1
|
Meng F, Khoso MH, Kang K, He Q, Cao Y, Jiang X, Xiao W, Li D. FGF21 ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by multiple mechanisms. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7153-7163. [PMID: 34536190 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous study reports that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) could ameliorate hepatic fibrosis, but its mechanisms have not been fully investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, three models were used to investigate the mechanism by which FGF21 alleviates liver fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis animal models were respectively induced by CCL4 and dimethylnitrosamine. Our results demonstrated that liver index and liver function were deteriorated in both models. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's staining showed that the damaged tissue architectonics were observed in the mice of both models. Treatment with FGF21 significantly ameliorated these changes. ELISA analysis showed that the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly elevated in both models. However, administration of FGF21 significantly reduced these inflammatory cytokines. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that treatment with FGF21 significantly decreased mRNA and protein expressions of collagenI, α-SMA and TGF-β. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) stimulant was used to establish the experimental cell model in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of collagenI and α-SMA were significantly upregulated by this stimulant in model group. Interestingly, our results showed that mRNA and protein expressions of leptin were also significantly induced in PDGF-BB treated HSCs. Administration of FGF21 significantly reduced leptin expression in a dose dependent manner and these effects were reversed in siRNA (against β-klotho) transfected HSCs. Furthermore, the leptin signaling pathways related protein p-ERK/t-ERK, p-STAT3/STAT3 and TGF-β were significantly downregulated by FGF21 treatment in a dose dependent manner. The expressions of SOCS3 and Nrf-2 were enhanced by treatment with FGF21. The underlying mechanism may be that FGF21 regulates leptin-STAT3 axis via Nrf-2 and SOCS3 pathway in activated HSCs. CONCLUSIONS FGF21 ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by multiple mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanrui Meng
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mir Hassan Khoso
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana, Pakistan
| | - Kai Kang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi He
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yukai Cao
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical CO. LTD, Jiangsu, Lianyungang, State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu, 220000, China.
| | - Deshan Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Borkham-Kamphorst E, Haas U, Van de Leur E, Trevanich A, Weiskirchen R. Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride Applications Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis in Lipocalin 2 Null Mice Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155230. [PMID: 32718038 PMCID: PMC7432394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of Lipocalin (LCN2) provokes overwhelming endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses in vitro and in acute toxic liver injury models, resulting in hepatocyte apoptosis. LCN2 is an acute phase protein produced in hepatocytes in response to acute liver injuries. In line with these findings we investigated ER stress responses of Lcn2−/− mice in chronic ER stress using a long-term repetitive carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection model. We found chronic CCl4 application to enhance ER stress and unfolded protein responses (UPR), including phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), increased expression of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94). IRE1α/TRAF2/JNK signaling enhanced mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, and showed slightly higher in Lcn2−/− mice compared to the wild type counterparts, leading to increased hepatocyte apoptosis well evidenced by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Hepatocyte injuries were confirmed by significant high serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in CCl4-treated Lcn2−/− mice. Lcn2−/− mice furthermore developed mild hepatic steatosis, supporting our finding that ER stress promotes lipogenesis. In a previous report we demonstrated that the pharmacological agent tunicamycin (TM) induced ER stress through altered protein glycosylation and induced high amounts of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), resulting in hepatocyte apoptosis. We compared TM-induced ER stress in wild type, Lcn2−/−, and Chop null (Chop−/−) primary hepatocytes and found Chop−/− hepatocytes to attenuate ER stress responses and resist ER stress-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through canonical eIF2α/GADD34 signaling, inhibiting protein synthesis. Unexpectedly, in later stages of TM incubation, Chop−/− hepatocytes resumed activation of IRE1α/JNK/c-Jun and p38/ATF2 signaling, leading to late hepatocyte apoptosis. This interesting observation indicates Chop−/− mice to be unable to absolutely prevent all types of liver injury, while LCN2 protects the hepatocytes by maintaining homeostasis under ER stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.-K.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-241-80-88684 (E.B.-K.); +49-241-80-88683 (R.W.)
| | - Ute Haas
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
| | - Eddy Van de Leur
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
| | - Anothai Trevanich
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.-K.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-241-80-88684 (E.B.-K.); +49-241-80-88683 (R.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chale-Dzul J, Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca R, Quintal-Novelo C, Olivera-Castillo L, Moo-Puc R. Hepatoprotective effect of a fucoidan extract from Sargassum fluitans Borgesen against CCl 4-induced toxicity in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:500-509. [PMID: 31874267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo antifibrotic effect of a fucoidan extract (FE) from Sargassum fluitans Borgesen was evaluated in a carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage model in rats over twelve weeks. Chemical analysis showed the FE to contain carbohydrates, sulfates, uronic acids, protein, phenols, and to have a molecular weight of ~60 kDa. Physiological, biochemical, histological and genetic assays were done. Daily oral administration of FE (50 mg/kg) reduced liver enzymatic activity, liver infiltration of inflammatory cells, collagen fiber deposition and gene expression cytokines such as interleukin beta 1 (IL-β1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), Smad-3, Smad-2, collagen 1 alpha 1 (col1α1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1). It also increased RNA expression of Smad-7 and metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9). The fucoidan extract exhibited an antifibrotic effect mediated by the inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad pathway, as well as anti-inflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chale-Dzul
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Hospital de Especialidades 1, Centro Médico Nacional Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, C 41 No. 439 x 32 y 34, Col. Industrial, 97150 Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Quintal-Novelo
