Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome: Perspectives for immunogenetics, multimodal imaging, and therapeutic options

Quantitative assessment of swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) patients across different disease stages

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate retinal and choroidal changes at different stages of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome and analyze their association with visual prognosis.

METHODS

This retrospective study comprised 22 healthy controls and 81 VKH patients. Patients were categorized into three groups: the initial-onset, recurrent and quiescent groups. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) was used to evaluate the vascular density (VD) and perfusion area (PA) of the superficial, intermediate, and deep retinal capillary plexus (SCP, ICP and DCP), as well as the choroidal vascular index (CVI) and volume (CVV). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed. Statistical analyses were used to assess the relationship between vascular parameters and visual outcomes.

RESULTS

Compared to the control group, patients in the initial-onset stage showed decreased ICP-PA, choriocapillaris perfusion area (CCPA), and CVI (all p < 0.05), while CVV increased (p = 0.01). The PA of retinal capillaries, CVV, and CVI in patients in recurrent or quiescent stage were lower than in the control group (all p < 0.05), and patients in recurrent stage had lower DCP-PA than in the quiescent stage (p = 0.03). The VD of the deep vascular complex, the PA of DCP, and ICP exhibited a negative correlation with BCVA across all VKH groups (all p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that disease course, recurrence, and SCP-PA were positively associated with irreversible complications.

CONCLUSION

The retinal and choroidal vascular systems in VKH show dysfunction throughout various stages, with recurrent inflammation intensifying microcirculatory damage. Monitoring these changes may aid to predict visual prognosis and guide intervention strategies for VKH patients.

A Case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease: Diagnosis Based on the Presence of Vitiligo and Sunset Glow Fundus Without Ocular Symptoms

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease is an autoimmune disease affecting melanocytes. We report a case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease where the diagnosis was based on the presence of vertigo, vitiligo, and sunset glow fundus without ocular symptoms. The patient was a 68-year-old woman with a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus who developed vertigo three months prior and vitiligo on the face and arms two months prior. An ophthalmic examination revealed sunset glow fundus with numerous depigmented chorioretinal scars. Keratic precipitates were observed; however, no cells were observed in the anterior chamber. The patient had been examined by an ophthalmologist five years prior for a thorough evaluation of diabetic retinopathy; at that time, the fundus was normal in color. Based on the vertigo, vitiligo, and fundus findings, the patient was diagnosed as having convalescent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Physicians should be aware that Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease is a potential cause of systemic symptoms, including vertigo, hearing loss, headache, nausea, and vitiligo.

Posterior localized nodular scleritis mimicking malignancy, a case report and clinical approach

Aim: To report a patient with choroidal bulging, sub-retinal fluid, and optic nerve head (ONH) swelling who was finally diagnosed with focal nodular posterior scleritis. Case report: A 51-year-old male patient presented to us with acute painful visual loss of his left eye (LE) from 3 days ago. The best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA) was 20/20 and hand motion (HM) for the right eye (RE) and LE, respectively. Fundus examination of the LE showed ONH swelling, choroidal bulging, multiple patches of subretinal fluid accumulation, and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) corrugations. Orbital and brain MRI showed a retrobulbar nodular mass with gadolinium enhancement at the optic nerve and sclera junction. Oncology and rheumatology work-ups were unremarkable. With the clinical diagnosis of nodular posterior scleritis oral prednisolone 50 mg/Kg was started. Conclusion: Posterior scleritis is an uncommon inflammatory condition that could be misdiagnosed with choroidal tumors, posterior uveitis, and orbital inflammation.

Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of pembrolizumab-induced uveitis

Pembrolizumab has been associated with episodes of uveitis, and the clinical characteristics between them are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of pembrolizumab-induced uveitis and to provide reference for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. We collected studies related to pembrolizumab-induced uveitis by searching databases for retrospective analysis until April 30, 2024. The median age of the 31 patients was 63 years (range 7, 82), and the median duration of uveitis onset was 12 weeks (range 0.4, 108). Decreased vision (41.9%) and blurred vision (25.8%) were the most common complaints. Uveitis can be manifested as Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease-like uveitis (22.6%) and Birdshot uveitis (6.5%). Uveitis mainly affects both eyes and is related to anterior uveitis (35.5%), panuveitis (25.8%) and posterior uveitis (19.4%). Patients receiving topical steroid drops, systemic steroids, and withdrawal of pembrolizumab significantly improved symptoms at a median time of 4 weeks (range 2, 16). The possibility of uveitis should be considered when patients are treated with pembrolizumab and experience eye symptoms such as blurred vision and decreased vision. Depending on the severity of uveitis, treatment with topical and systemic steroids may be selected.

Categories and Profiles of Uveitis in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome With Systemic Correlation: Inferences From a Tertiary Multispecialty Hospital

Introduction Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome is a granulomatous, autoimmune panuveitis, affecting the eyes, ears, skin, and meninges. It can cause choroiditis and can progress to the retina and optic disc causing visual loss. Imaging using fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), and enhanced depth imaging-ocular coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) is required for clinical evaluation and management. Steroids and immunosuppression are the treatment modalities used. Aim The aim of this study is to report the correlation and severity of uveitis in relation to systemic manifestations. Method A retrospective study including 100 patients with VKH syndrome was carried out. They were classified based on clinical manifestations and investigations such as FFA, ICGA, B-scan ultrasonography (USG), and ocular coherence tomography (OCT). Patients were characterized as complete, incomplete, and probable VKH syndrome. Laboratory investigations were performed, and statistical analysis was done. Results Probable VKH syndrome was found to be the most common form of presentation in our study population. Defective vision was the most common complaint among the patients. Extraocular manifestations included tinnitus, vertigo, alopecia, headache, fatigue, and vitiligo and were seen in 33% of the patients. Disc edema and serous retinal detachment were seen in 85% of the patients. Improvement was noted in 25% of the patients with the use of corticosteroids. Conclusion Response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppression in the acute phase of uveitis is better compared to chronic uveitis. The ophthalmologist is usually first consulted in VKH syndrome due to presenting ocular complaints. A multidisciplinary approach is key to providing holistic management.

