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Xu H, Lan Q, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Su P, Chu Z, Lai W, Chu Z. The mechanisms of colorectal cancer cell mesenchymal-epithelial transition induced by hepatocyte exosome-derived miR-203a-3p. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:718. [PMID: 34147083 PMCID: PMC8214778 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver metastasis is the most common cause of death in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 induces CRC metastasis by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which promotes CRC cell liver metastasis. Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), the opposite of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, has been proposed as a mechanism for the establishment of metastatic neoplasms. However, the molecular mechanism of MET remains unclear. Methods Using Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, invasion assays, real-time quantitative PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assays, human miRNA arrays, and xenograft mouse model, we determined the role of hepatocyte exosome-derived miR-203a-3p in CRC MET. Results In our study, we found that miR-203a-3p derived from hepatocyte exosomes increased colorectal cancer cells E-cadherin expression, inhibited Src expression, and reduced activity. In this way miR-203a-3p induced the decreased invasion rate of CRC cells. Coclusion MiR-203a-3p derived from hepatocyte exosomes plays an important role of CRC cells to colonize in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiusheng Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Foshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yujie Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengwei Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiang Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhonghua Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Duciel L, Monraz Gomez LC, Kondratova M, Kuperstein I, Saule S. The Phosphatase PRL-3 Is Involved in Key Steps of Cancer Metastasis. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3056-3067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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3
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Zhang T, Liu L, Lai W, Zeng Y, Xu H, Lan Q, Su P, Chu Z. Interaction with tumor‑associated macrophages promotes PRL‑3‑induced invasion of colorectal cancer cells via MAPK pathway‑induced EMT and NF‑κB signaling‑induced angiogenesis. Oncol Rep 2019; 41:2790-2802. [PMID: 30864736 PMCID: PMC6448091 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is considered to be metastasis-associated phosphatase and is associated with a poor prognosis. Additionally, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) participate in cancer progression. A previous study demonstrated that PRL-3 promotes invasion and metastasis by inducing TAM infiltration. However, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. In the present study, western blot analysis, polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, mouse model experiments and functional experiments were performed to confirm that the interaction between TAMs and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated features in CRC cells by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in TAMs and upregulating the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. The neutralization of IL-6 and IL-8 reduced EMT and the invasive and migratory abilities of CRC cells. Therefore, IL-6 and IL-8 were considered important factors in EMT, and in CRC invasion and metastasis. In addition, increased angiogenesis was observed after TAMs were co-cultured with CRC cells that overexpress PRL-3. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was significantly upregulated, and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway was activated in CRC cells after co-culture. Moreover, nude mice injected with CRC cells with high PRL-3 expression levels tended to generate larger xenografts. Immunohistochemistry results from xenografted CRC cells overexpressing PRL-3 also confirmed the activation of MAPK pathways in xenografts. Overall, the findings indicate that PRL-3 promotes CRC cell invasion and metastasis by activating MAPK pathways in TAMs to initiate the EMT, and PRL-3 promotes angiogenesis by activating the NF-κB pathway in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Zeng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Heyang Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Qiusheng Lan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Pengwei Su
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Chu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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The mechanisms of colorectal cancer cell mesenchymal–epithelial transition induced by hepatocyte exosome-derived miR-203a-3p. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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5
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Csoboz B, Gombos I, Tatrai E, Tovari J, Kiss AL, Horvath I, Vigh L. Chemotherapy induced PRL3 expression promotes cancer growth via plasma membrane remodeling and specific alterations of caveolae-associated signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:51. [PMID: 30157875 PMCID: PMC6116440 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of cancer therapy is greatly defined by the ability of a tumor cell to evade treatment and re-establish its bulk mass after medical interventions. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the characterization of molecules affecting tumor reoccurrence. The phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL3) protein was recently emerged among the targets that could affect such a phenomenon. METHODS The expression induction of PRL3 in melanoma cells treated with chemotherapeutic agents was assessed by western blotting. The effect of PRL3 expression on cancer growth was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The association of PRL3 with the caveolae structures of the plasma membrane was analyzed by detergent free raft purification. The effect of PRL3 expression on the membrane organization was assayed by electron microscopy and by membrane biophysical measurements. Purification of the plasma membrane fraction and co-immunoprecipitation were used to evaluate the altered protein composition of the plasma membrane upon PRL3 expression. RESULTS Here, we identified PRL3 as a genotoxic stress-induced oncogene whose expression is significantly increased by the presence of classical antitumor therapeutics. Furthermore, we successfully connected the presence of this oncogene with increased tumor growth, which implies that tumor cells can utilize PRL3 effects as a survival strategy. We further demonstrated the molecular mechanism that is connected with the pro-growth action of PRL3, which is closely associated with its localization to the caveolae-type lipid raft compartment of the plasma membrane. In our study, PRL3 was associated with distinct changes in the plasma membrane structure and in the caveolar proteome, such as the dephosphorylation of integrin β1 at Thr788/Thr789 and the increased partitioning of Rac1 to the plasma membrane. These alterations at the plasma membrane were further associated with the elevation of cyclin D1 in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies PRL3 as an oncogene upregulated in cancer cells upon exposure to anticancer therapeutics. Furthermore, this work contributes to the existing knowledge on PRL3 function by characterizing its association with the caveolae-like domains of the plasma membrane and their resident proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint Csoboz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| | - Imre Gombos
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Eniko Tatrai
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Tovari
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Anna L Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Horvath
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Vigh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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Abstract
The phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) family, also known as protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A (PTP4A), are dual-specificity phosphatases with largely unknown cellular functions. However, accumulating evidence indicates that PRLs are oncogenic across a broad variety of human cancers. PRLs are highly expressed in advanced tumors and metastases compared to early stage cancers or matched healthy tissue, and high expression of PRLs often correlates with poor patient prognosis. Consequentially, PRLs have been considered potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Persistent efforts have been made to define their role and mechanism in cancer progression and to create specific PRL inhibitors for basic research and drug development. However, targeting PRLs with small molecules remains challenging due to the highly conserved active site of protein tyrosine phosphatases and a high degree of sequence similarity between the PRL protein families. Here, we review the current PRL inhibitors, including the strategies used for their identification, their biological efficacy, potency, and selectivity, with a special focus on how PRL structure can inform future efforts to develop specific PRL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Konstantin V Korotkov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jessica S Blackburn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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Hardy S, Kostantin E, Hatzihristidis T, Zolotarov Y, Uetani N, Tremblay ML. Physiological and oncogenic roles of thePRLphosphatases. FEBS J 2018; 285:3886-3908. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Hardy
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
| | - Elie Kostantin
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Teri Hatzihristidis
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Medicine Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Yevgen Zolotarov
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Noriko Uetani
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
| | - Michel L. Tremblay
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montréal Canada
- Department of Medicine Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University Montreal Canada
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Radke I, Götte M, Smollich M, Scharle N, Kiesel L, Wülfing P. Expression of PRL-3 regulates proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 296:1153-1160. [PMID: 28980126 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The protein tyrosine phosphatase PRL-3 plays an important role in cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. In breast cancer, PRL-3 is overexpressed in 70-75% of tumors and even more frequently in lymph node metastases. Moreover, PRL-3 overexpression in breast cancer is associated with an adverse disease outcome. Aim of this study was to determine the role of PRL-3 in breast cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. METHODS PRL-3 mRNA expression was evaluated in 6 breast cancer cell lines by quantitative real-time PCR. To investigate the effect of PRL-3 expression in breast cancer cells in vitro we both up- and downregulated PRL-3 expression in breast cancer cells and performed in vitro wound repair cell motility assays and invasion assays. The influence of PRL-3 knockdown in MCF-7 cells on the expression of several gene products involved in cell invasion and cytoskeletal function was evaluated with real-time PCR. RESULTS PRL-3 mRNA expression was demonstrated in all breast cancer cell lines evaluated. Knockdown of PRL-3 in MCF-7 cells resulted in decreased proliferation, wound healing and invasion. PRL-3 knockdown in MCF-7 cells resulted in a significant reduction of heparanase, MMP-9, actin gamma-2 and Myosin 9 expression, and significant elevation of E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PRL-3 is an important regulatory factor for breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Loss of PRL-3 function induces an antimetastatic gene expression profile in breast cancer cells. Due to its role in tumor growth and metastasis, PRL-3 emerges as a new therapeutic target in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Radke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A1, 48149, Munster, Germany.