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, C. 41, No. 439, Col. Industrial, 97150 Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Leticia Olivera-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua Progreso Km. 6, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rosa Moo-Puc
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, C 41 No. 439 x 32 y 34, Col. Industrial, 97150 Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X, Song S, Xu M, Hua Y, Ding Y, Shan X, Meng G, Wang Y. Sirtuin3 deficiency exacerbates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 33:e22249. [PMID: 30368983 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) plays an important role in maintaining normal mitochondrial function and alleviating oxidative stress. After carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) administration, the expression of SIRT3 decreased in the liver of mice, which indicated that the SIRT3 might play a crucial role during chemical-induced acute hepatic injury. To verify the hypothesis, CCl 4 was given to induce acute hepatic injury in SIRT3 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. CCl 4 -induced liver injury was more severe in SIRT3 KO mice compared with the WT mice. In addition, the oxidative stress induced by CCl 4 was enhanced in the SIRT3 KO mice. Furthermore, the increased expression of dynamin-related protein 1 was also aggravated in SIRT3 KO mice after CCl 4 administration. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that SIRT3 deficiency exacerbated CCl 4 -induced impairment of the liver in mice, and the mechanism might be related to enhanced oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengting Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyun Hua
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoliang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Ge C, Zhou J, Guo Y, Cui S, Huang N, Yan T, Cao L, Che Y, Zheng Q, Zheng X, Gonzalez FJ, Wang G, Hao H. Noncanonical farnesoid X receptor signaling inhibits apoptosis and impedes liver fibrosis. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:322-333. [PMID: 30337250 PMCID: PMC6286639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte is particularly vulnerable to apoptosis, a hallmark of many liver diseases. Although pro-apoptotic mechanisms have been extensively explored, less is known about the hepatocyte-specific anti-apoptotic molecular events and it lacks effective approach to combat hepatocyte apoptosis. We investigated the anti-apoptotic effect and mechanism of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and strategies of how to target FXR for inhibiting apoptosis implicated in liver fibrosis. Methods Sensitivity to apoptosis was compared between wild type and Fxr−/− mice and in cultured cells. Cell-based and cell-free assays were employed to identify the binding protein of FXR and to uncover the mechanism of its anti-apoptotic effect. Overexpression of FXR by adenovirus-FXR was employed to determine its anti-fibrotic effect in CCl4-treated mice. Specimens from fibrotic patients were collected to validate the relevance of FXR on apoptosis/fibrosis. Findings FXR deficiency sensitizes hepatocytes to death receptors (DRs)-engaged apoptosis. FXR overexpression, but not FXR ligands, inhibits apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Apoptotic stimuli lead to drastic reduction of FXR protein levels, a prerequisite for DRs-engaged apoptosis. Mechanistically, FXR interacts with caspase 8 (CASP8) in the cytoplasm, thus preventing the formation of death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and activation of CASP8. Adenovirus-FXR transfection impedes liver fibrosis in CCl4-treated mice. Specimens from fibrotic patients are characterized with reduced FXR expression and compromised FXR/CASP8 colocalization. Interpretation FXR represents an intrinsic apoptosis inhibitor in hepatocytes and can be targeted via restoring its expression or strengthening FXR/CASP8 interaction for inhibiting hepatocytes apoptosis in liver fibrosis. Fund National Natural Science Foundation of China. FXR physically interacts with CASP8 in cytoplasm. FXR inhibits death receptors-engaged apoptosis independent of transactivation. Reduction of cytosolic FXR is a prerequisite initiating apoptosis cascade. Forced overexpression of FXR impedes liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chaoliang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jiyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yitong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ningning Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Müller A, Hochrath K, Stroeder J, Hittatiya K, Schneider G, Lammert F, Buecker A, Fries P. Effects of Liver Fibrosis Progression on Tissue Relaxation Times in Different Mouse Models Assessed by Ultrahigh Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:8720367. [PMID: 28194423 PMCID: PMC5286538 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8720367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, clinical studies demonstrated that magnetic resonance relaxometry with determination of relaxation times T1 and T2⁎ may aid in staging and management of liver fibrosis in patients suffering from viral hepatitis and steatohepatitis. In the present study we investigated T1 and T2⁎ in different models of liver fibrosis to compare alternate pathophysiologies in their effects on relaxation times and to further develop noninvasive quantification methods of liver fibrosis. MRI was performed with a fast spin echo sequence for measurement of T1 and a multigradient echo sequence for determination of T2⁎. Toxic liver fibrosis was induced by injections of carbon tetrachloride (1.4 mL CCl4 per kg bodyweight and week, for 3 or 6 weeks) in BALB/cJ mice. Chronic sclerosing cholangitis was mimicked using the ATP-binding cassette transporter B4 knockout (Abcb4 -/-) mouse model. Untreated BALB/cJ mice served as controls. To assess hepatic fibrosis, we ascertained collagen contents and fibrosis scores after Sirius red staining. T1 and T2⁎ correlate differently to disease severity and etiology of liver fibrosis. T2⁎ shows significant decrease correlating with fibrosis in CCl4 treated animals, while demonstrating significant increase with disease severity in Abcb4 -/- mice. Measurements of T1 and T2⁎ may therefore facilitate discrimination between different stages and causes of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Bdg. 50.1, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Hochrath
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University, Saarland University Medical Center, Bdg. 77, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Stroeder
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Bdg. 50.1, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Kanishka Hittatiya
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bdg. 62, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Günther Schneider
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Bdg. 50.1, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University, Saarland University Medical Center, Bdg. 77, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Arno Buecker
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Bdg. 50.1, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Peter Fries