OR11H1 Missense Variant Confers the Susceptibility to Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease by Mediating Gadd45g Expression

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a severe autoimmune disease. Herein, whole-exome sequencing (WES) study are performed on 2,573 controls and 229 VKH patients with follow-up next-generation sequencing (NGS) in a collection of 2,380 controls and 2,278 VKH patients. A rare c.188T>C (p Val63Ala) variant in the olfactory receptor 11H1 (OR11H1) gene is found to be significantly associated with VKH disease (rs71235604, Pcombined = 7.83 × 10-30 , odds ratio = 3.12). Functional study showes that OR11H1-A63 significantly increased inflammatory factors production and exacerbated barrier function damage. Further studies using RNA-sequencing find that OR11H1-A63 markedly increased growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible gamma (GADD45G) expression. Moreover, OR11H1-A63 activates the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, and accelerates inflammatory cascades. In addition, inhibiting GADD45G alleviates inflammatory factor secretion, likely due to the regulatory effect of GADD45G on the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Collectively, this study suggests that the OR11H1-A63 missense mutation may increase susceptibility to VKH disease in a GADD45G-dependent manner.

Ultrasonographic study of the orbit as an early diagnostic tool in Vogt Koyanagi Harada disease (VKH): A case report

In recent years, ultrasound has demonstrated its usefulness in the approach to vascular structures and other tissues such as the orbit, facilitating the early diagnosis of various diseases without having to rely on other more invasive or less available tests. In Vogt Koyanagi Harada syndrome, characterised by bilateral acute uveitis, ocular ultrasound is a clear example of the usefulness of ultrasonography in early diagnosis, facilitating the initiation of specific treatment to change the ominous natural history of this disease. This case shows the usefulness of the echography to make the differential diagnosis with other diseases that clinical onset could be similar than VKH, but with a different diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

Bibliometric analysis of the Vogt‒Koyanagi‒Harada disease literature

PURPOSE

As an autoimmune disease, Vogt‒Koyanagi‒Harada disease (VKHD) is a main type of uveitis in many countries and regions, significantly impacting patient vision. At present, information regarding VKHD is still limited, and further research is needed. We conducted a bibliometric analysis to characterize the overall status, current trends, and current focus of VKHD research.

METHOD

Literature published from 1975 to 2022 was obtained from the Web of Science core collection and analysed with the R-language packages Bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace software.

RESULTS

A total of 1050 papers on VKHD were retrieved from 261 journals, and 16,084 references were obtained from the papers in the original search. The average annual number of published articles was approximately 21.9, and the number of publications rapidly increased after 2004. The journal Ocular Immunology and Inflammation published the most papers on VKHD, while the American Journal of Ophthalmology has the highest citation frequency. The leading countries were Japan, China (PRC), and the United States of America (USA). Yang PZ from Chongqing Medical University was the most prolific and cited author. The most frequently cited study discussed revision of VKHD diagnostic criteria. An analysis of the highest frequency keywords showed that most research focused on the treatment, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of VKHD and its relationship with other related diseases. At present, the most urgent research direction is in the relationship between COVID-19 or COVID-19 vaccines and VKHD and the corresponding mechanisms underlying it.

CONCLUSION

Utilizing dynamic and visualization tools, bibliometrics provides a clear depiction of the research history, development trends, and research hotspots in VKHD It serves as a valuable tool for identifying research gaps and areas that necessitate further exploration. Our study revealed potential directions for future VKHD research, including investigating specific molecular mechanisms underlying the disease, exploring the clinical utility of optical coherence tomography angiography and other diagnostic techniques, and conducting clinical research on novel therapeutic drugs.

Polyautoimmunity manifest as inflammatory myopathy, uveitis, and progressive cutaneous depigmentation in a mixed breed dog: a case report

BACKGROUND

Polyautoimmunity is the expression of more than one autoimmune disease in a single patient. This report documents polyautoimmunity in a mixed breed dog with concurrent uveitis, cutaneous depigmentation, and inflammatory myopathy.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 1-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog was presented for progressive generalized leukotrichia and leukoderma, bilateral panuveitis, and masticatory muscle atrophy. The latter progressed to myositis of lingual, pharyngeal, and masticatory muscles confirmed by biopsy. Temporalis muscle was completely replaced by adipose and fibrous tissue, and necrotic myofibers with extensive infiltration of mononuclear cells indicated active myositis of lingual muscle. Skin biopsies showed severe melanin clumping in epidermis, hair follicles, and hair shafts, and perifollicular pigmentary incontinence. Uveitis, depigmentation, and myositis affecting the masticatory, pharyngeal, and tongue muscles were diagnosed based on clinical, histological, and laboratory findings.

CONCLUSIONS

To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of concurrent uveitis, progressive cutaneous depigmentation, and inflammatory myopathy in a dog.

HIGH LONG-TERM DRUG-FREE REMISSION RATE FOR ACUTE VOGT-KOYANAGI-HARADA DISEASE WITH AN APPROPRIATE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE REGIMEN

PURPOSE

To report the clinical profile and outcomes of acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease with a strict immunosuppression regimen and investigate the risk factors for a prolonged disease course.

METHODS

A total of 101 patients with acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (202 eyes) with more than 24 months of follow-up were recruited from January 2011 to June 2020. They were divided into two groups according to the interval between the onset of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada and treatment. Oral prednisone was gradually tapered off by a diminished dose according to a relatively strict protocol. Patient responses to the treatment regimen were classified as long-term drug-free remission or chronic recurrent.