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A1, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Martin Smollich
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A1, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Ninette Scharle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A1, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A1, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Pia Wülfing
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A1, 48149, Munster, Germany
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Antibody Array Revealed PRL-3 Affects Protein Phosphorylation and Cytokine Secretion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169665. [PMID: 28068414 PMCID: PMC5222497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) promotes cancer metastasis and progression via increasing cell motility and invasiveness, however the mechanism is still not fully understood. Previous reports showed that PRL-3 increases the phosphorylation of many important proteins and suspected that PRL-3-enhanced protein phosphorylation may be due to its regulation on cytokines. To investigate PRL-3's impact on protein phosphorylation and cytokine secretion, we performed antibody arrays against protein phosphorylation and cytokines separately. The data showed that PRL-3 could enhance tyrosine phosphorylation and serine/threonine phosphorylation of diverse signaling proteins. Meanwhile, PRL-3 could affect the secretion of a subset of cytokines. Furthermore, we discovered the PRL-3-increased IL-1α secretion was regulated by NF-κB and Jak2-Stat3 pathways and inhibiting IL-1α could reduce PRL-3-enhanced cell migration. Therefore, our result indicated that PRL-3 promotes protein phosphorylation by acting as an 'activator kinase' and consequently regulates cytokine secretion.
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Lee JD, Jung H, Min SH. Identification of proteins suppressing the functions of oncogenic phosphatase of regenerating liver 1 and 3. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2974-2982. [PMID: 27882103 PMCID: PMC5103732 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) family, including PRL-1, PRL-2, and PRL-3, comprises protein tyrosine phosphatases whose deregulation is associated with the tumorigenesis and metastasis of many types of cancer. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, aiming to increase understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of PRL-1 and PRL-3, a yeast two-hybrid system was employed to screen for their interacting proteins. Alignment with the NCBI BLAST database revealed 12 interactive proteins: Synaptic nuclear envelope protein 2, emerin, mannose 6-phosphate receptor-binding protein 1, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 10, Rab acceptor 1, tumor protein D52-like 2, selectin P ligand (SELPLG), guanylate binding protein 1, transmembrane and ubiquitin-like domain-containing 2, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8, syndecan 4 and FK506-binding protein 8 (FKBP8). These proteins are associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune response, cell fate specification and metabolic process in biological process categories, and involved in various signaling pathways, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cell adhesion molecules. Interactions of PRL-1 with the prey proteins SELPLG and FKBP8 were confirmed by immunoprecipitation or immunostaining. Furthermore, SELPLG and FKBP8 suppressed PRL-1- or PRL-3-mediated p53 activity. Identification of the proteins interacting with PRL family proteins may provide valuable information to better understand the mechanism of PRL-mediated signal transduction in cancer and other diverse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Dong Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Min
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 701-310, Republic of Korea
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Gari HH, Gearheart CM, Fosmire S, DeGala GD, Fan Z, Torkko KC, Edgerton SM, Lucia MS, Ray R, Thor AD, Porter CC, Lambert JR. Genome-wide functional genetic screen with the anticancer agent AMPI-109 identifies PRL-3 as an oncogenic driver in triple-negative breast cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 7:15757-71. [PMID: 26909599 PMCID: PMC4941275 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are among the most aggressive and heterogeneous cancers with a high propensity to invade, metastasize and relapse. Here, we demonstrate that the anticancer compound, AMPI-109, is selectively efficacious in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of multiple TNBC subtype cell lines as assessed by activation of pro-apoptotic caspases-3 and 7, PARP cleavage and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. AMPI-109 had little to no effect on growth in the majority of non-TNBC cell lines examined. We therefore utilized AMPI-109 in a genome-wide shRNA screen in the TNBC cell line, BT-20, to investigate the utility of AMPI-109 as a tool in helping to identify molecular alterations unique to TNBC. Our screen identified the oncogenic phosphatase, PRL-3, as a potentially important driver of TNBC growth, migration and invasion. Through stable lentiviral knock downs and transfection with catalytically impaired PRL-3 in TNBC cells, loss of PRL-3 expression, or functionality, led to substantial growth inhibition. Moreover, AMPI-109 treatment, downregulation of PRL-3 expression or impairment of PRL-3 activity reduced TNBC cell migration and invasion. Histological evaluation of human breast cancers revealed PRL-3 was significantly, though not exclusively, associated with the TNBC subtype and correlated positively with regional and distant metastases, as well as 1 and 3 year relapse free survival. Collectively, our study is proof-of-concept that AMPI-109, a selectively active agent against TNBC cell lines, can be used as a molecular tool to uncover unique drivers of disease progression, such as PRL-3, which we show promotes oncogenic phenotypes in TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid H. Gari
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christy M. Gearheart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susan Fosmire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gregory D. DeGala
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zeying Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Torkko
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susan M. Edgerton
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M. Scott Lucia
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rahul Ray
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann D. Thor
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher C. Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James R. Lambert
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Ramírez-Tapia AL, Baylón-Pacheco L, Espíritu-Gordillo P, Rosales-Encina JL. Characterization of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PRL from Entamoeba histolytica. Exp Parasitol 2015; 159:168-82. [PMID: 26431820 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) is a group of phosphatases that has not been broadly studied in protozoan parasites. In humans, PRLs are involved in metastatic cancer, the promotion of cell migration and invasion. PTPs have been increasingly recognized as important effectors of host-pathogen interactions. We characterized the only putative protein tyrosine phosphatase PRL (PTP EhPRL) in the eukaryotic human intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Here, we reported that the EhPRL protein possessed the classical HCX5R catalytic motif of PTPs and the CAAX box characteristic of the PRL family and exhibited 31-32% homology with the three human PRL isoforms. In amebae, the protein was expressed at low but detectable levels. The recombinant protein (rEhPRL) had enzymatic activity with the 3-o-methyl fluorescein phosphate (OMFP) substrate; this enzymatic activity was inhibited by the PTP inhibitor o-vanadate. Using immunofluorescence we showed that native EhPRL was localized to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. When the trophozoites interacted with collagen, EhPRL relocalized over time to vesicle-like structures. Interaction with fibronectin increased the presence of the enzyme in the cytoplasm. Using RT-PCR, we demonstrated that EhPRL mRNA expression was upregulated when the trophozoites interacted with collagen but not with fibronectin. Trophozoites recovered from amoebic liver abscesses showed higher EhPRL mRNA expression levels than normal trophozoites. These results strongly suggest that EhPRL may play an important role in the biology and adaptive response of the parasite to the host environment during amoebic liver abscess development, thereby participating in the pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lilia Ramírez-Tapia
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., México D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - Lidia Baylón-Pacheco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., México D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - Patricia Espíritu-Gordillo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., México D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - José Luis Rosales-Encina
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., México D.F., 07360, Mexico.