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Bdg. 50.1, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alonso-Merino E, Martín Orozco R, Ruíz-Llorente L, Martínez-Iglesias OA, Velasco-Martín JP, Montero-Pedrazuela A, Fanjul-Rodríguez L, Contreras-Jurado C, Regadera J, Aranda A. Thyroid hormones inhibit TGF-β signaling and attenuate fibrotic responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3451-60. [PMID: 27247403 PMCID: PMC4914168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506113113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β, the most potent profibrogenic factor, acts by activating SMAD (mothers against decapentaplegic) transcription factors, which bind to SMAD-binding elements in target genes. Here, we show that the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3), through binding to its nuclear receptors (TRs), is able to antagonize transcriptional activation by TGF-β/SMAD. This antagonism involves reduced phosphorylation of SMADs and a direct interaction of the receptors with SMAD3 and SMAD4 that is independent of T3-mediated transcriptional activity but requires residues in the receptor DNA binding domain. T3 reduces occupancy of SMAD-binding elements in response to TGF-β, reducing histone acetylation and inhibiting transcription. In agreement with this transcriptional cross-talk, T3 is able to antagonize fibrotic processes in vivo. Liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride is attenuated by thyroid hormone administration to mice, whereas aged TR knockout mice spontaneously accumulate collagen. Furthermore, skin fibrosis induced by bleomycin administration is also reduced by the thyroid hormones. These findings define an important function of the thyroid hormone receptors and suggest TR ligands could have beneficial effects to block the progression of fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Alonso-Merino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Martín Orozco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruíz-Llorente
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia A Martínez-Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Velasco-Martín
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Fanjul-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Contreras-Jurado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Regadera
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Aranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affò S, Rodrigo-Torres D, Blaya D, Morales-Ibanez O, Coll M, Millán C, Altamirano J, Arroyo V, Caballería J, Bataller R, Ginès P, Sancho-Bru P. Chemokine Receptor Ccr6 Deficiency Alters Hepatic Inflammatory Cell Recruitment and Promotes Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145147. [PMID: 26691857 PMCID: PMC4687007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases are characterized by a sustained inflammatory response in which chemokines and chemokine-receptors orchestrate inflammatory cell recruitment. In this study we investigated the role of the chemokine receptor CCR6 in acute and chronic liver injury. In the absence of liver injury Ccr6-/- mice presented a higher number of hepatic macrophages and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and M1 markers Tnf-α, Il6 and Mcp1. Inflammation and cell recruitment were increased after carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in Ccr6-/- mice. Moreover, chronic liver injury by carbon tetrachloride in Ccr6-/- mice was associated with enhanced inflammation and fibrosis, altered macrophage recruitment, enhanced CD4+ cells and a reduction in Th17 (CD4+IL17+) and mature dendritic (MHCII+CD11c+) cells recruitment. Clodronate depletion of macrophages in Ccr6-/- mice resulted in a reduction of hepatic pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic markers in the absence and after liver injury. Finally, increased CCR6 hepatic expression in patients with alcoholic hepatitis was found to correlate with liver expression of CCL20 and severity of liver disease. In conclusion, CCR6 deficiency affects hepatic inflammatory cell recruitment resulting in the promotion of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Affò
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Delia Blaya
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Morales-Ibanez
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Coll
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Millán
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Altamirano
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Caballería
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pere Ginès
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) play a key role in liver injury and fibrosis. Previous studies demonstrated that GKT137831, a dual NOX1/4 inhibitor, attenuated liver fibrosis in mice as well as pro-fibrotic genes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as well as hepatocyte apoptosis. The effect of NOX1 and NOX4 deficiency in liver fibrosis is unclear, and has never been directly compared. HSCs are the primary myofibroblasts in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Therefore, we aimed to determine the role of NOX1 and NOX4 in liver fibrosis, and investigated whether NOX1 and NOX4 signaling mediates liver fibrosis by regulating HSC activation. Mice were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce liver fibrosis. Deficiency of either NOX1 or NOX4 attenuates liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis after CCl4 compared to wild-type mice. NOX1 or NOX4 deficiency reduced lipid peroxidation and ROS production in mice with liver fibrosis. NOX1 and NOX4 deficiency are approximately equally effective in preventing liver injury in the mice. The NOX1/4 dual inhibitor GKT137831 suppressed ROS production as well as inflammatory and proliferative genes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), or sonic hedgehog (Shh) in primary mouse HSCs. Furthermore, the mRNAs of proliferative and pro-fibrotic genes were downregulated in NOX1 and NOX4 knock-out activated HSCs (cultured on plastic for 5 days). Finally, NOX1 and NOX4 protein levels were increased in human livers with cirrhosis compared with normal controls. Thus, NOX1 and NOX4 signaling mediates the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, including the direct activation of HSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nishikawa T, Bell A, Brooks JM, Setoyama K, Melis M, Han B, Fukumitsu K, Handa K, Tian J, Kaestner KH, Vodovotz Y, Locker J, Soto-Gutierrez A, Fox IJ. Resetting the transcription factor network reverses terminal chronic hepatic failure. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1533-44. [PMID: 25774505 DOI: 10.1172/jci73137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of organ failure is enigmatic for many degenerative diseases, including end-stage liver disease. Here, using a CCl4-induced rat model of irreversible and fatal hepatic failure, which also exhibits terminal changes in the extracellular matrix, we demonstrated that chronic injury stably reprograms the critical balance of transcription factors and that diseased and dedifferentiated cells can be returned to normal function by re-expression of critical transcription factors, a process similar to the type of reprogramming that induces somatic cells to become pluripotent or to change their cell lineage. Forced re-expression of the transcription factor HNF4α induced expression of the other hepatocyte-expressed transcription factors; restored functionality in terminally diseased hepatocytes isolated from CCl4-treated rats; and rapidly reversed fatal liver failure in CCl4-treated animals by restoring diseased hepatocytes rather than replacing them with new hepatocytes or stem cells. Together, the results of our study indicate that disruption of the transcription factor network and cellular dedifferentiation likely mediate terminal liver failure and suggest reinstatement of this network has therapeutic potential for correcting organ failure without cell replacement.
