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Munno M, Mallia A, Greco A, Modafferi G, Banfi C, Eligini S. Radical Oxygen Species, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, and Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1: A Vicious Circle in Atherosclerotic Process. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38790688 PMCID: PMC11118168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex condition that involves the accumulation of lipids and subsequent plaque formation in the arterial intima. There are various stimuli, cellular receptors, and pathways involved in this process, but oxidative modifications of low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) are particularly important in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Ox-LDLs promote foam-cell formation, activate proinflammatory pathways, and induce smooth-muscle-cell migration, apoptosis, and cell death. One of the major receptors for ox-LDL is LOX-1, which is upregulated in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. LOX-1 activation in endothelial cells promotes endothelial dysfunction and induces pro-atherogenic signaling, leading to plaque formation. The binding of ox-LDLs to LOX-1 increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce LOX-1 expression and oxidize LDLs, contributing to ox-LDL generation and further upregulating LOX-1 expression. This creates a vicious circle that is amplified in pathological conditions characterized by high plasma levels of LDLs. Although LOX-1 has harmful effects, the clinical significance of inhibiting this protein remains unclear. Further studies both in vitro and in vivo are needed to determine whether LOX-1 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic target to counteract the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Munno
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Alice Mallia
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Greco
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Gloria Modafferi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Sonia Eligini
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
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Schiopu A, Björkbacka H, Narasimhan G, Loong BJ, Engström G, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Nilsson J. Elevated soluble LOX-1 predicts risk of first-time myocardial infarction. Ann Med 2023; 55:2296552. [PMID: 38134912 PMCID: PMC10763917 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2296552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an unmet clinical need for novel therapies addressing the residual risk in patients receiving guideline preventive therapy for coronary heart disease. Experimental studies have identified a pro-atherogenic role of the oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1. We investigated the association between circulating soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) and the risk for development of myocardial infarction. METHODS The study subjects (n = 4658) were part of the Malmö Diet and Cancer study. The baseline investigation was carried out 1991-1994 and the incidence of cardiovascular events monitored through national registers during a of 19.5 ± 4.9 years follow-up. sLOX-1 and other biomarkers were analyzed by proximity extension assay and ELISA in baseline plasma. RESULTS Subjects in the highest tertile of sLOX-1 had an increased risk of myocardial infarction (hazard ratio (95% CI) 1.76 (1.40-2.21) as compared with those in the lowest tertile. The presence of cardiovascular risk factors was related to elevated sLOX-1, but the association between sLOX-1 and risk of myocardial infarction remained significant when adjusting for risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective population study we found an association between elevated sLOX-1, the presence of carotid disease and the risk for first-time myocardial infarction. Taken together with previous experimental findings of a pro-atherogenic role of LOX-1, this observation supports LOX-1 inhibition as a possible target for prevention of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Schiopu
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
- Department of Transitional Science, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Bi Juin Loong
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
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3
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Birts CN, Wilton DC. Could anionic LDL be a ligand for RAGE and TREM2 in addition to LOX-1 and thus exacerbate lung disease and dementia? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166837. [PMID: 37544530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
We recently highlighted the potential of protein glycation to generate anionic (electronegative) surfaces. We hypothesised that these anionic proteins are perceived by the innate immune system as arising from infection or damaged cell components, producing an inflammatory response within the lung involving the receptor RAGE. We now review two other pathologies linked to the innate immune response, cardiovascular disease and dementia that involve receptors LOX-1 and TREM2 respectively. Remarkable similarities in properties between RAGE, LOX-1 and TREM2 suggest that electronegative LDL may act as a pathogenic anionic ligand for all three receptors and exacerbate lung inflammation and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Birts
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Wilton
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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4
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Lubrano V, Balzan S, Papa A. LOX-1 variants modulate the severity of cardiovascular disease: state of the art and future directions. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04859-0. [PMID: 37789136 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of cerebral infarction and many other ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Although large randomized clinical trials have highlighted the impressive benefits of lipid-lowering therapies, the 50-70% of patients who have achieved their lipid-lowering goal remain at high cardiovascular disease risk. For this reason, there is a need to investigate other markers of atherosclerosis progression. LOX-1 is a scavenger receptor that accepts oxidized low-density lipoproteins as major ligand and internalizes it by endocytosis favoring its retention in subendothelial layer and triggering a wide variety of proatherogenic events. However, other factors such as cytokines, shear stress, and advanced glycation end-products can upregulate LOX-1. LOX-1 is encoded by the OLR1 gene, located in the p12.3-p13 region of chromosome 12. OLR1 gene has different isoforms induced by splicing, or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). According to some authors, the expression of these isoforms induces a different effect on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. In particular, LOXIN, an isoform lacking part of the functional domain, exerts an important role in atherosclerosis protection. In other cases, studies on SNPs showed an association with more severe forms, like in the case of 3'UTR polymorphisms. The knowledge of these variants can give rise to the development of new preventive therapies and can lead to the identification of subjects at greater risk of cardiovascular event. In this review, we reported the state of the art regarding SNPs with known effects on OLR1 splicing and how LOX-1 variants modulate the severity of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Lubrano
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvana Balzan
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Papa
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Hofmann A, Khorzom Y, Klimova A, Wolk S, Busch A, Sabarstinski P, Müglich M, Egorov D, Kopaliani I, Poitz DM, Kapalla M, Hamann B, Frank F, Jänichen C, Brunssen C, Morawietz H, Reeps C. Associations of Tissue and Soluble LOX-1 with Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. J Am Heart Assoc 2023:e027537. [PMID: 37421287 PMCID: PMC10382096 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Indication for prophylactic surgical abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair depends on the maximal aortic diameter. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is the major receptor for uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and is implicated in atherosclerosis. A soluble form of LOX-1 (sLOX-1) has been discussed as a novel biomarker in coronary artery disease and stroke. Herein, we assessed the regulation of aortic LOX-1 as well as the diagnostic and risk stratification potential of sLOX-1 in patients with AAA. Methods and Results Serum sLOX-1 was assessed in a case-control study in AAA (n=104) and peripheral artery disease (n=104). sLOX-1 was not statistically different between AAA and peripheral artery disease but was higher in AAA (β=1.28, P=0.04) after adjusting for age, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, prescription of statins, β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and therapeutic anticoagulation. sLOX-1 was not associated with the aortic diameter, AAA volume, or the thickness of the intraluminal thrombus. Aortic LOX-1 mRNA expression tended to be higher in AAA when compared with disease, and expression was positively associated with cleaved caspase-3, smooth muscle actin, collagen, and macrophage content. Conclusions In AAA, sLOX-1 was differently affected by age, cardiometabolic diseases, and corresponding medical therapies. Comparison with nonatherosclerotic disease would be beneficial to further elucidate the diagnostic potential of sLOX-1, although it was not useful for risk stratification. Aneurysmal LOX-1 mRNA expression was increased and positively associated with smooth muscle cells and collagen content, suggesting that LOX-1 is eventually not deleterious in human AAA and could counteract AAA rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Yazan Khorzom
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Anna Klimova
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner Site Dresden and Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Steffen Wolk
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Albert Busch
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Pamela Sabarstinski
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Margarete Müglich
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Dmitry Egorov
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - Irakli Kopaliani
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - David M Poitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Marvin Kapalla
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Bianca Hamann
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Frieda Frank
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Christian Jänichen
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Christian Reeps
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine andUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
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Takasu S, Matsumoto S, Kanto Y, Shimmura S, Iwadate K, Iwadate K. Postmortem pericardial fluid sLOX-1 levels and LOX-1 immunostaining in forensic specimens: Relation to cause of death. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 347:111686. [PMID: 37062140 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is the endothelial receptor for oxidized LDL. This receptor's extracellular domain is released into the blood as soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) and has been linked to ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, and diabetes. We recently reported that sLOX-1 fluid levels in postmortem pericardial fluid were comparable to clinical values in live patients and that significant increases in sLOX-1 were observed in patients with IHD. However, postmortem serum and urine sLOX-1 levels were higher than serum levels in living patients. Here, we conducted LOX-1 immunostaining in forensic specimens (aorta and heart) and evaluated pericardial fluid sLOX-1 in 221 medicolegal autopsy cases (67 IHD, 11 CVD, 17 inflammatory diseases, and 126 control cases) with a postmortem interval < 72 h to assess the diagnostic efficiency of postmortem pericardial fluid sLOX-1. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationships between pericardial fluid sLOX-1 and body mass index (BMI), blood HbA1c, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). LOX-1 immunostaining positivity was found in the aortic intima. Pericardial fluid sLOX-1 levels were considerably higher in patients with IHD and CVD. However, there were no significant differences in patients with inflammatory diseases and controls. No associations between pericardial fluid sLOX-1 and BMI, HbA1c, CRP, HDL-C, or LDL-C were found. These results indicate sLOX-1 utility in the postmortem diagnosis of IHD and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shojiro Takasu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine: Tokyo Jikeikai Ika Daigaku, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Sari Matsumoto