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13
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Zhou J, Chong PSY, Lu X, Cheong LL, Bi C, Liu SC, Zhou Y, Tan TZ, Yang H, Chung TH, Zeng Q, Chng WJ. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 is regulated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:1041-52.e1-2. [PMID: 25139404 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of protein-tyrosine phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) has been identified in about 50% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The mechanism of regulation of PRL-3 remains obscure. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a latent transcriptional factor, has also been often found to be activated in AML. We first identified STAT3-consensus-binding sites in the promoter of PRL-3 genes. Then we experimentally validated the direct binding and transcriptional activation. We applied shRNA-mediated knockdown and overexpression approaches in STAT3(-/-) liver cells and leukemic cells to validate the functional regulation of PRL-3 by STAT3. A STAT3 core signature, derived through data mining from publicly available gene expression data, was employed to correlate PRL-3 expression in large AML patient samples. We discovered that STAT3 binds to the -201 to -210 region of PRL-3, which was conserved between human and mouse. Importantly, PRL-3 protein was significantly reduced in mouse STAT3-knockout liver cells compared with STAT3-wild type counterparts, and ectopic expression of STAT3 in these cells led to a pronounced increase in PRL-3 protein. We demonstrated that STAT3 functionally regulated PRL-3, and STAT3 core signature was enriched in AML with high PRL-3 expression. Targeting either STAT3 or PRL-3 reduced leukemic cell viability. Silencing PRL-3 impaired invasiveness and induced leukemic cell differentiation. In conclusion, PRL-3 was transcriptionally regulated by STAT3. The STAT3/PRL-3 regulatory loop contributes to the pathogenesis of AML, and it might represent an attractive therapeutic target for antileukemic therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Immediate-Early Proteins/physiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/biosynthesis
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/physiology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/deficiency
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Species Specificity
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Phyllis S Y Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiao Lu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lip-Lee Cheong
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chonglei Bi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shaw-Cheng Liu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yafeng Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tae-Hoon Chung
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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14
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Pryczynicz A, Guzińska-Ustymowicz K, Niewiarowska K, Cepowicz D, Kemona A. PRL-3 and E-cadherin show mutual interactions and participate in lymph node metastasis formation in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6587-92. [PMID: 24696260 PMCID: PMC4107272 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin, a transmembrane adhesion molecule, and phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) protein, a member of the family of tyrosine phosphatases, seem to be responsible for cancer cell migration. Therefore, the study objective was to determine a correlation between PRL-3 and E-cadherin, to assess their expression in neoplastic tissue and normal mucosa of the stomach, to analyze their effect on cancer advancement, and to evaluate their potential as prognostic markers in gastric cancer. The expressions of PRL-3 and E-cadherin were assessed immunohistochemically in 71 patients with gastric cancer. Positive expression of PRL-3 was observed in 42.2 % of gastric cancer cases, whereas E-cadherin expression was abnormal in 38 % of cases. The study revealed that the positive PRL-3 expression and abnormal E-cadherin expression were associated with mucinous gastric carcinoma and lymph node involvement. The former was also related to the infiltrating type of tumor and abnormal E-cadherin expression. The expression of PRL-3, but not of E-cadherin, was associated with shorter survival of patients. PRL-3 and E-cadherin exhibit interactions in gastric cancer and are involved in the formation of lymph node metastases. The PRL-3 protein can be an independent predictive factor of overall survival in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pryczynicz
- Department of General Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland,
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15
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Campbell AM, Zhang ZY. Phosphatase of regenerating liver: a novel target for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:555-69. [PMID: 24579927 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.892926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphatases of regenerating livers (PRLs) are novel oncogenes that interact with many well-established cell signaling pathways that are misregulated in cancer, and are known to drive cancer metastasis when overexpressed. AREAS COVERED This review covers basic information of the discovery and characteristics of the PRL family. We also report findings on the role of PRL in cancer, cell functions and cell signaling. Furthermore, PRL's suitability as a novel drug target is discussed along with current methods being developed to facilitate PRL inhibition. EXPERT OPINION PRLs show great potential as novel drug targets for anticancer therapeutics. Studies indicate that PRL can perturb major cancer pathways such as Src/ERK1/2 and PTEN/PI3K/Akt. Upregulation of PRLs has also been shown to drive cancer metastasis. However, in order to fully realize its therapeutic potential, a deeper understanding of the function of PRL in normal tissue and in cancer must be obtained. Novel and integrated biochemical, chemical, biological, and genetic approaches will be needed to identify PRL substrate(s) and to provide proof-of-concept data on the druggability of the PRL phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Campbell
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , John D. Van Nuys Medical Science Building, Room 4053A, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5126 , USA
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16
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Stebbing J, Lit LC, Zhang H, Darrington RS, Melaiu O, Rudraraju B, Giamas G. The regulatory roles of phosphatases in cancer. Oncogene 2014; 33:939-53. [PMID: 23503460 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of potentially reversible post-translational modifications required for controlling cellular processes in cancer is one of the most thriving arenas of cellular and molecular biology. Any alteration in the balanced equilibrium between kinases and phosphatases may result in development and progression of various diseases, including different types of cancer, though phosphatases are relatively under-studied. Loss of phosphatases such as PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), a known tumour suppressor, across tumour types lends credence to the development of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors alongside the use of phosphatase expression as a biomarker, though phase 3 trial data are lacking. In this review, we give an updated report on phosphatase dysregulation linked to organ-specific malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stebbing
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L C Lit
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Zhang
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R S Darrington
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O Melaiu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Rudraraju
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G Giamas
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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17
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Xing X, Lian S, Hu Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Wen X, Du H, Jia Y, Zheng Z, Meng L, Shou C, Ji J. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in gastric carcinoma. J Transl Med 2013; 11:309. [PMID: 24330843 PMCID: PMC3878674 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PRL-3 is a member of phosphatases of regenerating liver family, characterized by phosphatase active domain and C-terminal prenylation motif. Overexpression of PRL-3 has been implicated in multiple cancers. Here we examined the clinical significance of PRL-3 in gastric cancer together with its metastatic biological functions utilizing different structural mutants. METHODS PRL-3 expression was analyzed immunohistochemically in 196 gastric cancer patients and 21 cases of liver metastasis. A series of wild type PRL-3 or its mutant plasmids were expressed in BGC823 cells to investigate the relationship between its catalytic activity, cellular localization and metastatic potential in vitro. RESULTS Positive staining of PRL-3 was observed in 19.4% (38/196) gastric cancer tissues compared with 76.2% (16/21) in liver metastasis. Statistical analysis revealed that PRL-3 expression correlated with lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion (P<0.05). Patients with high PRL-3 expression showed poorer 5-year overall survival (P=0.011). Wild type PRL-3 expressing cells resulted in enhanced migration and invasion ability, which were greatly crippled in form of PRL-3(C104S) or PRL-3(ΔCAAX) mutants accompanied with its alteration in subcellular localization. CONCLUSIONS Metastasis associated protein PRL-3 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in human gastric cancer. Both the phosphatase catalytic activity and cellular localization are critical for its function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chengchao Shou
- Department of gastrointestinal translational research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, #52 Fu-Cheng Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100142, China.