RESULTS

Ninety-six patients (95.0%) achieved long-term drug-free remission without recurrence, while 5 (5.0%) had chronic recurrence. Most patients achieved good best-corrected visual acuity (90.6% ≧20/25). A generalized estimation equation model demonstrated that time of visit, ocular complications, and cigarette smoking were independent risk factors for a longer disease course, and smokers required a higher drug dose and longer treatment course than nonsmokers.

CONCLUSION

An immunosuppressive regimen with an appropriate tapering speed can lead to long-term drug-free remission in patients with acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada. Cigarette smoking significantly affects ocular inflammation.

Peripheral immune landscape and natural killer-like B cells in human Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a systemic autoimmune disorder threatening the eyesight. The pathogenic mechanisms and biomarkers reflecting disease severity and predicting treatment response require further exploration. Here, we performed a single-cell analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from eight patients with VKH disease and eight healthy controls to comprehensively delineate the changes in VKH disease. We showed a mixture of inflammation, effector, and exhausted states for PBMCs in VKH disease. Notably, our study implicated a newly identified B cell subset, natural killer-like B cells (K-BC) characterized by expressing CD19 and CD56, was correlated with VKH disease. K-BCs expanded in VKH disease, fell back after effective treatment, and promoted the differentiation of pathogenic T cells. Overall, we mapped the peripheral immune cell atlas in VKH disease and indicated the pathogenic role and potential value in predicting treatment response of K-BCs.

Outcomes of retinal pigment epithelial detachment in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: a longitudinal analysis

Background

The aim of this study was to report the clinical profile and outcomes of retinal pigment epithelial detachment (PED) in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease, and to evaluate the correlation between PED and the subsequent development of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) throughout the whole corticosteroid treatment course.

Methods

The retrospective study enrolled a total of 470 eyes with VKH, and 12 eyes with VKH and PED were recruited. Patients were divided into two groups according to the CSC onset or not throughout the whole course (the CSC group and non-CSC group). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement, and PED angle (PEDA, the angle between the two lines of the vertex of the lifted retinal pigment epithelium to the two edge points of the Bruch membrane) were compared between the two groups.

Results

CSC developed at the site of the PED in 5 of the 12 eyes with PED, while in the remaining 7 eyes PED gradually resolved following therapy. The prevalence of PED and CSC in VKH was 2.55% (12/470) and 1.06% (5/470), respectively. BCVA improvement in the non-CSC group was greater than that in the CSC group, but without a statistical difference (P = 0.25). PEDA was significantly smaller in the CSC group than in the non-CSC group (P = 0.03).

Conclusion

PEDA is an ideal parameter to reflect hydrostatic pressure and stretches for RPE. As PED predisposes to the development of CSC in selected VKH eyes, PEDA may be a valuable predictive factor for the development of classic CSC in VKH cases.

Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Current Immunomodulatory/Immunosuppressive Therapy of Non-Infectious and/or Immune-Mediated Choroiditis

Non-infectious choroiditis comprises immune-mediated diseases resulting from diverse pathophysiological mechanisms. These conditions are sub-divided into two main groups, (1) diseases of the choriocapillaris and (2) diseases of the choroidal stroma. The purpose of this study is to expose the pathophysiology of the most common diseases of both these groups and recommend the optimal immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive therapy of each analyzed condition based on literature data and data from our own centers. Material and Methods: Narrative review. In the group of choriocapillaritis entities or primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathies (PICCPs) including multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC) and serpiginous choroiditis (SC), as well as secondary choriocapillaritides including acute syphilitic posterior multifocal placoid chorioretinitis (ASPMPC) and tuberculosis-related SC (TB-SC), were analyzed. In the group of stromal choroidites, HLA-A29 birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease were included. For each entity a literature search, in the PubMed database, on treatment was performed and analyzed and the therapeutic attitudes of our own centers were presented. Management of immune-mediated choroiditis implies vigorous immunosuppressive therapy given in a prompt and prolonged fashion in most of these entities.

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells have therapeutic potential against ocular autoimmunity

Autoimmune uveitis is a sight-threatening disease induced by pathogenic T cells that recognize retinal antigens; it is observed in disorders including Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH). The roles of specific T cell subsets and their therapeutic potential against autoimmune uveitis are not fully understood. Here we conducted multi-parametric single-cell protein quantification which shows that the frequency of CD161^highTRAV1-2⁺ mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells that recognize vitamin B2 metabolite-based antigens is decreased in relapsing VKH patients compared to individuals without active ocular inflammation. An experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) mouse model revealed that genetic depletion of MAIT cells reduced the expression of interleukin (Il) 22 and exacerbated retinal pathology. Reduced IL-22 levels were commonly observed in patients with relapsing VKH compared to individuals without active ocular inflammation. Both mouse and human MAIT cells produced IL-22 upon stimulation with their antigenic metabolite in vitro. An intravitreal administration of the antigenic metabolite into EAU mice induced retinal MAIT cell expansion and enhanced the expressions of Il22, as well as its downstream genes related to anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, leading to an improvement in both retinal pathology and visual function. Taken together, we demonstrate that a metabolite-driven approach targeting MAIT cells has therapeutic potential against autoimmune uveitis.

The Clinical Spectrum and Outcome of Uveomeningitis: A Comprehensive Analysis of 110 Cases

Purpose: Uveitis can be associated with meningitis (uveomeningitis) and the inflammation shared with the central nervous system. We aimed to describe the characteristics and outcome of uveomeningitis.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 110 consecutive adult patients with uveomeningitis.Results: The main causes of uveomeningitis were Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (31%), syphilis (16%), sarcoidosis (12%), Behçet's disease (7%), and multiple sclerosis (5%). Sixteen percent of uveomeningitis remained of undetermined origin. Compared to etiology-matched uveitis without meningitis, patients with uveomeningitis were younger, had more frequent neurological manifestations, and had more frequent abnormal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging findings. In contrast, no ocular feature upon examination was significantly associated with the presence of meningitis. Patients with uveomeningitis were more frequently treated with immunosuppressants but uveitis relapse and systemic complications did not differ between groups.Conclusion: Uveomeningitis is associated with a limited spectrum of diseases. Meningitis does not seem to impact ocular and extraocular outcomes. Therefore, lumbar puncture should be performed on an individual basis during the diagnostic workup of uveitis.

