1
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Reactivation in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Brief Narrative Review. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:1779-1791. [PMID: 35913679 PMCID: PMC9340740 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic or pulmonary reactivations of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) have been reported in critically ill patients with COVID-19, posing a dilemma for clinicians in terms of their diagnostic and clinical relevance. Prevalence of HSV-1 reactivation may be as high as > 40% in this population, but with large heterogeneity across studies, likely reflecting the different samples and/or cut-offs for defining reactivation. There is frequently agreement on the clinical significance of HSV-1 reactivation in the presence of severe manifestations clearly attributable to the virus. However, the clinical implications of HSV-1 reactivations in the absence of manifest signs and symptoms remain controversial. Our review aims at providing immunological background and at reviewing clinical findings on HSV-1 reactivations in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
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2
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Walker FC, Sridhar PR, Baldridge MT. Differential roles of interferons in innate responses to mucosal viral infections. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1009-1023. [PMID: 34629295 PMCID: PMC8496891 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are among the first vertebrate immune pathways activated upon viral infection and are crucial for control of viral replication and dissemination, especially at mucosal surfaces as key locations for host exposure to pathogens. Inhibition of viral establishment and spread at and from these mucosal sites is paramount for preventing severe disease, while concomitantly limiting putative detrimental effects of inflammation. Here, we compare the roles of type I, II, and III IFNs in regulating three archetypal viruses - norovirus, herpes simplex virus, and severe acute respiratory virus coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) - which infect distinct mammalian mucosal tissues. Emerging paradigms include highly specific roles for IFNs in limiting local versus systemic infection, synergistic activities, and a spectrum of protective versus detrimental effects of IFNs during the infection response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest C Walker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pratyush R Sridhar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Meyts I, Casanova JL. Viral infections in humans and mice with genetic deficiencies of the type I IFN response pathway. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1039-1061. [PMID: 33729549 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are so-named because they interfere with viral infection in vertebrate cells. The study of cellular responses to type I IFNs led to the discovery of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which also governs the response to other cytokine families. We review here the outcome of viral infections in mice and humans with engineered and inborn deficiencies, respectively, of (i) IFNAR1 or IFNAR2, selectively disrupting responses to type I IFNs, (ii) STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, also impairing cellular responses to type II (for STAT1) and/or III (for STAT1, STAT2, IRF9) IFNs, and (iii) JAK1 and TYK2, also impairing cellular responses to cytokines other than IFNs. A picture is emerging of greater redundancy of human type I IFNs for protective immunity to viruses in natural conditions than was initially anticipated. Mouse type I IFNs are essential for protection against a broad range of viruses in experimental conditions. These findings suggest that various type I IFN-independent mechanisms of human cell-intrinsic immunity to viruses have yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Hait AS, Olagnier D, Sancho-Shimizu V, Skipper KA, Helleberg M, Larsen SM, Bodda C, Moldovan LI, Ren F, Brinck Andersen NS, Thomsen MM, Freytag MR, Darmalinggam S, Parkes I, Kadekar DD, Rahbek SH, van der Horst D, Kristensen LS, Eriksson K, Kjems J, Mostowy S, Christiansen M, Mikkelsen JG, Brandt CT, Paludan SR, Mogensen TH. Defects in LC3B2 and ATG4A underlie HSV2 meningitis and reveal a critical role for autophagy in antiviral defense in humans. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabc2691. [PMID: 33310865 PMCID: PMC7611067 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent herpesvirus infections can manifest in different forms of disease, including cold sores, genital herpes, and encephalitis. There is an incomplete understanding of the genetic and immunological factors conferring susceptibility to recurrent herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) infection in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we describe two adult patients with recurrent HSV2 lymphocytic Mollaret's meningitis that each carry a rare monoallelic variant in the autophagy proteins ATG4A or LC3B2. HSV2-activated autophagy was abrogated in patient primary fibroblasts, which also exhibited significantly increased viral replication and enhanced cell death. HSV2 antigen was captured in autophagosomes of infected cells, and genetic inhibition of autophagy by disruption of autophagy genes, including ATG4A and LC3B2, led to enhanced viral replication and cell death in primary fibroblasts and a neuroblastoma cell line. Activation of autophagy by HSV2 was sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of the virus and inhibited in the presence of acyclovir, but HSV2-induced autophagy was independent of the DNA-activated STING pathway. Reconstitution of wild-type ATG4A and LC3B2 expression using lentiviral gene delivery or electroporation of in vitro transcribed mRNA into patient cells restored virus-induced autophagy and the ability to control HSV2 replication. This study describes a previously unknown link between defective autophagy and an inborn error of immunity that can lead to increased susceptibility to HSV2 infection, suggesting an important role for autophagy in antiviral immunity in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Schneider Hait
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Imperial Collage London, London, UK
| | | | - Marie Helleberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Muller Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chiranjeevi Bodda
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Liviu Ionut Moldovan
- iNano, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fanghui Ren
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nanna-Sophie Brinck Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michelle M Thomsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Ratzer Freytag
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sathya Darmalinggam
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Imperial Collage London, London, UK
| | - Isobel Parkes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Imperial Collage London, London, UK
| | - Darshana D Kadekar
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stine Hess Rahbek
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Demi van der Horst
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lasse Sommer Kristensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iNano, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- iNano, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mette Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Thomas Brandt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, North Zealands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Feuillet V, Canard B, Trautmann A. Combining Antivirals and Immunomodulators to Fight COVID-19. Trends Immunol 2020; 42:31-44. [PMID: 33281063 PMCID: PMC7664349 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The majority of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected individuals remain paucisymptomatic, contrasting with a minority of infected individuals in danger of death. Here, we speculate that the robust disease resistance of most individuals is due to a swift production of type I interferon (IFNα/β), presumably sufficient to lower the viremia. A minority of infected individuals with a preexisting chronic inflammatory state fail to mount this early efficient response, leading to a delayed harmful inflammatory response. To improve the epidemiological scenario, we propose combining: (i) the development of efficient antivirals administered early enough to assist in the production of endogenous IFNα/β; (ii) potentiating early IFN responses; (iii) administering anti-inflammatory treatments when needed, but not too early to interfere with endogenous antiviral responses. Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is exceptional, lessons may be learned from previous outbreaks (coronavirus, dengue, influenza viruses), especially when considering drug design and cytokine storms. We propose that efficient treatments for COVID-19 patients should combine antivirals and immunomodulators. This combination and, especially the use of immunomodulators, might be adapted according to the disease stage. Among the repurposed antiviral drugs currently being tested against COVID-19, none shows high potency. We posit that the innate type 1 interferon (IFNα/β)-dependent antiviral immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection should be amplified. To this end, we propose two putative approaches: the inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGFβ) signaling, and perhaps, the administration of 1,8-cineole. We suggest that an early diagnosis during COVID-19 is essential when aiming to purposely combine antivirals with the use of an immunomodulator (e.g., a drug to potentiate IFNα/β), ideally early in the disease course to lower the risk of cytokine storm manifestation. When the disease becomes severe, the new combination should prioritize targeting of the cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Feuillet
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
| | - Bruno Canard
- CNRS UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Trautmann
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
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6
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can be responsible for life-threatening HSV encephalitis (HSE). The mortality rate of patients with HSE who do not receive antiviral treatment is 70%, with most survivors suffering from permanent neurological sequelae. The use of intravenous acyclovir together with improved diagnostic technologies such as PCR and magnetic resonance imaging has resulted in a reduction in the mortality rate to close to 20%. However, 70% of surviving patients still do not recover complete neurological functions. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop more effective treatments for a better clinical outcome. It is well recognized that cerebral damage resulting from HSE is caused by viral replication together with an overzealous inflammatory response. Both of these processes constitute potential targets for the development of innovative therapies against HSE. In this review, we discuss recent progress in therapy that may be used to ameliorate the outcome of patients with HSE, with a particular emphasis on immunomodulatory agents. Ideally, the administration of adjunctive immunomodulatory drugs should be initiated during the rise of the inflammatory response, and its duration should be limited in time to reduce undesired effects. This critical time frame should be optimized by the identification of reliable biomarkers of inflammation.
