, the γ-glutamyl cysteine-to-cysteine ratio, indicative of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase activity (crucial for glutathione synthesis), increased by 12 ± 30% on day 5 and by 29 ± 41% on day 10 of bed rest. The results observed on day 21 of bed rest confirm those seen on day 10. By calculating the ratio of product concentration to precursor concentration, we assessed the efficiency of these key enzymes in glutathione turnover. These results were corroborated by directly measuring glutathione synthesis and degradation rates in vivo using stable isotope techniques. Our findings reveal significant changes in glutathione kinetics during the initial days of bed rest and identify potential therapeutic targets for maintaining glutathione levels.

Antitumor effect of bromo-naphthoquinone associated with tannic acid in triple negative breast cancer cells

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of tumor that tends to recur in women. It is characterized by the absence of hormonal receptors, making it challenging to diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effects of a pro-oxidant naphthoquinone derivative called bromo-naphthoquinone (BrNQ) isolated and combined with the antioxidant tannic acid (TA) in order to improve treatment. We used tumor cell lines MDA-MB-231 and HCC-70, as well as normal breast cells, HB4a, as control. Initially, viability assays conducted within 72 hours showed that the combination of compounds had a synergistic and notable cytotoxic effect on the tumor cells. The increased cytotoxicity appeared to be linked to changes in the cellular redox status, as indicated by a significant rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and though alterations in the level of thiol. The treatment also induced apoptosis, inhibited proliferation, and reduced migration, particularly in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Furthermore, relevant changes were detected in the expression of Bcl-2, BAX, FAS, and BIRC-5, while no significant alteration in the expression of NOXs was observed. In conclusion, our findings suggested that the combination of BrNQ and TA though the ability to change redox status in tumor cells could act as a potential adjuvant treatment modality for improve prognosis in TNBC.

Comparative Characterization of Three Homologous Glutathione Transferases from the Weed Lolium perenne

The comparative analysis of homologous enzymes is a valuable approach for elucidating enzymes' structure-function relationships. Glutathione transferases (GSTs, EC. 2.5.1.18) are crucial enzymes in maintaining the homeostatic stability of plant cells by performing various metabolic, regulatory, and detoxifying functions. They are promiscuous enzymes that catalyze a broad range of reactions that involve the nucleophilic attack of the activated thiolate of glutathione (GSH) to electrophilic compounds. In the present work, three highly homologous (96-98%) GSTs from ryegrass Lolium perenne (LpGSTs) were identified by in silico homology searches and their full-length cDNAs were isolated, cloned, and expressed in E. coli cells. The recombinant enzymes were purified by affinity chromatography and their substrate specificity and kinetic parameters were determined. LpGSTs belong to the tau class of the GST superfamily, and despite their high sequence homology, their substrate specificity displays remarkable differences. High catalytic activity was determined towards hydroxyperoxides and alkenals, suggesting a detoxification role towards oxidative stress metabolites. The prediction of the structure of the most active LpGST by molecular modeling allowed the identification of a non-conserved residue (Phe215) with key structural and functional roles. Site-saturation mutagenesis at position 215 and the characterization of eight mutant enzymes revealed that this site plays pleiotropic roles, affecting the affinity of the enzyme for the substrates, catalytic constant, and structural stability. The results of the work have improved our understanding of the GST family in L. perenne, a significant threat to agriculture, sustainable food production, and safety worldwide.

Solid-state nanochannels based on electro-optical dual signals for detection of analytes

The sensitive detection of analytes of different sizes is crucial significance for environmental protection, food safety and medical diagnostics. The confined space of nanochannels provides a location closest to the molecular reaction behaviors in real systems, thereby opening new opportunities for the precise detection of analytes. However, due to the susceptibility to external interference on the confined space of nanochannels, the high sensitivity nature of the current signals through the nanochannels is more troubling for the detection reliability. Combining highly sensitive optical signals with the sensitive current signals of solid-state nanochannels establishes a nanochannel detection platform based on electro-optical dual signals, potentially offering more sensitive, specific, and accuracy detection of analytes. This review summarizes the last five years of applications of solid-state nanochannels based on electro-optical dual signals in analytes detection. Firstly, the detection principles of solid-state nanochannels and the construction strategies of nanochannel electro-optical sensing platforms are discussed. Subsequently, the review comprehensively outlines the applications involving nanochannels with electrical signals combined with fluorescence signals, electrical signals combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy signals, and electrical signals combined with other optical signals in analyte detection. Additionally, the perspectives and difficulties of nanochannels are investigated on the basis of electro-optical dual signals.