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine: Tokyo Jikeikai Ika Daigaku, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yuko Kanto
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine: Tokyo Jikeikai Ika Daigaku, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Suzuka Shimmura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine: Tokyo Jikeikai Ika Daigaku, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kyoko Iwadate
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine: Tokyo Jikeikai Ika Daigaku, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kimiharu Iwadate
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine: Tokyo Jikeikai Ika Daigaku, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Correlation of sLOX-1 Levels and MR Characteristics of Culprit Plaques in Intracranial Arteries with Stroke Recurrence. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040804. [PMID: 36832291 PMCID: PMC9954821 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Symptomatic intracranial artery atherosclerosis (sICAS) is an important cause of acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and is associated with a high risk of stroke recurrence. High-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-MR-VWI) is an effective method for evaluating atherosclerotic plaque characteristics. Soluble lectin-like oxidised low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) is closely associated with plaque formation and rupture. We aim to explore the correlation between sLOX-1 levels and culprit plaque characteristics, based on HR-MR-VWI, with stroke recurrence in patients with sICAS. (2) Methods: A total of 199 patients with sICAS underwent HR-MR-VWI between June 2020 and June 2021 in our hospital. The culprit vessel and plaque characteristics were assessed according to HR-MR-VWI, and sLOX-1 levels were measured by ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Outpatient follow-up was performed 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after discharge. (3) Results: sLOX-1 levels were significantly higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group (p < 0.001). The culprit plaque thickness, degree of stenosis and plaque burden were higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group (p = 0.003, p = 0.014 and p = 0.010, respectively). The incidence of hyperintensity on T1WI, positive remodelling and significant enhancement (p < 0.001, p = 0.003 and p = 0.027, respectively) was higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with sLOX-1 levels > 912.19 pg/mL and hyperintensity on T1WI in the culprit plaque had a higher risk of stroke recurrence (both p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that sLOX-1 > 912.19 pg/mL (HR = 2.583, 95%CI 1.142, 5.846, p = 0.023) and hyperintensity on T1WI in the culprit plaque (HR = 2.632, 95% CI 1.197, 5.790, p = 0.016) were independent risk factors for stroke recurrence. sLOX-1 levels were significantly associated with the culprit plaque thickness (r = 0.162, p = 0.022), degree of stenosis (r = 0.217, p = 0.002), plaque burden (r = 0.183, p = 0.010), hyperintensity on T1WI (F = 14.501, p < 0.001), positive remodelling (F = 9.602, p < 0.001), and significant enhancement (F = 7.684, p < 0.001) (4) Conclusions: sLOX-1 levels were associated with vulnerability of the culprit plaque and can be used as a supplement to HR-MR-VWI to predict stroke recurrence.
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van der Vorst EPC, Maas SL, Theodorou K, Peters LJF, Jin H, Rademakers T, Gijbels MJ, Rousch M, Jansen Y, Weber C, Lehrke M, Lebherz C, Yildiz D, Ludwig A, Bentzon JF, Biessen EAL, Donners MMPC. Endothelial ADAM10 controls cellular response to oxLDL and its deficiency exacerbates atherosclerosis with intraplaque hemorrhage and neovascularization in mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:974918. [PMID: 36776254 PMCID: PMC9911417 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.974918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The transmembrane protease A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) displays a "pattern regulatory function," by cleaving a range of membrane-bound proteins. In endothelium, it regulates barrier function, leukocyte recruitment and angiogenesis. Previously, we showed that ADAM10 is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques and associated with neovascularization. In this study, we aimed to determine the causal relevance of endothelial ADAM10 in murine atherosclerosis development in vivo. Methods and results Endothelial Adam10 deficiency (Adam10 ecko ) in Western-type diet (WTD) fed mice rendered atherogenic by adeno-associated virus-mediated PCSK9 overexpression showed markedly increased atherosclerotic lesion formation. Additionally, Adam10 deficiency was associated with an increased necrotic core and concomitant reduction in plaque macrophage content. Strikingly, while intraplaque hemorrhage and neovascularization are rarely observed in aortic roots of atherosclerotic mice after 12 weeks of WTD feeding, a majority of plaques in both brachiocephalic artery and aortic root of Adam10ecko mice contained these features, suggestive of major plaque destabilization. In vitro, ADAM10 knockdown in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) blunted the shedding of lectin-like oxidized LDL (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) and increased endothelial inflammatory responses to oxLDL as witnessed by upregulated ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CCL5, and CXCL1 expression (which was diminished when LOX-1 was silenced) as well as activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. LOX-1 shedding appeared also reduced in vivo, as soluble LOX-1 levels in plasma of Adam10ecko mice was significantly reduced compared to wildtypes. Discussion Collectively, these results demonstrate that endothelial ADAM10 is atheroprotective, most likely by limiting oxLDL-induced inflammation besides its known role in pathological neovascularization. Our findings create novel opportunities to develop therapeutics targeting atherosclerotic plaque progression and stability, but at the same time warrant caution when considering to use ADAM10 inhibitors for therapy in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sanne L. Maas
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kosta Theodorou
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Linsey J. F. Peters
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Han Jin
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Timo Rademakers
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marion J. Gijbels
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands,Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mat Rousch
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Jansen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Corinna Lebherz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Yildiz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, PZMS, ZHMB, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jacob F. Bentzon
- Experimental Pathology of Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain,Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik A. L. Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marjo M. P. C. Donners
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Marjo M. P. C. Donners,
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Stinson SE, Jonsson AE, Andersen MK, Lund MAV, Holm LA, Fonvig CE, Huang Y, Stankevič E, Juel HB, Ängquist L, Sørensen TIA, Ongstad EL, Gaddipati R, Grimsby J, Rhodes CJ, Pedersen O, Christiansen M, Holm J, Hansen T. High Plasma Levels of Soluble Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 Are Associated With Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Risk Profiles in Pediatric Overweight and Obesity. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e8145. [PMID: 36695299 PMCID: PMC9973661 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) receptor-1 is a scavenger receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein. In adults, higher soluble lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 (sLOX-1) levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, but a similar link in pediatric overweight/obesity remains uncertain. Methods and Results Analyses were based on the cross-sectional HOLBAEK Study, including 4- to 19-year-olds from an obesity clinic group with body mass index >90th percentile (n=1815) and from a population-based group (n=2039). Fasting plasma levels of sLOX-1 and inflammatory markers were quantified, cardiometabolic risk profiles were assessed, and linear and logistic regression analyses were performed. Pubertal/postpubertal children and adolescents from the obesity clinic group exhibited higher sLOX-1 levels compared with the population (P<0.001). sLOX-1 positively associated with proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, body mass index SD score, waist SD score, body fat %, plasma alanine aminotransferase, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure SD score, and inversely associated with plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all P<0.05). sLOX-1 positively associated with high alanine aminotransferase (odds ratio [OR], 1.16, P=4.1 E-04), insulin resistance (OR, 1.16, P=8.6 E-04), dyslipidemia (OR, 1.25, P=1.8 E-07), and hypertension (OR, 1.12, P=0.02). Conclusions sLOX-1 levels were elevated during and after puberty in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity compared with population-based peers and associated with inflammatory markers and worsened cardiometabolic risk profiles. sLOX-1 may serve as an early marker of cardiometabolic risk and inflammation in pediatric overweight/obesity. Registration The HOLBAEK Study, formerly known as The Danish Childhood Obesity Biobank, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number NCT00928473, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00928473 (registered June 2009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Stinson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Anna E. Jonsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mette K. Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Morten A. V. Lund
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Accredited European Centre for Obesity Management, Department of PediatricsHolbæk HospitalHolbækDenmark,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Louise Aas Holm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark,The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Accredited European Centre for Obesity Management, Department of PediatricsHolbæk HospitalHolbækDenmark
| | - Cilius E. Fonvig
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark,The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Accredited European Centre for Obesity Management, Department of PediatricsHolbæk HospitalHolbækDenmark,Department of PediatricsKolding Hospital a part of Lillebælt HospitalKoldingDenmark
| | - Yun Huang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Evelina Stankevič
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Helene Bæk Juel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lars Ängquist
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Emily L. Ongstad
- Research and Early DevelopmentCardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMD
| | - Ranjitha Gaddipati
- Research and Early DevelopmentCardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMD
| | - Joseph Grimsby
- Research and Early DevelopmentCardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMD,Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.TarrytownNY
| | - Christopher J. Rhodes
- Research and Early DevelopmentCardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMD
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Accredited European Centre for Obesity Management, Department of PediatricsHolbæk HospitalHolbækDenmark,Department for Congenital DisordersStatens Serum InstituteCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jens‐Christian Holm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark,The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Accredited European Centre for Obesity Management, Department of PediatricsHolbæk HospitalHolbækDenmark,Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenDenmark
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10
