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Chandrasekaran P, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Structure, Functions, and Implications of Selected Lipocalins in Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4290. [PMID: 38673873 PMCID: PMC11050150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The lipocalin proteins are a large family of small extracellular proteins that demonstrate significant heterogeneity in sequence similarity and have highly conserved crystal structures. They have a variety of functions, including acting as carrier proteins, transporting retinol, participating in olfaction, and synthesizing prostaglandins. Importantly, they also play a critical role in human diseases, including cancer. Additionally, they are involved in regulating cellular homeostasis and immune response and dispensing various compounds. This comprehensive review provides information on the lipocalin family, including their structure, functions, and implications in various diseases. It focuses on selective important human lipocalin proteins, such as lipocalin 2 (LCN2), retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS), and α1-microglobulin (A1M).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
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2
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Lu H. Inflammatory liver diseases and susceptibility to sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:435-487. [PMID: 38571396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory liver diseases, particularly alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), have higher incidence of infections and mortality rate due to sepsis. The current focus in the development of drugs for MAFLD is the resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and prevention of progression to cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis, sepsis is a major cause of death. As the metabolic center and a key immune tissue, liver is the guardian, modifier, and target of sepsis. Septic patients with liver dysfunction have the highest mortality rate compared with other organ dysfunctions. In addition to maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the liver produces and secretes hepatokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) essential in tissue protection, immunomodulation, and coagulation. Inflammatory liver diseases cause profound metabolic disorder and impairment of energy metabolism, liver regeneration, and production/secretion of APPs and hepatokines. Herein, the author reviews the roles of (1) disorders in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as well as the clearance of ammonia and lactate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (2) cytokines/chemokines in inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (3) APPs and hepatokines in the protection against tissue injury and infections; and (4) major nuclear receptors/signaling pathways underlying the metabolic disorders and tissue injuries as well as the major drug targets for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Approaches that focus on the liver dysfunction and regeneration will not only treat inflammatory liver diseases but also prevent the development of severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
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3
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Bao Y, Yan Z, Shi N, Tian X, Li J, Li T, Cheng X, Lv J. LCN2: Versatile players in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116091. [PMID: 38171248 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein that is produced by immune cells, including neutrophils and macrophages. It serves various functions such as transporting hydrophobic ligands across the cellular membrane, regulating immune responses, keeping iron balance, and fostering epithelial cell differentiation. LCN2 plays a crucial role in several physiological processes. LCN2 expression is upregulated in a variety of human diseases and cancers. High levels of LCN2 are specifically linked to breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, immune regulation, chemotherapy resistance, and prognosis. As a result, LCN2 has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target for BC. This article offered an in-depth review of the advancement of LCN2 in the context of BC occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Bao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Zhongliang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Nianmei Shi
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China.
| | - Junyuan Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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Schröder SK, Gasterich N, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin 2 receptors: facts, fictions, and myths. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229885. [PMID: 37638032 PMCID: PMC10451079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human 25-kDa Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) was first identified and purified as a protein that in part is associated with gelatinase from neutrophils. This protein shows a high degree of sequence similarity with the deduced sequences of rat α2-microglobulin-related protein and the mouse protein 24p3. Based on its typical lipocalin fold, which consists of an eight-stranded, anti-parallel, symmetrical β-barrel fold structure it was initially thought that LCN2 is a circulating protein functioning as a transporter of small lipophilic molecules. However, studies in Lcn2 null mice have shown that LCN2 has bacteriostatic properties and plays a key role in innate immunity by sequestering bacterial iron siderophores. Numerous reports have further shown that LCN2 is involved in the control of cell differentiation, energy expenditure, cell death, chemotaxis, cell migration, and many other biological processes. In addition, important roles for LCN2 in health and disease have been identified in Lcn2 null mice and multiple molecular pathways required for regulation of Lcn2 expression have been identified. Nevertheless, although six putative receptors for LCN2 have been proposed, there is a fundamental lack in understanding of how these cell-surface receptors transmit and amplify LCN2 to the cell. In the present review we summarize the current knowledge on LCN2 receptors and discuss inconsistencies, misinterpretations and false assumptions in the understanding of these potential LCN2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalie Gasterich
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Tews HC, Elger T, Grewal T, Weidlich S, Vitali F, Buechler C. Fecal and Urinary Adipokines as Disease Biomarkers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041186. [PMID: 37189804 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers is of great clinical value for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and the assessment of treatment efficacy. In this context, adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are of interest, as their elevated circulating levels are associated with a range of metabolic dysfunctions, inflammation, renal and hepatic diseases and cancers. In addition to serum, adipokines can also be detected in the urine and feces, and current experimental evidence on the analysis of fecal and urinary adipokine levels points to their potential as disease biomarkers. This includes increased urinary adiponectin, lipocalin-2, leptin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in renal diseases and an association of elevated urinary chemerin as well as urinary and fecal lipocalin-2 levels with active inflammatory bowel diseases. Urinary IL-6 levels are also upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis and may become an early marker for kidney transplant rejection, while fecal IL-6 levels are increased in decompensated liver cirrhosis and acute gastroenteritis. In addition, galectin-3 levels in urine and stool may emerge as a biomarker for several cancers. With the analysis of urine and feces from patients being cost-efficient and non-invasive, the identification and utilization of adipokine levels as urinary and fecal biomarkers could become a great advantage for disease diagnosis and predicting treatment outcomes. This review article highlights data on the abundance of selected adipokines in urine and feces, underscoring their potential to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke C Tews
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Elger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Simon Weidlich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Vitali
- Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Zhao RY, Wei PJ, Sun X, Zhang DH, He QY, Liu J, Chang JL, Yang Y, Guo ZN. Role of lipocalin 2 in stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106044. [PMID: 36804285 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide; however, the treatment choices available to neurologists are limited in clinical practice. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted protein, belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, with multiple biological functions in mediating innate immune response, inflammatory response, iron-homeostasis, cell migration and differentiation, energy metabolism, and other processes in the body. LCN2 is expressed at low levels in the brain under normal physiological conditions, but its expression is significantly up-regulated in multiple acute stimulations and chronic pathologies. An up-regulation of LCN2 has been found in the blood/cerebrospinal fluid of patients with ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, and could serve as a potential biomarker for the prediction of the severity of acute stroke. LCN2 activates reactive astrocytes and microglia, promotes neutrophil infiltration, amplifies post-stroke inflammation, promotes blood-brain barrier disruption, white matter injury, and neuronal death. Moreover, LCN2 is involved in brain injury induced by thrombin and erythrocyte lysates, as well as microvascular thrombosis after hemorrhage. In this paper, we review the role of LCN2 in the pathological processes of ischemic stroke; intracerebral hemorrhage; subarachnoid hemorrhage; and stroke-related brain diseases, such as vascular dementia and post-stroke depression, and their underlying mechanisms. We hope that this review will help elucidate the value of LCN2 as a therapeutic target in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yu Zhao
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Peng-Ju Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Dian-Hui Zhang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Qian-Yan He
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Jun-Lei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Neuroscience Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Neuroscience Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China.
