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Arenella M, Matuleviciute R, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, McAlonan G, Bralten J, Murphy D. Immunogenetics of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic literature review. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:488-499. [PMID: 37717669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aetiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex and, partly, accounted by genetic factors. Nonetheless, the genetic underpinnings of ASD are poorly defined. The presence of immune dysregulations in autistic individuals, and their families, supports a role of the immune system and its genetic regulators. Albeit immune responses belong either to the innate or adaptive arms, the overall immune system genetics is broad, and encompasses a multitude of functionally heterogenous pathways which may have different influences on ASD. Hence, to gain insights on the immunogenetic underpinnings of ASD, we conducted a systematic literature review of previous immune genetic and transcription studies in ASD. We defined a list of immune genes relevant to ASD and explored their neuro-immune function. Our review confirms the presence of immunogenetic variability in ASD, accounted by inherited variations of innate and adaptive immune system genes and genetic expression changes in the blood and post-mortem brain of autistic individuals. Besides their immune function, the identified genes control neurodevelopment processes (neuronal and synaptic plasticity) and are highly expressed in pre/peri-natal periods. Hence, our synthesis bolsters the hypothesis that perturbation in immune genes may contribute to ASD by derailing the typical trajectory of neurodevelopment. Our review also helped identifying some of the limitations of prior immunogenetic research in ASD. Thus, alongside clarifying the neurodevelopment role of immune genes, we outline key considerations for future work into the aetiology of ASD and possible novel intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Arenella
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rugile Matuleviciute
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- University Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry Lab, AP-HP, Department of Addiction and Psychiatry (DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT), France; Fondation FondaMental, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- University Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry Lab, AP-HP, Department of Addiction and Psychiatry (DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT), France; Fondation FondaMental, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Grainne McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Ellul P, Maruani A, Vantalon V, Humeau E, Amestoy A, Anchordoqui A, Atzori P, Baleyte JM, Benmansour S, Bonnot O, Bouvard M, Cartigny A, Coulon N, Coutelle R, Da Fonseca D, Demily C, Givaudan M, Gollier-Briant F, Guénolé F, Koch A, Leboyer M, Lefebvre A, Lejuste F, Levy C, Mendes E, Robert N, Schroder CM, Speranza M, Zante E, Peyre H, Rosenzwajg M, Klatzmann D, Tchitchek N, Delorme R. Maternal immune activation during pregnancy is associated with more difficulties in socio-adaptive behaviors in autism spectrum disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17687. [PMID: 37848536 PMCID: PMC10582088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterised by deficits in social communication and interaction and repetitive behaviours. Maternal immune activation (MIA) during the mid-pregnancy is a known risk factor for ASD. Although reported in 15% of affected individuals, little is known about the specificity of their clinical profiles. Adaptive skills represent a holistic approach to a person's competencies and reflect specifically in ASD, their strengths and difficulties. In this study, we hypothesised that ASD individual with a history of MIA (MIA+) could be more severely socio-adaptively impaired than those without MIA during pregnancy (MIA-). To answer this question, we considered two independent cohorts of individuals with ASD (PARIS study and FACE ASD) screened for pregnancy history, and used supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms. We included 295 mother-child dyads with 14% of them with MIA+. We found that ASD-MIA+ individuals displayed more severe maladaptive behaviors, specifically in their socialization abilities. MIA+ directly influenced individual's socio-adaptive skills, independent of other covariates, including ASD severity. Interestingly, MIA+ affect persistently the socio-adaptive behavioral trajectories of individuals with ASD. The current study has a retrospective design with possible recall bias regarding the MIA event and, even if pooled from two cohorts, has a relatively small population. In addition, we were limited by the number of covariables available potentially impacted socio-adaptive behaviors. Larger prospective study with additional dimensions related to ASD is needed to confirm our results. Specific pathophysiological pathways may explain these clinical peculiarities of ASD- MIA+ individuals, and may open the way to new perspectives in deciphering the phenotypic complexity of ASD and for the development of specific immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Ellul
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, INSERM U959, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.
| | - Anna Maruani
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier Charles-Perrens, Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de L'enfant Et de L'adolescent, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, UMR 5287, CNRS, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Vantalon
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elise Humeau
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Anouck Amestoy
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Centre Hospitalier Charles-Perrens, Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de L'enfant Et de L'adolescent, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, UMR 5287, CNRS, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Andrea Anchordoqui
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Centre Hospitalier Charles-Perrens, Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de L'enfant Et de L'adolescent, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, UMR 5287, CNRS, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paola Atzori
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Salvator University Hospital, Public Assistance-Marseille Hospitals, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Baleyte
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Univ Paris Est Créteil, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Safiyah Benmansour
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Univ Paris Est Créteil, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Bonnot
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Psychiatrie de L'enfant et de l'Adolescent, CHU and Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Manuel Bouvard
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Centre Hospitalier Charles-Perrens, Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de L'enfant Et de L'adolescent, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, UMR 5287, CNRS, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ariane Cartigny
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Coulon
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Centre Expert TSA-SDI/Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France
| | - Romain Coutelle
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Expert Centre for Autism and NDD, Fondation FondaMental, Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Strasbourg University Hospitals and University of Strasbourg, Versailles, France
- CNRS UPR 3212Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de L'enfant Et de L'adolescent, Centre Hospitalier de VersaillesUMR1018, CESPUVSQ, Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - David Da Fonseca
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Salvator University Hospital, Public Assistance-Marseille Hospitals, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Demily
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Centre d'excellence I-Mind, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Génopsy, Pôle ADIS, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marion Givaudan
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Salvator University Hospital, Public Assistance-Marseille Hospitals, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Gollier-Briant
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Psychiatrie de L'enfant et de l'Adolescent, CHU and Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Fabian Guénolé
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- CHU de Caen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Caen Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Andrea Koch
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Univ Paris Est Créteil, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Aline Lefebvre
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florian Lejuste
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Univ Paris Est Créteil, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Charlotte Levy
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Centre Hospitalier Charles-Perrens, Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de L'enfant Et de L'adolescent, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, UMR 5287, CNRS, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eugénie Mendes
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Natalia Robert
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Pasteur Insitute, Paris, France
