Inhibition of Lincpint expression affects insulin secretion and apoptosis in mouse pancreatic β cells

A minority of Th1 and Tfh effector cells express survival genes shared by memory cell progeny that require IL-7 or TCR signaling to persist

It is not clear how CD4+ memory T cells are formed from a much larger pool of earlier effector cells. We found that transient systemic bacterial infection rapidly generates several antigen-specific T helper (Th)1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell populations with different tissue residence behaviors. Although most cells of all varieties had transcriptomes indicative of cell stress and death at the peak of the response, some had already acquired a memory cell signature characterized by expression of genes involved in cell survival. Each Th1 and Tfh cell type was maintained long term by interleukin (IL)-7, except germinal center Tfh cells, which depended on a T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal. The results indicate that acute infection induces rapid differentiation of Th1 and Tfh cells, a minority of which quickly adopt the gene expression profile of memory cells and survive by signals from the IL-7 receptor or TCR.

A maternal low-protein diet impaired glucose metabolism and altered the lncRNA profiles of islets in adult offspring

A maternal low-protein diet during pregnancy can increase children's susceptibility to diabetes mellitus in adulthood. However, whether long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in islets participate in the development of diabetes in adult offspring following maternal protein restriction is not fully understood. Female mice were fed a low-protein (LP) diet or control diet throughout gestation and lactation. The male offspring were then randomly divided into two groups according to maternal diet: offspring from control diet group dams (Ctrl group) and offspring from LP group dams (LP group). We observed the glucose metabolism of adult offspring. A lncRNA microarray was constructed for the islets from the LP group and Ctrl group to explore the differently expressed lncRNAs. Gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were subsequently used to predict the functions of the differently expressed lncRNAs. The body weight from birth to 12 weeks of age was significantly lower in the LP offspring. Adult LP offspring exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin secretion, consistent with the reduction in β-cell proliferation. According to the lncRNA microarray, four lncRNAs, three upregulated lncRNAs, and one downregulated lncRNA were differently expressed in LP offspring islets compared with Ctrl offspring. Gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealed that these differentially expressed lncRNAs were mostly associated with the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling pathway. Additionally, we validated the expression of these four differentially expressed lncRNAs via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our findings demonstrated the expression patterns of lncRNAs in islets from adult offspring of mothers who consumed a maternal low-protein diet.

Downregulation of Kcnq1ot1 attenuates β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion via the miR-15b-5p/Ccnd1 and Ccnd2 axis

AIM

To examine the effect of lncRNA Kcnq1ot1 on pancreatic β cells in the development of diabetes.

METHODS

The expression levels of Kcnq1ot1 were detected in the islets of diabetes mouse models and the serum of patients with type 2 diabetes by qRT-PCR. CCK8, Ki67 staining, immunohistochemical analyses, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test were performed to detect the effect of Kcnq1ot1 on β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo. The relationship between Kcnq1ot1 and miR-15b-5p was predicted by bioinformatics prediction, which was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

Kcnq1ot1 was more abundant in the pancreas. The expression of Kcnq1ot1 was decreased in the islets of db/db mice and diet-induced obese mice and in the serum of patients with type 2 diabetes. Silencing Kcnq1ot1 inhibited the β-cell proliferation concomitant with a reduction in the levels of Ccnd1 and Ccnd2. Insulin synthesis and secretion were impaired, along with the decreased expression of Ins1, Ins2, and insulin-related transcription factors. Moreover, Kcnq1ot1 knockdown in vivo reduced glucose tolerance and decreased insulin secretion, consistent with the reduction in the relative islet area and Ki67-positive β-cells detected by immunochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Mechanistically, Kcnq1ot1 directly targeted miR-15b-5p which regulated β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion through Ccnd1 and Ccnd2. Notably, the suppression of miR-15b-5p attenuated the inhibition of Min6 proliferation and insulin production induced by Kcnq1ot1 knockdown.

CONCLUSION

Kcnq1ot1 regulated β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion via the miR-15b-5p/Ccnd1 and Ccnd2 axis, which is worthy of further investigation considering its potential in diabetes treatment.