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Kim KE, Lee J, Shin HJ, Jeong EA, Jang HM, Ahn YJ, An HS, Lee JY, Shin MC, Kim SK, Yoo WG, Kim WH, Roh GS. Lipocalin-2 activates hepatic stellate cells and promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in high-fat diet-fed Ob/Ob mice. Hepatology 2023; 77:888-901. [PMID: 35560370 PMCID: PMC9936980 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, leptin promotes insulin resistance and contributes to the progression of NASH via activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). However, the pathogenic mechanisms that trigger HSC activation in leptin-deficient obesity are still unknown. This study aimed to determine how HSC-targeting lipocalin-2 (LCN2) mediates the transition from simple steatosis to NASH. APPROACH AND RESULTS Male wild-type (WT) and ob/ob mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks to establish an animal model of NASH with fibrosis. Ob/ob mice were subject to caloric restriction or recombinant leptin treatment. Double knockout (DKO) mice lacking both leptin and lcn2 were also fed an HFD for 20 weeks. In addition, HFD-fed ob/ob mice were treated with gadolinium trichloride to deplete Kupffer cells. The LX-2 human HSCs and primary HSCs from ob/ob mice were used to investigate the effects of LCN2 on HSC activation. Serum and hepatic LCN2 expression levels were prominently increased in HFD-fed ob/ob mice compared with normal diet-fed ob/ob mice or HFD-fed WT mice, and these changes were closely linked to liver fibrosis and increased hepatic α-SMA/matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein levels. HFD-fed DKO mice showed a marked reduction of α-SMA protein compared with HFD-fed ob/ob mice. In particular, the colocalization of LCN2 and α-SMA was increased in HSCs from HFD-fed ob/ob mice. In primary HSCs from ob/ob mice, exogenous LCN2 treatment induced HSC activation and MMP9 secretion. By contrast, LCN2 receptor 24p3R deficiency or a STAT3 inhibitor reduced the activation and migration of primary HSCs. CONCLUSIONS LCN2 acts as a key mediator of HSC activation in leptin-deficient obesity via α-SMA/MMP9/STAT3 signaling, thereby exacerbating NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoong Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ae Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Jang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Ahn
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seok An
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Youl Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- College of Pharmacy , Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ho Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases , Center for Biomedical Sciences , Korea National Institute of Health , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science , College of Medicine , Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
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Meurer SK, Weiskirchen S, Tag CG, Weiskirchen R. Isolation, Purification, and Culture of Primary Murine Hepatic Stellate Cells: An Update. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2669:1-32. [PMID: 37247051 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3207-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the healthy liver, quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are found in the perisinusoidal space (i.e., the space of Dissé) in close proximity to endothelial cells and hepatocytes. HSCs represent 5-8% of the total number of liver cells and are characterized by numerous fat vacuoles that store vitamin A in the form of retinyl esters. Upon liver injury caused by different etiologies, HSCs become activated and acquire a myofibroblast (MFB) phenotype in a process called transdifferentiation. In contrast to quiescent HSC, MFB become highly proliferative and are characterized by an imbalance in extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis, by producing an excess of collagen and blocking its turnover by synthesis of protease inhibitors. This leads to a net accumulation of ECM during fibrosis. In addition to HSC, there are fibroblasts in the portal fields (pF), which also have the potency to acquire a myofibroblastic phenotype (pMF). The contributions of these two fibrogenic cell types (i.e., MFB and pMF) vary based on the etiology of liver damage (parenchymal vs. cholestatic). Based on their importance to hepatic fibrosis, the isolation and purification protocols of these primary cells are in great demand. Moreover, established cell lines may offer only limited information about the in vivo behavior of HSC/MFB and pF/pMF.Here we describe a method for high-purity isolation of HSC from mice. In the first step, the liver is digested with pronase and collagenase, and the cells are dissociated from the tissue. In the second step, HSCs are enriched by density gradient centrifugation of the crude cell suspension using a Nycodenz gradient. The resulting cell fraction can be further optionally purified by flow cytometric enrichment to generate ultrapure HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen K Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carmen G Tag
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- IInstitut für Molekulare Pathobiochemie, Experimentelle Gentherapie und Klinische Chemie (IFMPEGKC), Universitätsklinikum Aachen AöR, Aachen, Germany
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Plin5 Bidirectionally Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Oxidative Tissues. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4594956. [PMID: 35401929 PMCID: PMC8989587 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4594956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) can store neutral lipids as an energy source when needed and also regulate the key metabolic processes of intracellular lipid accumulation, which is associated with several metabolic diseases. The perilipins (Plins) are a family of proteins that associate with the surface of LDs. As a member of Plins superfamily, perilipin 5 (Plin5) coats LDs in cardiomyocytes, which is significantly related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production originated from mitochondria in the heart, consequently determining the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Plin5 may play a bidirectional function in lipid metabolism which is in a state of dynamic balance. In the basic state, Plin5 inhibited the binding of comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) to adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) by binding CGI-58, thus inhibiting lipolysis. However, when the body is under stress (such as cold, fasting, exercise, and other stimuli), protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates and activates Plin5, which then causes Plin5 to release the binding site of CGI-58 and ATGL, prompting CGI-58 to bind to ATGL and activate ATGL activity, thus accelerating the lipolysis process, revealing the indispensable role of Plin5 in lipid turnover. Here, the purpose of this review is to summarize the present understanding of the bidirectional regulation role of Plin5 in oxidative tissues and to reveal its potential role in diabetic cardiomyopathy protection.
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Chen J, Lei S, Huang Y, Zha X, Gu L, Zhou D, Li J, Liu F, Li N, Du L, Huang X, Lin Z, Bu L, Qu S. The relationship between Lipocalin-2 level and hepatic steatosis in obese patients with NAFLD after bariatric surgery. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:10. [PMID: 35034646 PMCID: PMC8761269 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has a critical effect on obesity as well as its associated comorbidities. The present study focused on analyzing serum LCN2 levels of obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and on determining relationship of hepatic steatosis improvement with LCN2 levels after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). METHODS This work enrolled ninety patients with obesity and NAFLD. Twenty-three of them underwent LSG. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters and serum LCN2 levels were determined at baseline and those at 6-month post-LSG. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) measured by FibroScan was adopted for evaluating hepatic steatosis. RESULTS Among severe obesity patients, serum LCN2 levels were significantly increased (111.59 ± 51.16 ng/mL vs. 92.68 ± 32.68 ng/mL, P = 0.035). The CAP value was higher indicating higher liver fat content (360.51 ± 45.14 dB/m vs. 340.78 ± 45.02 dB/m, P = 0.044). With regard to surgical patients, liver function, glucose, and lipid levels were significantly improved after surgery. Serum LCN2 levels significantly decreased (119.74 ± 36.15 ng/mL vs. 87.38 ± 51.65 ng/mL, P = 0.001). Decreased CAP indicated a significant decrease in liver fat content (358.48 ± 46.13 dB/m vs. 260.83 ± 69.64 dB/m, P < 0.001). The decrease in LCN2 levels was significantly related to the reduced hepatic fat content and improvement in steatosis grade after adjusting for gender, age, and BMI decrease. CONCLUSIONS Serum LCN2 levels are related to obesity and NAFLD. The decreased serum LCN2 levels could be an indicator of hepatic steatosis improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chen
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China ,grid.440227.70000 0004 1758 3572Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shihui Lei
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China
| | - Yueye Huang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zha
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donglei Zhou
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Li
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Du
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu Huang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China
| | - Ziwei Lin
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China
| | - Le Bu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing Medical University, Medicine School of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing Medical University, Medicine School of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Schröder SK, Pinoé-Schmidt M, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) Deficiency Leads to Cellular Changes in Highly Metastatic Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line PC-3. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020260. [PMID: 35053376 PMCID: PMC8773519 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transporter protein lipocalin-2 (LCN2) also termed neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has pleiotropic effects in tumorigenesis in various cancers. Since the precise role of LCN2 in prostate cancer (PCa) is poorly understood, we aimed to elucidate its functions in PCa in vitro. For this purpose, LCN2 was transiently suppressed or permanently depleted in human PC-3 cells using siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout. Effects of LCN2 suppression on expression of different tumorigenic markers were investigated by Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR. LCN2 knockout cells were analyzed for cellular changes and their ability to cope endoplasmic stress compared to parenteral PC-3 cells. Reduced LCN2 was accompanied by decreased expression of IL-1β and Cx43. In PC-3 cells, LCN2 deficiency leads to reduced proliferation, diminished expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, lower adhesion, and disrupted F-actin distribution. In addition, IL-1β expression strongly correlated with LCN2 levels. LCN2 knockout cells showed enhanced and sustained activation of unfolded protein response proteins when treated with tunicamycin or cultured under glucose deprivation. Interestingly, an inverse correlation between phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α subunit (p-eIF2α) and LCN2 expression was observed suggesting that LCN2 triggers protein synthesis under stress conditions. The finding that LCN2 depletion leads to significant phenotypic and cellular changes in PC-3 cells adds LCN2 as a valuable target for the treatment of PCa.