Collapse
|
11
|
Park WJ, Park JW, Erez-Roman R, Kogot-Levin A, Bame JR, Tirosh B, Saada A, Merrill AH, Pewzner-Jung Y, Futerman AH. Protection of a ceramide synthase 2 null mouse from drug-induced liver injury: role of gap junction dysfunction and connexin 32 mislocalization. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30904-16. [PMID: 24019516 PMCID: PMC3829405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Very long chain (C22-C24) ceramides are synthesized by ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2). A CerS2 null mouse displays hepatopathy because of depletion of C22-C24 ceramides, elevation of C16-ceramide, and/or elevation of sphinganine. Unexpectedly, CerS2 null mice were resistant to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Although there were a number of biochemical changes in the liver, such as increased levels of glutathione and multiple drug-resistant protein 4, these effects are unlikely to account for the lack of acetaminophen toxicity. A number of other hepatotoxic agents, such as d-galactosamine, CCl4, and thioacetamide, were also ineffective in inducing liver damage. All of these drugs and chemicals require connexin (Cx) 32, a key gap junction protein, to induce hepatotoxicity. Cx32 was mislocalized to an intracellular location in hepatocytes from CerS2 null mice, which resulted in accelerated rates of its lysosomal degradation. This mislocalization resulted from the altered membrane properties of the CerS2 null mice, which was exemplified by the disruption of detergent-resistant membranes. The lack of acetaminophen toxicity and Cx32 mislocalization were reversed upon infection with recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing CerS2. We establish that Gap junction function is compromised upon altering the sphingolipid acyl chain length composition, which is of relevance for understanding the regulation of drug-induced liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jae Park
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, South Korea
| | - Joo-Won Park
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, South Korea
| | - Racheli Erez-Roman
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Aviram Kogot-Levin
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- the Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah, and Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Jessica R. Bame
- the School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel, and
| | - Ann Saada
- the Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah, and Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Alfred H. Merrill
- the School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230
| | - Yael Pewzner-Jung
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anthony H. Futerman
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kadl A, Sharma PR, Chen W, Agrawal R, Meher AK, Rudraiah S, Grubbs N, Sharma R, Leitinger N. Oxidized phospholipid-induced inflammation is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1903-9. [PMID: 21925592 PMCID: PMC3197756 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative tissue damage is a hallmark of many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the precise mechanisms linking oxidative changes to inflammatory reactions remain unclear. Herein we show that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) translates oxidative tissue damage into inflammatory responses by mediating the effects of oxidized phospholipids. Intraperitoneal injection of oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-3-glycerophosphorylcholine (OxPAPC) resulted in upregulation of inflammatory genes in wild-type, but not in TLR2(-/-) mice. In vitro, OxPAPC induced TLR2 (but not TLR4)-dependent inflammatory gene expression and JNK and p38 signaling in macrophages. Induction of TLR2-dependent gene expression required reducible functional groups on sn-2 acyl chains of oxidized phospholipids, as well as serum cofactors. Finally, TLR2(-/-) mice were protected against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative tissue damage and inflammation, which was accompanied by accumulation of oxidized phospholipids in livers. Together, our findings demonstrate that TLR2 mediates cellular responses to oxidative tissue damage and they provide new insights into how oxidative stress is linked to acute and chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kadl
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Poonam R. Sharma
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Wenshu Chen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rachana Agrawal
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Akshaya K. Meher
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Nathaniel Grubbs
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elsharkawy AM, Oakley F, Lin F, Packham G, Mann DA, Mann J. The NF-kappaB p50:p50:HDAC-1 repressor complex orchestrates transcriptional inhibition of multiple pro-inflammatory genes. J Hepatol 2010; 53:519-27. [PMID: 20579762 PMCID: PMC3098379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pro-inflammatory functions of NF-kappaB must be tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate tissue damage and remodelling caused by activated inflammatory and wound-healing cells. The p50 subunit of NF-kappaB is emerging as an important repressor of immune and inflammatory responses, but by mechanisms that are poorly defined. This study aims to delineate p50 target genes in activated hepatic stellate cells and to outline mechanisms utilised in their repression. METHODS Hepatic stellate cells were isolated from nfkb1(p50)-deficient or Wt mice and gene expression compared using microarray. Target genes were verified by qRT-PCR and p50-mediated HDAC-1 recruitment to the target genes demonstrated using chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We identify p50 as transcriptional repressor of multiple pro-inflammatory genes including Ccl2, Cxcl10, Gm-csf, and Mmp-13. These genes are over-expressed in nfkb1(p50)-deficient mice suffering from chronic hepatitis and in fibrogenic/inflammatory hepatic stellate cells isolated from nfkb1(-/-) liver. We identify Mmp-13 as a bona-fide target gene for p50 and demonstrate that p50 is required for recruitment of the transcriptional repressor histone deacetylase (HDAC)-1 to kappaB sites in the Mmp-13 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitations identified binding of HDAC-1 to specific regulatory regions of the Ccl2, Cxcl10, Gm-csf genes that contain predicted kappaB binding motifs. Recruitment of HDAC-1 to these genes was not observed in nfkb1(-/-) cells suggesting a requirement for p50 in a manner similar to that described for Mmp-13. CONCLUSIONS Recruitment of HDAC-1 to inflammatory genes provides a widespread mechanism to explain the immunosuppressive properties of p50.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Elsharkawy
- Liver Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Liver Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Feng Lin
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Derek A. Mann
- Liver Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jelena Mann
- Liver Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Corresponding author. Address: Liver Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. Tel.: +44 191 222 5548; fax: +44 191 222 5455.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kawao N, Okada K, Kawata S, Okamoto C, Tsuritani M, Ueshima S, Matsuo O. Plasmin decreases the BH3-only protein BimEL via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in hepatocytes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2007; 1773:718-27. [PMID: 17482686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the signal transduction mechanisms responsible for liver regeneration mediated by the plasminogen/plasmin system remain largely undetermined, we have investigated whether plasmin regulates the pro-apoptotic protein Bim(EL) in primary hepatocytes. Plasmin bound to hepatocytes in part via its lysine binding sites (LBS). Plasmin also triggered phosphorylation of ERK1/2 without cell detachment. The plasmin-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was inhibited by the LBS inhibitor epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin, and the MEK inhibitor PD98059. DFP-inactivated plasmin failed to phosphorylate ERK1/2. Plasmin temporally decreased the starvation-induced expression of Bim(EL) and activation of caspase-3 via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, resulting in an enhancement of cell survival. The amount of mRNA for Bim increased 1 day after the injection of CCl(4) in livers of plasminogen knockout (Plg-KO) and the wild-type (WT) mice. The increase in Bim(EL) protein persisted for at least 7 days post-injection in livers of Plg-KO mice, whereas WT mice showed an increase in Bim(EL) protein 1 day after the injection. Plg-KO and WT mice showed notable phosphorylation of ERK1/2 7 and 3 days after the injection of CCl(4), respectively. Our data suggest that the plasminogen/plasmin system could decrease Bim(EL) expression via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway during liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kinki University, 377-2, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, 589-8511, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Serriere-Lanneau V, Teixeira-Clerc F, Li L, Schippers M, de Wries W, Julien B, Tran-Van-Nhieu J, Manin S, Poelstra K, Chun J, Carpentier S, Levade T, Mallat A, Lotersztajn S. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor S1P2 triggers hepatic wound healing. FASEB J 2007; 21:2005-13. [PMID: 17341687 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6889com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid produced by sphingosine kinase (SphK1 and 2). We previously showed that S1P receptors (S1P1, S1P2, and S1P3) are expressed in hepatic myofibroblasts (hMF), a population of cells that triggers matrix remodeling during liver injury. Here we investigated the function of these receptors in the wound healing response to acute liver injury elicited by carbon tetrachloride, a process that associates hepatocyte proliferation and matrix remodeling. Acute liver injury was associated with the induction of S1P2, S1P3, SphK1, and SphK2 mRNAs and increased SphK activity, with no change in S1P1 expression. Necrosis, inflammation, and hepatocyte regeneration were similar in S1P2-/- and wild-type (WT) mice. However, compared with WT mice, S1P2-/- mice displayed reduced accumulation of hMF, as shown by lower induction of smooth muscle alpha-actin mRNA and lower induction of TIMP-1, TGF-beta1, and PDGF-BB mRNAs, overall reflecting reduced activation of remodeling in response to liver injury. The wound healing response was similar in S1P3-/- and WT mice. In vitro, S1P enhanced proliferation of cultured WT hMF, and PDGF-BB further enhanced the mitogenic effect of S1P. In keeping with these findings, PDGF-BB up-regulated S1P2 and SphK1 mRNAs, increased SphK activity, and S1P2 induced PDGF-BB mRNA. These effects were blunted in S1P2-/- cells, and S1P2-/- hMF exhibited reduced mitogenic and comitogenic responses to S1P. These results unravel a novel major role of S1P2 in the wound healing response to acute liver injury by a mechanism involving enhanced proliferation of hMF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Serriere-Lanneau
- INSERM U841, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Farazi PA, Glickman J, Horner J, Depinho RA. Cooperative interactions of p53 mutation, telomere dysfunction, and chronic liver damage in hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4766-73. [PMID: 16651430 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is among the most common and lethal cancers in humans. Hepatocellular carcinoma is commonly associated with physical or functional inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor, high levels of chromosomal instability, and disease conditions causing chronic cycles of hepatocyte death and regeneration. Mounting evidence has implicated regeneration-induced telomere erosion as a potential mechanism fueling genome instability. In mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma, telomere dysfunction has been shown to enhance initiation of hepatic neoplasias yet constrain full malignant progression of these neoplasms possibly due to activation of a p53-dependent checkpoint and/or intolerable levels of genomic instability. Here, in a hepatocellular carcinoma-prone model brought about through toxin-induced hepatocyte injury and regeneration, we sought to determine the cooperative interactions of germ line p53 mutation and telomere dysfunction [produced by telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTERT) gene knockout]. In the setting of intact telomeres, p53 mutation had no effect on hepatocarcinogenesis, whereas in the setting of telomere dysfunction, p53 mutation enabled advanced hepatocellular carcinoma disease. Notably, there was no evidence of deletion or mutation of the wild-type p53 allele in the late generation mTert(-/-)p53(+/-) mice, suggesting that reduced levels of p53 potently enable hepatocellular carcinoma progression in the setting of telomere dysfunction. Thus, this study supports a model that, in the face of chronic liver damage, attenuated p53 function and telomere-induced chromosomal instability play critical and cooperative roles in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi A Farazi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ju W, Ogawa A, Heyer J, Nierhof D, Yu L, Kucherlapati R, Shafritz DA, Böttinger EP. Deletion of Smad2 in mouse liver reveals novel functions in hepatocyte growth and differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:654-67. [PMID: 16382155 PMCID: PMC1346892 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.2.654-667.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Smad family proteins Smad2 and Smad3 are activated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)/activin/nodal receptors and mediate transcriptional regulation. Although differential functional roles of Smad2 and Smad3 are apparent in mammalian development, the relative functional roles of Smad2 and Smad3 in postnatal systems remain unclear. We used Cre/loxP-mediated gene targeting for hepatocyte-specific deletion of Smad2 (S2HeKO) in adult mice and generated hepatocyte-selective Smad2/Smad3 double knockouts by intercrossing AlbCre/Smad2(f/f) (S2HeKO) and Smad3-deficient Smad3ex8/ex8 (S3KO) mice. All strains were viable and had normal adult liver. However, necrogenic CCL4-induced hepatocyte proliferation was significantly increased in S2HeKO compared to Ctrl and S3KO livers, and transplanted S2HeKO hepatocytes repopulated recipient liver at dramatically increased rates compared to Ctrl hepatocytes in vivo. Using primary hepatocytes, we found that TGF-beta-induced G1 arrest, apoptosis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in Ctrl and S2HeKO but not in S3KO hepatocytes. Interestingly, S2HeKO cells spontaneously acquired mesenchymal features characteristic of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Collectively, these results demonstrate that Smad2 suppresses hepatocyte growth and dedifferentiation independent of TGF-beta signaling. Smad2 is not required for TGF-beta-stimulated apoptosis, EMT, and growth inhibition in hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ju
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Pl., Box 1118, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chung H, Hong DP, Jung JY, Kim HJ, Jang KS, Sheen YY, Ahn JI, Lee YS, Kong G. Comprehensive analysis of differential gene expression profiles on carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver injury and regeneration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 206:27-42. [PMID: 15963342 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microarray analysis of RNA from carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-administered rat livers was performed at various time points to establish a global gene expression profile during injury and regeneration stages. A single dose of 1 ml/kg of CCl4 was given by ip injection, and the liver samples were obtained after 6, 24, 48 h, and 2 weeks. Histopathologic, biochemical, and immunohistochemical studies enabled the classification of the CCl4 effect into injury (6 and 24 h) and regeneration (48 h and 2 weeks) stages. The expression levels of 5180 clones on a custom rat gene microarray were analyzed and 587 clones yielded changeable gene expression on at least single time point. One hundred seventy-nine clones were classified as injury-specific clones, while 38 clones as regeneration-specific clones. Characteristic gene expression profiles could be associated with CCl4-induced gene expression with the disruption of lipid metabolism, which is known to cause the fatty liver induced by CCl4 treatment. In addition, induction of the transcripts for many ribosomal proteins was detected during the injury stage, particularly at the 24-h time point, despite the previous report of decreased protein synthesis rate upon CCl4 treatment. Several genes with known functions were also identified as CCl4-regulated genes. In conclusion, we established a global gene expression profile utilizing microarray analysis in rat liver upon acute CCl4 administration with a full chronological profile that not only covers injury stage but also later points of regeneration stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heekyoung Chung