Proinflammatory signaling in islet β cells propagates invasion of pathogenic immune cells in autoimmune diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is a disorder of immune tolerance that leads to death of insulin-producing islet β cells. We hypothesize that inflammatory signaling within β cells promotes progression of autoimmunity within the islet microenvironment. To test this hypothesis, we deleted the proinflammatory gene encoding 12/15-lipoxygenase (Alox15) in β cells of non-obese diabetic mice at a pre-diabetic time point when islet inflammation is a feature. Deletion of Alox15 leads to preservation of β cell mass, reduces populations of infiltrating T cells, and protects against spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in both sexes. Mice lacking Alox15 in β cells exhibit an increase in a population of β cells expressing the gene encoding the protein programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which engages receptors on immune cells to suppress autoimmunity. Delivery of a monoclonal antibody against PD-L1 recovers the diabetes phenotype in knockout animals. Our results support the contention that inflammatory signaling in β cells promotes autoimmunity during type 1 diabetes progression.

Neural Precursor Cells Expanded Inside the 3D Micro-Scaffold Nichoid Present Different Non-Coding RNAs Profiles and Transcript Isoforms Expression: Possible Epigenetic Modulation by 3D Growth

Non-coding RNAs show relevant implications in various biological and pathological processes. Thus, understanding the biological implications of these molecules in stem cell biology still represents a major challenge. The aim of this work is to study the transcriptional dysregulation of 357 non-coding genes, found through RNA-Seq approach, in murine neural precursor cells expanded inside the 3D micro-scaffold Nichoid versus standard culture conditions. Through weighted co-expression network analysis and functional enrichment, we highlight the role of non-coding RNAs in altering the expression of coding genes involved in mechanotransduction, stemness, and neural differentiation. Moreover, as non-coding RNAs are poorly conserved between species, we focus on those with human homologue sequences, performing further computational characterization. Lastly, we looked for isoform switching as possible mechanism in altering coding and non-coding gene expression. Our results provide a comprehensive dissection of the 3D scaffold Nichoid's influence on the biological and genetic response of neural precursor cells. These findings shed light on the possible role of non-coding RNAs in 3D cell growth, indicating that also non-coding RNAs are implicated in cellular response to mechanical stimuli.

Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Cardiovascular Disease Complication of Type 2 Diabetes

The discovery of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has opened a new paradigm to use ncRNAs as biomarkers to detect disease progression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have garnered the most attention due to their specific cell-origin and their existence in biological fluids. Type 2 diabetes patients will develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications, and CVD remains the top risk factor for mortality. Understanding the lncRNA roles in T2D and CVD conditions will allow the future use of lncRNAs to detect CVD complications before the symptoms appear. This review aimed to discuss the roles of lncRNAs in T2D and CVD conditions and their diagnostic potential as molecular biomarkers for CVD complications in T2D.

The mechanisms of lncRNA Tug1 in islet dysfunction in a mouse model of intrauterine growth retardation

Taurine upregulated gene 1 (Tug1) is a novel lncRNA that participates in growth, and the abnormal expression of Tug1 related to mouse islet cell dysfunction. A recent study revealed that intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) related to the pathogenesis of diabetes. Here, we aimed to explore the role and mechanism of Tug1 in IUGR-mediated islet dysfunction. We observed that newborn IUGR mice had lower body and pancreas weight and smaller islets than newborn control mice. After IUGR mice were given a normal diet, they showed catch-up growth and abnormal glucose tolerance; however, the pancreas/body weight ratio remained low. Blood glucose, serum insulin and related gene expression showed mild recovery after overexpression of Tug1 in IUGR mice. Furthermore, Tug1 was enriched in the nuclei of MIN6 cells. Using RIP and CHIP analyses we found that Tug1 could regulate Hes1 expression by binding to EZH2 to affect insulin synthesis in MIN6 cells. These findings indicate that lncRNA Tug1 could regulate the expression of Hes1 via EZH2-driven H3K27 methylation and affect insulin production. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study suggests Tug1 as a novel biomarker, as it was shown to regulate β cell function and is worthy of further investigation due to its potential for diabetes treatment.