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12
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Lipocalin-2: Structure, function, distribution and role in metabolic disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112002. [PMID: 34463264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is a novel, 198 amino acid adipocytokine also referred to as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). LCN-2 is a circulatory protein responsible for the transportation of small and hydrophobic molecules (steroid, free fatty acids, prostaglandins and hormones) to target organs after binding to megalin/glycoprotein and GP330 SLC22A17 or 24p3R LCN-2 receptors. LCN-2 has been used as a biomarker for acute and chronic renal injury. It is present in a large variety of cells including neutrophil, hepatocytes, lung, bone marrow, adipose tissue, macrophages, thymus, non-neoplastic breast duct, prostate, and renal cells. Different functions have been associated with LCN-2. These functions include antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and protection against cell and tissue stress. Moreover, LCN-2 can increase the pool of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in human neutrophil granulocytes. Other reported functions of LCN-2 include its ability to destroy the extracellular matrix, which could enable cancer progression and spread of metastasis. Recent reports show that the tissue level of LCN-2 is increased in metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, suggesting an association between LCN-2 and insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. The precise role of LCN-2 in the modulation of insulin sensitivity, glucose and lipid metabolism is still unclear. This review explores the structure of LCN-2, tissue distribution, and its interaction with important metabolic pathways.
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13
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Lipocalin 2 as a Putative Modulator of Local Inflammatory Processes in the Spinal Cord and Component of Organ Cross talk After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5907-5919. [PMID: 34417948 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), an immunomodulator, regulates various cellular processes such as iron transport and defense against bacterial infection. Under pathological conditions, LCN2 promotes neuroinflammation via the recruitment and activation of immune cells and glia, particularly microglia and astrocytes. Although it seems to have a negative influence on the functional outcome in spinal cord injury (SCI), the extent of its involvement in SCI and the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully known. In this study, using a SCI contusion mouse model, we first investigated the expression pattern of Lcn2 in different parts of the CNS (spinal cord and brain) and in the liver and its concentration in blood serum. Interestingly, we could note a significant increase in LCN2 throughout the whole spinal cord, in the brain, liver, and blood serum. This demonstrates the diversity of its possible sites of action in SCI. Furthermore, genetic deficiency of Lcn2 (Lcn2-/-) significantly reduced certain aspects of gliosis in the SCI-mice. Taken together, our studies provide first valuable hints, suggesting that LCN2 is involved in the local and systemic effects post SCI, and might modulate the impairment of different peripheral organs after injury.
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14
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Mass Sanchez PB, Krizanac M, Weiskirchen R, Asimakopoulos A. Understanding the Role of Perilipin 5 in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Role in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review of Novel Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5284. [PMID: 34067931 PMCID: PMC8156377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of high-calorie foods, such as diets rich in fats, is an important factor leading to the development of steatohepatitis. Several studies have suggested how lipid accumulation creates a lipotoxic microenvironment for cells, leading cells to deregulate their transcriptional and translational activity. This deregulation induces the development of liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and subsequently also the appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is one of the deadliest types of cancers worldwide. Understanding its pathology and studying new biomarkers with better specificity in predicting disease prognosis can help in the personalized treatment of the disease. In this setting, understanding the link between NAFLD and HCC progression, the differentiation of each stage in between as well as the mechanisms underlying this process, are vital for development of new treatments and in exploring new therapeutic targets. Perilipins are a family of five closely related proteins expressed on the surface of lipid droplets (LD) in several tissues acting in several pathways involved in lipid metabolism. Recent studies have shown that Plin5 depletion acts protectively in the pathogenesis of liver injury underpinning the importance of pathways associated with PLIN5. PLIN5 expression is involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation and mitochondrial damage, as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, making it critical target of the NAFLD-HCC studies. The aim of this review is to dissect the recent findings and functions of PLIN5 in lipid metabolism, metabolic disorders, and NAFLD as well as the progression of NAFLD to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (P.B.M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Anastasia Asimakopoulos
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (P.B.M.S.); (M.K.)
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15
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Identification of prognostic and metastasis-related alternative splicing signatures in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225701. [PMID: 32627826 PMCID: PMC7364508 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most common neoplasm in digestive system, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most important leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Its high-frequency metastasis and relapse rate lead to the poor survival of HCC patients. However, the mechanism of HCC metastasis is still unclear. Alternative splicing events (ASEs) have a great effect in cancer development, progression and metastasis. We downloaded RNA sequencing and seven types of ASEs data of HCC samples, in order to explore the mechanism of ASEs underlying tumorigenesis and metastasis of HCC. The data were taken from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and TCGASpliceSeq databases. Univariate Cox regression analysis was used to determine a total of 3197 overall survival-related ASEs (OS-SEs). And based on five OS-SEs screened by Lasso regression, we constructed a prediction model with the Area Under Curve of 0.765. With a good reliability of the model, the risk score was also proved to be an independent predictor. Among identified 390 candidate SFs, Y-box protein 3 (YBX3) was significantly correlated with OS and metastasis. Among 177 ASEs, ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 6 (ABCA6)-43162-AT and PLIN5-46808-AT were identified both associated with OS, bone metastasis and co-expressed with SFs. Then we identified primary bile acid biosynthesis as survival-related (KEGG) pathway by Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) and univariate regression analysis, which was correlated with ABCA6-43162-AT and PLIN5-46808-AT. Finally, we proposed that ABCA6-43162-AT and PLIN5-46808-AT may contribute to HCC poor prognosis and metastasis under the regulation of aberrant YBX3 through the pathway of primary bile acid biosynthesis.
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16
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Krizanac M, Mass Sanchez PB, Weiskirchen R, Asimakopoulos A. A Scoping Review on Lipocalin-2 and Its Role in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2865. [PMID: 33799862 PMCID: PMC8000927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess calorie intake and a sedentary lifestyle have made non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) one of the fastest growing forms of liver disease of the modern world. It is characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver and can range from simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis as well as development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Biopsy is the golden standard for the diagnosis and differentiation of all NAFLD stages, but its invasiveness poses a risk for patients, which is why new, non-invasive ways of diagnostics ought to be discovered. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), which is a part of the lipocalin transport protein family, is a protein formally known for its role in iron transport and in inflammatory response. However, in recent years, its implication in the pathogenesis of NAFLD has become apparent. LCN2 shows significant upregulation in several benign and malignant liver diseases, making it a good candidate for the NAFLD biomarker or even a therapeutic target. What makes LCN2 more interesting to study is the fact that it is overexpressed in HCC development induced by chronic NASH, which is one of the primary causes of cancer-related deaths. However, to this day, neither its role as a biomarker for NAFLD nor the molecular mechanisms of its implication in NAFLD pathogenesis have been completely elucidated. This review aims to gather and closely dissect the current knowledge about, sometimes conflicting, evidence on LCN2 as a biomarker for NAFLD, its involvement in NAFLD, and NAFLD-HCC related pathogenesis, while comparing it to the findings in similar pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.K.); (P.B.M.S.)
| | - Anastasia Asimakopoulos
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.K.); (P.B.M.S.)
