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Monroe MK, Wang H, Anderson CF, Jia H, Flexner C, Cui H. Leveraging the therapeutic, biological, and self-assembling potential of peptides for the treatment of viral infections. J Control Release 2022; 348:1028-1049. [PMID: 35752254 PMCID: PMC11022941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and peptide-based materials have an increasing role in the treatment of viral infections through their use as active pharmaceutical ingredients, targeting moieties, excipients, carriers, or structural components in drug delivery systems. The discovery of peptide-based therapeutic compounds, coupled with the development of new stabilization and formulation strategies, has led to a resurgence of antiviral peptide therapeutics over the past two decades. The ability of peptides to bind cell receptors and to facilitate membrane penetration and subsequent intracellular trafficking enables their use in various antiviral systems for improved targeting efficiency and treatment efficacy. Importantly, the self-assembly of peptides into well-defined nanostructures provides a vast library of discrete constructs and supramolecular biomaterials for systemic and local delivery of antiviral agents. We review here the recent progress in exploiting the therapeutic, biological, and self-assembling potential of peptides, peptide conjugates, and their supramolecular assemblies in treating human viral infections, with an emphasis on the treatment strategies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya K Monroe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Caleb F Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Charles Flexner
- Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America.
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Deptartment of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America; Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America.
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2
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Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus Type 1: A Common Human Virus That Is Beneficial in Immune-Mediated Disease? Front Immunol 2022; 13:887760. [PMID: 35707535 PMCID: PMC9190258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two groups identified a novel human flavivirus in the mid-1990s. One group named the virus hepatitis G virus (HGV) and the other named it GB Virus type C (GBV-C). Sequence analyses found these two isolates to be the same virus, and subsequent studies found that the virus does not cause hepatitis despite sharing genome organization with hepatitis C virus. Although HGV/GBV-C infection is common and may cause persistent infection in humans, the virus does not appear to directly cause any other known disease state. Thus, the virus was renamed “human pegivirus 1” (HPgV-1) for “persistent G” virus. HPgV-1 is found primarily in lymphocytes and not hepatocytes, and several studies found HPgV-1 infection associated with prolonged survival in people living with HIV. Co-infection of human lymphocytes with HPgV-1 and HIV inhibits HIV replication. Although three viral proteins directly inhibit HIV replication in vitro, the major effects of HPgV-1 leading to reduced HIV-related mortality appear to result from a global reduction in immune activation. HPgV-1 specifically interferes with T cell receptor signaling (TCR) by reducing proximal activation of the lymphocyte specific Src kinase LCK. Although TCR signaling is reduced, T cell activation is not abolished and with sufficient stimulus, T cell functions are enabled. Consequently, HPgV-1 is not associated with immune suppression. The HPgV-1 immunomodulatory effects are associated with beneficial outcomes in other diseases including Ebola virus infection and possibly graft-versus-host-disease following stem cell transplantation. Better understanding of HPgV-1 immune escape and mechanisms of inflammation may identify novel therapies for immune-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Stapleton
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jack T. Stapleton,
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3
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Samadi M, Salimi V, Haghshenas MR, Miri SM, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A. Clinical and molecular aspects of human pegiviruses in the interaction host and infectious agent. Virol J 2022; 19:41. [PMID: 35264187 PMCID: PMC8905790 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1) is a Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ ssRNA) virus, discovered in 1995 as a Flaviviridae member, and the closest human virus linked to HCV. In comparison to HCV, HPgV-1 seems to be lymphotropic and connected to the viral group that infects T and B lymphocytes. HPgV-1 infection is not persuasively correlated to any known human disease; nevertheless, multiple studies have reported a connection between chronic HPgV-1 infection and improved survival in HPgV-1/HIV co-infected patients with a delayed and favorable impact on HIV infection development. While the process has not been thoroughly clarified, different mechanisms for these observations have been proposed. HPgV-1 is categorized into seven genotypes and various subtypes. Infection with HPgV-1 is relatively common globally. It can be transferred parenterally, sexually, and through vertical ways, and thereby its co-infection with HIV and HCV is common. In most cases, the clearance of HPgV-1 from the body can be achieved by developing E2 antibodies after infection. Main body In this review, we thoroughly discuss the current knowledge and recent advances in understanding distinct epidemiological, molecular, and clinical aspects of HPgV-1. Conclusion Due to the unique characteristics of the HPgV-1, so advanced research on HPgV-1, particularly in light of HIV co-infection and other diseases, should be conducted to explore the essential mechanisms of HIV clearance and other viruses and thereby suggest novel strategies for viral therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Samadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Molecular and Cell-Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Haghshenas
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular and Cell-Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Miri
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Peptide-Based HIV Entry Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:15-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Gómara MJ, Pons R, Herrera C, Ziprin P, Haro I. Peptide Amphiphilic-Based Supramolecular Structures with Anti-HIV-1 Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1999-2013. [PMID: 34254794 PMCID: PMC8447191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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In a previous work,
we defined a novel HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide
(E1P47) with a broad spectrum of activity against viruses from different
clades, subtypes, and tropisms. With the aim to enhance its efficacy,
in the present work we address the design and synthesis of several
peptide amphiphiles (PAs) based on the E1P47 peptide sequence to target
the lipid rafts of the cell membrane where the cell–cell fusion
process takes place. We report the synthesis of novel PAs having a
hydrophobic moiety covalently attached to the peptide sequence through
a hydrophilic spacer of polyethylene glycol. Characterization of self-assembly
in condensed phase and aqueous solution as well as their interaction
with model membranes was analyzed by several biophysical methods.