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Kraler S, Wenzl FA, Georgiopoulos G, Obeid S, Liberale L, von Eckardstein A, Muller O, Mach F, Räber L, Losdat S, Schmiady MO, Stellos K, Stamatelopoulos K, Camici GG, Srdic A, Paneni F, Akhmedov A, Lüscher TF. Soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 predicts premature death in acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:1849-1860. [PMID: 35567560 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) and its shedding product [soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1)] are implicated in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) pathogenesis. Herein, we examined the relationship of sLOX-1 with both fatal events and plaque progression in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma sLOX-1 was assessed at baseline in ACS and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients prospectively recruited in the multicentre SPUM-ACS study, with sex- and age-matched healthy subjects serving as additional controls (n = 2924). Compared with both CCS and controls, ACS patients showed markedly elevated sLOX-1 levels (median, 2.00 and 2.00 vs. 35.08 pg/mL; P < 0.0001) which were independently associated with increased mortality risk over 30-day [tertile (T)3: adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 3.11; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.44-10.61; P = 0.0055] and 1-year intervals (T3: adjusted HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.19-3.92; P = 0.0098). Results remained consistent after adjustment for GRACE 2.0 (T3: adjusted HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.04-3.74; P = 0.0391) and were primarily driven by the pronounced relationship of sLOX-1 with cardiovascular mortality at 30 days (T3: adjusted HR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.62-19.62; P = 0.0036) and at 1 year (T3: adjusted HR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.19-5.34; P = 0.0148). In ACS patients undergoing serial intracoronary imaging and statin therapy, sLOX-1 dropped significantly in those with coronary plaque regression at 1 year (ΔsLOX-1: -4.64 ± 1.80; P = 0.0057), and showed a good discrimination for predicting plaque progression (area under the curve = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59-0.86; P = 0.0031). CONCLUSION Plasma sLOX-1 levels are increased during ACS and predict fatal events beyond traditional and emerging risk factors. Persistently high sLOX-1 associates with coronary plaque progression in patients with established ASCVD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01000701.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian A Wenzl
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Georgiopoulos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Health Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Slayman Obeid
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Olivier Muller
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Mach
- Cardiology, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Martin O Schmiady
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Congenital Cardiovascular Surgery, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Health Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annie Srdic
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
- Research, Education & Development, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
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11
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The structural basis of effective LOX-1 inhibition. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:731-743. [PMID: 35466695 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with other scavenger receptors, splice variants of LOX-1 play an important role in modulating numerous subcellular mechanisms such as normal cell development, differentiation and growth in response to physiological stimuli. Thus, LOX-1 activity is a key regulator in determining the severity of many genetic, metabolic, cardiovascular, renal, and neurodegenerative diseases and/or cancer. Increased expression of LOX-1 precipitates pathological disorders during the aging process. Therefore, it becomes important to develop novel LOX-1 inhibitors based on its ligand binding polarity and/or affinity and disrupt the uptake of its ligand: oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). In this review, we shed light on the presently studied and developed novel LOX-1 inhibitors that may have potential for treatment of diseases characterized by LOX-1 activation.
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12
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Kott KA, Bishop M, Yang CHJ, Plasto TM, Cheng DC, Kaplan AI, Cullen L, Celermajer DS, Meikle PJ, Vernon ST, Figtree GA. Biomarker Development in Cardiology: Reviewing the Past to Inform the Future. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030588. [PMID: 35159397 PMCID: PMC8834296 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac biomarkers have become pivotal to the clinical practice of cardiology, but there remains much to discover that could benefit cardiology patients. We review the discovery of key protein biomarkers in the fields of acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and atherosclerosis, giving an overview of the populations they were studied in and the statistics that were used to validate them. We review statistical approaches that are currently in use to assess new biomarkers and overview a framework for biomarker discovery and evaluation that could be incorporated into clinical trials to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A. Kott
- Cardiovascular Discovery Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards 2065, Australia; (K.A.K.); (S.T.V.)
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Michael Bishop
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Kensington 2033, Australia;
| | - Christina H. J. Yang
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Toby M. Plasto
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Daniel C. Cheng
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Adam I. Kaplan
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Louise Cullen
- Emergency and Trauma Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston 4029, Australia;
| | - David S. Celermajer
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown 2042, Australia
| | - Peter J. Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia;
| | - Stephen T. Vernon
- Cardiovascular Discovery Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards 2065, Australia; (K.A.K.); (S.T.V.)
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Cardiovascular Discovery Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards 2065, Australia; (K.A.K.); (S.T.V.)
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(2)-9926-4915
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13
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Yang X, Hou D, Liu J, Wang T, Luo Y, Sun W, Li C, Shen L, Liu W, Wu D. Soluble Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 Level is Related to Clinical Prognosis In Patients with Acute Atherosclerosis-related Ischemic Stroke. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:10760296211059500. [PMID: 34775859 PMCID: PMC8597060 DOI: 10.1177/10760296211059500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the associations between soluble Lectin-like Oxidized Low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) and clinical prognosis, especially infarct volume in patients with acute atherosclerosis-related ischemic stroke. We recruited acute ischemic stroke patients within 3 days after onset. Patients were stratified into 3 groups by sLOX-1 level. Initial stroke severity was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, and infarct volume was measured using DWI by ITK-SNAP software. The clinical prognosis was evaluated by DWI volume, clinical response at discharge, and functional outcome at 90 days. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to examine associations between circulating sLOX-1 levels and infarct volumes. Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between sLOX-1 levels and clinical prognosis. A total of 207 patients were included in our study. The median DWI volume in the lowest sLOX-1 tertile was 1.98 cm3, smaller than 4.26 cm3 in the highest sLOX-1 group. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between sLOX-1 levels and DWI volume was 0.47 (P < .01). Compared with the highest sLOX-1 tertiles, patients in the lowest sLOX-1 tertile had a higher risk of favorable functional outcome at 90 days (OR = 3.47, 95% CI, 1.21-9.96) after adjusting traditional risk factors. However, there was no difference between sLOX-1 level and clinical response at discharge. For patients with acute atherosclerosis-related ischemic stroke, circulating sLOX-1 level is correlated with DWI volume in the acute phase and favorable functional outcome at 90 days, but not with the clinical response at discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duanlu Hou
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyao Wang
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufan Luo
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Shen
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenpeng Liu
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danhong Wu
- 71529Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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van der Zande HJP, Nitsche D, Schlautmann L, Guigas B, Burgdorf S. The Mannose Receptor: From Endocytic Receptor and Biomarker to Regulator of (Meta)Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:765034. [PMID: 34721436 PMCID: PMC8551360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mannose receptor is a member of the C-type lectin (CLEC) family, which can bind and internalize a variety of endogenous and pathogen-associated ligands. Because of these properties, its role in endocytosis as well as antigen processing and presentation has been studied intensively. Recently, it became clear that the mannose receptor can directly influence the activation of various immune cells. Cell-bound mannose receptor expressed by antigen-presenting cells was indeed shown to drive activated T cells towards a tolerogenic phenotype. On the other hand, serum concentrations of a soluble form of the mannose receptor have been reported to be increased in patients suffering from a variety of inflammatory diseases and to correlate with severity of disease. Interestingly, we recently demonstrated that the soluble mannose receptor directly promotes macrophage proinflammatory activation and trigger metaflammation. In this review, we highlight the role of the mannose receptor and other CLECs in regulating the activation of immune cells and in shaping inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominik Nitsche
- Cellular Immunology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Schlautmann
- Cellular Immunology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sven Burgdorf
- Cellular Immunology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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sLOX-1: A Molecule for Evaluating the Prognosis of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6718184. [PMID: 34497641 PMCID: PMC8419492 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6718184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical parameters and biomarkers have been proposed as prognostic markers for stroke. However, it has not been clarified whether the risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with recurrent and first-ever stroke are similar. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (sLOX-1) levels and the prediction of the functional outcome in patients with recurrent and first-ever stroke. A total of 266 patients with recurrent and first-ever stroke, who underwent follow-up for 3 months, were included in this study. Plasma samples were collected within 24 h after onset. The results showed that biomarkers for the prognosis of patients with recurrent stroke were different from that of those with first-ever stroke. sLOX-1 levels were correlated with modified Rankin Scale scores of patients with recurrent stroke alone (r = 0.3232, p = 0.001). sLOX-1 levels were also associated with an increased risk of unfavorable outcomes in patients with recurrent stroke with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.489 (95% confidence interval, 1.204–1.842, p < 0.0001). Combining the risk factors showed greater accuracy for prognosis, yielding a sensitivity of 93.2% and a specificity of 75%, with an area under the curve of 0.916, evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve. These findings suggest that the diagnosis and prognosis are different between patients with recurrent stroke and those with first-ever stroke, and sLOX-1 level is an independent prognostic marker in patients with recurrent stroke.