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7
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Marks ZRC, Campbell N, deWeerd NA, Lim SS, Gearing LJ, Bourke NM, Hertzog PJ. PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NOVEL TYPE I INTERFERON EPSILON. Semin Immunol 2019; 43:101328. [PMID: 31734130 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interferon epsilon (IFNε) is a type I IFN with unusual patterns of expression and therefore, function. It is constitutively expressed by reproductive tract epithelium and regulated by hormones during estrus cycle, reproduction, and menopause and by exogenous hormones. The IFNe protein is encoded by a gene in the type I IFN locus, binds to IFNAR1 and 2 which are required for signaling via the JAK STAT pathway. Its affinity for binding receptors and transducing signals is less potent than IFNα or β subtypes in vitro. Nevertheless, in vivo experiments indicate its efficacy in regulating mucosal immune responses and protecting from bacterial and viral infections. These studies demonstrate a different mechanism of action to type I IFNs. In this organ system with dynamic fluxes in cellularity, requirement to tolerate an implanted fetus, and be protected from disease, there is co-option of a special IFN from a family of effective immunoregulators, with unique controls and modified potency to make it a safe and effective constitutive reproductive tract cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R C Marks
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Campbell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole A deWeerd
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria, Australia
| | - San S Lim
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria, Australia
| | - Linden J Gearing
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria, Australia
| | - Nollaig M Bourke
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria, Australia.
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8
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Rius-Rocabert S, Presa JL, Esteban-Rubio S, Ayuso-Sacido A, Nistal-Villan E. A Digital Method to Quantify Type I Interferon. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:711-719. [PMID: 31268382 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN), the first ever-described cytokine, has a potent activity against viruses. Soon since its discovery, quantification of IFN has been an important issue. Most of the traditional methods to measure IFN biological activity rely on indirect methods that quantify dyes retained by IFN-protected cells against a lytic virus, or by techniques that indirectly quantify viral replication by measuring the expression level of viral-encoded reporter proteins such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP). In both cases, the IFN units are determined by the quantification of an effective dose 50, defined as the IFN dose that prevents 50% cell death of 50% reduction of the maximal amount of GFP intensity. In this study we propose the use of an alternative approach to measure IFN activity by calculating the minimal IFN dose 50 as the amount of IFN able to completely protect 50% of the cells from infection measured by the total absence of virus-dependent GFP signal in a cell culture plate. This sensitive approach could be used to easily quantify the Z value to determine IFN bioassay robustness. We believe that this approximation could be interesting to be considered by the IFN community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Dpto. CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.,CEMBIO (Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Susana Esteban-Rubio
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Ayuso-Sacido
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Microbiology Section, Dpto. CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the host response against viral infections and cancer development. They are able to kill virus-infected and tumor cells, and they produce different important cytokines that stimulate the antiviral and antitumor adaptive immune response, particularly interferon gamma. NK cells are of particular importance in herpesvirus infections, which is illustrated by systemic and life-threatening herpesvirus disease symptoms in patients with deficiencies in NK cell activity and by the myriad of reports describing herpesvirus NK cell evasion strategies. The latter is particularly obvious for cytomegaloviruses, but increasing evidence indicates that most, if not all, members of the herpesvirus family suppress NK cell activity to some extent. This review discusses the different NK cell evasion strategies described for herpesviruses and how this knowledge may translate to clinical applications.
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10
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Raftery N, Stevenson NJ. Advances in anti-viral immune defence: revealing the importance of the IFN JAK/STAT pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2525-2535. [PMID: 28432378 PMCID: PMC7079803 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a potent anti-viral cytokine, critical to the host immune response against viruses. IFN-α is first produced upon viral detection by pathogen recognition receptors. Following its expression, IFN-α embarks upon a complex downstream signalling cascade called the JAK/STAT pathway. This signalling pathway results in the expression of hundreds of effector genes known as interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). These genes are the basis for an elaborate effector mechanism and ultimately, the clearance of viral infection. ISGs mark an elegant mechanism of anti-viral host defence that warrants renewed research focus in our global efforts to treat existing and emerging viruses. By understanding the mechanistic role of individual ISGs we anticipate the discovery of a new "treasure trove" of anti-viral mediators that may pave the way for more effective, targeted and less toxic anti-viral therapies. Therefore, with the aim of highlighting the value of the innate type 1 IFN response in our battle against viral infection, this review outlines both historic and recent advances in understanding the IFN-α JAK/STAT pathway, with a focus on new research discoveries relating to specific ISGs and their potential role in curing existing and future emergent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Raftery
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nigel J Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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11
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Mortaz E, Adcock IM, Tabarsi P, Darazam IA, Movassaghi M, Garssen J, Jamaati H, Velayati A. Pattern recognitions receptors in immunodeficiency disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 808:49-56. [PMID: 28095323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize common microbial or host-derived macromolecules and have important roles in early activation and response of the immune system. Initiation of the innate immune response starts with the recognition of microbial structures called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recognition of PAMPs is performed by germline-encoded receptors expressed mainly on immune cells termed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and Nod-like receptors (NLRs). Patients with primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) affecting TLR signaling can elucidate the importance of these proteins in the human immune system. Defects in interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) lead to susceptibility to infections with bacteria, while mutations in nuclear factor-κB essential modulator (NEMO) and other downstream mediators generally induce broader susceptibility to bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In contrast, TLR3 signaling defects are associated with susceptibility to herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis. Other PIDs induce functional alterations of TLR signaling pathways, such as common variable immunodeficiency in which plasmacytoid dendritic cell defects enhance defective responses of B cells to shared TLR agonists. Altered TLR responses to TLR2 and 4 agonists are seen in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Enhanced TLR responses, meanwhile, are seen for TLRs 5 and 9 in CGD, TLRs 4, 7/8, and 9 in XLA, TLRs 2 and 4 in hyper IgE syndrome (HIES), and for most TLRs in adenosine deaminase deficiency. In this review we provide the reader with an update on the role of TLRs and downstream signaling pathways in PID disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esameil Mortaz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ilad Alavi Darazam
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Movassaghi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center and National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Aliakbar Velayati
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Elaldi N, Yilmaz M, Bagci B, Yelkovan I, Bagci G, Gozel MG, Engin A, Bakir M, Dokmetas I. Relationship between IFNA1, IFNA5, IFNA10, and IFNA17 gene polymorphisms and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever prognosis in a Turkish population range. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1159-67. [PMID: 26694082 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a fatal emerging acute viral infection. Not much is known regarding the pathogenic mechanisms and the reasons behind severe or mild disease courses in CCHF. IFN-alpha (IFNA) is one of the essential cytokines in the immune system. Existence of single nucleotide gene polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokines can cause susceptibility or resistance to viral agents and different clinical courses. Hence, the relationship between SNPs in genes encoding cytokines (IFNA1 -1823G/A (rs1332190), IFNA5 -2529T/A (rs758236), IFNA10 Cys20stop (rs10119910), and IFNA17 Ile184Arg (rs9298814) SNPs and disease susceptibility were investigated. The associations between SNPs and CCHF prognosis were also studied. Total 150 patients with CCHF and 170 healthy individuals were enrolled. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP methods. The frequency of IFNA1 -1823 (rs1332190) GG genotype was significantly higher in control subjects than CCHF patients (20% vs. 8%; P = 0.01). For IFNA17 Ile184Arg (rs9298814) polymorphism, CCHF patients having TG genotype had a higher frequency than the control subjects (38% vs. 32.4%; P = 0.039). The distribution of TT + TG genotype frequencies was also significantly higher in CCHF group than the controls (97.3% vs. 91.8%; P = 0.049). Genotype and allele frequencies for IFNA subtypes between fatal and survivors were the same (P > 0.05). Genotype and allele frequencies between severe and mild/moderate CCHF patients were also the same (P > 0.05). The results show that IFNA1 rs1332190 and IFNA17 rs9298814 SNPs may play an important role in CCHF susceptibility. Determining the existence of other connections for IFNA SNPs and CCHF severity and fatality requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazif Elaldi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Meral Yilmaz