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17
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Haas U, Van de Leur E, Trevanich A, Weiskirchen R. Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride Applications Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis in Lipocalin 2 Null Mice Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155230. [PMID: 32718038 PMCID: PMC7432394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of Lipocalin (LCN2) provokes overwhelming endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses in vitro and in acute toxic liver injury models, resulting in hepatocyte apoptosis. LCN2 is an acute phase protein produced in hepatocytes in response to acute liver injuries. In line with these findings we investigated ER stress responses of Lcn2−/− mice in chronic ER stress using a long-term repetitive carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection model. We found chronic CCl4 application to enhance ER stress and unfolded protein responses (UPR), including phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), increased expression of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94). IRE1α/TRAF2/JNK signaling enhanced mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, and showed slightly higher in Lcn2−/− mice compared to the wild type counterparts, leading to increased hepatocyte apoptosis well evidenced by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Hepatocyte injuries were confirmed by significant high serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in CCl4-treated Lcn2−/− mice. Lcn2−/− mice furthermore developed mild hepatic steatosis, supporting our finding that ER stress promotes lipogenesis. In a previous report we demonstrated that the pharmacological agent tunicamycin (TM) induced ER stress through altered protein glycosylation and induced high amounts of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), resulting in hepatocyte apoptosis. We compared TM-induced ER stress in wild type, Lcn2−/−, and Chop null (Chop−/−) primary hepatocytes and found Chop−/− hepatocytes to attenuate ER stress responses and resist ER stress-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through canonical eIF2α/GADD34 signaling, inhibiting protein synthesis. Unexpectedly, in later stages of TM incubation, Chop−/− hepatocytes resumed activation of IRE1α/JNK/c-Jun and p38/ATF2 signaling, leading to late hepatocyte apoptosis. This interesting observation indicates Chop−/− mice to be unable to absolutely prevent all types of liver injury, while LCN2 protects the hepatocytes by maintaining homeostasis under ER stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.-K.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-241-80-88684 (E.B.-K.); +49-241-80-88683 (R.W.)
| | - Ute Haas
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
| | - Eddy Van de Leur
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
| | - Anothai Trevanich
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.-K.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-241-80-88684 (E.B.-K.); +49-241-80-88683 (R.W.)
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18
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Deletion of Perilipin 5 Protects Against Hepatic Injury in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Missing Inflammasome Activation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061346. [PMID: 32481590 PMCID: PMC7348929 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases with an increasing prevalence due to rising rates of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. Untreated NAFLD may progress to steatohepatitis (NASH) and ultimately liver cirrhosis. NAFLD is characterized by lipid accumulation, and when sufficient excess lipids are obtained, irreversible liver injury may follow. Perilipin 5 (PLIN5), a known lipid droplet coating protein and triglyceride metabolism regulator, is highly expressed in oxidatively modified tissues but it is still unclear how it affects NAFLD/NASH progress. We here studied how PLIN5 affects NAFLD development induced by a 30-week high-fat diet (HFD) administration in wild type and PLIN5 knock out (Plin5−/−) mice. The disruption of PLIN5 induced differences in lipid metabolism during HFD feeding and was associated with reduced hepatic fat accumulation. Surprisingly, Plin5−/− mice showed mitigated activation of the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, leading to minor hepatic damage. We conclude that PLIN5 is a pleiotropic regulator of hepatic homeostasis in NASH development. Targeting the PLIN5 expression appears critical for protecting the liver from inflammatory activation during chronic NAFLD.
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19
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Bai H, Chen T, Lu Q, Zhu W, Zhang J. Gene expression profiling of the bone trabecula in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head by RNA sequencing. J Biochem 2019; 166:475-484. [PMID: 31518413 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is challenging. Bone trabecula play a vital role in the severity and progression of ONFH. In the present study, the investigators used gene expression profiling of bone trabecula to investigate gene alterations in ONFH patients. Osteonecrotic bone trabecula (ONBT) such as necrosis, fibrosis, and lacuna were confirmed by histological examination in the patients. The adjacent 'normal' bone trabecula (ANBT) did not show any pathological changes. Gene sequencing data revealed that although ANBT showed no significant histological changes, alteration of mRNA profiling in ANBT was observed, similar to that in ONBT. Our results indicated that the alteration of mRNA profiling in ANBT may cause normal bone tissue to develop into necrotic bone. RNA-seq data indicated that 2,297 differentially abundant mRNAs were found in the ONBT group (1,032 upregulated and 1,265 downregulated) and 1,523 differentially abundant mRNAs in the ANBT group (744 upregulated and 799 downregulated) compared with the healthy control group. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggested that fatty acid metabolism and degradation were the main zones enriched with differentially expressed genes (DEG). Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) pathway was the most significantly regulated pathway. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), an osteoblast-enriched secreted protein, was significantly decreased in ONBT suggesting that downregulation of LCN2 might affect lipid metabolism and lead to hyperlipidemia, and thus promote pathogenesis of ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Road Yixueyuan, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tingmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Road Yixueyuan, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Heart Centre, the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Weiwen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Road Yixueyuan, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
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20
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Funcke JB, Scherer PE. Beyond adiponectin and leptin: adipose tissue-derived mediators of inter-organ communication. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1648-1684. [PMID: 31209153 PMCID: PMC6795086 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r094060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue-secreted signaling mediators (adipokines) have been identified since then, and much has been learned about how adipose tissue communicates with other organs of the body to maintain systemic homeostasis. Beyond proteins, additional factors, such as lipids, metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by adipose tissue participate in this process. Here, we review the diverse signaling mediators and mechanisms adipose tissue utilizes to relay information to other organs. We discuss recently identified adipokines (proteins, lipids, and metabolites) and briefly outline the contributions of noncoding RNAs and EVs to the ever-increasing complexities of adipose tissue inter-organ communication. We conclude by reflecting on central aspects of adipokine biology, namely, the contribution of distinct adipose tissue depots and cell types to adipokine secretion, the phenomenon of adipokine resistance, and the capacity of adipose tissue to act both as a source and sink of signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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21
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Lee WH, Bae YC, Lee IK, Suk K. Paradoxical role of lipocalin-2 in metabolic disorders and neurological complications. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113626. [PMID: 31476294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as 24p3 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a 25-kDa secreted protein implicated in various metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Early studies suggest the protective function of LCN2 in which it acts as a bacteriostatic agent that competes with bacteria for iron-bound siderophores. However, both detrimental and beneficial roles of LCN2 have recently been documented in metabolic and neuroinflammatory diseases. Metabolic inflammation, as observed in diabetes and obesity, has been closely associated with the upregulation of LCN2 in blood plasma and several tissues in both humans and rodents, suggesting its pro-diabetic and pro-obesogenic role. On the contrary, other studies imply an anti-diabetic and anti-obesogenic role of LCN2 whereby a deficiency in the Lcn2 gene results in the impairment of insulin sensitivity and enhances the high-fat-diet-induced expansion of fat. A similar dual role of LCN2 has also been reported in various animal models for neurological disorders. In the midst of these mixed findings, there is no experimental evidence to explain why LCN2 shows such a contrasting role in the various studies. This debate needs to be resolved (or reconciled) and an integrated view on the topic is desirable. Herein, we attempt to address this issue by reviewing the recent findings on LCN2 in metabolic disorders and assess the potential cellular or molecular mechanisms underlying the dual role of LCN2. We further discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting LCN2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders and neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Xu Y, Zhu Y, Jadhav K, Li Y, Sun H, Yin L, Kasumov T, Chen X, Zhang Y. Lipocalin-2 Protects Against Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Targeting Hepatocytes. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:763-775. [PMID: 31168511 PMCID: PMC6545876 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the major source of hepatic lipocalin-2 (LCN2), which is up-regulated in response to inflammation, injury, or metabolic stress. So far, the role of hepatocyte-derived LCN2 in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown. Herein we show that overexpression of human LCN2 in hepatocytes protects against high fat/high cholesterol/high fructose (HFCF) diet-induced liver steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and inhibiting de novo lipogenesis (DNL), lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis. LCN2 fails to reduce triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes lacking sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. In contrast, Lcn2-/- mice have defective lipolysis, increased lipid peroxidation and apoptosis, and exacerbated NAFLD after being fed an HFCF diet. In primary hepatocytes, Lcn2 deficiency stimulates de novo lipogenesis but inhibits FAO. Conclusion: The current study indicates that hepatocyte LCN2 protects against diet-induced NAFLD by regulating lipolysis, FAO, DNL, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis. Targeting hepatocyte LCN2 may be useful for treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Kavita Jadhav