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16
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Ni Y, Tracy RP, Cornell E, Kaufman JD, Szpiro AA, Campen MJ, Vedal S. Short-term exposure to air pollution and biomarkers of cardiovascular effect: A repeated measures study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116893. [PMID: 33765506 PMCID: PMC8087633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To help understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking air pollutants and cardiovascular disease (CVD), we employed a repeated measures design to investigate the associations of four short-term air pollution exposures - particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), with two blood markers involved in vascular effects of oxidative stress, soluble lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (sLOX-1) and nitrite, using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Seven hundred and forty participants with plasma sLOX-1 and nitrite measurements at three exams between 2002 and 2007 were included. Daily PM2.5, NO2, O3 and SO2 zero to seven days prior to blood draw were estimated from central monitors in six MESA regions, pre-adjusted using site-specific splines of meteorology and temporal trends, and an indicator for day of the week. Unconstrained distributed lag generalized estimating equations were used to estimate net effects over eight days with adjustment for sociodemographic and behavioral factors. The results showed that higher short-term concentrations of PM2.5, but not other pollutants, were associated with increased sLOX-1 analyzed both as a continuous outcome (percent change per interquartile increase: 16.36%, 95%CI: 0.1-35.26%) and dichotomized at the median (odds ratio per interquartile increase: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.01-1.44). The findings were not meaningfully changed after adjustment for additional covariates or in several sensitivity analyses. Pollutant concentrations were not associated with nitrite levels. This study extends earlier experimental findings of increased sLOX-1 levels following PM inhalation to a much larger population and at ambient concentrations. In light of its known mechanistic role in promoting vascular disease, sLOX-1 may be a suitable translational biomarker linking air pollutant exposures and cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ni
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 360 S. Park Drive, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA.
| | - Elaine Cornell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 360 S. Park Drive, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA.
| | - Joel D Kaufman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Matthew J Campen
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Sverre Vedal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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17
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Akhmedov A, Sawamura T, Chen CH, Kraler S, Vdovenko D, Lüscher TF. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1): a crucial driver of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:1797-1807. [PMID: 36282110 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), specifically lipid-driven atherosclerotic CVDs, remain the number one cause of death worldwide. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1), a scavenger receptor that promotes endothelial dysfunction by inducing pro-atherogenic signalling and plaque formation via the endothelial uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and electronegative LDL, contributes to the initiation, progression, and destabilization of atheromatous plaques, eventually leading to the development of myocardial infarction and certain forms of stroke. In addition to its expression in endothelial cells, LOX-1 is expressed in macrophages, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, further implicating this receptor in multiple aspects of atherosclerotic plaque formation. LOX-1 holds promise as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for certain CVDs; therefore, understanding the molecular structure and function of LOX-1 is of critical importance. In this review, we highlight the latest scientific findings related to LOX-1, its ligands, and their roles in the broad spectrum of CVDs. We describe recent findings from basic research, delineate their translational value, and discuss the potential of LOX-1 as a novel target for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of related CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Shinshu University 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medical Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Daria Vdovenko
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistreet 12, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehause Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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18
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Bahrami A, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. The Role of Interleukin-18 in the Development and Progression of Atherosclerosis. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1757-1774. [PMID: 32338205 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200427095830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the cardiovascular system, is one of the leading causes of ischemic heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. There is growing evidence on the role of innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Interleukin-18 is one of the novel proinflammatory cytokines involved in atherogenesis, atherosclerotic plaque instability and plaque rupture. In this review, we overview the findings of preclinical and clinical studies about the role and mechanism of action of IL-18 in the pathogenesis of AS, which could offer novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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19
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Mentrup T, Cabrera-Cabrera F, Schröder B. Proteolytic Regulation of the Lectin-Like Oxidized Lipoprotein Receptor LOX-1. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:594441. [PMID: 33553253 PMCID: PMC7856673 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.594441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) receptor LOX-1, which is broadly expressed in vascular cells, represents a key mediator of endothelial activation and dysfunction in atherosclerotic plaque development. Being a member of the C-type lectin receptor family, LOX-1 can bind different ligands, with oxLDL being the best characterized. LOX-1 mediates oxLDL uptake into vascular cells and by this means can promote foam cell formation. In addition, LOX-1 triggers multiple signaling pathways, which ultimately induce a pro-atherogenic and pro-fibrotic transcriptional program. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this signal transduction remain incompletely understood. In this regard, proteolysis has recently emerged as a regulatory mechanism of LOX-1 function. Different proteolytic cleavages within the LOX-1 protein can initiate its turnover and control the cellular levels of this receptor. Thereby, cleavage products with individual biological functions and/or medical significance are produced. Ectodomain shedding leads to the release of a soluble form of the receptor (sLOX1) which has been suggested to have diagnostic potential as a biomarker. Removal of the ectodomain leaves behind a membrane-bound N-terminal fragment (NTF), which despite being devoid of the ligand-binding domain is actively involved in signal transduction. Degradation of this LOX-1 NTF, which represents an athero-protective mechanism, critically depends on the aspartyl intramembrane proteases Signal peptide peptidase-like 2a and b (SPPL2a/b). Here, we present an overview of the biology of LOX-1 focusing on how proteolytic cleavages directly modulate the function of this receptor and, what kind of pathophysiological implications this has in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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20
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Kook H, Jang DH, Kim JH, Cho JY, Joo HJ, Cho SA, Park JH, Hong SJ, Yu CW, Lim DS. Identification of plaque ruptures using a novel discriminative model comprising biomarkers in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20228. [PMID: 33214686 PMCID: PMC7677551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are inflammatory biomarkers involved in plaque destabilization resulting in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of a combination of biomarkers to discriminate plaque ruptures in the setting of ACS. Eighty-five ACS patients with optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the culprit plaque were included and categorized into two groups: ACS with plaque rupture (Rupture group, n = 42) or without plaque rupture (Non-rupture group, n = 43) verified by OCT. A discriminative model of plaque rupture using several biomarkers was developed and validated. The Rupture group had higher white blood cell (WBC) counts and peak creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) levels (13.39 vs. 2.69 ng/mL, p = 0.0016). sLOX-1 (227.9 vs. 51.7 pg/mL, p < 0.0001) and MMP-9 (13.4 vs. 6.45 ng/mL, p = 0.0313) levels were significantly higher in the Rupture group, whereas NGAL showed a trend without statistical significance (59.03 vs. 53.80 ng/mL, p = 0.093). Receiver operating characteristic curves to differentiate Rupture group from Non-rupture group calculated the area under the curve for sLOX-1 (p < 0.001), MMP-9 (p = 0.0274), and NGAL (p = 0.0874) as 0.763, 0.645, and 0.609, respectively. A new combinatorial discriminative model including sLOX-1, MMP-9, WBC count, and the peak CK-MB level showed an area under the curve of 0.8431 (p < 0.001). With a cut-off point of 0.614, the sensitivity and specificity of plaque rupture were 62.2% and 97.6%, respectively. The new discriminative model using sLOX-1, MMP-9, WBC count, and peak CK-MB levels could better identify plaque rupture than each individual biomarker in ACS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungdon Kook
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, #73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Duck Hyun Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, #73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, #73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Cho
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Wonkwang University Medical Center, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Joo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, #73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Sang-A Cho
- Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jae Hyoung Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, #73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Soon Jun Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, #73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Cheol Woong Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, #73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
| | - Do-Sun Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, #73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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21
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Barreto J, Karathanasis SK, Remaley A, Sposito AC. Role of LOX-1 (Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1) as a Cardiovascular Risk Predictor: Mechanistic Insight and Potential Clinical Use. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:153-166. [PMID: 33176449 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. Reducing ApoB-containing lipoproteins-chiefly, LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-has been the main strategy for reducing CVD risk. Although supported by large randomized clinical trials, the persistence of residual cardiovascular risk after effective LDL reduction has sparked an intense search for other novel CVD biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recently, Lox-1 (lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1), an innate immune scavenger receptor, has emerged as a promising target for early diagnosis and cardiovascular risk prediction and is also being considered as a treatment target. Lox-1 was first described as a 50 kDa transmembrane protein in endothelial cells responsible for oxLDL (oxidized LDL) recognition, triggering downstream pathways that intensify atherosclerosis via endothelial dysfunction, oxLDL uptake, and apoptosis. Lox-1 is also expressed in platelets, where it enhances platelet activation, adhesion to endothelial cells, and ADP-mediated aggregation, thereby favoring thrombus formation. Lox-1 was also identified in cardiomyocytes, where it was implicated in the development of cardiac fibrosis and myocyte apoptosis, the main determinants of cardiac recovery following an ischemic insult. Together, these findings have revealed that Lox-1 is implicated in all the main steps of atherosclerosis and has encouraged the development of immunoassays for measurement of sLox-1 (serum levels of soluble Lox-1) to be used as a potential CVD biomarker. Finally, the recent development of synthetic Lox-1 inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies with promising results in animal models has made Lox-1 a target for drug development. In this review, we discuss the main findings regarding the role of Lox-1 in the development, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies for CVD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Barreto
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Lab (Atherolab), Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil (J.B., A.C.S.)