- Cumhuriyet University Medical Faculty Research Center (CUTFAM), Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Binnur Bagci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.,Advanced Technology Research and Development Research and Application Center, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Izzet Yelkovan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Bagci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gokhan Gozel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Aynur Engin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bakir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ilyas Dokmetas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kreins AY, Ciancanelli MJ, Okada S, Kong XF, Ramírez-Alejo N, Kilic SS, El Baghdadi J, Nonoyama S, Mahdaviani SA, Ailal F, Bousfiha A, Mansouri D, Nievas E, Ma CS, Rao G, Bernasconi A, Sun Kuehn H, Niemela J, Stoddard J, Deveau P, Cobat A, El Azbaoui S, Sabri A, Lim CK, Sundin M, Avery DT, Halwani R, Grant AV, Boisson B, Bogunovic D, Itan Y, Moncada-Velez M, Martinez-Barricarte R, Migaud M, Deswarte C, Alsina L, Kotlarz D, Klein C, Muller-Fleckenstein I, Fleckenstein B, Cormier-Daire V, Rose-John S, Picard C, Hammarstrom L, Puel A, Al-Muhsen S, Abel L, Chaussabel D, Rosenzweig SD, Minegishi Y, Tangye SG, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Human TYK2 deficiency: Mycobacterial and viral infections without hyper-IgE syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1641-62. [PMID: 26304966 PMCID: PMC4577846 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Kreins et al. report the identification and immunological characterization of a group of TYK2-deficient patients. Autosomal recessive, complete TYK2 deficiency was previously described in a patient (P1) with intracellular bacterial and viral infections and features of hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES), including atopic dermatitis, high serum IgE levels, and staphylococcal abscesses. We identified seven other TYK2-deficient patients from five families and four different ethnic groups. These patients were homozygous for one of five null mutations, different from that seen in P1. They displayed mycobacterial and/or viral infections, but no HIES. All eight TYK2-deficient patients displayed impaired but not abolished cellular responses to (a) IL-12 and IFN-α/β, accounting for mycobacterial and viral infections, respectively; (b) IL-23, with normal proportions of circulating IL-17+ T cells, accounting for their apparent lack of mucocutaneous candidiasis; and (c) IL-10, with no overt clinical consequences, including a lack of inflammatory bowel disease. Cellular responses to IL-21, IL-27, IFN-γ, IL-28/29 (IFN-λ), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were normal. The leukocytes and fibroblasts of all seven newly identified TYK2-deficient patients, unlike those of P1, responded normally to IL-6, possibly accounting for the lack of HIES in these patients. The expression of exogenous wild-type TYK2 or the silencing of endogenous TYK2 did not rescue IL-6 hyporesponsiveness, suggesting that this phenotype was not a consequence of the TYK2 genotype. The core clinical phenotype of TYK2 deficiency is mycobacterial and/or viral infections, caused by impaired responses to IL-12 and IFN-α/β. Moreover, impaired IL-6 responses and HIES do not appear to be intrinsic features of TYK2 deficiency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Kreins
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Satoshi Okada
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Xiao-Fei Kong
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Noé Ramírez-Alejo
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sara Sebnem Kilic
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, 16059 Görükle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Jamila El Baghdadi
- Genetics Unit, Military Hospital Mohamed V, Hay Riad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-0042, Japan
| | - Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center; and Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital; National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 141556153 Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatima Ailal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, King Hassan II University, CHU Ibn Rochd, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, King Hassan II University, CHU Ibn Rochd, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Davood Mansouri
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center; and Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital; National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 141556153 Tehran, Iran
| | - Elma Nievas
- Immunology Unit, Pediatric Hospital A. Fleming-OSEP, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Geetha Rao
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Immunology and Rheumatology Service, Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires 1408, Argentina
| | - Hye Sun Kuehn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julie Niemela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jennifer Stoddard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul Deveau
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Safa El Azbaoui
- Genetics Unit, Military Hospital Mohamed V, Hay Riad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco Faculty of Science-Kenitra, Ibn Tofaïl University, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ayoub Sabri
- Genetics Unit, Military Hospital Mohamed V, Hay Riad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco Faculty of Science-Kenitra, Ibn Tofaïl University, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Che Kang Lim
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856
| | - Mikael Sundin
- Pediatric Hematology/Immunology, Astrid Lindgrens Children's Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Asthma Research Chair and Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Audrey V Grant
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yuval Itan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Marcela Moncada-Velez
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Group of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Institute of Biology, University of Antioquia UdeA, 1226 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ruben Martinez-Barricarte
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Melanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Laia Alsina
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204 Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204 Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona University, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Muller-Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valerie Cormier-Daire
- Department of Genetics, INSERM U1163, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cite, Imagine Institute, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Capucine Picard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lennart Hammarstrom
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Asthma Research Chair and Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yoshiyuki Minegishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France Pediatric Immunology and Hematology Unit, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
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14
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Piret J, Boivin G. Innate immune response during herpes simplex virus encephalitis and development of immunomodulatory strategies. Rev Med Virol 2015. [PMID: 26205506 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses. These viruses have the ability to establish a lifelong latency in sensory ganglia and to invade and replicate in the CNS. Apart from relatively benign mucosal infections, HSV is responsible for severe illnesses including HSV encephalitis (HSE). HSE is the most common cause of sporadic, potentially fatal viral encephalitis in Western countries. If left untreated, the mortality rate associated with HSE is approximately 70%. Despite antiviral therapy, the mortality is still higher than 30%, and almost 60% of surviving individuals develop neurological sequelae. It is suggested that direct virus-related and indirect immune-mediated mechanisms contribute to the damages occurring in the CNS during HSE. In this manuscript, we describe the innate immune response to HSV, the development of HSE in mice knock-out for proteins of the innate immune system as well as inherited deficiencies in key components of the signaling pathways involved in the production of type I interferon that could predispose individuals to develop HSE. Finally, we review several immunomodulatory strategies aimed at modulating the innate immune response at a critical time after infection that were evaluated in mouse models and could be combined with antiviral therapy to improve the prognosis of HSE. In conclusion, the cerebral innate immune response that develops during HSE is a "double-edged sword" as it is critical to control viral replication in the brain early after infection, but, if left uncontrolled, may also result in an exaggerated inflammatory response that could be detrimental to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Piret
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec and Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec and Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Le-Trilling VTK, Trilling M. Attack, parry and riposte: molecular fencing between the innate immune system and human herpesviruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 86:1-13. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. T. K. Le-Trilling
- Institute for Virology; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - M. Trilling
- Institute for Virology; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
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16
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Nallar SC, Kalvakolanu DV. Interferons, signal transduction pathways, and the central nervous system. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:559-76. [PMID: 25084173 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) family of cytokines participates in the development of innate and acquired immune defenses against various pathogens and pathogenic stimuli. Discovered originally as a proteinaceous substance secreted from virus-infected cells that afforded immunity to neighboring cells from virus infection, these cytokines are now implicated in various human pathologies, including control of tumor development, cell differentiation, and autoimmunity. It is now believed that the IFN system (IFN genes and the genes induced by them, and the factors that regulate these processes) is a generalized alarm of cellular stress, including DNA damage. IFNs exert both beneficial and deleterious effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Our knowledge of the IFN-regulated processes in the CNS is far from being clear. In this article, we reviewed the current understanding of IFN signal transduction pathways and gene products that might have potential relevance to diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C Nallar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Capobianchi MR, Uleri E, Caglioti C, Dolei A. Type I IFN family members: similarity, differences and interaction. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:103-11. [PMID: 25466633 PMCID: PMC7108279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are key cytokines with multifaceted antiviral and cell-modulatory properties. Three distinct types of IFN are recognized (I-III) based on structural features, receptor usage, cellular source and biological activities. The action of IFNs is mediated by a complex, partially overlapping, transcriptional program initiated by the interaction with specific receptors. Genetic diversity, with polymorphisms and mutations, can modulate the extent of IFN responses and the susceptibility to infections. Almost all viruses developed mechanisms to subvert the IFN response, involving both IFN induction and effector mechanisms. Interactions between IFN types may occur, for both antiviral and cell-modulatory effects, in a complex interplay, involving both synergistic and antagonistic effects. Interferon-associated diseases, not related to virus infections may occur, some of them frequently observed in IFN-treated patients. On the whole, IFNs are pleiotropic biologic response modifiers, that, upon activation of thousands genes, induce a broad spectrum of activities, regulating cell cycle, differentiation, plasma membrane molecules, release of mediators, etc., that can be relevant for cell proliferation, innate and adaptive immunity, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and other body functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Uleri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Caglioti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonina Dolei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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Abstract