| | - Carmen M Schroder
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Expert Centre for Autism and NDD, Fondation FondaMental, Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Strasbourg University Hospitals and University of Strasbourg, Versailles, France
- CNRS UPR 3212Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de L'enfant Et de L'adolescent, Centre Hospitalier de VersaillesUMR1018, CESPUVSQ, Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Mario Speranza
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Pasteur Insitute, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Zante
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Centre d'excellence I-Mind, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Génopsy, Pôle ADIS, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hugo Peyre
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michelle Rosenzwajg
- Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, INSERM U959, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, INSERM U959, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, INSERM U959, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institute of Neuroscience Timone, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Ziliotto M, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VDL, Nunes GT, Riesgo RDS, Roman T, Schuch JB, Chies JAB. HLA-G*14 bp indel variant in autism spectrum disorder in a population from southern Brazil. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 383:578194. [PMID: 37683302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Altered immune response during pregnancy has been associated with ASD susceptibility. HLA-G is expressed by the trophoblast at the maternal/fetal interface and induces allogenic tolerance toward the fetus. A 14-bp insertion in the HLA-G 3'UTR (rs371194629) was associated with reduced levels of HLA-G. We aimed to assess the influence of the HLA-G*14 bp indel variant in ASD susceptibility and symptomatology in a Brazilian admixed sample. The insertion genotype (14 bp+/14 bp+) was firstly associated with hetero aggression, but statistical significance was lost after correction (p = 0.035, pcorrected = 0.35). No association between the HLA-G variant and susceptibility to ASD or differential clinical manifestations were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ziliotto
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Post Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Tyska Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rudimar Dos Santos Riesgo
- Child Neurology Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Roman
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Bohrer Schuch
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Mensi MM, Gasparini L, Chiappedi M, Guerini FR, Orlandi M, Rogantini C, Balottin U. Empathy and behavior in children affected by autism spectrum disorders. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2023; 75:460-467. [PMID: 29968451 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.18.05228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have already shown that individuals suffering from autism spectrum disorders (ASD) present low levels of empathy: in fact, reduced emotional reciprocity is considered a clinically significant indicator of autistic functioning. We decided to investigate the role of empathy in determining pathological behaviors in children affected by ASD considering parents' point of view; and to evaluate the presence of differences between mothers and fathers' perception of their child's empathy and behaviors. METHODS We compared empathy levels in a sample of 58 patients with ASD as reported by a parent-filled questionnaire with the results of a global evaluation conducted by means of play observations, clinician-rated scales, a semistructured interview with both caregivers and parent-filled questionnaires. RESULTS The majority of ASD patients have low levels of empathy according to both parents' points of view; noteworthy, mothers and fathers are highly concordant in this respect. Children's levels of empathy negatively correlate with many behavioral problems, both internalizing and externalizing. Furthermore, we found that mothers tend to perceive more internalizing problems, while fathers are more willing to notice externalizing ones. CONCLUSIONS Involving both caregivers in children's diagnostic assessment could deepen patient's evaluation and finally the therapeutic results. Mothers and fathers seem to be highly consistent in describing the psychological characteristics of their child, but not in respect to symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina M Mensi
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Linda Gasparini
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiappedi
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy -
| | | | | | - Chiara Rogantini
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Balottin
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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5
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Saresella M, Marventano I, Piancone F, Bolognesi E, Hernis A, Zanzottera M, La Rosa F, Agliardi C, Giraldo S, Chiappedi M, Guerini FR, Clerici M. Alterations of natural killer cells activatory molecules phenotype and function in mothers of ASD children: a pilot study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190925. [PMID: 37545517 PMCID: PMC10398568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is accompanied by complex immune alterations and inflammation, and the possible role played by Natural Killer (NK) in such alterations is only barely understood. Methods To address this question we analysed activating and inhibitory NK receptors, as well as NK cells phenotype and function in a group of mothers of children who developed ASD (ASD-MO; N=24) comparing results to those obtained in mothers of healthy children who did not develop (HC-MO; N=25). Results Results showed that in ASD-MO compared to HC-MO: 1) NK cells expressing the inhibitory receptor ILT2 are significantly decreased; 2) the activating HLA-G14bp+ polymorphism is more frequently observed and is correlated with the decrease of ILT2-expressing cells; 3) the CD56bright and CD56dim NK subsets are increased; 4) IFNγ and TNF production is reduced; and 5) perforin- and granzymes-releasing NK cells are increased even in unstimulated conditions and could not be upregulated by mitogenic stimulation. Discussion Results herein reinforce the hypothesis that ASD relatives present traits similar to, but not as severe as the defining features of ASD (Autism endophenotype) and identify a role for NK cells impairment in generating the inflammatory milieu that is observed in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ambra Hernis
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Matteo Chiappedi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Tamouza R, Volt F, Richard JR, Wu CL, Bouassida J, Boukouaci W, Lansiaux P, Cappelli B, Scigliuolo GM, Rafii H, Kenzey C, Mezouad E, Naamoune S, Chami L, Lejuste F, Farge D, Gluckman E. Possible Effect of the use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:809686. [PMID: 35865626 PMCID: PMC9294632 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.809686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a set of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions defined by impaired social interactions and repetitive behaviors. The number of reported cases has increased over the past decades, and ASD is now a major public health burden. So far, only treatments to alleviate symptoms are available, with still unmet need for an effective disease treatment to reduce ASD core symptoms. Genetic predisposition alone can only explain a small fraction of the ASD cases. It has been reported that environmental factors interacting with specific inter-individual genetic background may induce immune dysfunctions and contribute to the incidence of ASD. Such dysfunctions can be observed at the central level, with increased microglial cells and activation in ASD brains or in the peripheral blood, as reflected by high circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, abnormal activation of T-cell subsets, presence of auto-antibodies and of dysregulated microbiota profiles. Altogether, the dysfunction of immune processes may result from immunogenetically-determined inefficient immune responses against a given challenge followed by chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. In this context, immunomodulatory therapies might offer a valid therapeutic option. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) immunoregulatory and immunosuppressive properties constitute a strong rationale for their use to improve ASD clinical symptoms. In vitro studies and pre-clinical models have shown that MSC can induce synapse formation and enhance synaptic function with consequent improvement of ASD-like symptoms in mice. In addition, two preliminary human trials based on the infusion of cord blood-derived MSC showed the safety and tolerability of the procedure in children with ASD and reported promising clinical improvement of core symptoms. We review herein the immune dysfunctions associated with ASD provided, the rationale for using MSC to treat patients with ASD and summarize the current available studies addressing this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryad Tamouza
- Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM, IMRB, DMU, AP-HP, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
- *Correspondence: Ryad Tamouza,
| | - Fernanda Volt
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis (IRSL), Eurocord, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Romain Richard
- Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Ching-Lien Wu
- Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Jihène Bouassida
- Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Wahid Boukouaci
- Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Pauline Lansiaux
- Unité de Médecine Interne (UF 04), CRMR MATHEC, Maladies Auto-immunes et Thérapie Cellulaire, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares D’Ile-de-France MATHEC, AP-HP, Hôpital St-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Cappelli
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis (IRSL), Eurocord, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Monacord, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Graziana Maria Scigliuolo
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis (IRSL), Eurocord, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Monacord, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Hanadi Rafii
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis (IRSL), Eurocord, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Kenzey
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis (IRSL), Eurocord, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Esma Mezouad
- Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM, IMRB, DMU, AP-HP, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Soumia Naamoune
- Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM, IMRB, DMU, AP-HP, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Leila Chami
- Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM, IMRB, DMU, AP-HP, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Florian Lejuste
- Translational Neuropsychiatry, INSERM, IMRB, DMU, AP-HP, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Dominique Farge
- Unité de Médecine Interne (UF 04), CRMR MATHEC, Maladies Auto-immunes et Thérapie Cellulaire, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares D’Ile-de-France MATHEC, AP-HP, Hôpital St-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Gluckman
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis (IRSL), Eurocord, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Monacord, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
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7
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Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 and Other Probiotics in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Real-World Experience. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062036. [PMID: 34198499 PMCID: PMC8231766 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Recent data suggest that probiotics can reduce some symptoms of this disorder and Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 has been reported to be especially useful. We recruited a sample of 131 autistic children and adolescents (M:F = 122:19; age: 86.1 ± 41.1 months) and evaluated their changes after use of probiotics by mean of CGI. We found some significant improvements with very few side effects; these positive effects were more evident in younger children. Patients taking Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 had greater improvements and fewer side effects than those taking other probiotics. Our real-life data are consistent with existing literature showing a specific effect of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 in Autism Spectrum Disorder.
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Panisi C, Guerini FR, Abruzzo PM, Balzola F, Biava PM, Bolotta A, Brunero M, Burgio E, Chiara A, Clerici M, Croce L, Ferreri C, Giovannini N, Ghezzo A, Grossi E, Keller R, Manzotti A, Marini M, Migliore L, Moderato L, Moscone D, Mussap M, Parmeggiani A, Pasin V, Perotti M, Piras C, Saresella M, Stoccoro A, Toso T, Vacca RA, Vagni D, Vendemmia S, Villa L, Politi P, Fanos V. Autism Spectrum Disorder from the Womb to Adulthood: Suggestions for a Paradigm Shift. J Pers Med 2021; 11:70. [PMID: 33504019 PMCID: PMC7912683 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide spectrum of unique needs and strengths of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a challenge for the worldwide healthcare system. With the plethora of information from research, a common thread is required to conceptualize an exhaustive pathogenetic paradigm. The epidemiological and clinical findings in ASD cannot be explained by the traditional linear genetic model, hence the need to move towards a more fluid conception, integrating genetics, environment, and epigenetics as a whole. The embryo-fetal period and the first two years of life (the so-called 'First 1000 Days') are the crucial time window for neurodevelopment. In particular, the interplay and the vicious loop between immune activation, gut dysbiosis, and mitochondrial impairment/oxidative stress significantly affects neurodevelopment during pregnancy and undermines the health of ASD people throughout life. Consequently, the most effective intervention in ASD is expected by primary prevention aimed at pregnancy and at early control of the main effector molecular pathways. We will reason here on a comprehensive and exhaustive pathogenetic paradigm in ASD, viewed not just as a theoretical issue, but as a tool to provide suggestions for effective preventive strategies and personalized, dynamic (from womb to adulthood), systemic, and interdisciplinary healthcare approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Panisi
- Fondazione Istituto Sacra Famiglia ONLUS, Cesano Boscone, 20090 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Franca Rosa Guerini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Federico Balzola
- Division of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Pier Mario Biava
- Scientific Institute of Research and Care Multimedica, 20138 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Bolotta
- DIMES, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.M.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Marco Brunero
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ernesto Burgio
- ECERI—European Cancer and Environment Research Institute, Square de Meeus 38-40, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Alberto Chiara
- Dipartimento Materno Infantile ASST, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Croce
- Centro Domino per l’Autismo, Universita’ Cattolica Brescia, 20139 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carla Ferreri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Niccolò Giovannini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Ghezzo
- DIMES, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.M.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Foundation, 22038 Tavernerio, Italy;
| | - Roberto Keller
- Adult Autism Centre DSM ASL Città di Torino, 10138 Turin, Italy;
| | - Andrea Manzotti
- RAISE Lab, Foundation COME Collaboration, 65121 Pescara, Italy;
| | - Marina Marini
- DIMES, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.M.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Lucia Migliore
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Lucio Moderato
- Fondazione Istituto Sacra Famiglia ONLUS, Cesano Boscone, 20090 Milan, Italy;
| | - Davide Moscone
- Associazione Spazio Asperger ONLUS, Centro Clinico CuoreMenteLab, 00141 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele Mussap
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Antonia Parmeggiani
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS ISNB, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Valentina Pasin
- Milan Institute for health Care and Advanced Learning, 20124 Milano, Italy;
| | | | - Cristina Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Stoccoro
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Tiziana Toso
- Unione Italiana Lotta alla Distrofia Muscolare UILDM, 35100 Padova, Italy;
| | - Rosa Anna Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - David Vagni
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | | | - Laura Villa
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Politi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (V.F.)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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Non-classical human leukocyte antigen class I in Tunisian children with autism. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 45:176-183. [PMID: 33456328 PMCID: PMC7792448 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.97906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are one of the most common childhood morbidities characterized by deficits in communication and social skills. Increasing evidence has suggested associations between immune genes located in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex and etiology of autism. In this study, we investigated whether the non-classical class I HLA-G, -E, and -F polymorphisms are associated with genetic predisposition to autism in Tunisia. We aimed to find a correlation between HLA-G genotypes and soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels. We have analyzed the HLA-G, -E, and -F genotypes of 15 autistic children and their parents. DNA typing of HLA class I genes was performed using PCR-SSP and PCR-RFLP methods. Also, we evaluated the serum levels of HLA-G (1 and 5) by a validated ELISA technique in autistic probands and their parents. No association was found between any polymorphism and autism in the study subjects. Additionally, we found no correlation between sHLA-G1 and sHLA-G5 and autism. Also, no significant difference in sHLA-G testing in parents and offspring was found. However, parents carrying [GG] genotype presented a higher sHLA-G levels than those carrying ([CC]+[GC]) genotypes (p = 0.037). From this preliminary study, we conclude that the investigated polymorphisms of HLA-G, -E, and -F genes did not lead to autism susceptibility in Tunisian children. However, the CGTIGA haplotype was found to be associated with the disease.