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.K.K., A.R.)
- NeoProgen, Baltimore, MD (S.K.K.)
| | - Alan Remaley
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.K.K., A.R.)
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Lab (Atherolab), Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil (J.B., A.C.S.)
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22
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Sagar D, Gaddipati R, Ongstad EL, Bhagroo N, An LL, Wang J, Belkhodja M, Rahman S, Manna Z, Davis MA, Hasni S, Siegel R, Sanjuan M, Grimsby J, Kolbeck R, Karathanasis S, Sims GP, Gupta R. LOX-1: A potential driver of cardiovascular risk in SLE patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229184. [PMID: 32182251 PMCID: PMC7077835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes do not explain the increased CVD burden in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The oxidized-LDL receptor, LOX-1, is an inflammation-induced receptor implicated in atherosclerotic plaque formation in acute coronary syndrome, and here we evaluated its role in SLE-associated CVD. SLE patients have increased sLOX-1 levels which were associated with elevated proinflammatory HDL, oxLDL and hsCRP. Interestingly, increased sLOX-1 levels were associated with patients with early disease onset, low disease activity, increased IL-8, and normal complement and hematological measures. LOX-1 was increased on patient-derived monocytes and low-density granulocytes, and activation with oxLDL and immune-complexes increased membrane LOX-1, TACE activity, sLOX-1 release, proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes, and triggered the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps which can promote vascular injury. In conclusion, perturbations in the lipid content in SLE patients' blood activate LOX-1 and promote inflammatory responses. Increased sLOX-1 levels may be an indicator of high CVD risk, and blockade of LOX-1 may provide a therapeutic opportunity for ameliorating atherosclerosis in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sagar
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ranjitha Gaddipati
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Ongstad
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Bhagroo
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ling-Ling An
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jingya Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mehdi Belkhodja
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zerai Manna
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Davis
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Siegel
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Miguel Sanjuan
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph Grimsby
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sotirios Karathanasis
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary P. Sims
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
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23
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Markstad H, Edsfeldt A, Yao Mattison I, Bengtsson E, Singh P, Cavalera M, Asciutto G, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN, Dias N, Volkov P, Orho-Melander M, Nilsson J, Engström G, Gonçalves I. High Levels of Soluble Lectinlike Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 Are Associated With Carotid Plaque Inflammation and Increased Risk of Ischemic Stroke. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e009874. [PMID: 30744454 PMCID: PMC6405674 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background When the lectinlike oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox LDL) receptor-1 ( LOX -1), a scavenger receptor for ox LDL , binds ox LDL , processes leading to endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are promoted. We aimed to study release mechanisms of LOX -1 and how circulating levels of soluble LOX -1 ( sLOX -1) relate to plaque inflammation and future risk for ischemic stroke. Methods and Results Endothelial cells and leukocytes were used to study release of sLOX -1. Plasma levels of sLOX -1 were determined in 4703 participants in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Incidence of ischemic stroke was monitored. For 202 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy, levels of sLOX -1 were analyzed in plasma and plaque homogenates and related to plaque inflammation factors. Endothelial cells released sLOX -1 when exposed to ox LDL . A total of 257 subjects experienced stroke during a mean follow-up of 16.5 years. Subjects in the highest tertile of sLOX -1 had a stroke hazard ratio of 1.75 (95% CI, 1.28-2.39) compared with those in the lowest tertile after adjusting for age and sex. The patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy had a significant association between plasma sLOX -1 and the plaque content of sLOX -1 ( r=0.209, P=0.004). Plaques with high levels of sLOX -1 had more ox LDL , proinflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that ox LDL induces the release of sLOX -1 from endothelial cells and that circulating levels of sLOX -1 correlate with carotid plaque inflammation and risk for ischemic stroke. These observations provide clinical support to experimental studies implicating LOX -1 in atherosclerosis and its possible role as target for cardiovascular intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Markstad
- 1 Center for Medical Imaging and Physiology Skåne University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden.,2 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Clinical Research Center Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- 2 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Clinical Research Center Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden.,3 Department of Cardiology Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Ingrid Yao Mattison
- 2 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Clinical Research Center Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- 2 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Clinical Research Center Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Pratibha Singh
- 2 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Clinical Research Center Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Michele Cavalera
- 2 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Clinical Research Center Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Asciutto
- 4 Vascular Center, Malmö, Sweden Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- 2 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Clinical Research Center Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson
- 2 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Clinical Research Center Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Nuno Dias
- 4 Vascular Center, Malmö, Sweden Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Petr Volkov
- 5 Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- 2 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Clinical Research Center Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | | | - Isabel Gonçalves
- 2 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Clinical Research Center Clinical Sciences Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden.,3 Department of Cardiology Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
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24
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Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Wolk S, Reeps C, Morawietz H. Soluble LOX-1: A Novel Biomarker in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease, Stroke, and Acute Aortic Dissection? J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e013803. [PMID: 31902328 PMCID: PMC6988168 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation Department of Medicine III Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany.,Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department for Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation Department of Medicine III Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Steffen Wolk
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department for Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Christian Reeps
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department for Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation Department of Medicine III Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
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25
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Mentrup T, Theodorou K, Cabrera-Cabrera F, Helbig AO, Happ K, Gijbels M, Gradtke AC, Rabe B, Fukumori A, Steiner H, Tholey A, Fluhrer R, Donners M, Schröder B. Atherogenic LOX-1 signaling is controlled by SPPL2-mediated intramembrane proteolysis. J Exp Med 2019; 216:807-830. [PMID: 30819724 PMCID: PMC6446863 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intramembrane proteases SPPL2a/b control pro-atherogenic signaling of membrane-bound proteolytic fragments derived from the oxLDL receptor LOX-1. In mice deficient for these proteases, plaque development and fibrosis is enhanced. This highlights SPPL2a/b as crucial players of a novel athero-protective mechanism, which is conserved in humans. The lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) is a key player in the development of atherosclerosis. LOX-1 promotes endothelial activation and dysfunction by mediating uptake of oxidized LDL and inducing pro-atherogenic signaling. However, little is known about modulators of LOX-1–mediated responses. Here, we show that the function of LOX-1 is controlled proteolytically. Ectodomain shedding by the metalloprotease ADAM10 and lysosomal degradation generate membrane-bound N-terminal fragments (NTFs), which we identified as novel substrates of the intramembrane proteases signal peptide peptidase–like 2a and b (SPPL2a/b). SPPL2a/b control cellular LOX-1 NTF levels which, following self-association via their transmembrane domain, can activate MAP kinases in a ligand-independent manner. This leads to an up-regulation of several pro-atherogenic and pro-fibrotic targets including ICAM-1 and the connective tissue growth factor CTGF. Consequently, SPPL2a/b-deficient mice, which accumulate LOX-1 NTFs, develop larger and more advanced atherosclerotic plaques than controls. This identifies intramembrane proteolysis by SPPL2a/b as a novel atheroprotective mechanism via negative regulation of LOX-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Mentrup
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kosta Theodorou
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Florencia Cabrera-Cabrera
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas O Helbig
- Systematic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kathrin Happ
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marion Gijbels
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ann-Christine Gradtke
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Björn Rabe
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Akio Fukumori