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18
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Walls CD, Iliuk A, Bai Y, Wang M, Tao WA, Zhang ZY. Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL3) provokes a tyrosine phosphoproteome to drive prometastatic signal transduction. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3759-77. [PMID: 24030100 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.028886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL3) is suspected to be a causative factor toward cellular metastasis when in excess. To date, the molecular basis for PRL3 function remains an enigma, making efforts at distilling a concerted mechanism for PRL3-mediated metastatic dissemination very difficult. We previously discovered that PRL3 expressing cells exhibit a pronounced increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Here we take an unbiased mass spectrometry-based approach toward identifying the phosphoproteins exhibiting enhanced levels of tyrosine phosphorylation with a goal to define the "PRL3-mediated signaling network." Phosphoproteomic data support intracellular activation of an extensive signaling network normally governed by extracellular ligand-activated transmembrane growth factor, cytokine, and integrin receptors in the PRL3 cells. Additionally, data implicate the Src tyrosine kinase as the major intracellular kinase responsible for "hijacking" this network and provide strong evidence that aberrant Src activation is a major consequence of PRL3 overexpression. Importantly, the data support a PDGF(α/β)-, Eph (A2/B3/B4)-, and Integrin (β1/β5)-receptor array as being the predominant network coordinator in the PRL3 cells, corroborating a PRL3-induced mesenchymal-state. Within this network, we find that tyrosine phosphorylation is increased on a multitude of signaling effectors responsible for Rho-family GTPase, PI3K-Akt, STAT, and ERK activation, linking observations made by the field as a whole under Src as a primary signal transducer. Our phosphoproteomic data paint the most comprehensive picture to date of how PRL3 drives prometastatic molecular events through Src activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Walls
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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19
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Cao Y, Tu Y, Mei J, Li Z, Jie Z, Xu S, Xu L, Wang S, Xiong Y. RNAi‑mediated knockdown of PRL‑3 inhibits cell invasion and downregulates ERK 1/2 expression in the human gastric cancer cell line, SGC‑7901. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1805-11. [PMID: 23589069 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The deregulated expression of members of the phophatase of regenerating liver (PRL) family is important in the metastatic progression of multiple human cancers; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that PRLs are able to enhance the activation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) in cancer cells, which may contribute to tumor metastasis. However, the effect of PRL‑3 activation in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate whether the downregulation of PRL‑3 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) was able to inhibit cell motility and affect ERK 1/2 expression in human GC. The results demonstrated that the downregulation of PRL‑3 expression by siRNA in human GC cells significantly inhibited cell invasion and migration in vitro; accordingly, inhibition of PRL‑3 also prevented ERK1/2 protein and mRNA expression, and reduced the mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase‑7 (MMP‑7), the downstream target of ERK 1/2 signaling. Our data demonstrated that RNAi‑mediated downregulation of PRL‑3 expression leads to potent antitumor activity in human GC. Furthermore, ERK 1/2 and MMP‑7 may contribute to the carcinogenesis and development of human GC in combination with PRL‑3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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20
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Tian W, Qu L, Meng L, Liu C, Wu J, Shou C. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 directly interacts with integrin β1 and regulates its phosphorylation at tyrosine 783. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 13:22. [PMID: 23092334 PMCID: PMC3558359 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-13-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3 or PTP4A3) has been implicated in controlling cancer cell proliferation, motility, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Deregulated expression of PRL-3 is highly correlated with cancer progression and predicts poor survival. Although PRL-3 was categorized as a tyrosine phosphatase, its cellular substrates remain largely unknown. Results We demonstrated that PRL-3 interacts with integrin β1 in cancer cells. Recombinant PRL-3 associates with the intracellular domain of integrin β1 in vitro. Silencing of integrin α1 enhances PRL-3-integrin β1 interaction. Furthermore, PRL-3 diminishes tyrosine phosphorylation of integrin β1 in vitro and in vivo. With site-specific anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies against residues in the intracellular domain of integrin β1, tyrosine-783, but not tyrosine-795, is shown to be dephosphorylated by PRL-3 in a catalytic activity-dependant manner. Phosphorylation of Y783 is potentiated by ablation of PRL-3 or by treatment with a chemical inhibitor of PRL-3. Conversely, depletion of integrin α1 decreases the phosphorylation of this site. Conclusions Our results revealed a direct interaction between PRL-3 and integrin β1 and characterized Y783 of integrin β1 as a bona fide substrate of PRL-3, which is negatively regulated by integrin α1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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21
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Lian YX, Chen R, Xu YH, Peng CL, Hu HC. Effect of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 4A3 by small interfering RNA on the proliferation of lung cancer. Gene 2012; 511:169-76. [PMID: 23036709 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on PTP4A3 mainly focused on tumor metastasis due to the close relationship between the overexpression of lung cancer and metastasis. However, the role of PTP4A3 in the proliferation of tumor still has remained unclear. To investigate the role of PTP4A3 in cell growth of lung cancer, we constructed PTP4A3-siRNA expressing lentivirus and infected human lung cancer H1299 cells, and then examined the inhibitory effect of PTP4A3 in vitro. The levels of PTP4A3 mRNA and protein in H1299 cells decreased after PTP4A3-siRNA lentivirus infection. The growth and colony formation of the infected cells were also inhibited, indicating that PTP4A3 gene is closely associated with the proliferation of H1299 cells. In addition, after PTP4A3 specific siRNA lentivirus infection, it was notable that whilst H1299 cells in G1 phase apparently reduced, both of H1299 cells in G2/M phase and the cell apoptosis increased significantly. This finding indicated the close relationship between PTP4A3 gene and apoptosis in the H1299 cells. These results come to their conclusion that PTP4A3 plays an important role in the growth of lung cancer cells. PTP4A3 may be considered as a valuable target for anti-tumor therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Lian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, P.R. China
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22
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23
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McParland V, Varsano G, Li X, Thornton J, Baby J, Aravind A, Meyer C, Pavic K, Rios P, Köhn M. The metastasis-promoting phosphatase PRL-3 shows activity toward phosphoinositides. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7579-90. [PMID: 21806020 DOI: 10.1021/bi201095z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) is suggested as a biomarker and therapeutic target in several cancers. It has a well-established causative role in cancer metastasis. However, little is known about its natural substrates, pathways, and biological functions, and only a few protein substrates have been suggested so far. To improve our understanding of the substrate specificity and molecular determinants of PRL-3 activity, the wild-type (WT) protein, two supposedly catalytically inactive mutants D72A and C104S, and the reported hyperactive mutant A111S were tested in vitro for substrate specificity and activity toward phosphopeptides and phosphoinositides (PIPs), their structural stability, and their ability to promote cell migration using stable HEK293 cell lines. We discovered that WT PRL-3 does not dephosphorylate the tested phosphopeptides in vitro. However, as shown by two complementary biochemical assays, PRL-3 is active toward the phosphoinositide PI(4,5)P(2). Our experimental results substantiated by molecular docking studies suggest that PRL-3 is a phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphatase. The C104S variant was shown to be not only catalytically inactive but also structurally destabilized and unable to promote cell migration, whereas WT PRL-3 promotes cell migration. The D72A mutant is structurally stable and does not dephosphorylate the unnatural substrate 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphate (OMFP). However, we observed residual in vitro activity of D72A against PI(4,5)P(2), and in accordance with this, it exhibits the same cellular phenotype as WT PRL-3. Our analysis of the A111S variant shows that the hyperactivity toward the unnatural OMFP substrate is not apparent in dephosphorylation assays with phosphoinositides: the mutant is completely inactive against PIPs. We observed significant structural destabilization of this variant. The cellular phenotype of this mutant equals that of the catalytically inactive C104S mutant. These results provide a possible explanation for the absence of the conserved Ser of the PTP catalytic motif in the PRL family. The correlation of the phosphatase activity toward PI(4,5)P(2) with the observed phenotypes for WT PRL-3 and the mutants suggests a link between the PI(4,5)P(2) dephosphorylation by PRL-3 and its role in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria McParland