Our results demonstrated that the length of the spacer of polyethylene
glycol, the position of the peptide conjugation as well as the type
of the hydrophobic residue determine the antiviral activity of the
construct. Peptide amphiphiles with one alkyl tail either in C-terminus
(C-PAmonoalkyl) or in N-terminus (N-PAmonoalkyl) showed the highest anti-HIV-1
activities in the cellular model of TZM-bl cells or in a preclinical
model of the human mucosal tissue explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Pons
- Physical Chemistry of Surfactant Systems, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ziprin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Hoffmann R, Ruegamer T, Schaubächer J, Rohrhofer A, Kirmeß P, Fiebig KM, Schmidt B, Eichler J. Exploring Viral Interference Using Peptides: Molecular Determinants of HIV-1 Inhibition by a Peptide Derived from Human Pegivirus-1 Envelope Protein E2. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1290-1296. [PMID: 33378104 PMCID: PMC8248410 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Co-infection with the human pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1) often has a beneficial effect on disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals. Several HPgV-1 proteins and peptides, including a 20-mer peptide (P6-2) derived from the N-terminal region of the HPgV-1 surface protein E2, have been associated with this phenomenon, which is referred to as viral interference. We identified the cysteine residues, the hydrophobic core tetrapeptide, as well as the C-terminal negative charge as key factors for the HIV-1 inhibitory activity of P6-2. Analysis of mutations in P6-2-resistant HIV-1 indicated a binding site for the peptide in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. In fact, P6-2 was shown to bind to soluble gp120, as well as to a peptide presenting the gp120 V3 loop. Furthermore, the HIV-1 inhibitory activity of P6-2 could be revoked by the V3 loop peptide, thus indicating a molecular mechanism that involves interaction of P6-2 with the gp120 V3 loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tamara Ruegamer
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Schaubächer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anette Rohrhofer
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kirmeß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karen M Fiebig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Eichler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Al-Azzam S, Ding Y, Liu J, Pandya P, Ting JP, Afshar S. Peptides to combat viral infectious diseases. Peptides 2020; 134:170402. [PMID: 32889022 PMCID: PMC7462603 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases have resulted in millions of deaths throughout history and have created a significant public healthcare burden. Tremendous efforts have been placed by the scientific communities, health officials and government organizations to detect, treat, and prevent viral infection. However, the complicated life cycle and rapid genetic mutations of viruses demand continuous development of novel medicines with high efficacy and safety profiles. Peptides provide a promising outlook as a tool to combat the spread and re-emergence of viral infection. This article provides an overview of five viral infectious diseases with high global prevalence: influenza, chronic hepatitis B, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019. The current and potential peptide-based therapies, vaccines, and diagnostics for each disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Al-Azzam
- Professional Scientific Services, Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Lancaster, PA, 17605, USA
| | - Yun Ding
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jinsha Liu
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Priyanka Pandya
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Joey Paolo Ting
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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8
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Gomara MJ, Perez Y, Gomez-Gutierrez P, Herrera C, Ziprin P, Martinez JP, Meyerhans A, Perez JJ, Haro I. Importance of structure-based studies for the design of a novel HIV-1 inhibitor peptide. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14430. [PMID: 32879375 PMCID: PMC7468280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the structure of an HIV-1 entry inhibitor peptide two stapled- and a retro-enantio peptides have been designed to provide novel prevention interventions against HIV transmission. The three peptides show greater inhibitory potencies in cellular and mucosal tissue pre-clinical models than the parent sequence and the retro-enantio shows a strengthened proteolytic stability. Since HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptides need to be embedded in the membrane to properly interact with their viral target, the structural features were determined by NMR spectroscopy in micelles and solved by using restrained molecular dynamics calculations. Both parent and retro-enantio peptides demonstrate a topology compatible with a shared helix–turn–helix conformation and assemble similarly in the membrane maintaining the active conformation needed for its interaction with the viral target site. This study represents a straightforward approach to design new targeted peptides as HIV-1 fusion inhibitors and lead us to define a retro-enantio peptide as a good candidate for pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Gomara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Perez
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Gomez-Gutierrez
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Paul Ziprin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Javier P Martinez
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Perez