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Tamouza R, Krishnamoorthy R, Leboyer M. Understanding the genetic contribution of the human leukocyte antigen system to common major psychiatric disorders in a world pandemic context. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:731-739. [PMID: 33031918 PMCID: PMC7534661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is a complex genetic system that encodes proteins which predominantly regulate immune/inflammatory processes. It can be involved in a variety of immuno-inflammatory disorders ranging from infections to autoimmunity and cancers. The HLA system is also suggested to be involved in neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity, especially through microglia regulation and synaptic pruning. Consequently, this highly polymorphic gene region has recently emerged as a major player in the etiology of several major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder and with less evidence for major depressive disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We thus review here the role of HLA genes in particular subgroups of psychiatric disorders and foresee their potential implication in future research. In particular, given the prominent role that the HLA system plays in the regulation of viral infection, this review is particularly timely in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryad Tamouza
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Laboratoire Neuro-Psychiatrie Translationnelle, F-94010 Creteil, France; AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, Département Medico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU ADAPT), F-94010, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.
| | | | - Marion Leboyer
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Laboratoire Neuro-Psychiatrie Translationnelle, F-94010 Creteil, France,AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, Département Medico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d’Addictologie (DMU ADAPT), F-94010, France,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
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11
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Guerini FR, Bolognesi E, Chiappedi M, Mensi MM, Fumagalli O, Rogantini C, Zanzottera M, Ghezzo A, Zanette M, Agliardi C, Costa AS, Sotgiu S, Carta A, Al Daghri N, Clerici M. Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2020; 13:680-690. [PMID: 32083397 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is endowed with a number of biological properties, including down-regulation of inflammation, and might contribute to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Vitamin D binds to the vitamin D Receptor (VDR); the biological activity of the ensuing complex depends on VDR FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI gene polymorphisms. We evaluated such Single Nucletoide Polymorphismsm (SNPs) in a cohort of 100 Italian families with ASD children. FokI genotype distribution was skewed in ASD children compared with their healthy sibs (Pc = 0.03 2 df) and to a group of 170 Italian healthy women (HC) (Pc = 0.04 2 df). FokI genotype and allelic distribution skewing were also observed in mothers of ASD children compared to HC (Pc = 0.04 2 df). Both Transmission Disequilibrium Test for single loci and haplotype analysis distribution revealed a major FokI (C) allele-mediated protective effect, which was more frequently transmitted (73%) than not transmitted to healthy sibs (P = 0.02). A protective FokI-, BsmI-, ApaI-, and TaqI (CCAG) haplotype was more frequently carried by healthy sibs than by ASD children (P = 1 × 10-4 ; OR: 0.1, 95% CI: 0.03-0.4) too. Finally, a strong gene-dose association of FokI (T) allele with both higher Childhood Autism Rating Scale score (Pc = 0.01) and, particularly, with hyperactivity behavior (Pc = 0.006) emerged in ASD children. Because the protein produced by the FokI (T) allele is transcriptionally less active than that produced by the FokI (C) allele, the reduced biological activity of the vitamin D/VDR complex prevalent in ASD could favor ASD- and maternal immune activation- associated inflammation. Vitamin D supplementation might be useful in preventative and rehabilitation protocols for ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 680-690. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Vitamin D deficiency and Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms are associated with structural and functional brain abnormalities and behavioral disorders. We analyzed the association of VDR gene polymorphisms in a cohort of 100 Italian families with ASD children. A strong correlation between one of the VDR polymorphisms and hyperactivity behavior was evidenced in ASD children. In healthy mothers, the same VDR polymorphism was also correlated with an increased risk of giving birth to children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matteo Chiappedi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Rogantini
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Ghezzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carta
- Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Child Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nasser Al Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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12
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Rodrigues JKF, Crovella S, Celerino da Silva R. The HLA-G 14 bp allele frequency in different populations: A global meta-analysis. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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13
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Guerini FR, Bolognesi E, Sotgiu S, Carta A, Clerici C, Chiappedi M, Ghezzo A, Zanette M, Mensi MM, Canevini MP, Zanzottera M, Agliardi C, Costa AS, Balottin U, Clerici M. HLA-G allelic distribution in Sardinian children with Autism spectrum disorders: A replication study. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:314-318. [PMID: 30763769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent results show that in mainland Italian children with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), HLA-G coding alleles distribution is skewed and an association between HLA-G*01:05N and ASD is present. Herein, in an independent cohort of Sardinian ASD (sASD) children and their relatives, we verify whether HLA-G allele association with ASD could be confirmed in this genetically peculiar insular population. One hundred children with a diagnosis of ASD, born in Sardinia and of Sardinian descent, 91 of their mothers, and 40 of their healthy siblings were enrolled. DNA sequencing analysis of HLA-G exon 2, 3 and 4 was used to obtain HLA-G allelic frequencies. Alleles distribution was compared with that of continental ASD children and with a control group of Caucasoid couples of multiparous women and their partners from Brazil and Denmark. Skewing of HLA-G allele distribution was replicated in sASD children; in particular, the HLA-G*01:03 allele, associated with reduced fetal tolerogenicity and development of myeloid leukemia, was more common in both ASD groups compared to controls (pc = 1 × 10-3; OR:3.5, 95%CI: 1.8-6.8). However, given the lack of data on HLA-G*01:03 allelic distribution among Sardinian healthy subjects, we cannot exclude a population effect. These data confirm an association of HLA-G locus with ASD development, particularly with those alleles linked to a lower expression of tolerogenic HLA-G protein, thus warranting further studies on HLA-G polymorphism distribution in different ASD populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carta
- Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy; Child Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Chiappedi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ghezzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Maria M Mensi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria P Canevini
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit and Epilepsy Center, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy; Departments of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Umberto Balottin