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Pathophysiology, Drug Targeting Approaches, and Recent Developments in Nanotherapeutics

The most prevalent reason for vision impairment in aging inhabitants is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a posterior ocular disease with a poor understanding of the anatomic, genetic, and pathophysiological progression of the disease. Recently, new insights exploring the role of atrophic changes in the retinal pigment epithelium, extracellular drusen deposits, lysosomal lipofuscin, and various genes have been investigated in the progression of AMD. Hence, this review explores the incidence and risk factors for AMD, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, the complement system, and the involvement of bioactive lipids and their role in angiogenesis. In addition to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy and other therapeutic interventions such as oral kinase inhibitors, photodynamic, gene, and antioxidant therapy, as well as their benefits and drawbacks as AMD treatment options, strategic drug delivery methods, including drug delivery routes with a focus on intravitreal pharmacokinetics, are investigated. Further, the recent advancements in nanoformulations such as polymeric and lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, etc., intended for ocular drug delivery with pros and cons are too summarized. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to give new researchers an understanding of AMD pathophysiology, with an emphasis on angiogenesis, inflammation, the function of bioactive lipids, and therapy options. Additionally, drug delivery options that focus on the development of drug delivery system(s) via several routes of delivery can aid in the advancement of therapeutic choices.

Ferroptosis-associated genes and compounds in renal cell carcinoma

As the main type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), clear cell RCC (ccRCC) is often associated with the deletion or mutation of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene, enhancement of glucose and lipid metabolism, and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. VHL alterations in RCC cells lead to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors and their downstream target vascular endothelial growth factor, and to the reprogramming of multiple cell death pathways and metabolic weakness, including ferroptosis, which are associated with targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The changes in biological metabolites (e.g., iron and lipids) support ferroptosis as a potential therapeutic strategy for RCC, while iron metabolism and ferroptosis regulation have been examined as anti-RCC agents in numerous studies, and various ferroptosis-related molecules have been shown to be related to the metastasis and prognosis of ccRCC. For example, glutathione peroxidase 4 and glutaminase inhibitors can inhibit pyrimidine synthesis and increase reactive oxygen species levels in VHL-deficient RCC cells. In addition, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns by tumor cells undergoing ferroptosis also mediates antitumor immunity, and immune therapy can synergize with targeted therapy or radiotherapy through ferroptosis. However, Inducing ferroptosis not only suppresses cancer, but also promotes cancer development due to its potential negative effects on anti-cancer immunity. Therefore, ferroptosis and various tumor microenviroment-related molecules may co-occur during the development and treatment of RCC, and further understanding of the interactions, core targets, and related drugs of ferroptosis may provide new combination drug strategies for RCC treatment. Here we summarize the key genes and compounds on ferroptosis and RCC in order to envision future treatment strategies and to provide sufficient information for overcoming RCC resistance through ferroptosis.

Effects of GSH on Alcohol Metabolism and Hangover Improvement in Humans: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND

The definition of alcohol hangovers refers to a combination of mental and physical side effects that occur after drinking. One of the ways that hangovers can be ameliorated is by promoting the rapid and effective elimination of acetaldehyde to alleviate the discomfort it causes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of GSH (yeast extract containing 50 mg of glutathione) on the hangover-relieving effect.

METHODS

A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial was conducted with 40 participants who reported experiencing hangover symptoms. Participants consumed alcohol at a rate of 0.78 g per kg body weight with 40% whiskey, adjusted according to their weight. Alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations in serum were analyzed at 0, 0.25, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 15 h after alcohol consumption.

RESULTS

In the GSH group, the serum alcohol concentration decreased, although this change was not statistically significant. The serum acetaldehyde concentration was significantly lower in the GSH group in comparison to the placebo group (at 0.25, 1, 4, and 6 h (p < 0.01) and at 0.5, 2, and 15 h (p < 0.001) after alcohol consumption). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups on questionnaires such as the Acute Hangover Scale and the Alcohol Hangover Severity Scale.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, we consider the discovery that GSH lowered acetaldehyde concentration, a crucial factor in alcohol metabolism, to be more considerable. Therefore, GSH administration effectively reduces acetaldehyde levels in serum. This result suggests that this effect may contribute to the relief of hangover symptoms.