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Sánchez-López E, Paús A, Pérez-Pomeda I, Calpena A, Haro I, Gómara MJ. Lipid Vesicles Loaded with an HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor Peptide as a Potential Microbicide. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E502. [PMID: 32486415 PMCID: PMC7355883 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective use of fusion inhibitor peptides against cervical and colorectal infections requires the development of sustained release formulations. In this work we comparatively study two different formulations based on polymeric nanoparticles and lipid vesicles to propose a suitable delivery nanosystem for releasing an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide in vaginal mucosa. Polymeric nanoparticles of poly-d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and lipid large unilamellar vesicles loaded with the inhibitor peptide were prepared. Both formulations showed average sizes and polydispersity index values corresponding to monodisperse systems appropriate for vaginal permeation. High entrapment efficiency of the inhibitor peptide was achieved in lipid vesicles, which was probably due to the peptide's hydrophobic nature. In addition, both nanocarriers remained stable after two weeks stored at 4 °C. While PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) did not show any delay in peptide release, lipid vesicles demonstrated favorably prolonged release of the peptide. Lipid vesicles were shown to improve the retention of the peptide on ex vivo vaginal tissue in a concentration sufficient to exert its pharmacological effect. Thus, the small size of lipid vesicles, their lipid-based composition as well as their ability to enhance peptide penetration on vaginal tissue led us to consider this formulation as a better nanosystem than polymeric nanoparticles for the sustained delivery of the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide in vaginal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Paús
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Pomeda
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Ana Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - María José Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
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10
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Sánchez-López E, Esteruelas G, Ortiz A, Espina M, Prat J, Muñoz M, Cano A, Calpena AC, Ettcheto M, Camins A, Alsafi Z, Souto EB, García ML, Pujol M. Dexibuprofen Biodegradable Nanoparticles: One Step Closer towards a Better Ocular Interaction Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E720. [PMID: 32290252 PMCID: PMC7221783 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ocular inflammation is one of the most prevalent diseases in ophthalmology, which can affect various parts of the eye or the surrounding tissues. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, are commonly used to treat ocular inflammation in the form of eye-drops. However, their bioavailability in ocular tissues is very low (less than 5%). Therefore, drug delivery systems such as biodegradable polymeric PLGA nanoparticles constitute a suitable alternative to topical eye administration, as they can improve ocular bioavailability and simultaneously reduce drug induced side effects. Moreover, their prolonged drug release can enhance patient treatment adherence as they require fewer administrations. Therefore, several formulations of PLGA based nanoparticles encapsulating dexibuprofen (active enantiomer of Ibuprofen) were prepared using the solvent displacement method employing different surfactants. The formulations have been characterized and their interactions with a customized lipid corneal membrane model were studied. Ex vivo permeation through ocular tissues and in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy have also been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (A.O.); (M.E.); (J.P.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.C.C.); (M.L.G.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Gerard Esteruelas
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (A.O.); (M.E.); (J.P.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.C.C.); (M.L.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Alba Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (A.O.); (M.E.); (J.P.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.C.C.); (M.L.G.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (A.O.); (M.E.); (J.P.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.C.C.); (M.L.G.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Prat
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (A.O.); (M.E.); (J.P.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.C.C.); (M.L.G.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Muñoz
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (A.O.); (M.E.); (J.P.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.C.C.); (M.L.G.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (A.O.); (M.E.); (J.P.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.C.C.); (M.L.G.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (A.O.); (M.E.); (J.P.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.C.C.); (M.L.G.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.); (A.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.); (A.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaid Alsafi
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (A.O.); (M.E.); (J.P.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.C.C.); (M.L.G.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Montserrat Pujol
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (A.O.); (M.E.); (J.P.); (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.C.C.); (M.L.G.); (M.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Pu J, Wang Q, Xu W, Lu L, Jiang S. Development of Protein- and Peptide-Based HIV Entry Inhibitors Targeting gp120 or gp41. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080705. [PMID: 31374953 PMCID: PMC6722851 DOI: 10.3390/v11080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of highly active antiretroviral drugs (ARDs) effectively reduces morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. However, the emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains has led to the increased failure of ARDs, thus calling for the development of anti-HIV drugs with targets or mechanisms of action different from those of the current ARDs. The first peptide-based HIV entry inhibitor, enfuvirtide, was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2003 for treatment of HIV/AIDS patients who have failed to respond to the current ARDs, which has stimulated the development of several series of protein- and peptide-based HIV entry inhibitors in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we highlighted the properties and mechanisms of action for those promising protein- and peptide-based HIV entry inhibitors targeting the HIV-1 gp120 or gp41 and discussed their advantages and disadvantages, compared with the current ARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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12