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Simile MM, Banni S, Angioni E, Carta G, De Miglio MR, Muroni MR, Calvisi DF, Carru A, Pascale RM, Feo F. 5'-Methylthioadenosine administration prevents lipid peroxidation and fibrogenesis induced in rat liver by carbon-tetrachloride intoxication. J Hepatol 2001; 34:386-94. [PMID: 11322199 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)00078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA), a product of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) catabolism, could undergo oxidation by mono-oxygenases and auto-oxidation. MTA and SAM effects on oxidative liver injury were evaluated in CCl4-treated rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were killed 1-48 h after poisoning with a single intraperitoneal CCl4 dose (0.15 ml/100 g) or with the same dose twice a week for 14 weeks. Daily doses of MTA or SAM (384 micromol/kg), started 1 week before acute CCl4 administration or with chronic treatment, were continued up to the time of sacrifice. RESULTS Acute and chronic CCl4 intoxication decreased MTA and, to a lesser extent, SAM and reduced glutathione (GSH) liver levels. MTA administration increased liver MTA without affecting SAM and GSH. SAM treatment caused complete/partial recovery of these compounds. MTA and, to a lesser extent, SAM prevented an increase in liver phospholipid hydroperoxides in acutely and chronically intoxicated rats and in prolyl hydroxylase activity and trichrome-positive areas in chronically treated rats. MTA prevented upregulation of Tgf-beta1, Collagen-alpha1 (I) and Tgf-alpha genes in liver of chronically intoxicated rats, and TGF-beta1-induced transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts and growth stimulation by platelet-derived growth factor-b of stellate cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS MTA and SAM protect against oxidative liver injury through partially different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Simile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sarkar A, Pradhan S, Mukhopadhyay I, Bose SK, Roy S, Chatterjee M. Inhibition of early DNA-damage and chromosomal aberrations by Trianthema portulacastruml. In carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver damage. Cell Biol Int 2000; 23:703-8. [PMID: 10736194 DOI: 10.1006/cbir.1999.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The underlying molecular mechanisms of the antihepatotoxic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum by monitoring its effect on mouse liver DNA-chain break, sugar-base damage and chromosomal aberrations, during chronic or acute treatment with carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) have been studied. Daily oral feeding with the ethanolic extract (150 mg/kg basal diet, per os) was given 2 weeks before CCl(4)treatment and continued until the end of the experiment (13 weeks). T. portulacastrum extract offer unique protection (P< 0.05-0. 001) against the induction of liver-specific structural-type chromosomal anomalies 15, 30 or 45 days after the last CCl(4)insult, compared to control mice. This was further evidenced by extract-mediated protection (15 days prior feeding following a single necrogenic dose of CCl(4)) of the generation of DNA chain-break and Fe-sugar-base damage assays. The observed hepatoprotective mechanism could be due to its ability to counteract oxidative injury to DNA in the liver of mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sarkar
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, 700 032, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Horn TL, O'Brien TD, Schook LB, Rutherford MS. Acute hepatotoxicant exposure induces TNFR-mediated hepatic injury and cytokine/apoptotic gene expression. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54:262-73. [PMID: 10746953 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/54.1.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor knockout (TNFR KO) mice were used to examine the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) signaling during acute hepatotoxicant exposure. Mice were exposed intraperitoneally (ip) to either vehicle, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or dimethylnitrosamine (DMN, 100 mg/kg) for 24 h. Histological evaluation showed that DMN-treated TNFR-2 KO mice had increased liver damage compared to wild type (WT), TNFR-1 KO, or TNFR double KO (DKO) mice. Also, 3 of 8 TNFR-2 KO mice died following DMN treatment, suggesting that hepatic TNFR-2 signaling produces protective responses that counteract TNFR-1-mediated damage. DMN-induced cellular infiltration was absent in TNFR-1-deficient mice, indicating that infiltrating cells do not exacerbate acute hepatotoxic events. In separate experiments, mice were exposed ip to either DMN (5.0 or 100 mg/kg), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 0.3 or 1.0 ml/kg), or corresponding PBS/corn oil controls for 6 or 24 h to compare the hepatic mRNA expression of cytokine- and apoptotic-associated genes. Following 24 h of DMN (100 mg/kg) or 6-24 h of CCl4 treatment, hepatic transcripts for TNFalpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL (interleukin)-1RI, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-betaRII were induced. Hepatotoxicant-treated WT and TNFR DKO mice induced liver transcripts for the pro- and anti-apoptotic genes, Bax and Bcl-X(L), respectively, indicating TNF-independent gene activation. The anti-apoptotic gene, Bfl-1, was highly expressed in CCl4-treated, TNFR-positive strains, but minimally expressed in TNFR DKO mice, suggesting that hepatic Bfl-1 is TNF-regulated. Taken together, these data show that acute hepatotoxicant exposure is followed by upregulation of liver cytokine, cytokine receptor, and apoptotic transcripts, and that TNFalpha regulates various aspects of liver inflammation and injury in a TNFR-specific fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Horn
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shultz VD, Degli Esposti S, Panzica MA, Abraham A, Finch P, Thompson NL. Expression of TA1, a rat oncofetal cDNA with homology to transport-associated genes, in carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver injury. Pathobiology 1997; 65:14-25. [PMID: 9200186 DOI: 10.1159/000164099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TA1, a novel rat oncofetal cDNA, is the predicted homolog of the human lymphocyte activation gene E16. The encoded peptides share high homology with transport-associated and uncharacterized sequences in distant species, suggesting an important and conserved function in cellular homeostasis. Moderate steady-state levels of TA1 RNA were induced following acute and chronic CCl4-mediated liver injury. TA1 expression was either greatly reduced or absent in livers of animals receiving injury-protective doses of vitamin E in conjunction with CCl4. In contrast to the in vivo data, acute in vitro exposure of hepatocytes to CCl4 did not induce TA1 RNA. Our results indicate that TA1 is spatially and temporally associated with liver injury in vivo and may play an adaptive role in the hepatic response to environmental toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V D Shultz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence 02903, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The previous report described the cloning kinase R1 cDNA [Uchida, T. and Yamashita, S. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10156-10162]. A new cDNA, for choline kinase R2, was isolated from rat liver cDNA libraries. This transcript was thought to be generated by alternative splicing. Ribonuclease protection analysis revealed the presence of a third choline kinase. Three transcripts were detected in all of the examined rat tissues at different levels. Southern blot analysis demonstrated a single copy of choline kinase R gene. The genomic DNA containing the first exon and its flanking regions of choline kinase R gene was isolated and characterized. A number of transcription start sites, determined by ribonuclease protection and primer extension analyses, were found. The most 3' site, 193 base pairs upstream of the initiation codon and common in liver and testis, was the main site in liver. Some transcription start sites were detected only in testis. Choline kinase R gene showed features not only of a typical housekeeping gene but also of a gene regulated through a variety of putative cis-acting motifs. 3-Methylcholanthrene and carbon tetrachloride increased all of three transcripts to various levels, and enhanced transcription from the same start site, which scarcely gave a detectable product in normal liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Uchida
- Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chabannyĭ VN, Levitskiĭ EL, Gubskiĭ II, Kholodova ID, Vistunova IE, Budmaska MI. [Genoprotective effect of drugs based on ecdysteroids in poisoning of rats with tetrachloromethane and chlorophos]. Ukr Biokhim Zh (1978) 1994; 66:67-77. [PMID: 7747349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of chromatin damage have been investigated during tetrachloromethane and chlorophos intoxication of experimental animals. Introduction of tetrachloromethane to experimental animals induced chromatin degradation causing a partial loss of histone H1-DNA fragmentation and formation of intermolecular bonds: DNA-protein. Intoxication with chlorophos results in repression of a part of genes due to augmented chromatin compactness. Preventive introduction of the steroid preparation from Serratula coronata L. to experimental animals exerts a genoprotective effect, probably, as a result of derepression of genes responsible for reparation of chromatin structure.