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milano, Italy; Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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14
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Rezaei F, Zareei N, Razmi N, Nikeghbalian S, Azarpira N. Genetic Polymorphism of HLA-G 14-bp Insertion/Deletion in Pancreas Transplant Recipients and Its Association With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2019; 19:154-159. [PMID: 30702046 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2018.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human leukocyte antigen-G is an immuno-modulatory factor that affects acute allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus. In this study, possible associations between human leukocyte antigen-G 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and acute pancreas rejection were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human leukocyte antigen-G genotyping was assessed in 102 Iranian pancreas transplant recipients (including 41 with acute rejection and 61 with nonacute rejection). Results were compared with 100 individuals in a normal control group. RESULTS No significant differences in genotype frequencies of human leukocyte antigen-G 14-bp insertion / deletion were observed in recipients who had acute rejection episodes. On the other hand, the insertion / insertion genotype was a risk factor for susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus (odds ratio = 3.82, 95% confidence interval, 1.37- 11.22; P = .005). CONCLUSIONS Our results provided evidence revealing that the human leukocyte antigen-G insertion / insertion genotype might be involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoozeh Rezaei
- From the Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; and the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
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15
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Gładysz D, Krzywdzińska A, Hozyasz KK. Immune Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder-Could They Hold Promise for Causative Treatment? Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6387-6435. [PMID: 29307081 PMCID: PMC6061181 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by impairments in language and communication development, social behavior, and the occurrence of stereotypic patterns of behavior and interests. Despite substantial speculation about causes of ASD, its exact etiology remains unknown. Recent studies highlight a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits. Various immune anomalies, including humoral and cellular immunity along with abnormalities at the molecular level, have been reported. There is evidence of altered immune function both in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood. Several studies hypothesize a role for neuroinflammation in ASD and are supported by brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, as well as evidence of microglial activation. It has been shown that immune abnormalities occur in a substantial number of individuals with ASD. Identifying subgroups with immune system dysregulation and linking specific cellular immunophenotypes to different symptoms would be key to defining a group of patients with immune abnormalities as a major etiology underlying behavioral symptoms. These determinations would provide the opportunity to investigate causative treatments for a defined patient group that may specifically benefit from such an approach. This review summarizes recent insights into immune system dysfunction in individuals with ASD and discusses the potential implications for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Gładysz
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kamil K Hozyasz
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.
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16
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Shivakumar V, Debnath M, Venugopal D, Rajasekaran A, Kalmady SV, Subbanna M, Narayanaswamy JC, Amaresha AC, Venkatasubramanian G. Influence of correlation between HLA-G polymorphism and Interleukin-6 (IL6) gene expression on the risk of schizophrenia. Cytokine 2018; 107:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Bennabi M, Gaman A, Delorme R, Boukouaci W, Manier C, Scheid I, Si Mohammed N, Bengoufa D, Charron D, Krishnamoorthy R, Leboyer M, Tamouza R. HLA-class II haplotypes and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7639. [PMID: 29769579 PMCID: PMC5955937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections and autoimmunity are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), with both strongly influenced by the genetic regulation of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. The relationship between ASD and the HLA genetic diversity requires further investigation. Using a case control design, the distribution of HLA class II-DRB1 and DQB1 alleles, genotypes and haplotypes were investigated in ASD patients, versus healthy controls (HC). ASD patients meeting DSM-IV TR criteria and HC (474 and 350 respectively) were genotyped at medium resolution using a Luminex-based SSO technology. Comparisons of genotypes, allele frequencies associated with a haplotype analysis were performed. Results indicate: (i) the HLA-DRB1 *11-DQB1*07 haplotype was more prevalent in ASD patients, versus HC (Pc = 0.001), partially replicating previous data and possibly linking to gastro-intestinal (GI)-related pro-inflammatory processes, given that this haplotype associates with pediatric celiac disorders; (ii) the HLA-DRB1 *17-DQB1*02 haplotype was higher in HC, versus ASD patients (Pc = 0.002), indicating that this is a protective haplotype. Using the Autism Diagnostic Interview to assess clinical dimensions, higher scores on social (Pc = 0.006) and non-verbal functioning (Pc = 0.004) associated with the DRB1 *11 DQB1*07 haplotype. Our results support HLA involvement in ASD, with possible relevance to GI and gut-brain axis dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Bennabi
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Alexandru Gaman
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,DHU Protect, AP-HP, Service de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Département de génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Isabelle Scheid
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | | | - Djaouida Bengoufa
- Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Charron
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Rajagopal Krishnamoorthy
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,DHU PePSY, AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France. .,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France. .,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France. .,DHU PePSY, AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
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Sundaresh A, Wu CL, Chinnadurai RK, Rajkumar RP, Mariaselvam CM, LeMaoult J, Krishnamoorthy R, Leboyer M, Negi VS, Tamouza R. The HLA-G Genetic Contribution to Bipolar Disorder: A Trans-Ethnic Replication. Immunol Invest 2018; 47:593-604. [PMID: 29737889 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1469649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is frequently associated with immune dysfunctions. Studying the genetic diversity of the immuno-modulatory human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G locus in a French BD cohort, we previously reported an association between a functionally relevant 14 bp Ins/Del polymorphism and BD risk. The present study investigated the genetic and expression diversities of HLA-G in a geographically distinct South Indian population-group BD patients, as well as the influence of exposure to the neurotropic Toxoplasma gondii pathogen. Three functionally relevant HLA-G polymorphisms, i.e. HLA-G 14 bp Ins/Del (rs66554220), +3142G>C (rs1063320) and +3187A>G (rs9380142) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. Sub-samples of BD patients and healthy controls (HC) were investigated for plasma levels of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) isoforms, as well as circulating stigma of T. gondii infection. Findings indicate: (i) the frequency of the HLA-G 14 bp Del/Del genotype was higher in BD cases, as compared to HC; (ii) the HLA-G + 3142 C allele and CC genotype were more prevalent in BD patients than in HC; (iii) sHLA-G levels were significantly higher in BD cases, especially in females and in the early onset sub-group; and (iv) the InsGA haplotype was more prevalent in HC. Our findings further support the genetic contribution of HLA-G to BD risk, as well as indicate relevant expression profiles. Such data may also indicate a potential developmental role in BD etiology, given that HLA-G is an important immune regulator from the intrauterine period and across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Sundaresh