Pathogenesis of Non-Infectious Uveitis Elucidated by Recent Genetic Findings

Uveitis is a generic term for inflammation of the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Prevalence of underlying non-infectious uveitis varies by race and region and is a major cause of legal blindness in developed countries. Although the etiology remains unclear, the involvement of both genetic and environmental factors is considered important for the onset of many forms of non-infectious uveitis. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, which play a major role in human immune response, have been reported to be strongly associated as genetic risk factors in several forms of non-infectious uveitis. Behçet’s disease, acute anterior uveitis (AAU), and chorioretinopathy are strongly correlated with MHC class I-specific alleles. Moreover, sarcoidosis and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease are associated with MHC class II-specific alleles. These correlations can help immunogenetically classify the immune pathway involved in each form of non-infectious uveitis. Genetic studies, including recent genome-wide association studies, have identified several susceptibility genes apart from those in the MHC region. These genetic findings help define the common or specific pathogenesis of ocular inflammatory diseases by comparing the susceptibility genes of each form of non-infectious uveitis. Interestingly, genome-wide association of the interleukin (IL)23R region has been identified in many of the major forms of non-infectious uveitis, such as Behçet’s disease, ocular sarcoidosis, VKH disease, and AAU. The interleukin-23 (IL-23) receptor, encoded by IL23R, is expressed on the cell surface of Th17 cells. IL-23 is involved in the homeostasis of Th17 cells and the production of IL-17, which is an inflammatory cytokine, indicating that a Th17 immune response is a common key in the pathogenesis of non-infectious uveitis. Based on the findings from the immunogenetics of non-infectious uveitis, a personalized treatment approach based on the patient’s genetic make-up is expected.

Role of Ocular Imaging in Diagnosis and Determining Response to Therapeutic Interventions in Posterior and Panuveitis

ABSTRACT

This review provides a comprehensive description and careful interpretation of various ocular imaging techniques to visualize the different ocular structures in posterior and panuveitis. This can help in the diagnosis, follow-up, and monitoring the response to treatment in patients with different posterior and panuveitic entities.

Analysis of Three-Dimensional Choroidal Volume with Enhanced Depth Imaging Findings in Patients with Recurrent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease

Purpose: To demonstrate changes in three-dimensional choroidal volume with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) in patients with recurrent stage of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH).Materials and Methods: This prospective comparative case series included 9 patients with recurrent VKH, 10 patients with quiet VKH, and 15 healthy controls after sample size was calculated. All VKH cases with recurrences underwent raster scanning with EDI-OCT at active and inactive stages of the disease.Results: All choroidal parameters in the active stage significantly reduced when the inflammation subsided: total choroidal volume (P = .02), central choroidal volume (P = .01), central choroidal thickness (P = .03). The changes in central choroidal volume over the resolution phase were more pronounced than the changes in central choroidal thickness in 56% of cases. Two cases presenting with only subclinical posterior segment recurrence had their choroidal parameters recovered after prompt treatment.Conclusions: In the recurrent stage of VKH, alteration in choroidal volume was evident by EDI-OCT even in an absence of anterior segment inflammation. Central choroidal volume may serve as a biomarker for detecting choroidal morphological change.

Genetic landscape and autoimmunity of monocytes in developing Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a systemic autoimmune disorder affecting multiple organs, including eyes, skin, and central nervous system. It is known that monocytes significantly contribute to the development of autoimmune disease. However, the subset heterogeneity with unique functions and signatures in human circulating monocytes and the identity of disease-specific monocytic populations remain largely unknown. Here, we employed an advanced single-cell RNA sequencing technology to systematically analyze 11,259 human circulating monocytes and genetically defined their subpopulations. We constructed a precise atlas of human blood monocytes, identified six subpopulations-including S100A12, HLA, CD16, proinflammatory, megakaryocyte-like, and NK-like monocyte subsets-and uncovered two previously unidentified subsets: HLA and megakaryocyte-like monocyte subsets. Relative to healthy individuals, cellular composition, gene expression signatures, and activation states were markedly alternated in VKH patients utilizing cell type-specific programs, especially the CD16 and proinflammatory monocyte subpopulations. Notably, we discovered a disease-relevant subgroup, proinflammatory monocytes, which showed a discriminative gene expression signature indicative of inflammation, antiviral activity, and pathologic activation, and converted into a pathologic activation state implicating the active inflammation during VKH disease. Additionally, we found the cell type-specific transcriptional signature of proinflammatory monocytes, ISG15, whose production might reflect the treatment response. Taken together, in this study, we present discoveries on accurate classification, molecular markers, and signaling pathways for VKH disease-associated monocytes. Therapeutically targeting this proinflammatory monocyte subpopulation would provide an attractive approach for treating VKH, as well as other autoimmune diseases.

MicroRNAs and Autoimmune-Mediated Eye Diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved short non-coding RNAs that act at post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by destroying target messenger RNA or inhibiting its translation. Recently, miRNAs have been identified as important regulators in autoimmunity. Aberrant expression and function of miRNAs can lead to dysfunction of immune system and mediate autoimmune disorders. Here, we summarize the roles of miRNAs that have been implicated in three representative ocular autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune uveitis, Grave's ophthalmopathy, and Sjögren's syndrome dry eye, and discuss the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.

Pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis

Ocular toxoplasmosis is a retinitis -almost always accompanied by vitritis and choroiditis- caused by intraocular infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Depending on retinal location, this condition may cause substantial vision impairment. T. gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, with both sexual and asexual life cycles, and infection is typically contracted orally by consuming encysted bradyzoites in undercooked meat, or oocysts on unwashed garden produce or in contaminated water. Presently available anti-parasitic drugs cannot eliminate T. gondii from the body. In vitro studies using T. gondii tachyzoites, and human retinal cells and tissue have provided important insights into the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis. T. gondii may cross the vascular endothelium to access human retina by at least three routes: in leukocyte taxis; as a transmigrating tachyzoite; and after infecting endothelial cells. The parasite is capable of navigating the human neuroretina, gaining access to a range of cell populations. Retinal Müller glial cells are preferred initial host cells. T. gondii infection of the retinal pigment epithelial cells alters the secretion of growth factors and induces proliferation of adjacent uninfected epithelial cells. This increases susceptibility of the cells to parasite infection, and may be the basis of the characteristic hyperpigmented toxoplasmic retinal lesion. Infected epithelial cells also generate a vigorous immunologic response, and influence the activity of leukocytes that infiltrate the retina. A range of T. gondii genotypes are associated with human ocular toxoplasmosis, and individual immunogenetics -including polymorphisms in genes encoding innate immune receptors, human leukocyte antigens and cytokines- impacts the clinical manifestations. Research into basic pathogenic mechanisms of ocular toxoplasmosis highlights the importance of prevention and suggests new biological drug targets for established disease.

A case presentation of an IgA nephropathy patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

Background

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome is a rare disease characterized by skin and eyelash bleaching, chronic granulomatous iridocyclitis and exudative retinal detachment, and aseptic meningitis and encephalopathy. IgA nephropathy complicated by Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome is very rare, even though they might have similar pathogeneses. Ocular lesions often are not examined when patients are diagnosed with IgA nephropathy, which affects the prognosis.

Case presentation

We describe a 55-year-old male IgA nephropathy patient who was admitted with high fever and hematuria. Physical examination revealed impaired binocular vision with blurred vision, impaired hearing, and a congestive rash on the chest and back. Renal ultrasound examination showed no abnormalities. Laboratory examination showed that glomerulonephritis was complicated by infection, and anti-infection therapy was ineffective. Bilateral fluorescein angiography showed Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Further renal biopsy confirmed IgA nephropathy. Hormone shock therapy and cyclophosphamide adjuvant therapy were administered, and the patient’s symptoms improved.

Conclusion

For the first time, we reported the case of simultaneous onset of IgA nephropathy and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, which is very rare. The onset of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome is rapid and serious, while that of IgA nephropathy is relatively milder, making it easy for specialized doctors to neglect this condition. Doctors should be highly alert to the clinical concomitant occurrence of the two diseases with similar mechanisms, especially in the case of neurological defects and ocular symptoms in IgA nephropathy patients, since timely immunosuppressive treatment may improve the outcome of ocular diseases.

Uvéites et tatouages

Les complications des tatouages sont multiples et connues depuis de nombreuses années. Cependant, leur succès explique leur multiplication exponentielle dans tous les pays. Cela a permis de confirmer l’apparition de deux nouvelles complications : une réaction de type sarcoïdose cutanée, localisée ou à distance, ainsi que l’apparition d’uvéites cliniques et histologiques. Ceci dans le cadre d’une réaction d’hypersensibilité retardée, et/ou bien d’une réaction granulomateuse. Leur prévention reste assez mal connue. Elle impose de réaliser chez chaque sujet porteur d’un tatouage un bilan de sarcoïdose systémique ainsi qu’une enquête ophtalmologique à la recherche d’une éventuelle uvéite. Si elle se confirme, seront aussitôt réalisés en urgence des mesures préventives et thérapeutiques afin d’éviter une cécité. Ces nouvelles complications confirment l’extrême gravité de l’utilisation d’encres non contrôlées, véritables mélanges toxiques et sensibilisants, notablement lors de tatouages colorés étendus. Ces encres colorées particulièrement agressives libèrent dans l’organisme de multiples substances et nanoparticules dont on ne mesure pas toutes les conséquences néfastes, à moyen et long terme.

Integrated omics analysis of sweat reveals an aberrant amino acid metabolism pathway in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is an autoimmune disease leading to visual impairment. Its pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our purpose was to investigate the distinctive protein and metabolic profiles of sweat in patients with VKH disease. In the present study, proteomics and metabolomics analysis was performed on 60 sweat samples (30 VKH patients and 30 normal controls) using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis was used to validate the results of our omics analysis. In total, we were able to detect 716 proteins and 175 metabolites. Among them, 116 proteins (99 decreased and 17 increased) were observed to be significantly different in VKH patients when compared to controls. Twenty-one differentially expressed metabolites were identified in VKH patients, of which 18 included choline, L-tryptophan, betaine and L-serine were reduced, while the rest were increased. Our multi-omics strategy reveals an important role for the amino acid metabolic pathway in the pathogenesis of VKH disease. Significant differences in proteins and metabolites were identified in the sweat of VKH patients and, to some extent, an aberrant amino acid metabolism pathway may be a pathogenic factor in the pathogenesis of VKH disease.

Identification of Ribosomal Protein S4, Y-Linked 1 as a cyclosporin A plus corticosteroid resistance gene

Combination of corticosteroids (CS) with cyclosporin A (CsA) is widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, autoinflammatory diseases and transplantation rejection. However, some patients fail to respond or develop resistance to the combination regimen. In Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease model, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) based transcriptomics, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) based proteomics and assays in vitro to screen and validate potential resistant molecules. We found that a total of 1697 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 21 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in CD4⁺ T cells between CsA & CS-resistant and -sensitive VKH patients. Ribosomal Protein S4, Y-Linked 1 (RPS4Y1) was verified to regulate the resistance of CD4⁺ T cells from male VKH patients to CsA & CS. Importantly, we showed that chlorambucil (CLB) could reverse the resistance by RPS4Y1 suppression. Taken together, we identify RPS4Y1 as an important CsA & CS resistance gene in VKH disease. Researchers should consider validating the resistant effect of RPS4Y1 in other autoimmune diseases or organ transplantation.