Collapse
|
25
|
Nakatsukasa H, Silverman JA, Gant TW, Evarts RP, Thorgeirsson SS. Expression of multidrug resistance genes in rat liver during regeneration and after carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Hepatology 1993; 18:1202-7. [PMID: 7693574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed expression of multidrug resistance (mdr) genes in rat liver during regeneration after partial hepatectomy or carbon tetrachloride-induced necrosis. In situ hybridization revealed that in the normal liver the cellular distribution of mdr transcripts and protein is restricted to hepatocytes and that a gradient, highest in zone 1 and lowest in zone 3, exists in the level of the mdr transcripts in the liver acinus. Increased levels of mdr1a and mdr1b transcripts were observed 3 hr after administration of carbon tetrachloride and remained increased for the next 5 days. In contrast, increased expression of mdr1a and mdr1b was first observed 24 hr after partial hepatectomy. Use of gene-specific probes to compare the time courses of mdr1b and mdr2 expression after carbon tetrachloride administration showed distinctly different patterns of expression; mdr1b reached a maximum level of expression at 12 hr, whereas increased mdr2 expression was first observed 48 hr after administration. Nuclear run-on analysis at 12 and 24 hr after carbon tetrachloride administration demonstrated 10-fold and eightfold increases in mdr transcription, respectively. However, 72 hr after carbon tetrachloride treatment the rate of mdr transcription was back to the control level. The cellular patterns of mdr expression after partial hepatectomy and carbon tetrachloride administration were similar; the increase was first observed in zone 1 and gradually extended into zone 3. These data strongly suggest that the physiological roles of mdr1b and mdr2 are different and that liver regeneration is an appropriate model for elucidating these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Nakatsukasa
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0037
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ito T, Hayashi N, Horimoto M, Sasaki Y, Tanaka Y, Kaneko A, Fusamoto H, Kamada T. Expression of the c-met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor gene during rat liver regeneration induced by carbon tetrachloride. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 190:870-4. [PMID: 8382490 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor is closely related to liver regeneration. And the c-met protooncogene is reported to encode a hepatocyte growth factor receptor. Little is known, however, about how the c-met gene is activated during liver regeneration. In this study, we demonstrated that expression of the c-met gene/hepatocyte growth factor gene was enhanced, with a distinct peak, following carbon tetrachloride administration, i.e., the gene expression was activated at 6 hours after the treatment, then decreased, and again increased. The present study suggested that this gene could be responding to liver regeneration and that the hepatocyte growth factor receptor plays an important role in regulating cell cycle progression prior to elevation of deoxynucleic acid synthesis during liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- First Department of Medicine, Osaka University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nakatsukasa H, Evarts RP, Hsia CC, Thorgeirsson SS. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 and type I procollagen transcripts during regeneration and early fibrosis of rat liver. J Transl Med 1990; 63:171-80. [PMID: 2381163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal and cellular distribution of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and procollagen alpha 1(I) transcripts were examined during regeneration and early fibrosis of rat liver using in situ hybridization and Northern blot analyses. Surgical two-thirds partial hepatectomy (mechanical partial hepatectomy (PH)) and carbon tetrachloride administration (chemical PH) were used to initiate liver regeneration and fibrosis, respectively. Enhancement of TGF-beta 1 gene expression appeared as early as 4 hours after mechanical PH and reached maximum at 12 hours, which preceded the peak of DNA synthesis. However, the peak of TGF-beta 1 expression after carbon tetrachloride administration was observed after 2 days. The increase in expression of the procollagen alpha 1 (I) gene followed that of TGF-beta 1 after both mechanical and chemical PH. Increases in TGF-beta 1 and procollagen alpha 1 (I) transcripts were observed primarily in periductal and periportal cells, as well as in endothelial cells of the portal and central veins after mechanical and chemical PH. In the centrilobular necrotic areas after chemical PH, TGF-beta 1 and procollagen alpha 1 (I) transcripts were observed first in inflammatory cells and then in desmin-positive perisinusoidal cells and resulted in the accumulation of connective tissues. These data suggest that TGF-beta 1 derived from inflammatory cells may have enhanced the expression of the procollagen alpha 1 (I) gene as well as that of the TGF-beta 1 gene itself in desmin-positive perisinusoidal cells by paracrine mechanisms. This sequence of events may represent the initial stages of liver fibrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Nakatsukasa
- Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nakatsukasa H, Nagy P, Evarts RP, Hsia CC, Marsden E, Thorgeirsson SS. Cellular distribution of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and procollagen types I, III, and IV transcripts in carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:1833-43. [PMID: 1693377 PMCID: PMC296648 DOI: 10.1172/jci114643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular distribution and temporal expression of transcripts from transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and procollagen alpha 1(I), alpha 1(III), and alpha 1(IV) genes were studied in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced rat liver fibrosis by using in situ hybridization technique. During the fibrotic process, TGF-beta 1 and procollagen genes were similarly and predominantly expressed in Desmin-positive perisinusoidal cells (e.g., fat-storing cells and myofibroblasts) and fibroblasts and their expression continued to be higher than those observed in control rats. These transcripts were also observed in inflammatory cells mainly granulocytes and macrophage-like cells at the early stages of liver fibrosis. The production of extracellular matrix along small blood vessels and fibrous septa coincided with the expression of these genes. Expression of TGF-beta 1 and procollagen genes were not detected in hepatocytes throughout the experiment. No significant differences in cellular distribution or time course of gene expression among procollagen alpha 1(I), alpha 1(III), and alpha 1(IV) were observed. Desmin-positive perisinusoidal cells and fibroblasts appeared to play the principal role in synthesis of collagens in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis. The simultaneous expression of TGF-beta 1 and procollagen genes in mesenchymal cells, including Desmin-positive perisinusoidal cells, during hepatic fibrosis suggests the possibility that TGF-beta 1 may have an important role in the production of fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Nakatsukasa