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Huihui Sun
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMN
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
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23
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Perilipin 5 and Lipocalin 2 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030385. [PMID: 30893876 PMCID: PMC6468921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers worldwide. Therefore, current global research focuses on molecular tools for early diagnosis of HCC, which can lead to effective treatment at an early stage. Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) has been studied as one of the main proteins of the perilipin family, whose role is to maintain lipid homeostasis by inhibiting lipolysis. In this study, we show for the first time that PLIN5 is strongly expressed in tumors of human patients with HCC as well as in mouse livers, in which HCC was genetically or experimentally induced by treatment with the genotoxic agent diethylnitrosamine. Moreover, the secreted acute phase glycoprotein Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) established as a biomarker of acute kidney injury, is also proven to indicate liver injury with upregulated expression in numerous cases of hepatic damage, including steatohepatitis. LCN2 has been studied in various cancers, and it has been assigned roles in multiple cellular processes such as the suppression of the invasion of HCC cells and their metastatic abilities. The presence of this protein in blood and urine, in combination with the presence of α-Fetoprotein (AFP), is hypothesized to serve as a biomarker of early stages of HCC. In the current study, we show in humans and mice that LCN2 is secreted into the serum from liver cancer tissue. We also show that AFP-positive hepatocytes represent the main source for the massive expression of LCN2 in tumoral tissue. Thus, the strong presence of PLIN5 and LCN2 in HCC and understanding their roles could establish them as markers for diagnosis or as treatment targets against HCC.
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Van de Leur E, Haas U, Weiskirchen R. Liver parenchymal cells lacking Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) are prone to endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response. Cell Signal 2019; 55:90-99. [PMID: 30615971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive mechanism allowing the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to react to an accumulation of unfolded proteins in its lumen, also known as ER stress. The UPR is interconnected with inflammation through several pathways such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production resulting from the protein folding or alternatively, activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) via IRE1, or induction of acute phase response (APR). Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is one of the APR proteins induced under inflammatory conditions and up-regulated during ER stress. Upon incubation of Lcn2-/- and wild type (wt) primary hepatocytes with tunicamycin (TM) or thapsigargin (TG) we found the Lcn2-/- hepatocytes to react with strong UPR to the ER stress, as evidenced by significantly increased levels of Grp94, Bip and Chop mRNA and protein compared to the wt. TM and TG-treated hepatocytes activated p65 NF-κB and JNK, the pathways that respond to stress stimuli and playing a central role in inflammation and apoptosis, respectively. ER stress further activated and cleaved full-length CREBH/CREB3L3, the hepatocyte specific transcription factor to induce systemic inflammatory responses. Upregulation of the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) was very prominent in Lcn2-/- hepatocytes and sustained until 48 h, resulting in hepatocyte apoptosis as evidenced by increased cleaved caspase 3. We also explored the UPR of the Lcn2 null mouse livers in acute intoxication and inflammation stages with a single application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The Lcn2 null mice clearly developed stronger UPR in LPS- and CCl4-induced ER stress compared to the wt. Our findings indicate that the upregulation of LCN2 during ER stress-induced inflammatory responses protects hepatocytes from being overwhelmed by UPR upon liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany.
| | - Eddy Van de Leur
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Ute Haas
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany.
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25
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Kozaczek M, Bottje W, Greene E, Lassiter K, Kong B, Dridi S, Korourian S, Hakkak R. Comparison of liver gene expression by RNAseq and PCR analysis after 8 weeks of feeding soy protein isolate- or casein-based diets in an obese liver steatosis rat model. Food Funct 2019; 10:8218-8229. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01387c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Differential expression of genes provides insight into fundamental mechanisms associated with the ability of soy protein isolate to attenuate liver steatosis in genetically obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Kozaczek
- Department of Poultry Science & The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science
- University of Arkansas
- Fayetteville
- USA
| | - Walter Bottje
- Department of Poultry Science & The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science
- University of Arkansas
- Fayetteville
- USA
| | - Elizabeth Greene
- Department of Poultry Science & The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science
- University of Arkansas
- Fayetteville
- USA
| | - Kentu Lassiter
- Department of Poultry Science & The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science
- University of Arkansas
- Fayetteville
- USA
| | - Byungwhi Kong
- Department of Poultry Science & The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science
- University of Arkansas
- Fayetteville
- USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science & The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science
- University of Arkansas
- Fayetteville
- USA
| | - Soheila Korourian
- Department of Pathology
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
- Little Rock
- USA
| | - Reza Hakkak
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
- Little Rock
- USA
- Department of Pediatrics
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26
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Ferreira AC, Sousa N, Bessa JM, Sousa JC, Marques F. Metabolism and adult neurogenesis: Towards an understanding of the role of lipocalin-2 and iron-related oxidative stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:73-84. [PMID: 30267731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The process of generating new functional neurons in the adult mammalian brain occurs from the local neural stem and progenitor cells and requires tight control of the progenitor cell's activity. Several signaling pathways and intrinsic/extrinsic factors have been well studied over the last years, but recent attention has been given to the critical role of cellular metabolism in determining the functional properties of progenitor cells. Here, we review recent advances in the current understanding of when and how metabolism affects neural stem cell (NSC) behavior and subsequent neuronal differentiation and highlight the role of lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a protein involved in the control of oxidative stress, as a recently emerged regulator of NSC activity and neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João M Bessa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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27
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Brocker CN, Patel DP, Velenosi TJ, Kim D, Yan T, Yue J, Li G, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ. Extrahepatic PPARα modulates fatty acid oxidation and attenuates fasting-induced hepatosteatosis in mice. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2140-2152. [PMID: 30158201 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m088419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARα (PPARA), expressed in most oxidative tissues, is a major regulator of lipid homeostasis; hepatic PPARA plays a critical role during the adaptive fasting response by promoting FA oxidation (FAO). To clarify whether extrahepatic PPARA activity can protect against lipid overload when hepatic PPARA is impaired, lipid accumulation was compared in WT (Ppara +/+), total body Ppara-null (Ppara -/-), and hepatocyte-specific Ppara-null (Ppara ΔHep) mice that were fasted for 24 h. Histologic staining indicated reduced lipid accumulation in Ppara ΔHep versus Ppara -/- mice, and biochemical analyses revealed diminished medium- and long-chain FA accumulation in Ppara ΔHep mouse livers. Hepatic PPARA target genes were suppressed in both mouse models. Serum FFAs increased in all genotypes after fasting but were highest in Ppara -/- mice. In Ppara ΔHep mice, FAO genes were increased in brown adipose tissue, heart, and muscle, and total lipase activity was elevated in the muscle and heart, suggesting increased lipid utilization. Thus, extrahepatic PPARA activity reduces systemic lipid load when hepatic lipid metabolism is impaired by elevating FAO and lipase activity in other tissues and, as a result, protects against fasting-induced hepatosteatosis. This has important clinical implications in disease states with impaired hepatic PPARA function, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad N Brocker
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daxesh P Patel
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas J Velenosi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jiang Yue
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Guolin Li
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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28