Abstract
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19
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Chen Y, Chen J, Wang H, Shi J, Wu K, Liu S, Liu Y, Wu J. HCV-induced miR-21 contributes to evasion of host immune system by targeting MyD88 and IRAK1. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003248. [PMID: 23633945 PMCID: PMC3635988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of viral components by pattern recognition receptors, such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicases, cells are activated to produce type I interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines. These pathways are tightly regulated by the host to prevent an inappropriate cellular response, but viruses can modulate these pathways to proliferate and spread. In this study, we revealed a novel mechanism in which hepatitis C virus (HCV) evades the immune surveillance system to proliferate by activating microRNA-21 (miR-21). We demonstrated that HCV infection upregulates miR-21, which in turn suppresses HCV-triggered type I IFN production, thus promoting HCV replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-21 targets two important factors in the TLR signaling pathway, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), which are involved in HCV-induced type I IFN production. HCV-mediated activation of miR-21 expression requires viral proteins and several signaling components. Moreover, we identified a transcription factor, activating protein-1 (AP-1), which is partly responsible for miR-21 induction in response to HCV infection through PKCε/JNK/c-Jun and PKCα/ERK/c-Fos cascades. Taken together, our results indicate that miR-21 is upregulated during HCV infection and negatively regulates IFN-α signaling through MyD88 and IRAK1 and may be a potential therapeutic target for antiviral intervention. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of chronic hepatitis, end-stage cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, has chronically infected 200 million people worldwide and 3–4 million more each year. When triggered by viral infection, host cells produce type I interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines to antagonize the virus. Despite extensive research, the mechanism underlying HCV immune system evasion remains elusive. Our results provided the first direct evidence that microRNA-21 (miR-21) feedback inhibits type I IFN signaling when cells are challenged with HCV, thus promoting the infection. MicroRNA is a kind of endogenous non-coding small RNA that regulates a wide range of biological processes and participate in innate and adaptive immune responses through complementarily pairing with target mRNA, which can regulate its expression or translation. Currently, miRNAs have intrigued many scientists as potent targets or therapeutic agents for diseases. In our study, the targets of miR-21, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), which are important for HCV-induced type I IFN production, have also been found. Moreover, we identified a transcription factor, AP-1, which is partly responsible for miR-21 induction in response to HCV infection. Taken together, our research has provided new insights into understanding the effects of miRNA on host-virus interactions, and revealed a potential therapeutic target for antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, and Chinese-French Liver Disease Research Institute at Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institution of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
| | - Junbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, and Chinese-French Liver Disease Research Institute at Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, and Chinese-French Liver Disease Research Institute at Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, and Chinese-French Liver Disease Research Institute at Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, and Chinese-French Liver Disease Research Institute at Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
- Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan East Lake High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, and Chinese-French Liver Disease Research Institute at Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, and Chinese-French Liver Disease Research Institute at Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
- Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan East Lake High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, and Chinese-French Liver Disease Research Institute at Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
- Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan East Lake High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei, People′s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Uno K, Yagi K, Yoshimori M, Tanigawa M, Yoshikawa T, Fujita S. IFN production ability and healthy ageing: mixed model analysis of a 24 year longitudinal study in Japan. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2012-002113. [PMID: 23315513 PMCID: PMC3549214 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To track changes in interferon (IFN) production in healthy individuals to shed light on the effect these changes have on the course of healthy ageing. DESIGN Study is based on data that were collected over 24 years from a cohort of individuals whose IFN-α production was quantified as a part of their annual routine health check-up. SETTING All individuals in this study underwent regular health check-ups at Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research. PARTICIPANTS 295 healthy individuals (159 males and 136 females) without a history of cancer, autoimmune diseases and hepatitis C virus (HCV) whose IFN-α production was quantified more than five times within 24 years were selected. Finally, 29 males and 4 females whose IFN-α production was quantified more than 25 times were selected and their data were analysed using a mixed model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES HVJ stimulated IFN-α production was quantified. Healthy individual's periodical log transformed IFN-α values (y) were plotted versus age (x) and fitted to linear (y=mx+n) and quadratic formula (y=ax(2)+bx+c) expressions to reveal changes in the IFN-α production in these healthy individuals. RESULTS The linear expression showed that log (IFN-α) had a slight tendency to decline (3% over 10 years). However, the quadratic formula analysis showed the quadratic expression to be more positive than negative (a concave U-shaped pattern) which means that individuals' once declining IFN production recovered as they aged. CONCLUSIONS Although we observed a marginal decline in IFN-α production, we also observed that IFN production recovered even in individuals in their mid50s to early 60s. These results combined with our previous cross-sectional studies of patients with various diseases suggest that in healthy individuals, the impairment of IFN production is triggered more by the onset of disease (notwithstanding the cause) rather than by ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Uno
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsumi Yagi
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayo Yoshimori
- Division of Mathematical Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Tanigawa
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Setsuya Fujita
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
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Sancho-Shimizu V, Perez de Diego R, Jouanguy E, Zhang SY, Casanova JL. Inborn errors of anti-viral interferon immunity in humans. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 1:487-96. [PMID: 22347990 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The three types of interferon (IFNs) are essential for immunity against at least some viruses in the mouse model of experimental infections, type I IFNs displaying the broadest and strongest anti-viral activity. Consistently, human genetic studies have shown that type II IFN is largely redundant for immunity against viruses in the course of natural infections. The precise contributions of human type I and III IFNs remain undefined. However, various inborn errors of anti-viral IFN immunity have been described, which can result in either broad or narrow immunological and viral phenotypes. The broad disorders impair the response to (STAT1, TYK2) or the production of at least type I and type III IFNs following multiple stimuli (NEMO), resulting in multiple viral infections at various sites, including herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). The narrow disorders impair exclusively (TLR3) or mostly (UNC-93B, TRIF, TRAF3) the TLR3-dependent induction of type I and III IFNs, leading to HSE in apparently otherwise healthy individuals. These recent discoveries highlight the importance of human type I and III IFNs in protective immunity against viruses, including the TLR3-IFN pathway in protection against HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U980, Necker Medical School, Paris 75015, France
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22
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Kilic SS, Hacimustafaoglu M, Boisson-Dupuis S, Kreins AY, Grant AV, Abel L, Casanova JL. A patient with tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency without hyper-IgE syndrome. J Pediatr 2012; 160:1055-7. [PMID: 22402565 PMCID: PMC3360808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a Turkish patient with tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency who suffered from disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guerin infection, neurobrucellosis, and cutaneous herpes zoster infection. Tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency should be considered in patients susceptible to herpes viruses and intramacrophage pathogens even in the absence of atopy, high serum IgE, and staphylococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S. Kilic
- Department of Pediatrics, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey.
| | | | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, U980, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Mediacle (INSERM), 75015 Paris, France, EU
,University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France, EU
| | - Alexandra Y. Kreins
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065, NY, USA
,Graduate Program of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Audrey V. Grant
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, U980, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Mediacle (INSERM), 75015 Paris, France, EU
,University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France, EU
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, U980, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Mediacle (INSERM), 75015 Paris, France, EU
,University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France, EU
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, U980, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Mediacle (INSERM), 75015 Paris, France, EU
,University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France, EU
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Bustamante J, Picard C, Boisson-Dupuis S, Abel L, Casanova JL. Genetic lessons learned from X-linked Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1246:92-101. [PMID: 22236433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a rare syndrome conferring predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccines and nontuberculous, environmental mycobacteria (EM). Since 1996, MSMD-causing mutations have been found in six autosomal genes involved in IL-12/23-dependent, IFN-γ-mediated immunity. The aim of this review is to provide the description of the two described forms of X-linked recessive (XR) MSMD. Germline mutations in two genes, NEMO and CYBB, have long been known to cause other human diseases-incontinentia pigmenti (IP) and anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID) (NEMO/IKKG), and X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) (CYBB)-but specific mutations in either of these two genes have recently been shown to cause XR-MSMD. NEMO is an essential component of several NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways. The MSMD-causing mutations in NEMO selectively affect the CD40-dependent induction of IL-12 in mononuclear cells. CYBB encodes gp91(phox) , which is an essential component of the NADPH oxidase in phagocytes. The MSMD-causing mutation in CYBB selectively affects the respiratory burst in macrophages. Mutations in NEMO and CYBB may therefore cause MSMD by selectively exerting their deleterious impact on a single signaling pathway (CD40-IL-12, NEMO) or a single cell type (macrophages, CYBB). These experiments of Nature illustrate how specific germline mutations in pleiotropic genes can dissociate signaling pathways or cell lineages, thereby resulting in surprisingly narrow clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.
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24
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Al-Dujaili LJ, Clerkin PP, Clement C, McFerrin HE, Bhattacharjee PS, Varnell ED, Kaufman HE, Hill JM. Ocular herpes simplex virus: how are latency, reactivation, recurrent disease and therapy interrelated? Future Microbiol 2011; 6:877-907. [PMID: 21861620 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most humans are infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 in early childhood and remain latently infected throughout life. While most individuals have mild or no symptoms, some will develop destructive HSV keratitis. Ocular infection with HSV-1 and its associated sequelae account for the majority of corneal blindness in industrialized nations. Neuronal latency in the peripheral ganglia is established when transcription of the viral genome is repressed (silenced) except for the latency-associated transcripts and microRNAs. The functions of latency-associated transcripts have been investigated since 1987. Roles have been suggested relating to reactivation, establishment of latency, neuronal protection, antiapoptosis, apoptosis, virulence and asymptomatic shedding. Here, we review HSV-1 latent infections, reactivation, recurrent disease and antiviral therapies for the ocular HSV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena J Al-Dujaili
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
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25
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Manry J, Laval G, Patin E, Fornarino S, Itan Y, Fumagalli M, Sironi M, Tichit M, Bouchier C, Casanova JL, Barreiro LB, Quintana-Murci L. Evolutionary genetic dissection of human interferons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2747-59. [PMID: 22162829 PMCID: PMC3244034 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As revealed by population genetic analyses, different human interferon genes evolved under distinct selective constraints and signatures of positive selection vary according to geographic region, suggesting that some sequence changes may have conferred an advantage by increasing resistance to viral infection. Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that play a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite the large number of immunological studies of these molecules, the relative contributions of the numerous IFNs to human survival remain largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the extent to which natural selection has targeted the human IFNs and their receptors, to provide insight into the mechanisms that govern host defense in the natural setting. We found that some IFN-α subtypes, such as IFN-α6, IFN-α8, IFN-α13, and IFN-α14, as well as the type II IFN-γ, have evolved under strong purifying selection, attesting to their essential and nonredundant function in immunity to infection. Conversely, selective constraints have been relaxed for other type I IFNs, particularly for IFN-α10 and IFN-ε, which have accumulated missense or nonsense mutations at high frequencies within the population, suggesting redundancy in host defense. Finally, type III IFNs display geographically restricted signatures of positive selection in European and Asian populations, indicating that genetic variation at these genes has conferred a selective advantage to the host, most likely by increasing resistance to viral infection. Our population genetic analyses show that IFNs differ widely in their biological relevance, and highlight evolutionarily important determinants of host immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Manry
- Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
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26
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Kurche JS, Haluszczak C, McWilliams JA, Sanchez PJ, Kedl RM. Type I IFN-dependent T cell activation is mediated by IFN-dependent dendritic cell OX40 ligand expression and is independent of T cell IFNR expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:585-93. [PMID: 22156349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are important for direct control of viral infection and generation of adaptive immune responses. Recently, direct stimulation of CD4(+) T cells via type I IFNR has been shown to be necessary for the formation of functional CD4(+) T cell responses. In contrast, we find that CD4(+) T cells do not require intrinsic type I IFN signals in response to combined TLR/anti-CD40 vaccination. Rather, the CD4 response is dependent on the expression of type I IFNR (IFNαR) on innate cells. Further, we find that dendritic cell (DC) expression of the TNF superfamily member OX40 ligand was dependent on type I IFN signaling in the DC, resulting in a reduced CD4(+) T cell response that could be substantially rescued by an agonistic Ab to the receptor OX40. Taken together, we show that the IFNαR dependence of the CD4(+) T cell response is accounted for exclusively by defects in DC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Kurche
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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27
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Sancho-Shimizu V, Pérez de Diego R, Lorenzo L, Halwani R, Alangari A, Israelsson E, Fabrega S, Cardon A, Maluenda J, Tatematsu M, Mahvelati F, Herman M, Ciancanelli M, Guo Y, AlSum Z, Alkhamis N, Al-Makadma AS, Ghadiri A, Boucherit S, Plancoulaine S, Picard C, Rozenberg F, Tardieu M, Lebon P, Jouanguy E, Rezaei N, Seya T, Matsumoto M, Chaussabel D, Puel A, Zhang SY, Abel L, Al-Muhsen S, Casanova JL. Herpes simplex encephalitis in children with autosomal recessive and dominant TRIF deficiency. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4889-902. [PMID: 22105173 DOI: 10.1172/jci59259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common sporadic viral encephalitis of childhood. Autosomal recessive (AR) UNC-93B and TLR3 deficiencies and autosomal dominant (AD) TLR3 and TRAF3 deficiencies underlie HSE in some children. We report here unrelated HSE children with AR or AD TRIF deficiency. The AR form of the disease was found to be due to a homozygous nonsense mutation that resulted in a complete absence of the TRIF protein. Both the TLR3- and the TRIF-dependent TLR4 signaling pathways were abolished. The AD form of disease was found to be due to a heterozygous missense mutation, resulting in a dysfunctional protein. In this form of the disease, the TLR3 signaling pathway was impaired, whereas the TRIF-dependent TLR4 pathway was unaffected. Both patients, however, showed reduced capacity to respond to stimulation of the DExD/H-box helicases pathway. To date, the TRIF-deficient patients with HSE described herein have suffered from no other infections. Moreover, as observed in patients with other genetic etiologies of HSE, clinical penetrance was found to be incomplete, as some HSV-1-infected TRIF-deficient relatives have not developed HSE. Our results provide what we believe to be the first description of human TRIF deficiency and a new genetic etiology for HSE. They suggest that the TRIF-dependent TLR4 and DExD/H-box helicase pathways are largely redundant in host defense. They further demonstrate the importance of TRIF for the TLR3-dependent production of antiviral IFNs in the CNS during primary infection with HSV-1 in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Necker Medical School, Paris, France.