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Peptide Assembly on the Membrane Determines the HIV-1 Inhibitory Activity of Dual-Targeting Fusion Inhibitor Peptides. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3257. [PMID: 30824796 PMCID: PMC6397244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel strategies in the design of HIV-1 fusion/entry inhibitors are based on the construction of dual-targeting fusion proteins and peptides with synergistic antiviral effects. In this work we describe the design of dual-targeting peptides composed of peptide domains of E2 and E1 envelope proteins from Human Pegivirus with the aim of targeting both the loop region and the fusion peptide domains of HIV-1 gp41. In a previous work, we described the inhibitory role of a highly conserved fragment of the E1 protein (domain 139–156) which interacts with the HIV-1 fusion peptide at the membrane level. Here, two different dual-targeting peptides, where this E1 peptide is located on the N- or the C-terminus respectively, have been chemically synthesized and their antiviral activities have been evaluated with HIV pseudotyped viruses from different clades. The study of the functional behaviour of peptides in a membranous environment attending to the peptide recognition of the target sites on gp41, the peptide conformation as well as the peptide affinity to the membrane, demonstrate that antiviral activity of the dual-targeting peptides is directly related to the peptide affinity and its subsequent assembly into the model membrane. The overall results point out to the necessity that fusion inhibitor peptides that specifically interfere with the N-terminal region of gp41 are embedded within the membrane in order to properly interact with their viral target.
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13
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Ariza-Sáenz M, Espina M, Calpena A, Gómara MJ, Pérez-Pomeda I, Haro I, García ML. Design, Characterization, and Biopharmaceutical Behavior of Nanoparticles Loaded with an HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor Peptide. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5005-5018. [PMID: 30226777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
New therapeutic alternatives to fight against the spread of HIV-1 are based on peptides designed to inhibit the early steps of HIV-1 fusion in target cells. However, drawbacks, such as bioavailability, short half-life, rapid clearance, and poor ability to cross the physiological barriers, make such peptides unattractive for the pharmaceutical industry. Here we developed, optimized, and characterized polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) coated with glycol chitosan to incorporate and release an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide (E1) inside the vaginal mucosa. The NPs were prepared by a modified double emulsion method, and optimization was carried out by a factorial design. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies were carried out to evaluate the optimized formulation. The results indicate that the physicochemical features of these NPs enable them to incorporate and release HIV fusion inhibitor peptides to the vaginal mucosa before the fusion step takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ariza-Sáenz
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry , University of Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry , IQAC-CSIC , Jordi Girona 18 , 08034 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry , University of Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Ana Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry , University of Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - María J Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry , IQAC-CSIC , Jordi Girona 18 , 08034 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Pomeda
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry , IQAC-CSIC , Jordi Girona 18 , 08034 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry , IQAC-CSIC , Jordi Girona 18 , 08034 Barcelona , Spain
| | - María Luisa García
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry , University of Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
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14
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Jordier F, Deligny ML, Barré R, Robert C, Galicher V, Uch R, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Biagini P. Human pegivirus isolates characterized by deep sequencing from hepatitis C virus-RNA and human immunodeficiency virus-RNA-positive blood donations, France. J Med Virol 2018; 91:38-44. [PMID: 30133782 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV, formerly GBV-C) is a member of the genus Pegivirus, family Flaviviridae. Despite its identification more than 20 years ago, both natural history and distribution of this viral group in human hosts remain under exploration. Analysis of HPgV genomes characterized up to now points out the scarcity of French pegivirus sequences in databases. To bring new data regarding HPgV genomic diversity, we investigated 16 French isolates obtained from hepatitis C virus-RNA and human immunodeficiency virus-RNA-positive blood donations following deep sequencing and coupled molecular protocols. Initial phylogenetic analysis of 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR)/E2 partial sequences permitted to assign HPgV isolates to genotypes 2 (n = 15) and 1 (n = 1), with up to 16% genetic diversity observed for both regions considered. Seven nearly full-length representative genomes were characterized subsequently, with complete polyprotein coding sequences exhibiting up to 13% genetic diversity; closest nucleotide (nt) divergence with available HPgV sequences was in the range 7% to 11%. A 36 nts deletion located on the NS4B coding region (N-terminal part, 12 amino acids) of the genotype 1 HPgV genome characterized was identified, along with single nucleotide deletions in two genotype 2, 5'-UTR sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Jordier