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Systematic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marjo Donners
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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26
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Takasu S, Matsumoto S, Kanto Y, Iwadate K. Utility of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) in the postmortem diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. J Forensic Leg Med 2018; 55:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Skarpengland T, Skjelland M, Kong XY, Skagen K, Holm S, Otterdal K, Dahl CP, Krohg-Sørensen K, Sagen EL, Bjerkeli V, Aamodt AH, Abbas A, Gregersen I, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Dahl TB. Increased Levels of Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 in Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.006479. [PMID: 29330254 PMCID: PMC5850141 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Soluble lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1 (sLOX‐1) has been shown to be increased in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Here, we evaluated plasma sLOX‐1 levels and vascular carotid plaque LOX‐1 (ie, OLR1) gene expression in patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) with particular focus on their relation to time since symptom onset. Methods and Results Plasma sLOX‐1 (n=232) and carotid plaque OLR1 gene expression (n=146) were evaluated in patients who were referred to evaluation for carotid endarterectomy, as well as in healthy control plasma (n=81). Patients were categorized according to presence of acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (n=35) ≤7 days, >7 days ≤3 months (n=90), >3 months (n=40), or no reported symptoms before study inclusion (n=67). Our major findings were the following: (1) Patients with carotid atherosclerosis had increased plasma sLOX‐1 levels as compared with controls. (2) Plaque OLR1 mRNA levels were increased in carotid plaques (n=146) compared with nonatherosclerotic vessels (ie, common iliac arteries of organ donors, n=10). (3) There were no differences in sLOX plasma levels or OLR1 gene expression when analyzed according to the time since relevant cerebral ischemic symptoms. (4) Also patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis without any previous ischemic events had raised sLOX‐1 levels. (5) Immunostaining showed colocalization between LOX‐1 and macrophages within the carotid plaques. (6) Also patients with acute stroke (within 7 days) caused by atrial fibrillation (n=22) had comparable raised sLOX‐1 levels. Conclusions sLOX‐1 levels are elevated in patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack independent of cause and time since the ischemic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Skarpengland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Skjelland
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiang Yi Kong
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Karolina Skagen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christen P Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Krohg-Sørensen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen L Sagen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Bjerkeli
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Hege Aamodt
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway .,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
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28
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Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Morawietz H. Contribution of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and LOX-1 modulating compounds to vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 107:S1537-1891(17)30171-4. [PMID: 29056472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is the major receptor for binding and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in endothelial cells. LOX-1 is also expressed in macrophages, smooth muscle cells and platelets. Following internalization of oxLDL, LOX-1 initiates a vicious cycle from activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, thus promoting an increased reactive oxygen species formation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in the development of endothelial dysfunction, foam cell and advanced lesions formation as well as in myocardial ischemia. Furthermore, it is known that LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial DNA damage, vascular cell apoptosis, and autophagy. A large number of studies provide evidence of a LOX-1's role in endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. In addition, novel insights into LOX-1 ligands and the activated signaling pathways have been gained. Recent studies have shown an interaction of LOX-1 with microRNA's, thus providing novel tools to regulate LOX-1 function. Because LOX-1 is increased in atherosclerotic plaques and contributes to endothelial dysfunction, several compounds were tested in vivo and in vitro to modulate the LOX-1 expression in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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29
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Li C, Zhang J, Wu H, Li L, Yang C, Song S, Peng P, Shao M, Zhang M, Zhao J, Zhao R, Wu W, Ruan Y, Wang L, Gu J. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 facilitates metastasis of gastric cancer through driving epithelial-mesenchymal transition and PI3K/Akt/GSK3β activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45275. [PMID: 28345638 PMCID: PMC5366889 DOI: 10.1038/srep45275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a pattern recognition receptor that plays a critical role in vascular diseases and host immune response. Recently, our research discovered that LOX-1 could facilitate the uptake of dying cells and cross-presentation of cellular antigen via binding with heat shock proteins, which have a close relationship with gastric neoplasia. Therefore, we speculated that LOX-1 may serve as an oncogene in gastric cancer (GC) development and progression. In this study, through immunohistochemistry staining assay and cancer-related databases, we found that LOX-1 expression was up-regulated in GC tissues and correlated with a poor prognosis in GC patients. The expression of LOX-1 was an independent prognostic factor for OS in GC patients, and the incorporation of LOX-1 with TNM stage is more accurate for predicting prognosis. Additionally, in vitro study by transwell assay and western blot analysis confirmed that LOX-1 could promote the migration and invasion of GC cells by driving epithelial-mesenchymal transition and PI3K/Akt/GSK3β activation. Taken together, we first explored the expression profiles, clinical significance and biological function of LOX-1 in GC, and these data suggest that LOX-1 may represent a promising prognostic biomarker for GC and offer a novel molecular target for GC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Caiting Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Shushu Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Peike Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Miaomiao Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Weicheng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
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30
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Ishikawa M, Ito H, Furu M, Hashimoto M, Fujii T, Okahata A, Mimori T, Matsuda S. Plasma sLOX-1 is a potent biomarker of clinical remission and disease activity in patients with seropositive RA. Mod Rheumatol 2016; 26:696-701. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2015.1128871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
- Department of the Control for Rheumatic Diseases, and
| | | | - Moritoshi Furu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
- Department of the Control for Rheumatic Diseases, and
| | | | - Takao Fujii
- Department of the Control for Rheumatic Diseases, and
| | | | - Tsuneyo Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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31
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Gioia M, Vindigni G, Testa B, Raniolo S, Fasciglione GF, Coletta M, Biocca S. Membrane Cholesterol Modulates LOX-1 Shedding in Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141270. [PMID: 26495844 PMCID: PMC4619672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a scavenger receptor responsible for ox-LDL recognition, binding and internalization, which is up-regulated during atherogenesis. Its activation triggers endothelium dysfunction and induces inflammation. A soluble form of LOX-1 has been identified in the human blood and its presence considered a biomarker of cardiovascular diseases. We recently showed that cholesterol-lowering drugs inhibit ox-LDL binding and internalization, rescuing the ox-LDL induced apoptotic phenotype in primary endothelial cells. Here we have investigated the molecular bases of human LOX-1 shedding by metalloproteinases and the role of cell membrane cholesterol on the regulation of this event by modulating its level with MβCD and statins. We report that membrane cholesterol affects the release of different forms of LOX-1 in cells transiently and stably expressing human LOX-1 and in a human endothelial cell line (EA.hy926). In particular, our data show that i) cholesterol depletion triggers the release of LOX-1 in exosomes as a full-length transmembrane isoform and as a truncated ectodomain soluble fragment (sLOX-1); ii) endothelial cells secrete a soluble metalloproteinase which induces LOX-1 ectodomain shedding and iii) long term statins treatment enhances sLOX-1 proteolytic shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Gioia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Vindigni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Testa
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Raniolo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Fasciglione
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Biocca
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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32
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Clinical and Preclinical Use of LOX-1-Specific Antibodies in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2015; 8:458-65. [PMID: 26385009 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-015-9655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (SR-E1, LOX-1, OLR1) was first discovered as a vascular receptor for modified lipoprotein particles nearly 20 years ago. Since then, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated an association between LOX-1, a soluble form (sLOX-1) and a number of diseases including atherosclerosis, arthritis, hypertension and pre-eclampsia. However, converting such discoveries into tools and drugs for routine clinical use is dependent on translational preclinical and clinical studies but such studies have only begun to emerge in the past decade. In this review, we identify the key clinical applications and corresponding criteria that need to be addressed for the effective use of LOX-1-related probes and molecules for patient benefit in different disease states.