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28
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Pasieka TJ, Collins L, O'Connor MA, Chen Y, Parker ZM, Berwin BL, Piwnica-Worms DR, Leib DA. Bioluminescent imaging reveals divergent viral pathogenesis in two strains of Stat1-deficient mice, and in αßγ interferon receptor-deficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24018. [PMID: 21915277 PMCID: PMC3168466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pivotal components of the IFN response to virus infection include the IFN receptors (IFNR), and the downstream factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1). Mice deficient for Stat1 and IFNR (Stat1(-/-) and IFNαßγR(-/-) mice) lack responsiveness to IFN and exhibit high sensitivity to various pathogens. Here we examined herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) pathogenesis in Stat1(-/-) mice and in IFNαßγR(-/-) mice following corneal infection and bioluminescent imaging. Two divergent and paradoxical patterns of infection were observed. Mice with an N-terminal deletion in Stat1 (129Stat1(-/-) (N-term)) had transient infection of the liver and spleen, but succumbed to encephalitis by day 10 post-infection. In stark contrast, infection of IFNαßγR(-/-) mice was rapidly fatal, with associated viremia and fulminant infection of the liver and spleen, with infected infiltrating cells being primarily of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. To resolve the surprising difference between Stat1(-/-) and IFNαßγR(-/-) mice, we infected an additional Stat1(-/-) strain deleted in the DNA-binding domain (129Stat1(-/-) (DBD)). These 129Stat1(-/-) (DBD) mice recapitulated the lethal pattern of liver and spleen infection seen following infection of IFNαßγR(-/-) mice. This lethal pattern was also observed when 129Stat1(-/-) (N-term) mice were infected and treated with a Type I IFN-blocking antibody, and immune cells derived from 129Stat1(-/-) (N-term) mice were shown to be responsive to Type I IFN. These data therefore show significant differences in viral pathogenesis between two commonly-used Stat1(-/-) mouse strains. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that Stat1(-/-) (N-term) mice have residual Type I IFN receptor-dependent IFN responses. Complete loss of IFN signaling pathways allows viremia and rapid viral spread with a fatal infection of the liver. This study underscores the importance of careful comparisons between knockout mouse strains in viral pathogenesis, and may also be relevant to the causation of HSV hepatitis in humans, a rare but frequently fatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Jo Pasieka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lynne Collins
- BRIGHT Institute, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Megan A. O'Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Yufei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Zachary M. Parker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Brent L. Berwin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - David R. Piwnica-Worms
- BRIGHT Institute, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David A. Leib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Bowzard JB, Davis WG, Jeisy-Scott V, Ranjan P, Gangappa S, Fujita T, Sambhara S. PAMPer and tRIGer: ligand-induced activation of RIG-I. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:314-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hsu ACY, Barr I, Hansbro PM, Wark PA. Human influenza is more effective than avian influenza at antiviral suppression in airway cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:906-13. [PMID: 20705938 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0157oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are the initial site of infection with influenza viruses. The innate immune responses of airway epithelial cells to infection are important in limiting virus replication and spread. However, relatively little is known about the importance of this innate antiviral response to infection. Avian influenza viruses are a potential source of future pandemics; therefore, it is critical to examine the effectiveness of the host antiviral system to different influenza viruses. We used a human influenza (H3N2) and a low-pathogenic avian influenza (H11N9) to assess and compare the antiviral responses of Calu-3 cells. After infection, H3N2 replicated more effectively than the H11N9 in Calu-3 cells. This was not due to differential expression of sialic acid residues on Calu-3 cells, but was attributed to the interference of host antiviral responses by H3N2. H3N2 induced a delayed antiviral signaling and impaired type I and type III IFN induction compared with the H11N9. The gene encoding for nonstructural (NS) 1 protein was transfected into the bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), and the H3N2 NS1 induced a greater inhibition of antiviral responses compared with the H11N9 NS1. Although the low-pathogenic avian influenza virus was capable of infecting BECs, the human influenza virus replicated more effectively than avian influenza virus in BECs, and this was due to a differential ability of the two NS1 proteins to inhibit antiviral responses. This suggests that the subversion of human antiviral responses may be an important requirement for influenza viruses to adapt to the human host and cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chen-Yu Hsu
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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31
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Wolff T, Ludwig S. Influenza viruses control the vertebrate type I interferon system: factors, mechanisms, and consequences. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 29:549-57. [PMID: 19708812 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus research of the past decades showed that the vertebrate type I interferon (IFN) system is in principle capable of slowing down the replication and spread of most if not all viruses at early stages of infection. However, influenza viruses and other viral pathogens have evolved gene products to subvert this innate defense to enable efficient reproduction and thereby cause disease. Inhibition of type I IFN also impairs adaptive immune reactions as those cytokines function in the development of pathogen-specific cellular immunity. This article highlights the recent progress in our understanding of key interactions of influenza viruses with the type I IFN defense, which are central to viral virulence. A main focus is on corruptions of IFN-dependent antiviral functions mediated by the cellular receptors RIG-I and PKR and their blockade by the viral NS1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Wolff
- Robert Koch-Institute, Project Group P15, Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Suhir H, Etzioni A. The role of Toll-like receptor signaling in human immunodeficiencies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010; 38:11-9. [PMID: 19430930 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Through the last decade, clinical immunology has witnessed a considerable progress in understanding the role of the innate immunity in human host defense, with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) being the most extensively innate immune receptors investigated. Growing literature documents the relevance of TLR signaling pathways to human disease, revealing a small, but expanding, group of new monogenic primary immunodeficiencies, in patients with various infectious diseases, previously considered as of unexplained "idiopathic" origin. Herein, we review these recently described deficiencies. Autosomal recessive IRAK-4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 deficiencies were reported in 2003 and 2008, respectively, conferring predisposition to pyogenic bacterial infections, and autosomal recessive UNC93B1 and autosomal dominant TLR3 deficiencies were reported in 2006 and 2007, respectively, conferring predisposition to herpes simplex encephalitis. Furthermore, we highlight the published data associating TLR polymorphism with an altered susceptibility to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Suhir
- Meyer's Children Hospital, The Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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33
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Campbell IL, Hofer MJ, Pagenstecher A. Transgenic models for cytokine-induced neurological disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1802:903-17. [PMID: 19835956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence supports the idea that cytokines are important mediators of pathophysiologic processes within the central nervous system (CNS). Numerous studies have documented the increased production of various cytokines in the human CNS in a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Deciphering cytokine actions in the intact CNS has important implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of these disorders. One approach to address this problem that has been used widely employs transgenic mice with CNS-targeted production of different cytokines. Transgenic production of cytokines in the CNS of mice allows not only for the investigation of complex cellular responses at a localized level in the intact brain but also more closely recapitulates the expression of these mediators as found in disease states. As discussed in this review, the findings show that these transgenic animals exhibit wide-ranging structural and functional deficits that are linked to the development of distinct neuroinflammatory responses which are relatively specific for each cytokine. These cytokine-induced alterations often recapitulate those found in various human neurological disorders not only underscoring the relevance of these models but also reinforcing the clinicopathogenetic significance of cytokines in diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain L Campbell