Unique clinical spectrum with distinguishing diagnostic features in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

A 36-year-old ulcerative colitis male patient on treatment for 7 years was referred to dermatology with resistant alopecia universalis and hypopigmented patches on limbs for 5 months. During this time he also reported to ophthalmology with acute bilateral decreased vision for 5 days. His examination revealed hyperaemic discs, multifocal retinal detachments and choroidal granulomas. Taking into account the revised diagnostic criteria, atypical course of disease in the form of early cutaneous presentation followed by ophthalmic manifestations was attributed to Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKHS) which was supported by relevant investigations including ophthalmic imaging, MRI and nerve conduction studies. Subclinical nerve conduction abnormalities and white matter demyelination were also seen for the first time in a patient of VKHS. Appropriate treatment was required to prevent visual complications; therefore, systemic corticosteroids with steroid sparing immunosuppressive drug therapy showed significant improvement in vision on follow-up. Cutaneous manifestations were resilient to the entire regimen.

Repeatability of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Uveitic Eyes

Purpose

To investigate the intravisit repeatability of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in a cohort of uveitis patients.

Methods

One hundred ten patients were imaged twice per eye, per visit, using the Zeiss Cirrus HD-OCT Model 5000 device. To calculate choriocapillaris flow void area (CC FV) 6 × 6-mm images were used, and 3 × 3-mm images were used to calculate vessel density (VD) and the foveal avascular zone area (FAZ) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). Repeatability was measured using Bland-Altman analyses and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with associated coefficient of variation (CV).

Results

The level of intravisit repeatability differed across indices ranging from moderate to excellent. CC FV had the highest intravisit repeatability with an ICC of 0.980 (95%CI, 0.966–0.989), a CV of 15.9% and Bland-Altman limits of agreement from −0.398 to 0.411 mm². DCP FAZ had the lowest intravisit repeatability with an ICC of 0.677 (95%CI, 0.510–0.796), a CV of 17.4% and Bland-Altman limits of agreement from −0.395 to −0.355 mm². Intraoperator repeatability was excellent across all indices.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that OCTA is a reliable tool to quantitatively assess specific indices of vascular structure in uveitis patients with good intravisit repeatability. However, the range of variability for each index should be taken into account when evaluating clinically meaningful changes.

Translational Relevance

The repeatability of the metrics we have described has implications in supporting the development of OCTA-derived quantitative assessments of the retinal and choroidal vasculature in uveitis patients as potential imaging biomarkers.

Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy Sharing Characteristic OCT Findings of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease

A 17-year-old male presented with acute bilateral paracentral scotomata and blurred vision. Funduscopic examination showed bilateral macular serous retinal detachment and yellow-white placoid lesions at the level of retinal pigment epithelium. OCT study showed typical VKH disease findings with marked choroidal thickening and macular serous retinal detachment partly with subretinal septa in both eyes. FA demonstrated hypofluorescence at the placoid lesions in the early phase and hyperfluorescence in the late phase. Laboratory investigation showed negative result for HLA-DR4 serotype and the patient's cerebrospinal fluid test values were within normal range. We made the diagnosis of APMPPE from these results. At 2-month follow-up without the use of corticosteroids, OCT reexamination showed complete amelioration of subretinal fluid in both eyes. Patchy pigmentary lesions also resolved clinically with partial chorioretinal scars. The results in this case suggested OCT findings in APMPPE patients could be similar to characteristic features usually found in acute VKH disease. We recommend comprehensive assessments such as FA, cerebral spinal fluid analysis, and HLA typing which help in leading proper diagnosis.

Autoimmune diseases affecting skin melanocytes in dogs, cats and horses: vitiligo and the uveodermatological syndrome: a comprehensive review

Autoimmune dermatoses targeting melanocytes have gained attention in human medicine due to their progressive nature and the social impact suffered by affected individuals. In veterinary medicine, vitiligo and the uveodermatological syndrome are the two autoimmune diseases that are known to affect skin melanocytes.In the first part of this article, we will review the signalment, clinical signs, histopathology and the treatment outcome of vitiligo in dogs, cats and horses; where pertinent, we compare the animal diseases to their human homologue. In a similar fashion, the information on the uveodermatological syndrome in dogs is reviewed and, where relevant, it is compared to the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome in humans.Canine, feline and equine vitiligo have many features that mirror their human counterparts. The most effective treatment and outcome of vitiligo in animals remain unclear. The canine uveodermatological syndrome resembles the incomplete VKH variant in humans; for affected individuals, an immediate diagnosis and aggressive treatment are crucial to prevent the development of blindness.

A case of recalcitrant pediatric Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease successfully controlled with adalimumab

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is uncommon in the pediatric population and can have an aggressive course with serious visual sequelae. A 12-year-old Han Chinese American female, who presented with mild headaches and panuveitis with diffuse serous retinal detachments, was diagnosed with VKH. Despite treatment with a combination of high-dose systemic corticosteroids, intravitreal triamcinolone injection, and mycophenolate mofetil, ocular inflammation was inadequately controlled. Addition of adalimumab allowed for inflammation remission, improvement of vision, and tapering of systemic corticosteroids. Escalation of immunosuppression until remission appears to be critical in this population. Further research is needed to understand the complex pathophysiology of VKH and investigation for similar efficacy of other anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents will need to be performed.