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Van de Leur E, Meurer SK, Buhl EM, Weiskirchen R. N-Glycosylation of Lipocalin 2 Is Not Required for Secretion or Exosome Targeting. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:426. [PMID: 29755357 PMCID: PMC5932398 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a highly conserved secreted adipokine acting as a serum transport protein for small hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids and steroids. In addition, LCN2 limits bacterial growth by sequestering iron-containing siderophores and further protects against intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis associated with alterations in the microbiota. Human LCN2 contains one N-glycosylation site conserved in other species. It was postulated that this post-translational modification could facilitate protein folding, protects from proteolysis, is required for proper trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface, and might be relevant for effective secretion. We here show that the homologous nucleoside antibiotic tunicamycin blocks N-linked glycosylation but not secretion of LCN2 in primary murine hepatocytes, derivatives thereof, human lung carcinoma cell line A549, and human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Moreover, both the glycosylated and the non-glycosylated LCN2 variants are equally targeted to exosomes, demonstrating that this post-translational modification is not necessary for proper trafficking of LCN2 into these membranous extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, a hydrophobic cluster analysis revealed that the N-glycosylation site is embedded in a highly hydrophobic evolutionarily conserved surrounding. In sum, our data indicate that the N-glycosylation of LCN2 is not required for proper secretion and exosome cargo recruitment in different cell types, but might be relevant to increase overall solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eddy Van de Leur
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen K Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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29
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van Breda SG, Claessen SM, van Herwijnen M, Theunissen DH, Jennen DG, de Kok TM, Kleinjans JC. Integrative omics data analyses of repeated dose toxicity of valproic acid in vitro reveal new mechanisms of steatosis induction. Toxicology 2018; 393:160-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Lambertz J, Berger T, Mak TW, van Helden J, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin-2 in Fructose-Induced Fatty Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2017; 8:964. [PMID: 29234288 PMCID: PMC5712346 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intake of excess dietary fructose most often leads to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fructose is metabolized mainly in the liver and its chronic consumption results in lipogenic gene expression in this organ. However, precisely how fructose is involved in NAFLD progression is still not fully understood, limiting therapy. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a small secreted transport protein that binds to fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids, retinol, and pheromones. LCN2 regulates lipid and energy metabolism in obesity and is upregulated in response to insulin. We previously discovered that LCN2 has a hepatoprotective effect during hepatic insult, and that its upregulation is a marker of liver damage and inflammation. To investigate if LCN2 has impact on the metabolism of fructose and thereby arising liver damage, we fed wild type and Lcn2−/− mice for 4 or 8 weeks on diets that were enriched in fructose either by adding this sugar to the drinking water (30% w/v), or by feeding a chow containing 60% (w/w) fructose. Body weight and daily intake of food and water of these mice was then measured. Fat content in liver sections was visualized using Oil Red O stain, and expression levels of genes involved in fat and sugar metabolism were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. We found that fructose-induced steatosis and liver damage was more prominent in female than in male mice, but that the most severe hepatic damage occurred in female mice lacking LCN2. Unexpectedly, consumption of elevated fructose did not induce de novo lipogenesis or fat accumulation. We conclude that LCN2 acts in a lipid-independent manner to protect the liver against fructose-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lambertz
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Berger
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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31
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Moschen AR, Adolph TE, Gerner RR, Wieser V, Tilg H. Lipocalin-2: A Master Mediator of Intestinal and Metabolic Inflammation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:388-397. [PMID: 28214071 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is released by various cell types and is an attractive biomarker of inflammation, ischemia, infection, and kidney damage. Both intestinal and metabolic inflammation, as observed in obesity and related disorders, are associated with increased LCN2 synthesis. While LCN2 in the intestinal tract regulates the composition of the gut microbiota and shows anti-inflammatory activities, it also exhibits proinflammatory activities in other experimental settings. In animal models of metabolic inflammation, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), increased LCN2 expression favors inflammation via the recruitment of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines. A better understanding of this crucial marker of innate immunity might pave the way for targeting this pathway in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Wieser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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32
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Asimakopoulou A, Fülöp A, Borkham-Kamphorst E, de Leur EV, Gassler N, Berger T, Beine B, Meyer HE, Mak TW, Hopf C, Henkel C, Weiskirchen R. Altered mitochondrial and peroxisomal integrity in lipocalin-2-deficient mice with hepatic steatosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2093-2110. [PMID: 28396286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a secreted adipokine that transports small hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids and steroids. LCN2 limits bacterial growth by sequestering iron-containing siderophores and in mammalian liver protects against inflammation, infection, injury and other stressors. Because LCN2 modulates hepatic fat metabolism and homeostasis, we performed a comparative profiling of proteins and lipids of wild type (WT) and Lcn2-deficient mice fed either standard chow or a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet. Label-free proteomics and 2D-DIGE protein expression profiling revealed differential expression of BRIT1/MCPH1, FABP5, HMGB1, HBB2, and L-FABP, results confirmed by Western blotting. Gene ontology enrichment analysis identified enrichment for genes associated with mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and metabolic processes involving carboxylic acid. Measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial chelatable iron pool, intracellular lipid peroxidation, and peroxisome numbers in primary hepatocytes confirmed that LCN2 regulates mitochondrial and peroxisomal integrity. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry imaging identified significant changes to sphingomyelins, triglycerides, and glycerophospholipids in livers of mice fed an MCD diet regardless of LCN2 status. However, two arachidonic acid-containing glycerophospholipids were increased in Lcn2-deficient livers. Thus, LCN2 influences peroxisomal and mitochondrial biology in the liver to maintain triglyceride balance, handle oxidative stress, and control apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Asimakopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annabelle Fülöp
- Applied Research Center in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Instrumental Analysis and Bioanalysis, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eddy Van de Leur
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Berger
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Birte Beine
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany; Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Helmut E Meyer
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tak W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Applied Research Center in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Instrumental Analysis and Bioanalysis, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Corinna Henkel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany; Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Elizabeth de Sousa Rodrigues M, Bekhbat M, Houser MC, Chang J, Walker DI, Jones DP, Oller do Nascimento CM, Barnum CJ, Tansey MG. Chronic psychological stress and high-fat high-fructose diet disrupt metabolic and inflammatory gene networks in the brain, liver, and gut and promote behavioral deficits in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:158-172. [PMID: 27592562 PMCID: PMC5154856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the association between chronic psychological stress, development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and behavioral impairment in obesity are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of mild chronic psychological stress on metabolic, inflammatory, and behavioral profiles in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. We hypothesized that (1) high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHF) and psychological stress would synergize to mediate the impact of inflammation on the central nervous system in the presence of behavioral dysfunction, and that (2) HFHF and stress interactions would impact insulin and lipid metabolism. C57Bl/6 male mice underwent a combination of HFHF and two weeks of chronic psychological stress. MetS-related conditions were assessed using untargeted plasma metabolomics, and structural and immune changes in the gut and liver were evaluated. Inflammation was measured in plasma, liver, gut, and brain. Our results show a complex interplay of diet and stress on gut alterations, energetic homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and plasma insulin levels. Psychological stress and HFHF diet promoted changes in intestinal tight junctions proteins and increases in insulin resistance and plasma cholesterol, and impacted the RNA expression of inflammatory factors in the hippocampus. Stress promoted an adaptive anti-inflammatory profile in the hippocampus that was abolished by diet treatment. HFHF increased hippocampal and hepatic Lcn2 mRNA expression as well as LCN2 plasma levels. Behavioral changes were associated with HFHF and stress. Collectively, these results suggest that diet and stress as pervasive factors exacerbate MetS-related conditions through an inflammatory mechanism that ultimately can impact behavior. This rodent model may prove useful for identification of possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets to treat metabolic syndrome and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elizabeth de Sousa Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States,Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Federal University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mandakh Bekhbat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States.