- a Department of Clinical Immunology , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Pondicherry , India.,b INSERM, U955 , Henri Mondor Hospital , Créteil , France.,c INSERM, UMRS 1160 , Saint Louis Hospital , Paris , France
| | - Ching-Lien Wu
- d Hemato-Immunology Research Department , CEA, Saint Louis Hospital , Bat Lailler , Paris , France.,e Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR E-5 IUH, Saint Louis Hospital , Paris , France
| | - Raj Kumar Chinnadurai
- a Department of Clinical Immunology , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Pondicherry , India
| | | | - Christina Mary Mariaselvam
- b INSERM, U955 , Henri Mondor Hospital , Créteil , France.,c INSERM, UMRS 1160 , Saint Louis Hospital , Paris , France
| | - Joël LeMaoult
- d Hemato-Immunology Research Department , CEA, Saint Louis Hospital , Bat Lailler , Paris , France.,e Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR E-5 IUH, Saint Louis Hospital , Paris , France
| | | | - Marion Leboyer
- g FondaMental Foundation , Créteil , France.,h AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie , Henri Mondor Hospital , Créteil , France.,i Faculty of Medicine , Paris-Est University , Créteil , France
| | - Vir Singh Negi
- a Department of Clinical Immunology , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Pondicherry , India
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- g FondaMental Foundation , Créteil , France.,h AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie , Henri Mondor Hospital , Créteil , France.,i Faculty of Medicine , Paris-Est University , Créteil , France
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Wanke KA, Devanna P, Vernes SC. Understanding Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Promise of Regulatory Variation in the 3'UTRome. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:548-557. [PMID: 29289333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders have a strong genetic component, but despite widespread efforts, the specific genetic factors underlying these disorders remain undefined for a large proportion of affected individuals. Given the accessibility of exome sequencing, this problem has thus far been addressed from a protein-centric standpoint; however, protein-coding regions only make up ∼1% to 2% of the human genome. With the advent of whole genome sequencing we are in the midst of a paradigm shift as it is now possible to interrogate the entire sequence of the human genome (coding and noncoding) to fill in the missing heritability of complex disorders. These new technologies bring new challenges, as the number of noncoding variants identified per individual can be overwhelming, making it prudent to focus on noncoding regions of known function, for which the effects of variation can be predicted and directly tested to assess pathogenicity. The 3'UTRome is a region of the noncoding genome that perfectly fulfills these criteria and is of high interest when searching for pathogenic variation related to complex neurodevelopmental disorders. Herein, we review the regulatory roles of the 3'UTRome as binding sites for microRNAs or RNA binding proteins, or during alternative polyadenylation. We detail existing evidence that these regions contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders and outline strategies for identification and validation of novel putatively pathogenic variation in these regions. This evidence suggests that studying the 3'UTRome will lead to the identification of new risk factors, new candidate disease genes, and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai A Wanke
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Paolo Devanna
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja C Vernes
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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20
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Guerini FR, Bolognesi E, Chiappedi M, Ripamonti E, Ghezzo A, Zanette M, Sotgiu S, Mensi MM, Carta A, Canevini MP, Zanzottera M, Agliardi C, Costa AS, Balottin U, Clerici M. HLA-G coding region polymorphism is skewed in autistic spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:308-313. [PMID: 28923404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Different isoforms of HLA-G protein are endowed with a differential ability to induce allogenic tolerance during pregnancy. As prenatal immune activation is suggested to play a role in the onset of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), we evaluated HLA G*01:01-*01:06 allelic polymorphism in a cohort of Italian children affected by ASD (N=111) their mothers (N=81), and their healthy siblings (N=39). DNA sequencing analysis of HLA-G exon 2, 3 and 4 was used to obtain HLA-G allelic frequencies; alleles distribution was compared with that of two control groups of Caucasoid couples of multiparous women and their partners from Brazil and Denmark. HLA-G distribution was significantly different in ASD children compared to both control groups (Brazilian pc=1×10-4; Danish pc=1×10-3). Since HLA-G distribution was similar in the two control groups, their data were pooled. Results indicated that HLA-G*01:01 was significantly less frequent (pc=1×10-4; OR:0.5, 95%CI: 0.3-0.7) whereas HLA-G*01:05N was significantly more frequent (pc=2×10-3; OR:7.3, 95%CI: 2.4-26.6) in ASD children compared to combined controls. Finally, no clear pattern emerged when HLA-G allelic distribution was analyzed in healthy sibs. Notably, HLA-G allelic distribution found in ASD mothers was similar to that observed in the control subgroup of women with recurrent miscarriages, whilst it was significantly different compared to women without miscarriages (pc=6×10-4 df=12). Since HLA-G*01:01 is associated with the elicitation of KIR-mediated tolerogenic responses and HLA-G*01:05N correlates with NK cells activation, results herein indicate that an immune activating milieu during pregnancy is more likely observed in association with the development of ASD, similarly to what occurs in women with recurrent miscarriages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matteo Chiappedi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Ghezzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna and Associazione Nazionale Famiglie di Persone con Disabilitá Intellettiva e/o Relazionale (ANFFAS), Macerata, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Martina Mensi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carta
- Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Umberto Balottin
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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21