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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34
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Crozat K, Vivier E, Dalod M. Crosstalk between components of the innate immune system: promoting anti-microbial defenses and avoiding immunopathologies. Immunol Rev 2009; 227:129-49. [PMID: 19120481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Because it reaches full functional efficacy rapidly upon encounter with a pathogen, the innate immune system is considered as the first line of defense against infections. The sensing of microbes or of transformed or infected cells, through innate immune recognition receptors (referred to as activating I2R2), initiates pro-inflammatory responses and innate immune effector functions. Other I2R2 with inhibitory properties bind self-ligands constitutively expressed in host. However, this dichotomy in the recognition of foreign or induced self versus constitutive self by I2R2 is not always respected in certain non-infectious conditions reminiscent of immunopathologies. In this review, we discuss that immune mechanisms have evolved to avoid inappropriate inflammatory disorders in individuals. Molecular crossregulation exists between components of I2R2 signaling pathways, and intricate interactions between cells from both innate and adaptive immune systems set the bases of controlled immune responses. We also pinpoint that, like T or B cells, some cells of the innate immune system must go through education processes to prevent autoreactivity. In addition, we illustrate how gene expression profiling of immune cell types is a useful tool to find functional homologies between cell subsets of different species and to speculate about unidentified functions of these cells in the responses to pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Crozat
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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35
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Chapgier A, Kong XF, Boisson-Dupuis S, Jouanguy E, Averbuch D, Feinberg J, Zhang SY, Bustamante J, Vogt G, Lejeune J, Mayola E, de Beaucoudrey L, Abel L, Engelhard D, Casanova JL. A partial form of recessive STAT1 deficiency in humans. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1502-14. [PMID: 19436109 DOI: 10.1172/jci37083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete STAT1 deficiency is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency caused by null mutations that abolish STAT1-dependent cellular responses to both IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma. Affected children suffer from lethal intracellular bacterial and viral diseases. Here we report a recessive form of partial STAT1 deficiency, characterized by impaired but not abolished IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma signaling. Two affected siblings suffered from severe but curable intracellular bacterial and viral diseases. Both were homozygous for a missense STAT1 mutation: g.C2086T (P696S). This STAT1 allele impaired the splicing of STAT1 mRNA, probably by disrupting an exonic splice enhancer. The misspliced forms were not translated into a mature protein. The allele was hypofunctional, because residual full-length mRNA production resulted in low but detectable levels of normally functional STAT1 proteins. The P696S amino acid substitution was not detrimental. The patients' cells, therefore, displayed impaired but not abolished responses to both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma. We also show that recessive STAT1 deficiencies impaired the IL-27 and IFN-lambda1 signaling pathways, possibly contributing to the predisposition to bacterial and viral infections, respectively. Partial recessive STAT1 deficiency is what we believe to be a novel primary immunodeficiency, resulting in impairment of the response to at least 4 cytokines (IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma, IFN-lambda1, and IL-27). It should be considered in patients with unexplained, severe, but curable intracellular bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Chapgier
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Faculty, INSERM U550, Paris, France
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Zhang SY, Boisson-Dupuis S, Chapgier A, Yang K, Bustamante J, Puel A, Picard C, Abel L, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL. Inborn errors of interferon (IFN)-mediated immunity in humans: insights into the respective roles of IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma, and IFN-lambda in host defense. Immunol Rev 2009; 226:29-40. [PMID: 19161414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) was originally identified as a substance 'interfering' with viral replication in vitro. The first IFNs to be identified were classified as type I IFNs (IFN-alpha/beta and related molecules), two other types have since been identified: type II IFN (IFN-gamma) and type III IFNs (IFN-lambda). Each IFN binds to one of three type-specific receptors. In the mouse model of experimental infections in vivo, IFN-alpha/beta are essential for immunity to most viruses tested, whereas IFN-gamma is important for immunity to a smaller number of viruses, together with bacteria, fungi, and parasites, consistent with IFN-gamma acting as the 'macrophage activating factor.' The precise role of IFN-lambda remains unclear. In recent years, inborn errors affecting the production of, or the response to, IFNs have been reported in human patients, shedding light onto the function of IFNs in natura. Disorders of IFN-gamma production, caused by IL12B, IL12RB1, and specific NEMO mutations, or of IFN-gamma responses, caused by IFNGR1, IFNGR2, and dominant STAT1 mutations, confer predisposition to mycobacterial disease in patients resistant to most viruses. By contrast, disorders of IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda production, caused by UNC93B1 and TLR3 mutations, confer predisposition to herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in otherwise healthy patients. Consistently, patients with impaired responses to IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma, and presumably IFN-lambda (carrying recessive mutations in STAT1), or with impaired responses to IFN-alpha/beta and impaired IFN-gamma production (carrying mutations in TYK2), or with impaired production of IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma, and IFN-lambda (carrying specific mutations in NEMO), are vulnerable to mycobacterial and viral infections, including HSE. These experiments of nature suggest that the three types of IFNs play at least two different roles in host defense. IFN-gamma is essential for anti-mycobacterial immunity, whereas IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda are essential for anti-viral immunity. Future studies in humans aim to define the specific roles of IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda types and individual molecules in host defense in natura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, U550, Paris, France, EU
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Wang J, Oberley-Deegan R, Wang S, Nikrad M, Funk CJ, Hartshorn KL, Mason RJ. Differentiated human alveolar type II cells secrete antiviral IL-29 (IFN-lambda 1) in response to influenza A infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:1296-304. [PMID: 19155475 PMCID: PMC4041086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar type II epithelial cells (ATIIs) are one of the primary targets for influenza A pneumonia. The lack of a culture system for maintaining differentiated ATIIs hinders our understanding of pulmonary innate immunity during viral infection. We studied influenza A virus (IAV)-induced innate immune responses in differentiated primary human ATIIs and alveolar macrophages (AMs). Our results indicate that ATIIs, but not AMs, support productive IAV infection. Viral infection elicited strong inflammatory chemokine and cytokine responses in ATIIs, including secretion of IL-8, IL-6, MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-1beta, but not TNF-alpha, whereas AMs secreted TNF-alpha as well as other cytokines in response to infection. Wild-type virus A/PR/8/34 induced a greater cytokine response than reassortant PR/8 virus, A/Phil/82, despite similar levels of replication. IAV infection increased mRNA expression of IFN genes IFN-beta, IL-29 (IFN-lambda1), and IL-28A (IFN-lambda2). The major IFN protein secreted by type II cells was IL-29 and ATIIs appear to be a major resource for production of IL-29. Administration of IL-29 and IFN-beta before infection significantly reduced the release of infectious viral particles and CXC and CC chemokines. IL-29 treatment of type II cells induced mRNA expression of antiviral genes MX1, OAS, and ISG56 but not IFN-beta. IL-29 induced a dose-dependent decrease of viral nucleoprotein and an increase of antiviral genes but not IFN-beta. These results suggest that IL-29 exerts IFN-beta-independent protection in type II cells through direct activation of antiviral genes during IAV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chickens
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Interferons
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pulmonary Alveoli/cytology
- Pulmonary Alveoli/immunology
- Pulmonary Alveoli/metabolism
- Pulmonary Alveoli/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Wang
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | | | - Shuanglin Wang
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Mrinalini Nikrad
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - C. Joel Funk
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Kevan L. Hartshorn
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Robert J. Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
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Abstract