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Motomura M, Ozaki I, Mukai T, Joh K, Setoguchi Y, Yamamoto K, Sakai T, Hori K. Resurgence of aldolase A and C gene expression in acute carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury. Gastroenterol Jpn 1990; 25:402. [PMID: 2358171 DOI: 10.1007/bf02779460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Motomura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Motomura M, Ozaki I, Fujio N, Setoguchi Y, Yamamoto K, Kariya T, Sakai T. Increased laminin B1 mRNA levels in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Gastroenterol Jpn 1990; 25:401. [PMID: 2358170 DOI: 10.1007/bf02779459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Motomura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tournier I, Legrès L, Schoevaert D, Feldmann G, Bernuau D. Cellular analysis of alpha-fetoprotein gene activation during carbon tetrachloride and D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in rats. J Transl Med 1988; 59:657-65. [PMID: 2460696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To analyze the cellular mechanisms of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene activation during liver regeneration, we have measured the steady-state level of liver AFP mRNA by dot blot and revealed AFP transcripts and protein in liver sections by in situ hybridization and immunoperoxidase. AFP gene activation was studied from rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride or D-galactosamine, two toxics inducing different patterns of liver necrosis and regeneration. At 48 and 72 hours of carbon tetrachloride intoxication, liver AFP mRNA steady-state levels were slightly increased. On liver sections, large necrotic centrilobular areas were apparent with a 7- to 10-fold increase of hepatocyte mitotic index as compared with controls. At the same times of intoxication, a 2-fold increase in the signal level for AFP mRNA over all nonnecrotic hepatocytes was observed, whereas the protein remained undetectable in most of the hepatocytes. In contrast, after D-galactosamine intoxication, no increase of AFP mRNA steady-state levels was detectable. Scattered necrotic hepatocytes were visible at 48 and 72 hours of intoxication, with only a 2-fold increase of hepatocyte mitotic index, as compared with controls. Moreover, while the hybridization signal level for AFP mRNA was not increased over hepatocytes, large amounts of AFP mRNA and protein were detected in proliferated oval cells and bile duct-like structures. These results suggest that at least two distinct mechanisms at the cellular level may explain AFP gene activation during chemically-induced liver regeneration: (a) a moderate increase of AFP mRNA by all the remaining hepatocytes probably linked to their reentry into the proliferative cycle, which appears the main mechanism after carbon tetrachloride intoxication, and (b) a quantitatively important AFP expression by a small number of proliferated cells with new phenotypes (oval cells and bile-duct like structures), observed in the D-galactosamine model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Tournier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, INSERM U24, Faculté de Médecine Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shkurupiĭ VA. [Structural changes in the liver parenchyma of mice of various genetic strains during multiple stressful events and subsequent CCl4 poisoning]. Tsitol Genet 1986; 20:251-6. [PMID: 3765103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The preliminary state of long-term stress decreases the liver resistance to the action of CCl4 in mice of two different strains and delays the process of repair of the liver parenchyma after its damage. The development of these processes has certain peculiarities in mice of each strain, that testifies to the importance of genetic factors in determination of the liver response to stress and damaging effect.
Collapse
|
33
|
Maganova NB, Stasenkova KP, Bondarev GI. [Antimutagenic action of alpha-tocopherol acetate in carbon tetrachloride poisoning in animals]. Vopr Pitan 1982:44-7. [PMID: 7072179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Additional administration of alpha-tocopherol acetate to S57Bl/6 mice and Wistar rats exposed to oral CCl4 under acute and subacute experimental conditions produced no appreciable effect on the frequency of cells with chromosomal aberrations. Additional administration of alpha-tocopherol acetate to S57Bl/6 mice exposed to CCl4 inhalation significantly lessened the frequency of somatic cells with chromosomal aberrations and the frequency of dominant lethals in sexual cells. This attests to a protective action of alpha-tocopherol acetate and confirms the data obtained by other research workers.
Collapse
|
34
|
Faktor VM, Uryvaeva IV. [Polyploidization of mouse hepatocytes following repeated exposure to carbon tetrachloride]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1980; 90:614-6. [PMID: 7448399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A study was made of a change in the cell composition of the liver during regeneration induced by repeated (up to 8 times) administration of carbon tetrachloride with a one-month interval. The second administration entailed total polyploidization of hepatocytes. The subsequent stimulation of the regeneration process greatly enhanced polyploidization, with octoploid hepatocytes becoming the predominant cell type. The upper limit of polyploidization reached 64 n. The maximum mean ploidy amounted on the average to 11.1 n. for the nucleus and 12.5 n for the cell. These values were 2.8 and 2.2 higher, respectively, than the initial ploidy level. Proliferative potencies of polyploid hepatocytes and the mechanisms of retention of an exceedingly small number of diploid cells during intensive reparative liver growth are discussed.
Collapse
|
35
|
Tsirel'nikov NI. [Effect of liver damage in females on reactive changes in the livers of the progeny]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1976; 82:1114-6. [PMID: 990471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver of 30-day ratlings was studied spectrocytophotometrically (glycogen, amino acid, RNA, and DNA content) and morphometrically (the size of the nuclei, nucleoli, mitotic index) 48 hours after the intragastric administration of CCI4; the mothers of these ratlings had sustained toxic hepatitis before pregnancy. The results obtained indicated that hepatitis sustained by the female animals not only influenced the morphological peculiarities and the histochemical properties of the liver of the progeny, but also largely conditioned the changes in the response of hepatocytes to the poison -- enhanced the damaging effect of the hepatotoxin.
Collapse
|