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Dipasquale V, Cutrupi MC, Colavita L, Manti S, Cuppari C, Salpietro C. Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2017; 6:148-155. [PMID: 29682486 PMCID: PMC5898638 DOI: 10.22088/acadpub.bums.6.3.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) likely involves genetic and environmental factors, impacting the complex neurodevelopmental and behavioral abnormalities of the disorder. Scientific research studies emerging within the past two decades suggest that immune dysfunction and inflammation have pathogenic influences through different mechanisms, all leading to both a chronic state of low grade inflammation, and alterations in the central nervous system and immune response, respectively. The high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) is an inflammatory marker which has been shown to play a role in inducing and influencing neuroinflammation. Current evidences suggest a possible role in the multiple pathogenic mechanisms of ASD. The aim of this manuscript is to review the major hypothesis for ASD pathogenesis, with specific regards to the immunological ones, and to provide a comprehensive review of the current data about the association between HMGB1 and ASD. A systematic search has been carried out through Medline via Pubmed to identify all original articles published in English, on the basis of the following keywords: “HMGB1”, “autism”, “autism spectrum disorder”, “neuroinflammation”, and “child”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Dipasquale
- Department of Adult and Childhood Human Pathology, Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Cutrupi
- Department of Adult and Childhood Human Pathology, Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Colavita
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Umberto I of Siracusa, Siracusa, Italy
| | - Sara Manti
- Department of Adult and Childhood Human Pathology, Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Cuppari
- Department of Adult and Childhood Human Pathology, Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Salpietro
- Department of Adult and Childhood Human Pathology, Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
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22
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Guerini FR, Bolognesi E, Chiappedi M, Ghezzo A, Manca S, Zanette M, Sotgiu S, Mensi MM, Zanzottera M, Agliardi C, Costa AS, Balottin U, Clerici M. HLA-G∗14bp Insertion and the KIR2DS1-HLAC2 Complex Impact on Behavioral Impairment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuroscience 2017. [PMID: 28627421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Activating KIR-HLA-C ligand complexes and HLA-G∗14bp insertion/deletion (+/-) polymorphism were associated to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and were suggested to correlate with inflammation during fetal development. We evaluated whether HLA-G∗14bp(+/-) and KIR-HLA-C complexes are associated with cognitive and behavioral scores and EEG profile in 119 ASD children (58 from Sardinia, 61 from Peninsular Italy). KIR2DS1-C2; KIR2DS2-C1; KIR2DL1-C2; KIR2DL2-C1; KIR2DL3-C1 and HLA-G∗14bp(+/-) were molecularly genotyped by Single Specific Primer PCR and gel electrophoresis. Univariate linear model analysis adjusted for age, gender and provenience showed statistically higher scores of Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autistic Core Behavior in KIR2DS1-C2+/HLA-G∗14bp+ASD children (43.7±1.5, p=0.03; 3.3±0.1, p=0.03, respectively). These results suggested a synergistic polygenic association of KIR2DS1-HLAC2+/HLA-G∗14bp+ pattern with behavioral impairment in ASD children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matteo Chiappedi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ghezzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna and Associazione Nazionale Famiglie di Persone con Disabilitá Intellettiva e/o Relazionale (ANFFAS), Macerata, Italy
| | - Salvatorica Manca
- Unità Operativa Neuropsichiatria Infanzia e Adolescenza (UONPIA), ASL n. 1, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Martina Mensi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Umberto Balottin
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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23
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Meltzer A, Van de Water J. The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:284-298. [PMID: 27534269 PMCID: PMC5143489 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social skills as well as repetitive and stereotypical behaviors. While much effort has focused on the identification of genes associated with autism, research emerging within the past two decades suggests that immune dysfunction is a viable risk factor contributing to the neurodevelopmental deficits observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Further, it is the heterogeneity within this disorder that has brought to light much of the current thinking regarding the subphenotypes within ASD and how the immune system is associated with these distinctions. This review will focus on the two main axes of immune involvement in ASD, namely dysfunction in the prenatal and postnatal periods. During gestation, prenatal insults including maternal infection and subsequent immunological activation may increase the risk of autism in the child. Similarly, the presence of maternally derived anti-brain autoantibodies found in ~20% of mothers whose children are at risk for developing autism has defined an additional subphenotype of ASD. The postnatal environment, on the other hand, is characterized by related but distinct profiles of immune dysregulation, inflammation, and endogenous autoantibodies that all persist within the affected individual. Further definition of the role of immune dysregulation in ASD thus necessitates a deeper understanding of the interaction between both maternal and child immune systems, and the role they have in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amory Meltzer
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- NIEHS Center for Children's Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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24
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Torres AR, Sweeten TL, Johnson RC, Odell D, Westover JB, Bray-Ward P, Ward DC, Davies CJ, Thomas AJ, Croen LA, Benson M. Common Genetic Variants Found in HLA and KIR Immune Genes in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:463. [PMID: 27812316 PMCID: PMC5071356 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The “common variant—common disease” hypothesis was proposed to explain diseases with strong inheritance. This model suggests that a genetic disease is the result of the combination of several common genetic variants. Common genetic variants are described as a 5% frequency differential between diseased vs. matched control populations. This theory was recently supported by an epidemiology paper stating that about 50% of genetic risk for autism resides in common variants. However, rare variants, rather than common variants, have been found in numerous genome wide genetic studies and many have concluded that the “common variant—common disease” hypothesis is incorrect. One interpretation is that rare variants are major contributors to genetic diseases and autism involves the interaction of many rare variants, especially in the brain. It is obvious there is much yet to be learned about autism genetics. Evidence has been mounting over the years indicating immune involvement in autism, particularly the HLA genes on chromosome 6 and KIR genes on chromosome 19. These two large multigene complexes have important immune functions and have been shown to interact to eliminate unwanted virally infected and malignant cells. HLA proteins have important functions in antigen presentation in adaptive immunity and specific epitopes on HLA class I proteins act as cognate ligands for KIR receptors in innate immunity. Data suggests that HLA alleles and KIR activating genes/haplotypes are common variants in different autism populations. For example, class I allele (HLA-A2 and HLA-G 14 bp-indel) frequencies are significantly increased by more than 5% over control populations (Table 2). The HLA-DR4 Class II and shared epitope frequencies are significantly above the control populations (Table 2). Three activating KIR genes: 3DS1, 2DS1, and 2DS2 have increased frequencies of 15, 22, and 14% in autism populations, respectively. There is a 6% increase in total activating KIR genes in autism over control subjects. And, more importantly there is a 12% increase in activating KIR genes and their cognate HLA alleles over control populations (Torres et al., 2012a). These data suggest the interaction of HLA ligand/KIR receptor pairs encoded on two different chromosomes is more significant as a ligand/receptor complex than separately in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Torres