Acquired disorders with depigmentation: A systematic approach to vitiliginoid conditions

Acquired disorders with depigmentation are commonly encountered by dermatologists and present with a wide differential diagnosis. Vitiligo, the most common disorder of acquired depigmentation, is characterized by well-defined depigmented macules and patches. Other conditions, such as chemical leukoderma, can present with similar findings, and are often easily mistaken for vitiligo. Key clinical features can help differentiate between acquired disorders of depigmentation. The first article in this continuing medical education series focuses on conditions with a vitiligo-like phenotype. Early recognition and adequate treatment of these conditions is critical in providing appropriate prognostication and treatment.

Multimodal Imaging of the Normal Eye

Multimodal imaging is the concept of "bundling" images obtained from various imaging modalities, viz., fundus photograph, fundus autofluorescence imaging, infrared (IR) imaging, simultaneous fluorescein and indocyanine angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and, more recently, OCT angiography. Each modality has its pros and cons as well as its limitations. Combination of multiple imaging techniques will overcome their individual weaknesses and give a comprehensive picture. Such approach helps in accurate localization of a lesion and understanding the pathology in posterior segment. It is important to know imaging of normal eye before one starts evaluating pathology. This article describes multimodal imaging modalities in detail and discusses healthy eye features as seen on various imaging modalities mentioned above.

Hearing loss in autoimmune disorders: Prevalence and therapeutic options

The objective of this study was to review our current knowledge relative to the correlation between sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and autoimmune diseases, focusing on the prevalence of hearing loss in different pathologies and possible therapeutic approaches. A review of the literature on hearing loss in different forms of autoimmune disease has been carried out, with emphasis on incidence and prevalence of SNHL. Therapeutic protocols have been assessed including both conservative medical and rehabilitative methods. Cochlear implant outcomes have been investigated. The prevalence of hearing loss in autoimmune and immune-mediated inner ear diseases, as referred by case reports or single-center statistics, is widely variable. More difficult is the evaluation of severe/profound SNHL, usually reported in relation to cochlear implantation. Though these patients represent ideal candidates for cochlear implantation, as they become deaf after years of hearing; the associated systemic disease, the specific damage on inner ear structures and the medication taken may influence the result of cochlear implantation. The main problem is the cochlear fibrosis or ossification that has been found to affect 50% of implanted ears in patients suffering from autoimmune and immune-mediated SNHL. Hence, in the presence of severe/profound SNHL earlier implantation may be indicated before post-inflammatory obliterative changes to the cochlea.

Clinical features and visual outcomes of 111 patients with new-onset acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease treated with pulse intravenous corticosteroids

Purpose

To describe the clinical features, treatment and visual outcomes of Japanese patients with new-onset acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease.

Methods

Clinical records of 111 patients who presented between 1999 and 2015 to the Ocular Inflammation Service of the Kyorin Eye Center, Tokyo, were reviewed.

Results

Of the 111 patients (68 women, 43 men), 16 had complete, 90 had incomplete and 5 had probable VKH disease. The median follow-up period was 36 months (4–175 months). The mean age at presentation was 41 years (19–74 years). Serous retinal detachment (202 eyes) and optic disc hyperaemia (89 eyes) were observed at presentation. Of the patients tested, 45/48 (93.8%) were human leucocyte antigen-DR4 positive and 63/77 (81.8%) had cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Initial corticosteroid treatment consisted of pulse intravenous therapy in all patients. Sunset glow fundus was observed in 49.5% of eyes, and anterior and/or posterior segment recurrence of inflammation was observed in 25 patients (22.5%). Treatment was transitioned to cyclosporine in 17 patients (15.3%) for steroid sparing (6 patients) or recurrent inflammation (11 patients), with good subsequent control. Ocular complications were observed in 47 of 222 eyes (21.2%) (mostly cataract), and systemic complications were observed in 8.1% of patients (mostly hypertension and diabetes mellitus). Ninety-three percent of eyes (167 of 178 eyes) had a visual acuity of ≥1.0 at 1 year after presentation.

Conclusions

An aggressive corticosteroid treatment strategy in a large number of patients with new-onset acute VKH disease, with transitioning to cyclosporine in selected cases, resulted in excellent visual outcomes and low rates of recurrence.

MR findings of the orbit in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease

PURPOSE

We aimed to evaluate the MR findings of the orbit in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKHD).

METHODS

We included 14 patients with clinically diagnosed VKHD, who underwent orbital MR imaging before treatment between May 2011 and August 2017. The mean duration from initial symptom onset to MR imaging was 16 days (range, 2-36 days). Fat-suppressed gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images were obtained in six patients. We retrospectively assessed the choroids and Tenon's capsules for the presence of thickening on unenhanced images and abnormal enhancement on contrast-enhanced images.

RESULTS

Bilateral choroidal thickening was observed in 14 patients (100%) on T1-weighted images and in 12 patients (85.7%) on T2-weighted images. Choroidal thickening showed posterior pole predominance in 11 patients (78.6%) and diffusely distributed in the remaining three patients (21.4%). Bilateral Tenon's capsule thickening was observed in five patients (35.7%) on T1-weighted images and in 14 patients (100%) on T2-weighted images. On contrast-enhanced images, the choroids and Tenon's capsules were abnormally enhanced in six patients (100%).

CONCLUSION

MR imaging sensitively detected abnormalities of the choroids and Tenon's capsules in patients with VKHD. Bilaterality and predominant posterior pole distribution were characteristic of choroidal VKHD.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease Presenting as Unilateral Neuroretinits

A 42-year-old female presented with unilateral visual loss associated with systemic symptoms of fever and headache. Although initial ophthalmic examination revealed a unilateral neuroretinitis, investigation for infectious and non-infectious causes of neuroretinitis were negative. At our examination, retinal imaging (suggestive of bilateral involvement) along with the results of lumbar puncture (pleocytosis) and clinical findings was consistent with a diagnosis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. The patient was treated with intravenous steroids with prompt resolution of her symptoms. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease may present atypically and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neuroretinitis.