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Al-Aidaroos AQO, Zeng Q. PRL-3 phosphatase and cancer metastasis. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:1087-98. [PMID: 21053359 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The deregulated expression of members of the phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) family has been implicated in the metastatic progression of multiple human cancers. Importantly, PRL-1 and PRL-3 both possess the capacity to drive key steps in metastatic progression. Yet, little is known about the regulation and oncogenic mechanisms of this emerging class of dual-specificity phosphatases. This prospect article details the involvement of PRLs in the metastatic cascade, the regulatory mechanisms controlling PRL expression, and recent efforts in the characterization of PRL-modulated pathways and substrates using biochemical and high-throughput approaches. Current advances and future prospects in anti-cancer therapy targeting this family are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qader O Al-Aidaroos
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138648, Republic of Singapore
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25
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Choi MS, Min SH, Jung H, Lee JD, Lee TH, Lee HK, Yoo OJ. The essential role of FKBP38 in regulating phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) protein stability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:305-9. [PMID: 21320469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is a member of protein tyrosine phosphatases and whose deregulation is implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis of many cancers. However, the underlying mechanism by which PRL-3 is regulated is not known. In this study, we identified the peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase FK506-binding protein 38 (FKBP38) as an interacting protein of PRL-3 using a yeast two-hybrid system. FKBP38 specifically binds to PRL-3 in vivo, and that the N-terminal region of FKBP38 is crucial for binding with PRL-3. FKBP38 overexpression reduces endogenous PRL-3 expression levels, whereas the depletion of FKBP38 by siRNA increases the level of PRL-3 protein. Moreover, FKBP38 promotes degradation of endogenous PRL-3 protein via protein-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, FKBP38 suppresses PRL-3-mediated p53 activity and cell proliferation. These results demonstrate that FKBP38 is a novel regulator of the oncogenic protein PRL-3 abundance and that alteration in the stability of PRL-3 can have a dramatic impact on cell proliferation. Thus, FKBP38 may play a critical role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Suk Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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26
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Genomic and epigenetic profiles of gastric cancer: Potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Surg Today 2010; 41:24-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-010-4370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Laurent C, Valet F, Planque N, Silveri L, Maacha S, Anezo O, Hupe P, Plancher C, Reyes C, Albaud B, Rapinat A, Gentien D, Couturier J, Sastre-Garau X, Desjardins L, Thiery JP, Roman-Roman S, Asselain B, Barillot E, Piperno-Neumann S, Saule S. High PTP4A3 phosphatase expression correlates with metastatic risk in uveal melanoma patients. Cancer Res 2010; 71:666-74. [PMID: 21135111 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A high percentage of uveal melanoma patients develop metastatic tumors predominantly in the liver. We studied the molecular profiles derived from gene expression microarrays and comparative genomic hybridization microarrays, to identify genes associated with metastasis in this aggressive cancer. We compared 28 uveal melanomas from patients who developed liver metastases within three years of enucleation with 35 tumors from patients without metastases or who developed metastases more than 3 years after enucleation. Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IV A member 3 (PTP4A3/PRL3), was identified as a strong predictor of metastasis occurrence. We demonstrated that the differential expression of this gene, which maps to 8q24.3, was not merely a consequence of 8q chromosome overrepresentation. PTP4A3 overexpression in uveal melanoma cell lines significantly increased cell migration and invasiveness in vivo, suggesting a direct role for this protein in metastasis. Our findings suggest that PTP4A3 or its cellular substrates could constitute attractive therapeutic targets to treat metastatic uveal melanomas.
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28
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Zheng P, Liu YX, Chen L, Liu XH, Xiao ZQ, Zhao L, Li GQ, Zhou J, Ding YQ, Li JM. Stathmin, a new target of PRL-3 identified by proteomic methods, plays a key role in progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4897-905. [PMID: 20806969 DOI: 10.1021/pr100712t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the role of PRL-3 in progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC), we searched for PRL-3 associated proteins using proteomic methods. We identified 39 PRL-3 associated proteins based on proteomic strategy. Stathmin, a key oncoprotein, was proved to be a new PRL-3 associated protein. Notably, co-immunoprecipitation assays in both endogenous CRC cell lines and CRC tissues indicated that PRL-3 could interact with stathmin. And, both stathmin and PRL-3 contributed to microtubule (MT) destabilization of CRC cells. Moreover, gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses revealed that stathmin promoted proliferation, cell adhesion, and migration of human CRC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of 149 colorectal tumor samples showed that overexpression of stathmin was strongly correlated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.035), tumor invasion (P = 0.024), lymph node status (P < 0.001), Dukes classification (P < 0.001), and TNM staging (P < 0.001) of CRC patients. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses further supported that overexpression of stathmin protein was a potential independent poor prognostic factor for CRC. Our results reveal many PRL-3 associated proteins for the first time. The oncoprotein stathmin plays a key role in CRC as a new target of PRL-3. Interaction between PRL-3 and stathmin leads to MT destabilization of CRC cells, which contributes to progression and metastasis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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29
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Semba S, Mizuuchi E, Yokozaki H. Requirement of phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 for the nucleolar localization of nucleolin during the progression of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2254-61. [PMID: 20860603 PMCID: PMC11159960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) that is frequently overexpressed in liver metastases of colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). The PTP activity of the PRL-3 protein is indispensable for the promotion of distant metastasis of CRC; however, little is known about the effect of PRL-3 on cell growth. In this study, we investigated a novel protein that can connect to PRL-3 to modulate the proliferation of CRC cells. In CRC-derived SW480 cells, transduction of ectopic wild-type PRL-3, but not the C104S catalytic "dead" mutant, up-regulated cell proliferation and increased the population of cells at the S and G(2) /M phases. Also, inhibition of PTP activity of the PRL-3 protein by treatment with the PRL-3 inhibitor suppressed cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner as well as PRL-3 knockdown by RNA interference. Using a comparative study of monodimensional gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates from PRL-3-transfected SW480 cells and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis, nucleolar-specific protein nucleolin (NCL) was identified as a novel PRL-3-binding protein. We confirmed physiological interaction between PRL-3 and NCL, and found that PRL-3 phosphatase activity was associated with the suppression of the phospho-NCL levels and nucleolar assembly of NCL protein. In CRC cases, nucleolar NCL expression was correlated not only with higher levels of PRL-3 expression but also with frequent incidence of lymph node metastasis and a higher clinicopathologic stage. These findings suggest that NCL is involved in PRL-3-mediated cancer progression/metastasis signaling, which plays an important role in the acceleration of CRC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuho Semba