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - Randall C Johnson
- BSP CCR Genetics Core, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dennis Odell
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University Logan, UT, USA
| | - Jonna B Westover
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University Logan, UT, USA
| | - Patricia Bray-Ward
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University Logan, UT, USA
| | - David C Ward
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - Aaron J Thomas
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Lisa A Croen
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University Logan, UT, USA
| | - Michael Benson
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University Logan, UT, USA
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Rajasekaran A, Shivakumar V, Kalmady SV, Narayanaswamy JC, Subbana M, Venugopal D, Amaresha AC, Venkatasubramanian G, Berk M, Debnath M. The impact of HLA-G 3' UTR variants and sHLA-G on risk and clinical correlates of schizophrenia. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1166-1171. [PMID: 27567986 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)/Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) is known to influence the pathogenesis of several complex human diseases resulting from gene-environmental interactions. Recently, it has emerged as one of the risk determinants of schizophrenia. The HLA-G protein (a non-classical MHC class I molecule), encoded by the HLA-G gene, is shown to play important role in embryonic development. Importantly, its genetic variations and aberrant expression have been implicated in pregnancy complications like preeclampsia, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Converging evidence implicates these phenomena as risk mechanisms of schizophrenia. However, the functional implications of HLA-G in schizophrenia are yet to be empirically examined. The impact of two functional polymorphisms [14bp Insertion/Deletion (INDEL) and +3187 A>G] and soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels on schizophrenia risk was evaluated. In this exploratory study, the Ins/Ins genotype of 14bp INDEL was found to confer a strong risk for schizophrenia. Further, low levels of sHLA-G were shown to have a significant impact on Clinical Global Impression (CGI) severity in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Rajasekaran
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil V Kalmady
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjula Subbana
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepthi Venugopal
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anekal C Amaresha
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Bennabi M, Delorme R, Oliveira J, Fortier C, Lajnef M, Boukouaci W, Feugeas JP, Marzais F, Gaman A, Charron D, Ghaleh B, Krishnamoorthy R, Leboyer M, Tamouza R. Dectin-1 Polymorphism: A Genetic Disease Specifier in Autism Spectrum Disorders? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137339. [PMID: 26352598 PMCID: PMC4564239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In autism spectrum disorders (ASD), complex gene-environment interactions contribute to disease onset and progress. Given that gastro-intestinal dysfunctions are common in ASD, we postulated involvement of microbial dysbiosis in ASD and investigated, under a case-control design, the influence of DNA polymorphisms in the CLEC7A gene that encodes a pivotal fungal sensor, Dectin-1. Material and methods DNAs from 478 ASD patients and 351 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed for the CLEC7A rs16910631G/A and rs2078178 A/G single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Differences in the distribution of allele, genotype and haplotype by Chi-square testing and nonparametric analysis by Kruskal-Wallis/Mann–Whitney tests, where appropriate, were performed. The free statistical package R.2.13 software was used for the statistical analysis. Results We found that the CLEC7A rs2078178 G allele and GG genotype were more prevalent in HC as compared to ASD but failed to reach statistical significance for the latter (pc = 0.01, 0.06 respectively). However, after phenotype-based stratification, the CLEC7A rs2078178 G allele and GG genotype were found to be significantly more frequent in the Asperger group as compared to other ASD subsets (pc = 0.02, 0.01), a finding reinforced by haplotype analysis (rs2078178/rs16910631 G-G/G-G) (pc = 0.002). Further, intellectual quotient (IQ)-based stratification of ASD patients revealed that IQ values increase linearly along the CLEC7A rs2078178 AA, AG and GG genotypes (p = 0.05) and in a recessive manner (GG vs. AA+AG p = 0.02), further confirmed by haplotype distribution (CLEC7A rs2078178-16910631; A-G/A-G, A-G/G-G and G-G/G-G, p = 0.02, G-G/G-G vs. others, p = 0.01). Conclusion Our data suggest that the genetic diversity of CLEC7A gene influences the ASD phenotype by behaving as a disease specifier and imply that the genetic control of innate immune response could determine the ASD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Bennabi
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- DHU Protect, Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
- Département de Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - José Oliveira
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Catherine Fortier
- Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Lajnef
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Feugeas
- INSERM, U1137, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - François Marzais
- Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Alexandru Gaman
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Dominique Charron
- Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bijan Ghaleh
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | | | - Marion Leboyer
- INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie, DHU PePSY, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Jaiswal P, Mohanakumar KP, Rajamma U. Serotonin mediated immunoregulation and neural functions: Complicity in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:413-31. [PMID: 26021727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic system has long been implicated in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), since platelet hyperserotonemia is consistently observed in a subset of autistic patients, who respond well to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Apart from being a neurotransmitter, serotonin functions as a neurotrophic factor directing brain development and as an immunoregulator modulating immune responses. Serotonin transporter (SERT) regulates serotonin level in lymphoid tissues to ensure its proper functioning in innate and adaptive responses. Immunological molecules such as cytokines in turn regulate the transcription and activity of SERT. Dysregulation of serotonergic system could trigger signalling cascades that affect normal neural-immune interactions culminating in neurodevelopmental and neural connectivity defects precipitating behavioural abnormalities, or the disease phenotypes. Therefore, we suggest that a better understanding of the cross talk between serotonergic genes, immune systems and serotonergic neurotransmission will open wider avenues to develop pharmacological leads for addressing the core ASD behavioural deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Jaiswal
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 107, India
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Usha Rajamma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 107, India.
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