Evaluation of Vestibular Functions in Patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is an idiopathic, multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by bilateral, diffuse granulomatous uveitis associated with neurological, audiovestibular, and dermatological manifestations. The purpose of this study is to investigate vestibular functions in patients with VKH disease. A total of 43 patients with VKH disease in Hokkaido University Hospital were enrolled in this study. Subjective symptoms such as dizziness or vertigo and the results of various vestibular examinations including nystagmus testing, caloric testing, and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing were investigated. Eight of 42 patients (19.0%) complained of subjective vestibular symptoms. On the other hand, 12 of 28 patients (42.9%) showed nystagmus, and 7 of 15 patients (46.7%) showed unilateral or bilateral weakness in the caloric test. VEMP testing was performed for 16 patients. Seven (43.8%) and 8 (50.0%) patients were evaluated as abnormal in cervical VEMP and ocular VEMP testing, respectively. The rate of detection of nystagmus was significantly higher than that of subjective symptoms. As vestibular dysfunction in patients with VKH disease cannot be detected through history taking alone, nystagmus testing, caloric testing, and VEMP testing should be performed to evaluate vestibular functions associated with VKH disease. It is considered that abnormal VEMP findings are associated with otolith organ dysfunction.

Multi-modal imaging and anatomic classification of the white dot syndromes

The white dot syndromes (WDS) are a diverse group of posterior uveitidies that share similar clinical findings but are unique from one another. Multimodal imaging has allowed us to better understand the morphology, the activity and age of lesions, and whether there is CNV associated with these different ocular pathologies. The “white dot syndromes” and their uveitic masqueraders can now be anatomically categorized based on lesion localization. The categories include local uveitic syndromes with choroidal pathology, systemic uveitic syndromes with choroidal pathology, and multifocal choroiditis with outer retinal/choriocapillaris pathology with uveitis and without uveitis. Neoplastic and infectious etiologies are also discussed given their ability to masquerade as WDS.

GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE PANUVEITIS AND BILATERAL SEROUS DETACHMENTS: MULTIMODAL IMAGING ANALYSIS

PURPOSE

To report the multimodal imaging findings and follow-up of a case of graft-versus-host disease-induced bilateral panuveitis and serous retinal detachments after allogenic bone marrow transplant for acute myeloid leukemia.

METHODS

A 75-year-old black man presented with acute decreased vision in both eyes for 1 week. Clinical examination and multimodal imaging, including spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, and swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (Investigational Device; Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc) were performed.

RESULTS

Clinical examination of the patient revealed anterior and posterior inflammation and bilateral serous retinal detachments. Ultra-widefield fundus autofluorescence demonstrated hyperautofluorescence secondary to subretinal fluid; and fluorescein angiography revealed multiple areas of punctate hyperfluorescence, leakage, and staining of the optic discs. Spectral domain and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography demonstrated subretinal fluid, a thickened, undulating retinal pigment epithelium layer, and a thickened choroid in both eyes. En-face swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography did not show any retinal vascular abnormalities but did demonstrate patchy areas of decreased choriocapillaris flow. An extensive systemic infectious and malignancy workup was negative and the patient was treated with high-dose oral prednisone immunosuppression. Subsequent 6-month follow-up demonstrated complete resolution of the inflammation and bilateral serous detachments after completion of the prednisone taper over a 3-month period.

CONCLUSION

Graft-versus-host disease panuveitis and bilateral serous retinal detachments are rare complications of allogenic bone marrow transplant for acute myeloid leukemia and can be diagnosed with clinical and multimodal imaging analysis. This form of autoimmune inflammation may occur after the recovery of T-cell activity within the donor graft targeting the host. Infectious and recurrent malignancy must be ruled out before initiation of immunosuppression, which can affectively treat this form of graft-versus-host disease.

Outcomes of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease: A Subanalysis From a Randomized Clinical Trial of Antimetabolite Therapies

PURPOSE

To report outcomes of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease from a clinical trial of antimetabolite therapies.

DESIGN

Subanalysis from an observer-masked randomized clinical trial for noninfectious intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis.

METHODS

setting: Clinical practice at Aravind Eye Hospitals, India.

PATIENT POPULATION

Forty-three of 80 patients enrolled (54%) diagnosed with VKH.

INTERVENTION

Patients were randomized to either 25 mg oral methotrexate weekly or 1 g mycophenolate mofetil twice daily, with a corticosteroid taper.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Primary outcome was corticosteroid-sparing control of inflammation at 5 and 6 months. Secondary outcomes included visual acuity, central subfield thickness, and adverse events. Patients were categorized as acute (diagnosis ≤3 months prior to enrollment) or chronic (diagnosis >3 months prior to enrollment).

RESULTS

Twenty-seven patients were randomized to methotrexate and 16 to mycophenolate mofetil; 30 had acute VKH. The odds of achieving corticosteroid-sparing control of inflammation with methotrexate were 2.5 times (95% CI: 0.6, 9.8; P = .20) the odds with mycophenolate mofetil, a difference that was not statistically significant. The average improvement in visual acuity was 12.5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters. On average, visual acuity for patients with acute VKH improved by 14 more ETDRS letters than those with chronic VKH (P < .001), but there was no difference in corticosteroid-sparing control of inflammation (P = .99). All 26 eyes with a serous retinal detachment at baseline resolved, and 88% achieved corticosteroid-sparing control of inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of patients treated with antimetabolites and corticosteroids were able to achieve corticosteroid-sparing control of inflammation by 6 months. Although patients with acute VKH gained more visual improvement than those with chronic VKH, this did not correspond with a higher rate of controlled inflammation.