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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Hardy S, Wong NN, Muller WJ, Park M, Tremblay ML. Overexpression of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PRL-2 Correlates with Breast Tumor Formation and Progression. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8959-67. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ooki A, Yamashita K, Kikuchi S, Sakuramoto S, Katada N, Watanabe M. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 as a convergent therapeutic target for lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:543-54. [PMID: 19960436 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is a molecule associated with metastasis in a diverse of cancers, which, however, remains largely unknown in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We examined both the clinical significance of PRL-3 expression and its biological roles, and assessed possibilities as a therapeutic target in ESCC. PRL-3 expression was found in 78% (69 of 88) of the primary ESCC on immunohistochemistry; it was the strong independent predictor for lymph node metastasis (LNM) on a multivariate logistic regression model (p = 0.0014, relative risk =15.20). Additionally, gene amplification was found in 3 (7.9%) of the 38 primary tumors with PRL-3 overexpression by fluorescence in situ hybridization, but in none of the 19 tumors without it. PRL-3 small interfering RNA robustly repressed cell proliferation, anchorage-independent colony formation and invasion and augmented 5-FU-induced apoptosis in all the tested ESCC cell lines with PRL-3 overexpression, irrespective of its gene amplification status. PRL-3 inhibitor (1-4-bromo-2-benzylidene rhodanine) also suppressed such metastatic properties in the cell lines with PRL-3 overexpression, but not with its low expression. Inverse effects were observed by PRL-3 forced expression. Collectively, PRL-3 overexpression is a frequent event associated with LNM and plays a causative role in promoting cancer progression. Moreover, the expression status may be a landmark to select patients with benefit from PRL-3-targeted therapy. Thus, PRL-3 could be a convergent therapeutic target against ESCC with LNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ooki
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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张 平, 张 志, 李 香, 雷 杰, 苏 凯, 李 小, 王 小. [Expression and its relationship of PRL-3 and RhoC in non-small cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2010; 13:598-601. [PMID: 20681446 PMCID: PMC6015158 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is a newly identified protein-tyrosine phosphatase, which belongs to phosphatase of regenerating liver family, and plays a role in promoting tumor metastasis; Ras homologue C (RhoC) belongs to Rho subfamily of small-molecule G protein superfamily. However, the mechanisms of PRL-3 and RhoC are unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the expressions of PRL-3 and RhoC proteins and their correlation to invasion and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which may provide experiment evidence of the mechanism of PRL-3 in tumorigenesis and tumor-development. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expressions of PRL-3 and RhoC in NSCLC in 92 cases, and statistical methods were used to analyse statistical significances of their expressions in different groups and their correlation. RESULTS The positive rates of PRL-3 and RhoC expressions in NSCLC were 69.6% (64/92) and 73.9% (68/92), respectively, and the expressions of PRL-3 and RhoC were closely correlated with TNM stage and lymphatic metastasis and pleural metastasis (P < 0.01), and they were correlated with each other (r = 0.754, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The expressions of PRL-3 and RhoC are higher in the higher TNM stage and lymphatic metastasis and pleural metastasis cases, and closely correlate with each other in NSCLC, which suggests that PRL-3 and RhoC might be in the same signal pathway and PRL-3 might promote the distant metastasis of cancer cell by RhoC and downstream factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- 平 张
- 710038 西安,第四军医大学唐都医院胸腔外科Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - 志培 张
- 710038 西安,第四军医大学唐都医院胸腔外科Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - 香敏 李
- 810001 西宁,青海大学附属 医院肾内科Department of Nephrology, Qinghai Uniersity Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810001, China
| | - 杰 雷
- 710038 西安,第四军医大学唐都医院胸腔外科Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - 凯 苏
- 710038 西安,第四军医大学唐都医院胸腔外科Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - 小飞 李
- 710038 西安,第四军医大学唐都医院胸腔外科Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - 小平 王
- 710038 西安,第四军医大学唐都医院胸腔外科Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
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Prognostic and metastatic value of phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 in invasive breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1349-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Peng L, Xing X, Li W, Qu L, Meng L, Lian S, Jiang B, Wu J, Shou C. PRL-3 promotes the motility, invasion, and metastasis of LoVo colon cancer cells through PRL-3-integrin beta1-ERK1/2 and-MMP2 signaling. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:110. [PMID: 19930715 PMCID: PMC2792223 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) plays a causative role in tumor metastasis, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In our previous study, we observed that PRL-3 could decrease tyrosine phosphorylation of integrin beta1 and enhance activation of ERK1/2 in HEK293 cells. Herein we aim to explore the association of PRL-3 with integrin beta1 signaling and its functional implications in motility, invasion, and metastasis of colon cancer cell LoVo. METHODS Transwell chamber assay and nude mouse model were used to study motility and invasion, and metastsis of LoVo colon cancer cells, respectively. Knockdown of integrin beta1 by siRNA or lentivirus were detected with Western blot and RT-PCR. The effect of PRL-3 on integrin beta1, ERK1/2, and MMPs that mediate motility, invasion, and metastasis were measured by Western blot, immunofluorencence, co-immunoprecipitation and zymographic assays. RESULTS We demonstrated that PRL-3 associated with integrin beta1 and its expression was positively correlated with ERK1/2 phosphorylation in colon cancer tissues. Depletion of integrin beta1 with siRNA, not only abrogated the activation of ERK1/2 stimulated by PRL-3, but also abolished PRL-3-induced motility and invasion of LoVo cells in vitro. Similarly, inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation with U0126 or MMP activity with GM6001 also impaired PRL-3-induced invasion. In addition, PRL-3 promoted gelatinolytic activity of MMP2, and this stimulation correlated with decreased TIMP2 expression. Moreover, PRL-3-stimulated lung metastasis of LoVo cells in a nude mouse model was inhibited when integrin beta1 expression was interfered with shRNA. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PRL-3's roles in motility, invasion, and metastasis in colon cancer are critically controlled by the integrin beta1-ERK1/2-MMP2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China.
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PRL-3 facilitates angiogenesis and metastasis by increasing ERK phosphorylation and up-regulating the levels and activities of Rho-A/C in lung cancer. Pathology 2009; 41:118-26. [PMID: 19152186 DOI: 10.1080/00313020802579268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of PRL-3 in inducing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis to promote distant and lymph node metastasis in human lung cancer tissues and cells. METHODS We investigated the expression of PRL-3, VEGF, and VEGF-C from 94 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using immunohistochemical staining. The relationship between PRL-3 expression and microvessel density (MVD), lymphatic vessel density (LVD), clinicopathological factors, and surgical treatment outcome was also studied. Following this, we studied the effect on A549 by blocking PRL-3. RESULTS PRL-3 expression in NSCLC was high, and this over-expression is correlated with advanced clinical stage (p = 0.019), distant metastasis (p = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.001), and poor post-operative survival. PRL-3 over-expression was associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; p = 0.000) and VEGF-C (p = 0.008) expressions, MVD and LVD (p = 0.000 and p = 0.000). Blocking PRL-3 expression in A549 cell resulted in decreased cellular proliferative, migratory, and invasive abilities, and VEGF, VEGF-C, pERK, Rho-A, and Rho-C expression was inhibited. Following inhibition of either Rho or pERK, VEGF expression was down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS PRL-3 induces microvascular and lymphatic vessel formation by facilitating VEGF and VEGF-C expression in lung cancer tissues, thus promoting distant and lymph node metastasis of lung cancer. PRL-3 up-regulates pERK and Rho expression and activity, facilitating VEGF expression, and accelerating angiogenesis and distant metastasis. How to regulate VEGF-C expression needs to be further studied.