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33
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Kobayashi N, Takano M, Hata N, Kume N, Yamamoto M, Yokoyama S, Shinada T, Tomita K, Shirakabe A, Otsuka T, Seino Y, Mizuno K. Soluble lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (sLOX-1) as a valuable diagnostic marker for rupture of thin-cap fibroatheroma: Verification by optical coherence tomography. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Soluble lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 as a biochemical marker for atherosclerosis-related diseases. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:413-8. [PMID: 24198442 PMCID: PMC3809739 DOI: 10.1155/2013/716325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), the main oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) in endothelial cells, is upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions and is involved in several cellular processes that regulate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The LOX-1 expressed on the cell surface can be proteolytically cleaved and released in a soluble form (sLOX-1) in the circulation under pathological conditions. Serum levels of sLOX-1, in fact, are elevated at the early stages of acute coronary syndrome and are associated with coronary plaque vulnerability and with the presence of multiple complex coronary lesions. Moreover, in subjects with stable CAD, levels of serum sLOX-1 are associated with the presence of lesions in the proximal and mid-segments of the left anterior descending artery that are the most prone to rupture; in subjects undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, baseline preprocedural serum sLOX-1 levels are associated with the incidence of periprocedural myocardial infarction. Altogether, these findings suggest that circulating levels of sLOX-1 might be a diagnostic and prognostic marker for atherosclerotic-related events.
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35
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Xu S, Ogura S, Chen J, Little PJ, Moss J, Liu P. LOX-1 in atherosclerosis: biological functions and pharmacological modifiers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2859-72. [PMID: 23124189 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized LDL (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1, also known as OLR-1), is a class E scavenger receptor that mediates the uptake of oxLDL by vascular cells. LOX-1 is involved in endothelial dysfunction, monocyte adhesion, the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, foam cell formation, platelet activation, as well as plaque instability; all of these events are critical in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These LOX-1-dependent biological processes contribute to plaque instability and the ultimate clinical sequelae of plaque rupture and life-threatening tissue ischemia. Administration of anti-LOX-1 antibodies inhibits atherosclerosis by decreasing these cellular events. Over the past decade, multiple drugs including naturally occurring antioxidants, statins, antiinflammatory agents, antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic drugs have been demonstrated to inhibit vascular LOX-1 expression and activity. Therefore, LOX-1 represents an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of human atherosclerotic diseases. This review aims to integrate the current understanding of LOX-1 signaling, regulation of LOX-1 by vasculoprotective drugs, and the importance of LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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36
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Balin M, Çelik A, Kobat MA, Baydas A. Circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels predict percutaneous coronary intervention-related periprocedural myocardial infarction in stable patients undergoing elective native single-vessel PCI. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2012; 34:483-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Xie J. The C-type lectin-like receptors of Dectin-1 cluster in natural killer gene complex. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:273-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Pregnancy followed by delivery may affect circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels in women of reproductive age. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:837375. [PMID: 22619487 PMCID: PMC3350984 DOI: 10.1155/2012/837375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective. It is known that menopause or lack of endogenous estrogen is a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and CAD. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is involved inmultiple phases of vascular dysfunction.The purpose of the current study was to determine the association between soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) and pregnancy followed by delivery in women of reproductive age. Materials/Methods. Sixty-eight subjects with pregnancy followed by delivery (group 1) and 57 subjects with nongravidity (group 2) were included in this study. Levels of sLOX-1 were measured in serum by EL SA. Results. Plasma levels of sLOX-1 were significantly lower in Group 1 than Group 2 in women of reproductive age (0.52 ± 0.18 ng/mL and 0.78 ± 0.13, resp., P < 0.001). There were strong correlations between sLOX-1 levels and the number of gravida (r = −0.645, P < 0.001). The levels of sLOX-1 highly correlated with the number of parous (r = −0.683, P < 0.001). Conclusion. Our study demonstrated that serum sLOX-1 levels were associated with pregnancy followed by delivery that might predict endothelial dysfunction. We conclude that pregnancy followed by delivery may delay the beginning and progress of arteriosclerosis and its clinical manifestations in women of reproductive age.
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39
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Yoshimoto R, Fujita Y, Kakino A, Iwamoto S, Takaya T, Sawamura T. The discovery of LOX-1, its ligands and clinical significance. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2012; 25:379-91. [PMID: 21805404 PMCID: PMC3204104 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LOX-1 is an endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a key molecule in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.The basal expression of LOX-1 is low but highly induced under the influence of proinflammatory and prooxidative stimuli in vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, platelets and cardiomyocytes. Multiple lines of in vitro and in vivo studies have provided compelling evidence that LOX-1 promotes endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis induced by oxLDL. The roles of LOX-1 in the development of atherosclerosis, however, are not simple as it had been considered. Evidence has been accumulating that LOX-1 recognizes not only oxLDL but other atherogenic lipoproteins, platelets, leukocytes and CRP. As results, LOX-1 not only mediates endothelial dysfunction but contributes to atherosclerotic plaque formation, thrombogenesis, leukocyte infiltration and myocardial infarction, which determine mortality and morbidity from atherosclerosis. Moreover, our recent epidemiological study has highlighted the involvement of LOX-1 in human cardiovascular diseases. Further understandings of LOX-1 and its ligands as well as its versatile functions will direct us to ways to find novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yoshimoto
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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40
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Sattler S, Ghadially H, Hofer E. Evolution of the C-type lectin-like receptor genes of the DECTIN-1 cluster in the NK gene complex. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:931386. [PMID: 22550468 PMCID: PMC3322459 DOI: 10.1100/2012/931386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors are crucial in initiating and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses and often belong to families of structurally and evolutionarily related proteins. The human C-type lectin-like receptors encoded in the DECTIN-1 cluster within the NK gene complex contain prominent receptors with pattern recognition function, such as DECTIN-1 and LOX-1. All members of this cluster share significant homology and are considered to have arisen from subsequent gene duplications. Recent developments in sequencing and the availability of comprehensive sequence data comprising many species showed that the receptors of the DECTIN-1 cluster are not only homologous to each other but also highly conserved between species. Even in Caenorhabditis elegans, genes displaying homology to the mammalian C-type lectin-like receptors have been detected. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic survey and give an up-to-date overview of the currently available data on the evolutionary emergence of the DECTIN-1 cluster genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Sattler
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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41
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Kobayashi N, Hata N, Kume N, Shinada T, Tomita K, Shirakabe A, Kitamura M, Nozaki A, Inami T, Seino Y, Mizuno K. Soluble lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 and high-sensitivity troponin T as diagnostic biomarkers for acute coronary syndrome. Improved values with combination usage in emergency rooms. Circ J 2011; 75:2862-71. [PMID: 21937834 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although highly sensitive assays for troponin T (hs-TnT) have been developed, the sensitivity and specificity of hs-TnT for diagnosing acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains imperfect. We evaluated the diagnostic value of a new biomarker of plaque vulnerability (soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, sLOX-1) as compared with hs-TnT in the emergency room (ER). METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma sLOX-1 and serum hs-TnT levels were measured in 200 consecutive patients presenting with chest symptoms and ECG abnormalities in the ER (116 ST elevation ACS [STEACS], 44 non-ST elevation ACS [NSTEACS], 40 non-ACS). The non-ACS group consisted of patients with cardiovascular diseases such as coronary spastic angina pectoris, pulmonary thromboembolism, perimyocarditis and takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Levels of sLOX-1 and hs-TnT were significantly higher in STEACS and NSTEACS than in non-ACS patients. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves of sLOX-1 and hs-TnT for detecting ACS, using the non-ACS patients as negative references, showed that the area under the curve (AUC) values of sLOX-1 and hs-TnT were 0.769 and 0.739, respectively. In the lower hs-TnT (<0.0205ng/ml) subgroup, the AUC value of the ROC curve of sLOX-1 for detecting ACS was 0.869. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic value for ACS was comparable between sLOX-1 and hs-TnT, and the accuracy of ACS diagnosis appeared to improve when sLOX-1 and hs-TnT were measured in combination.
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Imamura T. Paradigm shift from myocardium-derived to plaque-derived biomarkers for very early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Circ J 2011; 75:1322-3. [PMID: 21532186 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kobayashi N, Hata N, Kume N, Seino Y, Inami T, Yokoyama S, Shinada T, Tomita K, Kaneshige T, Mizuno K. Soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 as an early biomarker for ST elevation myocardial infarction: time-dependent comparison with other biomarkers: time-dependent comparison with other biomarkers. Circ J 2011; 75:1433-9. [PMID: 21467660 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic sensitivity of myocardial necrosis markers, such as creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponins, myoglobin and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) for the earliest stage of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), remains insufficient. We compared a new biomarker of plaque vulnerability (soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, sLOX-1) with other biomarkers at the earliest stage of STEMI. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma sLOX-1 levels were measured in 125 STEMI, 44 non-STEMI (NSTEMI) and 125 non-acute myocardial infarction (non-AMI) patients and were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in the STEMI and NSTEMI than in the non-AMI patients (median, 25th and 75th percentiles: 241.0, 132.3 and 472.2 vs. 147.3, 92.9 and 262.4 vs. 64.3, 54.4 and 84.3 pg/ml, respectively). At the optimal cut-off value of 91.0 pg/ml, sLOX-1 discriminated STEMI from non-AMI with 89.6% sensitivity and 82.4% specificity. Time-dependent changes in sLOX-1, H-FABP, myoglobin, troponin T and CK-MB were analyzed in 27 STEMI patients. Elevated plasma sLOX-1 levels persisted for 24h after admission, whereas other markers were not elevated at the time of admission and peaked at ≥ 2h thereafter. The diagnostic sensitivity of sLOX-1, H-FABP, myoglobin, troponin T and CK-MB for STEMI upon admission (89 min after onset) was 93%, 78%, 70%, 56% and 33%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Plasma sLOX-1 diagnosed the early stages of STEMI more accurately than H-FABP, myoglobin, troponin T and CK-MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Kobayashi
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Inzai, Chiba 270-1694, Japan.