| | - Madelyn C. Houser
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States
| | - Jianjun Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States.
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States
| | | | | | - Malú G. Tansey
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States,Corresponding author at: Emory University School of Medicine, 605L Whitehead Biomedical Res. Bldg., 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322-3110, United States
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34
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Ye D, Yang K, Zang S, Lin Z, Chau HT, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shi J, Xu A, Lin S, Wang Y. Lipocalin-2 mediates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by promoting neutrophil-macrophage crosstalk via the induction of CXCR2. J Hepatol 2016; 65:988-997. [PMID: 27266617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver is a hallmark of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the pathological events which trigger the infiltration of inflammatory cells to mediate NASH pathogenesis remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the role of neutrophil-derived lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in mediating the transition from simple steatosis to NASH. METHODS Animal models of NASH were induced by high fat high cholesterol (HFHC) diet and methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet in LCN2 knockout mice and wild-type controls. RESULTS Circulating levels of LCN2 and its hepatic expression were markedly increased in both murine models and human subjects with NASH, and these changes were associated with increased infiltration of neutrophils. In diet-induced NASH models, hepatic injury, necroinflammation and infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages were substantially attenuated by genetic depletion of LCN2. In contrast, chronic infusion of recombinant LCN2 exacerbated diet-induced liver injury, inflammation and macrophage accumulation in a neutrophil-dependent manner. Primary mouse neutrophils lacking LCN2 exhibited a defective migration capacity, which can be reversed by replenishment with recombinant LCN2. Mechanistically, LCN2 induced the expression of the chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2), thereby leading to activation of ERK1/2 and production of proinflammatory chemokines. LCN2-induced inflammation, infiltration of macrophages and liver injury was abrogated in CXCR2-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that LCN2 acts as a central mediator to facilitate the crosstalk between neutrophils and hepatic macrophages via induction of the chemokine receptor CXCR2, thereby exacerbating steatohepatitis. LAY SUMMARY Lipocalin-2 levels in blood and the liver were markedly increased in both mouse models and human subjects with NASH, and these changes were associated with increased infiltration of neutrophils in the liver. In diet-induced NASH models, hepatic injury, necroinflammation and infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages were substantially attenuated by genetic depletion of lipocalin-2, but was augmented by chronic infusion of recombinant lipocalin-2. Lipocalin-2 induced the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR2, thereby leading to activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK1/2 and production of proinflammatory chemokines. Lipocalin-2-induced inflammation, infiltration of macrophages and liver injury was abrogated in CXCR2-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Ye
- Joint Institute of Metabolic Medicine between State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong and Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kangmin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shufei Zang
- Department of Liver Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuofeng Lin
- Joint Institute of Metabolic Medicine between State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong and Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hau-Tak Chau
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Liver Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Joint Institute of Metabolic Medicine between State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong and Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shaoqiang Lin
- Joint Institute of Metabolic Medicine between State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong and Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Joint Institute of Metabolic Medicine between State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong and Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Asimakopoulou A, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) Expression in Hepatic Malfunction and Therapy. Front Physiol 2016; 7:430. [PMID: 27729871 PMCID: PMC5037186 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted protein that belongs to the Lipocalins, a group of transporters of small lipophilic molecules such as steroids, lipopolysaccharides, iron, and fatty acids in circulation. Two decades after its discovery and after a high variety of published findings, LCN2's altered expression has been assigned to critical roles in several pathological organ conditions, including liver injury and steatosis, renal damage, brain injury, cardiomyopathies, muscle-skeletal disorders, lung infection, and cancer in several organs. The significance of this 25-kDa lipocalin molecule has been impressively increased during the last years. Data from several studies indicate the role of LCN2 in physiological conditions as well as in response to cellular stress and injury. LCN2 in the liver shows a protective role in acute and chronic injury models where its expression is highly elevated. Moreover, LCN2 expression is being considered as a potential strong biomarker for pathological conditions, including rheumatic diseases, cancer in human organs, hepatic steatosis, hepatic damage, and inflammation. In this review, we summarize experimental and clinical findings linking LCN2 to the pathogenesis of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Asimakopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
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Meier EM, Pohl R, Rein-Fischboeck L, Schacherer D, Eisinger K, Wiest R, Krautbauer S, Buechler C. Circulating lipocalin 2 is neither related to liver steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease nor to residual liver function in cirrhosis. Cytokine 2016; 85:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Caloric restriction of db/db mice reverts hepatic steatosis and body weight with divergent hepatic metabolism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30111. [PMID: 27439777 PMCID: PMC4954985 DOI: 10.1038/srep30111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent causes of liver disease and its prevalence is a serious and growing clinical problem. Caloric restriction (CR) is commonly recommended for improvement of obesity-related diseases such as NAFLD. However, the effects of CR on hepatic metabolism remain unknown. We investigated the effects of CR on metabolic dysfunction in the liver of obese diabetic db/db mice. We found that CR of db/db mice reverted insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, body weight and adiposity to those of db/m mice. 1H-NMR- and UPLC-QTOF-MS-based metabolite profiling data showed significant metabolic alterations related to lipogenesis, ketogenesis, and inflammation in db/db mice. Moreover, western blot analysis showed that lipogenesis pathway enzymes in the liver of db/db mice were reduced by CR. In addition, CR reversed ketogenesis pathway enzymes and the enhanced autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, collagen deposition and endoplasmic reticulum stress in db/db mice. In particular, hepatic inflammation-related proteins including lipocalin-2 in db/db mice were attenuated by CR. Hepatic metabolomic studies yielded multiple pathological mechanisms of NAFLD. Also, these findings showed that CR has a therapeutic effect by attenuating the deleterious effects of obesity and diabetes-induced multiple complications.