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Mizuuchi E, Semba S, Kodama Y, Yokozaki H. Down-modulation of keratin 8 phosphorylation levels by PRL-3 contributes to colorectal carcinoma progression. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1802-10. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Dai N, Lu AP, Shou CC, Li JY. Expression of phosphatase regenerating liver 3 is an independent prognostic indicator for gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1499-505. [PMID: 19322925 PMCID: PMC2665146 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prognostic significance of phosphatase regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) protein expression in gastric cancer.
METHODS: PRL-3 expression in paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 293 patients with gastric cancer was studied retrospectively by immunohistochemistry. Monoclonal antibody specifically against PRL-3, 3B6, was obtained with hybridoma technique.
RESULTS: Positive PRL-3 expression was detected in 43.3% (127 of 293) of gastric cancer cases. High expression of PRL-3 was positively correlated with tumor size, depth of invasion, vascular/lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, high TNM stage and tumor recurrence. Patients with positive PRL-3 expression had a significantly lower 5-year survival rate than those with negative expression (28.3% vs 51.9%, P < 0.0001). Patients who received curative surgery, and with positive PRL-3 expression had a significant shorter overall survival and disease-free disadvantage over patients with negative expression (hazard ratio of 16.7 and 16.6, respectively; P < 0.0001 for both). Multivariate analysis revealed that PRL-3 expression was an independent prognostic indicator for overall and disease-free survival of gastric cancer patients, particularly for survival in TNM stage III patients.
CONCLUSION: PRL-3 expression is a new independent prognostic indicator to predict the potential of recurrence and survival in patients with gastric cancer at the time of tumor resection.
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Song R, Qian F, Li YP, Sheng X, Cao SX, Xu Q. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 localizes to cyto-membrane and is required for B16F1 melanoma cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4450. [PMID: 19214221 PMCID: PMC2635958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is a member of the novel phosphatases of regenerating liver family, characterized by one protein tyrosine phosphatase active domain and a C-terminal prenylation (CCVM) motif. Though widely proposed to facilitate metastasis in many cancer types, PRL-3's cellular localization and the function of its CCVM motif in metastatic process remain unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, a series of Myc tagged PRL-3 wild type or mutant plasmids were expressed in B16F1 melanoma cells to investigate the relationship between PRL-3's cellular localization and metastasis. With immuno-fluorescence microcopy and cell adhesion/migration assay in vitro, and an experimental passive metastasis model in vivo, we found that CCVM motif is critical for the localization of PRL-3 on cell plasma membrane and the lung metastasis of melanoma. In particular, Cystine170 is the key site for prenylation in this process. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that cellular localization of PRL-3 is highly correlated with its function in tumor metastasis, and inhibition of PRL-3 prenylation might be a new approach to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Xian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Xing X, Peng L, Qu L, Ren T, Dong B, Su X, Shou C. Prognostic value of PRL-3 overexpression in early stages of colonic cancer. Histopathology 2009; 54:309-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Functional analysis of the cytoplasmic domain of the integrin {alpha}1 subunit in endothelial cells. Blood 2008; 112:3242-54. [PMID: 18647959 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-12-126433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin alpha1beta1, the major collagen type IV receptor, is expressed by endothelial cells and plays a role in both physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. Because the molecular mechanisms whereby this collagen IV receptor mediates endothelial cell functions are poorly understood, truncation and point mutants of the integrin alpha1 subunit cytoplasmic tail (amino acids 1137-1151) were generated and expressed into alpha1-null endothelial cells. We show that alpha1-null endothelial cells expressing the alpha1 subunit, which lacks the entire cytoplasmic tail (mutant alpha1-1136) or expresses all the amino acids up to the highly conserved GFFKR motif (mutant alpha1-1143), have a similar phenotype to parental alpha1-null cells. Pro(1144) and Leu(1145) were shown to be necessary for alpha1beta1-mediated endothelial cell proliferation; Lys(1146) for adhesion, migration, and tubulogenesis and Lys(1147) for tubulogenesis. Integrin alpha1beta1-dependent endothelial cell proliferation is primarily mediated by ERK activation, whereas migration and tubulogenesis require both p38 MAPK and PI3K/Akt activation. Thus, distinct amino acids distal to the GFFKR motif of the alpha1 integrin cytoplasmic tail mediate activation of selective downstream signaling pathways and specific endothelial cell functions.
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Abstract
Aberrant protein tyrosine phosphorylation resulting from the altered activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is increasingly being implicated in the genesis and progression of human cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates that the dysregulated expression of members of the phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) subgroup of PTPs is linked to these processes. Enhanced expression of the PRLs, notably PRL-1 and PRL-3, promotes the acquisition of cellular properties that confer tumorigenic and metastatic abilities. Up-regulation of PRL-3 is associated with the progression and eventual metastasis of several types of human cancer. Indeed, PRL-3 shows promise as a biomarker and prognostic indicator in colorectal, breast, and gastric cancers. However, the substrates and molecular mechanisms of action of the PRLs have remained elusive. Recent findings indicate that PRLs may function in regulating cell adhesion structures to effect epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The identification of PRL substrates is key to understanding their roles in cancer progression and exploiting their potential as exciting new therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell C Bessette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Kong L, Li Q, Wang L, Liu Z, Sun T. The value and correlation between PRL-3 expression and matrix metalloproteinase activity and expression in human gliomas. Neuropathology 2008; 27:516-21. [PMID: 18021371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2007.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Local invasion of tumor cells is characteristic of most human glioma invasions. It is associated with increased motility and a potential to degrade the extracellular matrix. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been proved to be a main process in local invasion of brain tumor. PRL-3 is a new protein tyrosine phosphatase which would also degrade the extracellular matrix and has been proved to be expressed in liver metastases derived from colorectal cancer. In this study, we sought to investigate the expression of PRL-3 in glioma tissues and investigate the relationship between MMPs (MMP2, MMP9, membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1 [MT1-MMP]) activity and expression in gliomas. The modifications of in situ hybridization of mRNA phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) methods are preformed in the study of paraffin-embedded slides. The immunohistochemistry and gelatin zymography are used to detect the expression of PRL-3 and activity of MMPs. The results show that PRL-3 mRNA and antibody of PRL-3 are detected in glioma tissues mainly in grades IV and III, only a little in grade II, but not in normal brain tissue and glioma grade I. MMP2 and MMP9 are observed mainly in glioma tissues of grades IV and III in activity and expression. MT1-MMP protein is located in glioma tissues and vessel endothelial cells. This is the first report of detecting PRL-3 expression in gliomas, especially in grades III and IV, which may play an important role in progression of gliomas. PRL-3, MMP2 and MT1-MMP cooperatively contribute to gliomas invasion. Intermediate MMP2 (MT1-MMP, TIMP-2, MMP2 trimeric complex) is detected in high grades of glioma tissues by gelatin zymography and may be a marker indicating latent malignance of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Stephens B, Han H, Hostetter G, Demeure MJ, Von Hoff DD. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PRL phosphatases results in altered Akt phosphorylation and reduced clonogenicity of pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:202-10. [PMID: 18187808 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PRL phosphatases have been implicated in cancer cell growth and metastasis in a variety of tumor types. Using cDNA microarray, we previously identified and reported PRL-1 as being highly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines. In this study, we sought to further evaluate the expression of all three PRL phosphatases in pancreatic cancer cell lines and extend our findings to in situ analysis of primary pancreatic tumors taken directly from patients. Additionally, we determine if small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of relevant PRLs confers antitumor effects in pancreatic cancer cells. Using oligonucleotide expression arrays, mRNA levels of PRL-1 and PRL-2 but not PRL-3 were identified as up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines and tumor samples taken directly from patients compared with those of normal pancreas. Focusing on PRL-1 and PRL-2, high levels of both proteins were detected in a subset of pancreatic cancer cell lines and tumor samples using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PRL-1 and PRL-2 in combination resulted in a moderate reduction of cellular growth and migration in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells. More importantly, knockdown of both PRL-1 and PRL-2 significantly inhibited colony formation of these cells in soft agar as well as serum-induced Akt phosphorylation. These data support the hypothesis that PRL phosphatases regulate key pathways involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis and that knockdown of both PRL-1 and PRL-2 is required to disrupt PRL phosphatase function in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Stephens
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
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Abstract
Even though liver metastasis accounts for the vast majority of cancer deaths in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), fundamental questions about the molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver metastasis still remain unanswered. Determination of gene expression profiles by microarray technology has improved our knowledge of CRC molecular pathways. However, defined gene signatures are highly variable among studies. Expression profiles and molecular markers have been specifically linked to liver metastases mechanistic paths in CRC. However, to date, none of the identified signatures or molecular markers has been successfully validated as a diagnostic or prognostic tool applicable to routine clinical practice. To obtain a genetic signature for liver metastasis in CRC, measures to improve reproducibility, to increase consistency, and to validate results need to be implemented. Alternatives to expression profiling with microarray technology are continuing to be used. In the recent past, many genes codifying for proteins that are directly or indirectly involved in adhesion, invasion, angiogenesis, survival and cell growth have been linked to mechanisms of liver metastases in CRC.