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Zhao XQ, Zhang MW, Wang F, Zhao YX, Li JJ, Wang XP, Bu PL, Yang JM, Liu XL, Zhang MX, Gao F, Zhang C, Zhang Y. CRP enhances soluble LOX-1 release from macrophages by activating TNF-α converting enzyme. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:923-33. [PMID: 21364202 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m015156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) play an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) might stimulate sLOX-1 release by activating tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE). Macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cells were stimulated with TNF-α and further treated with CRP in the absence or presence of specific inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Our results showed that CRP increased sLOX-1 release from activated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner and that these effects were regulated by Fc γ receptor II (FcγRII)-mediated p47(phox) phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and TACE activation. CRP also enhanced sLOX-1 release from macrophages derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Pretreatment with antibody against FcγRII or with CD32 siRNA, p47(phox) siRNA, apocynin, N-acetylcysteine, tumor necrosis factor-α protease inhibitor 1 (TAPI-1) or TACE siRNA attenuated sLOX-1 release induced by CRP. CRP also elevated serum sLOX-1 levels in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Thus, CRP might stimulate sLOX-1 release, and the underlying mechanisms possibly involved FcγRII-mediated p47(phox) phosphorylation, ROS production, and TACE activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Fujioka Y, Fukuda A, Ishida T, Kagimoto S, Nakamura Y, Iwakura A, Hara K, Yamamoto T, Kuroe A, Ohya M, Fujimoto S, Hamamoto Y, Honjo S, Ikeda H, Nabe K, Tsuda K, Taniguchi A, Tanaka K, Koshiyama H, Kume N, Hirata KI. Pitavastatin Reduces Elevated IL-18 Levels in Japanese Subjects with Hypercholesterolemia: Sub-analysis of Kansai Investigation of Statin for Hyperlipidemic Intervention in Metabolism and Endocrinology (KISHIMEN). J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:8-15. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Brinkley TE, Wang X, Kume N, Mitsuoka H, Nicklas BJ. Caloric restriction, aerobic exercise training and soluble lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 levels in overweight and obese post-menopausal women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35:793-9. [PMID: 20856256 PMCID: PMC3023845 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Elevated circulating levels of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) have been observed in obese persons and are reduced by weight loss. However, it is not known if combining caloric restriction (CR) with exercise training is better in reducing sLOX-1 levels than CR alone. Objective We examined whether the addition of aerobic exercise to a weight loss intervention differentially affects sLOX-1 levels in 61 abdominally obese postmenopausal women randomly assigned to a CR only (n=22), CR + moderate-intensity exercise (n=22), or CR + vigorous-intensity exercise (n=17) intervention for 20 weeks. The caloric deficit was ~2,800 kcal/week for all groups. Results The intervention groups were similar at baseline with respect to body weight, body composition, lipids, and blood pressure. However, plasma sLOX-1 levels were higher in the CR only group (99.90 ± 8.23 pg/ml) compared to both the CR + moderate-intensity exercise (69.39 ± 8.23 pg/ml, p=0.01) and CR + vigorous-intensity exercise (72.83 ± 9.36 pg/ml, p=0.03) groups. All three interventions significantly reduced body weight (~14%), body fat, and waist and hip circumferences to a similar degree. These changes were accompanied by a 23% reduction in sLOX-1 levels overall (−19.00 ± 30.08 pg/ml, p<0.0001), which did not differ among intervention groups (p=0.13). Changes in body weight, body fat, and VO2 max were not correlated with changes in sLOX-1 levels. In multiple regression analyses in all women combined, baseline sLOX-1 levels (β = − 0.70 ± 0.06, p<0.0001), age (β = 0.92 ± 0.43, p=0.03) and baseline BMI (β = 1.88 ± 0.66, p=0.006) were independent predictors of the change in sLOX-1 with weight loss. Conclusions Weight loss interventions of equal energy deficit have similar effects on sLOX-1 levels in overweight and obese postmenopausal women, with the addition of aerobic exercise having no added benefit when performed in conjunction with CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Brinkley
- J Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Kume N, Mitsuoka H, Hayashida K, Tanaka M, Kominami G, Kita T. Soluble lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (sLOX-1) as a sensitive and specific biomarker for acute coronary syndrome--comparison with other biomarkers. J Cardiol 2010; 56:159-65. [PMID: 20605699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) appears to be involved in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and rupture. Circulating soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) levels are dramatically elevated in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity is superior to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). In this study, we have compared the diagnostic value of sLOX-1 for ACS with those of troponin T (TnT) and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP). METHODS One hundred and seven patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG), including 18 ACS and 89 non-ACS patients were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were obtained during the emergent or elective CAG. The non-ACS group consisted of 30 patients with normal CAG, 30 stable angina pectoris patients controlled by medical treatment, and 29 patients with stable angina who required elective coronary revascularization (percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft). RESULTS Age, gender, lipid profiles, or prevalence of diabetes, smoking, or hypertension were not significantly different between ACS and non-ACS. These factors did not significantly affect blood sLOX-1 levels. Circulating sLOX-1, TnT, and H-FABP levels were significantly higher in ACS than non-ACS. Area under the curve (AUC) values of the receiver-operating characteristic curves were 0.948, 0.704, and 0.691 for sLOX-1, TnT, and H-FABP, respectively. In a TnT-negative (<0.03 ng/mL) subgroup, the AUC values for sLOX-1 and H-FABP were 0.848 and 0.476, respectively. CONCLUSION Circulating sLOX-1 is a more sensitive and specific biomarker for ACS than TnT and H-FABP, and provides additional diagnostic values when measured in combination with TnT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kume
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Navarra T, Del Turco S, Berti S, Basta G. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and its soluble form: cardiovascular implications. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 17:317-31. [PMID: 20009416 DOI: 10.5551/jat.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a multiligand receptor, whose repertoire of ligands includes oxidized low-density lipoprotein, advanced glycation endproducts, platelets, neutrophils, apoptotic/aged cells and bacteria. Sustained expression of LOX-1 by critical target cells, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages in proximity to these ligands, sets the stage for chronic cellular activation and tissue damage suggesting the interaction of cellular LOX-1 with its ligands to contribute to the formation and development of atherosclerotic plaques. Studies with transgenic and knockout mouse models have elucidated in part the role of LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiac remodeling. Recently, a circulating soluble form of LOX-1 (sLOX-1), corresponding solely to its extracellular domain, has been identified in human serum. Circulating levels of sLOX-1 are increased in inflammatory and atherosclerotic conditions and are associated with acute coronary syndrome, with the severity of coronary artery disease, and with serum biomarkers for oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that they could be a useful marker for vascular injury. However, many interesting questions have not yet been answered and in this review, we provide an updated overview of the literature on this receptor and on likely future directions.
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Ogura S, Kakino A, Sato Y, Fujita Y, Iwamoto S, Otsui K, Yoshimoto R, Sawamura T. Lox-1: the multifunctional receptor underlying cardiovascular dysfunction. Circ J 2009; 73:1993-9. [PMID: 19801851 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is the initial change in the vascular wall that induces morphological changes for atheroma-formation. Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) was identified as the receptor for oxLDL that was thought to be a major cause of endothelial dysfunction. LOX-1 has been demonstrated to contribute not only to endothelial dysfunction, but also to atherosclerotic-plaque formation, myocardial infarction and intimal thickening after balloon injury. Recent findings on the genetics of LOX-1 and the methodology to detect it and its ligands would further facilitate the examination of the receptor's pathophysiological contribution in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, LOX-1-related tools might open new gateways from diagnosis to therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoko Ogura
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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