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Laurence Deligny
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Barré
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Robert
- UMR MEPHI, IRD, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Vital Galicher
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Rathviro Uch
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- UMR VITROME, IRD, Aix Marseille University, SSA, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- UMR MEPHI, IRD, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Biagini
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
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15
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Ariza-Sáenz M, Espina M, Bolaños N, Calpena AC, Gomara MJ, Haro I, García ML. Penetration of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with an HIV-1 inhibitor peptide derived from GB virus C in a vaginal mucosa model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 120:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Mahajan M, Chatterjee D, Bhuvaneswari K, Pillay S, Bhattacharjya S. NMR structure and localization of a large fragment of the SARS-CoV fusion protein: Implications in viral cell fusion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:407-415. [PMID: 28988778 PMCID: PMC7094225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The lethal Coronaviruses (CoVs), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and most recently Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, (MERS-CoV) are serious human health hazard. A successful viral infection requires fusion between virus and host cells carried out by the surface spike glycoprotein or S protein of CoV. Current models propose that the S2 subunit of S protein assembled into a hexameric helical bundle exposing hydrophobic fusogenic peptides or fusion peptides (FPs) for membrane insertion. The N-terminus of S2 subunit of SARS-CoV reported to be active in cell fusion whereby FPs have been identified. Atomic-resolution structure of FPs derived either in model membranes or in membrane mimic environment would glean insights toward viral cell fusion mechanism. Here, we have solved 3D structure, dynamics and micelle localization of a 64-residue long fusion peptide or LFP in DPC detergent micelles by NMR methods. Micelle bound structure of LFP is elucidated by the presence of discretely folded helical and intervening loops. The C-terminus region, residues F42-Y62, displays a long hydrophobic helix, whereas the N-terminus is defined by a short amphipathic helix, residues R4-Q12. The intervening residues of LFP assume stretches of loops and helical turns. The N-terminal helix is sustained by close aromatic and aliphatic sidechain packing interactions at the non-polar face. 15N{1H}NOE studies indicated dynamical motion, at ps-ns timescale, of the helices of LFP in DPC micelles. PRE NMR showed that insertion of several regions of LFP into DPC micelle core. Together, the current study provides insights toward fusion mechanism of SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Mahajan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Deepak Chatterjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Kannaian Bhuvaneswari
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Shubhadra Pillay
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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17
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Pérez Y, Gómara MJ, Yuste E, Gómez-Gutierrez P, Pérez JJ, Haro I. Structural Study of a New HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor and Interaction with the HIV-1 Fusion Peptide in Dodecylphosphocholine Micelles. Chemistry 2017; 23:11703-11713. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria José Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Eloísa Yuste
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ETSEIB); Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya; 08034 Barcelona Spain
- Present address: AIDS Immunopathology Unit; Centro Nacional Microbiología; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; 28029 Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
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18
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Shi S, Nguyen PK, Cabral HJ, Diez-Barroso R, Derry PJ, Kanahara SM, Kumar VA. Development of peptide inhibitors of HIV transmission. Bioact Mater 2016; 1:109-121. [PMID: 29744399 PMCID: PMC5883972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of HIV has long faced the challenge of high mutation rates leading to rapid development of resistance, with ongoing need to develop new methods to effectively fight the infection. Traditionally, early HIV medications were designed to inhibit RNA replication and protein production through small molecular drugs. Peptide based therapeutics are a versatile, promising field in HIV therapy, which continues to develop as we expand our understanding of key protein-protein interactions that occur in HIV replication and infection. This review begins with an introduction to HIV, followed by the biological basis of disease, current clinical management of the disease, therapeutics on the market, and finally potential avenues for improved drug development.
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Key Words
- AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- ART, antiretroviral therapy
- CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Drug development
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FY, fiscal year
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HCV, hepatitis C Virus
- HIV
- HIV treatment
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- INSTI, Integrase strand transfer inhibitors
- LEDGF, lens epithelium-derived growth factor
- NNRTI, Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- NRTI, Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
- Peptide inhibitor
- Peptide therapeutic
- R&D, research and development
- RT, reverse transcriptase
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter K. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Henry J. Cabral
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | | - Paul J. Derry
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Vivek A. Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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