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Forte E, Orsatti L, Talamo F, Barbato G, De Francesco R, Tomei L. Ezrin is a specific and direct target of protein tyrosine phosphatase PRL-3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1783:334-44. [PMID: 18078820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-3 (PRL-3) is a small protein tyrosine phosphatase considered an appealing therapeutic cancer target due to its involvement in metastatic progression. However, despite its importance, the direct molecular targets of PRL-3 action are not yet known. Here we report the identification of Ezrin as a specific and direct cellular substrate of PRL-3. In HCT116 colon cancer cell line, Ezrin was identified among the cellular proteins whose phosphorylation level decreased upon ectopic over-expression of wtPRL-3 but not of catalytically inactive PRL-3 mutants. Although PRL-3 over-expression in HCT116 cells appeared to affect Ezrin phosphorylation status at both tyrosine residues and Thr567, suppression of the endogenous protein by RNA interference pointed to Ezrin-Thr567 as the residue primarily affected by PRL-3 action. In vitro dephosphorylation assays suggested Ezrin-Thr567 as a direct substrate of PRL-3 also proving this enzyme as belonging to the dual specificity phosphatase family. Furthermore, the same effect on levels of pThr567, but not on pTyr residues, was observed in endothelial cells pointing to Ezrin-pThr567 dephosphorylation as a mean through which PRL-3 exerts its function in promoting tumor progression as well as in the establishment of the new vasculature needed for tumor survival and expansion.
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Overexpression and involvement in migration by the metastasis-associated phosphatase PRL-3 in human myeloma cells. Blood 2007; 111:806-15. [PMID: 17934070 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by accumulation and dissemination of malignant plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM). Gene expression profiling of 2 MM cell lines (OH-2 and IH-1) indicated that expression of PRL-3, a metastasis-associated tyrosine phosphatase, was induced by several mitogenic cytokines. Cytokine-driven PRL-3 expression could be shown in several myeloma cell lines at both the mRNA and protein levels. There was significantly higher expression of the PRL-3 gene in PCs from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering myeloma (SMM), and myeloma than in PCs from healthy persons. Among 7 MM subgroups identified by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis, PRL-3 gene expression was significantly higher in the 3 groups denoted as "proliferation," "low bone disease," and "MMSET/FGFR3." PRL-3 protein was detected in 18 of 20 BM biopsies from patients with MM. Silencing of the PRL-3 gene by siRNA reduced cell migration in the MM cell line INA-6, but had no detectable effect on proliferation and cell-cycle phase distribution of the cells. In conclusion, PRL-3 is a gene product specifically expressed in malignant plasma cells and may have a role in migration of these cells.
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Qian F, Li YP, Sheng X, Zhang ZC, Song R, Dong W, Cao SX, Hua ZC, Xu Q. PRL-3 siRNA inhibits the metastasis of B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17592549 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00076.qian] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) has been proposed to promote the invasion of tumor cells to metastasis sites. However, the effect of PRL-3 on spontaneous metastasis has not been clearly demonstrated, and whether PRL-3 could become a new therapeutic target in malignant tumor is still unknown. In this study, we used PRL-3 siRNA as a molecular medicine to specifically reduce the expression of PRL-3 in B16-BL6 cells, a highly metastatic melanoma cell line. In vitro, PRL-3 siRNA significantly inhibited cell adhesion and migration, but had no effect on cell proliferation. In the spontaneous metastatic tumor model in vivo, PRL-3 siRNA treatment remarkably inhibited the proliferation of primary tumor, prevented tumor cells from invading the draining lymph nodes, and prolonged the life span of mice. Therefore, our results indicate that PRL-3 plays a critical role in promoting the whole process of spontaneous metastasis and tumor growth initiation, and that inhibiting PRL-3 will improve malignant tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, the Model Animal Genetics Research Center, Nanjing University, China
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Wang H, Quah SY, Dong JM, Manser E, Tang JP, Zeng Q. PRL-3 down-regulates PTEN expression and signals through PI3K to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2922-6. [PMID: 17409395 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRL-3 is a metastasis-associated phosphatase. We and others have shown that its overexpression increases cell motility and invasiveness. These phenotypic changes are reminiscent of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that occurs during embryonic development and oncogenesis. The EMT is a complex process that converts epithelia into migratory mesenchymal cells. We here attempt to unravel the underlying mechanistic basis of these phenomena. HeLa cells transiently expressing EGFP-PRL-3 (HeLa-PRL-3) exhibit reduced levels of paxillin. Similarly, Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing myc-PRL-3 (CHO-PRL-3) also show marked reductions in paxillin, phosphorylated paxillin-Tyr(31), and vinculin at focal adhesion complexes and notable reductions in the levels of RhoA-GTP, Rac1-GTP, and filamentous-actin filaments. DLD-1 human colorectal cancer cells engineered to express EGFP-PRL-3 (DLD-1-PRL-3) underwent changes consistent with EMT. In these cells, PRL-3 activates Akt and inactivates glycogen synthase kinase-3beta as assessed by phosphospecific antibodies. PRL-3 up-regulates mesenchymal markers fibronectin and Snail and down-regulates epithelial markers E-cadherin, gamma-catenin (plakoglobin), and integrin beta(3), which are major effectors in the EMT pathway. The changes in these EMT characteristics brought about by PRL-3 can be abrogated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, implying that PRL-3 acts upstream of PI3K and could play an initiating role to trigger the EMT switch during cancer metastasis. In addition, PRL-3 can down-regulate phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10, which is an important antagonist of PI3K, further reinforcing PI3K/Akt function in PRL-3-triggered EMT. Catalytically inactive PRL-3 (C104S) was impaired in the above PRL-3-mediated events, indicating that these properties require phosphatase activity. Targeting PRL-3 may thus be a useful strategy to impede cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihe Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
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