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Cai Y, Jogasuria A, Yin H, Xu MJ, Hu X, Wang J, Kim C, Wu J, Lee K, Gao B, You M. The Detrimental Role Played by Lipocalin-2 in Alcoholic Fatty Liver in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2417-28. [PMID: 27427417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the ethanol-mediated elevation of lipocaline-2 (LCN2) is closely associated with the development of alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) in mice. Herein, we aimed to understand the functional significance of LCN2 induction by ethanol and to explore its underlying mechanisms. We evaluated the effects of LCN2 in an in vitro cellular alcoholic steatosis model and in an animal study using wild-type and LCN2 knockout mice fed for 4 weeks with an ethanol-supplemented Lieber-DeCarli diet. In the cellular model of alcoholic steatosis, recombinant LCN2 or overexpression of LCN2 exacerbated ethanol-induced fat accumulation, whereas knocking down LCN2 prevented steatosis in hepatocytes exposed to ethanol. Consistently, removal of LCN2 partially but significantly alleviated alcoholic fatty liver injury in mice. Mechanistically, LCN2 mediates detrimental effects of ethanol in the liver via disrupted multiple signaling pathways, including aberrant nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase-sirtuin 1 axis, perturbed endocrine metabolic regulatory fibroblast growth factor 15/19 signaling, and impaired chaperone-mediated autophagy. Finally, compared with healthy human livers, liver samples from patients with AFLD had lower gene expression of several LCN2-regualted molecules. Our study demonstrated a pivotal and causal role of LCN2 in the development of AFLD and suggested that targeting the LCN2 could be of great value for the treatment of human AFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alvin Jogasuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Huquan Yin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Health Sciences Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ming-Jiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xudong Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio; Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayou Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio; Department of Anatomy, School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunki Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Jiashin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Kwangwon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Min You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio.
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Wieser V, Tymoszuk P, Adolph TE, Grander C, Grabherr F, Enrich B, Pfister A, Lichtmanegger L, Gerner R, Drach M, Moser P, Zoller H, Weiss G, Moschen AR, Theurl I, Tilg H. Lipocalin 2 drives neutrophilic inflammation in alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2016; 64:872-80. [PMID: 26682726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) is characterised by neutrophil infiltration that contributes to hepatic injury and disease. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) was originally identified as siderophore binding peptide in neutrophils, which exerted tissue protective effects in several disease models. Here we investigate the role of LCN2 in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver injury. METHODS We compared hepatic LCN2 expression in ASH patients, alcoholic cirrhosis patients without evidence of ASH and patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; i.e. simple steatosis). To mechanistically dissect LCN2 function in alcohol-induced liver injury, we subjected wild-type (WT) and Lcn2-deficient (Lcn2(-/-)) mice to the Lieber-DeCarli diet containing 5% ethanol (EtOH) or isocaloric maltose. Adoptive transfer experiments were performed to track neutrophil migration. Furthermore, we tested the effect of antibody-mediated LCN2 neutralisation in an acute model of ethanol-induced hepatic injury. RESULTS Patients with ASH exhibited increased hepatic LCN2 immunoreactivity compared to patients with alcoholic cirrhosis or simple steatosis, which mainly localised to neutrophils. Similarly, ethanol-fed mice exhibited increased LCN2 expression that mainly localised to leukocytes and especially neutrophils. Lcn2(-/-) mice were protected from alcoholic liver disease (ALD) as demonstrated by reduced neutrophil infiltration, liver injury and hepatic steatosis compared to WT controls. Adoptive transfers revealed that neutrophil-derived LCN2 critically determines hepatic neutrophil immigration and persistence during chronic alcohol exposure. Antibody-mediated neutralisation of LCN2 protected from hepatic injury and neutrophilic infiltration after acute alcohol challenge. CONCLUSIONS LCN2 drives ethanol-induced neutrophilic inflammation and propagates the development of ALD. Despite a critical role for LCN2 in immunity and infection, pharmacological neutralisation of LCN2 might be of promise in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Wieser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology & Pneumology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon Erik Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Grabherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Enrich
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Pfister
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Lichtmanegger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana Gerner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Drach
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Moser
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology & Pneumology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Rupert Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology & Pneumology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
Metabolic liver injury is one of the fastest growing health problems worldwide. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty livers have been shown to be associated with progression to end-stage liver diseases, as well as to liver cancers, in humans. More importantly, there are no validated therapies for these disorders, therefore intensive research is required in this area. This review of standard operation procedures focuses on the experimental models of fatty liver disease in the mouse. Firstly, use of these experimental models might improve understanding of underlying mechanisms, and secondly this might help to test potential therapeutic options. This article includes, besides a short historic background, an insight into the pathobiochemical mechanisms and detailed experimental procedures as well as the practical implementation of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramadori
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Streetz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Berry intake changes hepatic gene expression and DNA methylation patterns associated with high-fat diet. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 27:79-95. [PMID: 26423886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a critical organ for regulation of energy homeostasis and fatty liver disease is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance. We have previously found that lingonberries, blackcurrants and bilberries prevent, whereas açai berries exacerbate, the development of hepatic steatosis and obesity in the high-fat (HF)-fed C57BL/6J mouse model. In this follow-up study, we investigated the mechanisms behind these effects. Genome-wide hepatic gene expression profiling indicates that the protective effects of lingonberries and bilberries are accounted for by several-fold downregulation of genes involved in acute-phase and inflammatory pathways (e.g. Saa1, Cxcl1, Lcn2). In contrast, açai-fed mice exhibit marked upregulation of genes associated with steatosis (e.g. Cfd, Cidea, Crat) and lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis, which is in line with the exacerbation of HF-induced hepatic steatosis in these mice. In silico transcription factor analysis together with immunoblot analysis identified NF-κB, STAT3 and mTOR as upstream regulators involved in mediating the observed transcriptional effects. To gain further insight into mechanisms involved in the gene expression changes, the HELP-tagging assay was used to identify differentially methylated CpG sites. Compared to the HF control group, lingonberries induced genome-wide hypermethylation and specific hypermethylation of Ncor2, encoding the corepressor NCoR/SMRT implicated in the regulation of pathways of metabolic homeostasis and inflammation. We conclude that the beneficial metabolic effects of lingonberries and bilberries are associated with downregulation of inflammatory pathways, whereas for blackcurrants, exerting similar metabolic effects, different mechanisms of action appear to dominate. NF-κB, STAT3 and mTOR are potential targets of the health-promoting effects of berries.
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Jiang Z, Zhou J, Zhou D, Zhu Z, Sun L, Nanji AA. The adiponectin-SIRT1-AMPK pathway in alcoholic fatty liver disease in the rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:424-33. [PMID: 25703252 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous work showed that binge drinking in the rat induced hepatic steatosis which correlated with reduced expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In this study, we used the rat model to investigate the role of adiponectin (Adip), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), AMPK, and lipin 1 (LIP 1) signaling, a central controlling pathway of lipid metabolism in hepatic steatosis. METHODS The serum Adip and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as well as liver Adip receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) SIRT1, AMPK, phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), LIP 1, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and serum amyloid A1 were assessed in the rat model where 16 weeks of gavaged alcohol were administered. RESULTS In this model of ethanol (EtOH) administration, hepatic steatosis, necrosis, as well as inflammation were increased over the 16-week period. The level of TNF-α in the serum was increased while the Adip content decreased significantly, and there was an inverse relationship between the content of TNF-α and Adip. The mRNA and protein expression of AdipoR2, SIRT1, and AMPK was suppressed by EtOH in the rats' hepatic tissue. Additionally, EtOH significantly decreased p-AMPK by 90% over the 16-week period. In parallel, there was a 2.53- and 1.82-fold increase of lipogenic genes SREBP1c and ACC, and a 3.22- and 4.12-fold increase of LIP 1 and LIP 1 β mRNA expression, respectively, in the hepatic tissue of the rats. CONCLUSIONS Our present observations demonstrate that the impaired Adip-SIRT1-AMPK signaling pathway contributes, at least in part, to the development of alcoholic fatty liver disease in EtOH binge rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiAn Jiang
- Department of Infectious Disease , Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Asimakopoulou A, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin 2 in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.14.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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