Interferons represent a family of cytokines, which is of central importance in the innate immune response to virus infections. All interferons act as secreted ligands of specific cell surface receptors, eliciting the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes whose protein products have antiviral activity, as well as antimicrobial, antiproliferative/antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects. Expression of type I and III interferons is induced in virtually all cell types upon recognition of viral molecular patterns, especially nucleic acids, by cytoplasmic and endosomal receptors, whereas type II interferon is induced by cytokines such as IL-12, and its expression is restricted to immune cells such as T cells and NK cells. The effectiveness of the interferon system in counteracting viral infections is reflected by the multitude of inhibitors of interferon induction or interferon action that are encoded by many viruses, preventing their eradication and resulting in the continued coexistence of viruses and vertebrates. The unique biological functions of interferons have led to their therapeutic use in the treatment of diseases such as hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, and certain leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Fensterl
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Wuest TR, Carr DJJ. Dysregulation of CXCR3 signaling due to CXCL10 deficiency impairs the antiviral response to herpes simplex virus 1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7985-93. [PMID: 19017990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine, CXCL10, chemotactic for NK cells, activated T cells, and dendritic cells is highly expressed during viral infections, including HSV-1. The importance of this chemokine to the control of HSV-1 infection was tested using mice deficient in CXCL10 (CXCL10(-/-)). Following corneal infection, HSV-1 viral titers were elevated in the nervous system of CXCL10(-/-) mice, which correlated with defects in leukocyte recruitment including dendritic cells, NK cells, and HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells to the brain stem. In the absence of NK cells and HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells in wild-type (WT) or CXCL10(-/-) mice, similar levels of virus were recovered in the nervous system, suggesting these cells are responsible for the observed defects in the control of viral replication in CXCL10(-/-) mice. Leukocyte mobilization was also compared between WT, CXCL10(-/-), and mice deficient in the only known receptor for CXCL10, CXCR3 (CXCR3 (-/-)). NK cell mobilization was comparably reduced in both CXCL10(-/-) and CXCR3(-/-) mice relative to WT animals. However, the reduction in mobilization of HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells in CXCL10(-/-) was not observed in CXCR3(-/-) mice following HSV-1 infection. The defect was not the result of an alternative receptor for CXCL10, as Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell recruitment was not reduced in mice which were deficient in both CXCL10 and CXCR3. Thus, CXCL10 deficiency results in reduced mobilization of HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells as a result of dysregulation of CXCR3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Wuest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Host responses to wild-type and attenuated herpes simplex virus infection in the absence of Stat1. J Virol 2008; 83:2075-87. [PMID: 19109391 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02007-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and mice lacking the interferon signaling molecule Stat1 are sensitive to a variety of pathogens due to their presumed inability to mount a strong innate immune response. The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) virion host shutoff (vhs) protein is a multifunctional immunomodulator that counteracts the innate immune response and viruses lacking vhs are attenuated and effective live vaccines in animal models. To investigate the interplay of viruses with an immunocompromised host, we performed functional genomics analyses on control and Stat1(-/-) mouse corneas infected with wild-type or vhs-null viruses. In control mice, correlative with viral growth, both viruses induced a transient increase in immunomodulators, followed by viral clearance. In contrast, infection of the Stat1(-/-) mice induced a heightened and prolonged induction of inflammatory modulators for both viruses, manifesting as a significant immune cell infiltrate and ocular disease. Moreover, while wild-type virus infection of Stat1(-/-) was always lethal, vhs-null infection was rarely lethal. There was a significant increase in Stat3- and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent transcription in Stat1(-/-) mice, implicating the Stat3 and IL-6 pathways in the observed ocular pathology. Further, infected Stat1(-/-) mice showed phosphorylated Stat3 in the corneal epithelium. Our data show a role for vhs in evading innate host responses and a role for Stat1 in limiting virus infection and for facilitating an appropriate nonpathological inflammatory response.
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Abstract
Human primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are often thought to be confined to a few rare, familial, monogenic, recessive traits impairing the development or function of one or several leucocyte subsets and resulting in multiple, recurrent, opportunistic and fatal infections in infancy. We highlight here the rapidly growing number of exceptions to each of these conventional qualifications. Indeed, bona fide PIDs include common and sporadic illnesses and may present as dominant, or even polygenic traits; their pathogenesis may involve non haematopoietic cells, and they may result in single episode of illness, with a single or multiple morbid phenotypes, some of which may involve infection, in otherwise healthy adults. We need to increase awareness of the multitude of clinical presentations of human PIDs considerably and rapidly in the medical community. Human PIDs should be considered in a wide range of clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.
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Reske A, Pollara G, Krummenacher C, Katz DR, Chain BM. Glycoprotein-dependent and TLR2-independent innate immune recognition of herpes simplex virus-1 by dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7525-36. [PMID: 18490753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune recognition is an important early event in the host response to herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection. Dendritic cells (DC) play an important sentinel role in this recognition. Previous studies have shown that monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) respond to HSV-1 by up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and type I IFN release, but the molecular targets on the virus recognized by the DC have not been defined. In this study we show that MDDC recognize and respond to the four essential viral glycoproteins, gB, gD, and gHgL, independent of other viral proteins or nucleic acids. DC recognition of these four glycoproteins leads to the up-regulation of CD40, CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR and to the production of IFN-alpha and IL-10, but not IL-12p70. Glutaraldehyde-fixation and nonfunctional gH mutants were used to show that recognition of glycoproteins does not require membrane fusion. The nature of the recognition event was probed further by transfecting glycoproteins individually or in combination, by blocking individual proteins with Abs, or by using mutant gD constructs unable to bind to their known cognate receptors. Unexpectedly, MDDC responses were found to require expression of all four glycoproteins. Furthermore, gD mutants that cannot bind nectin-1 and/or herpesvirus entry mediator can still induce DC maturation. Finally, although HSV-1 can signal via the TLR2 receptor, this receptor does not mediate recognition of glycoproteins. Thus, the complex of the four essential HSV-1 entry glycoproteins on the cell surface can provide a target for innate immune recognition of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Reske
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
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43
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Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are key components of the innate immune response and the first line of defence against virus infection. Among the hundreds of IFN-induced genes, only a few have been ascribed direct antiviral activity in vivo: ISG15 (IFN-stimulated protein of 15 kDa), the Mx (myxovirus resistance) proteins, 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-regulated ribonuclease L (RNaseL) and protein kinase R (PKR). These proteins separately block viral transcription, degrade viral RNA, inhibit translation or modify the proteasome to control all steps of viral replication. ISG15 is part of a ubiquitin-like pathway that modulates the function of numerous protein targets. The Mx proteins seem to survey exocytic events and mediate vesicle trafficking to trap viral components. The OAS-regulated RNaseL pathway degrades single-stranded RNA in virus-infected cells. PKR inhibits translation and participates in signal transduction. Additional functions of each of these proteins are still being uncovered, suggesting they have broader roles in the host immune response.
Type I interferons (IFNs) provide the first line of defence against viral infection. As discussed in this Review, the IFN-induced antiviral effector proteins, such as ISG15, Mx proteins, ribonuclease L and protein kinase R, are important components of this response. Since the discovery of interferons (IFNs), considerable progress has been made in describing the nature of the cytokines themselves, the signalling components that direct the cell response and their antiviral activities. Gene targeting studies have distinguished four main effector pathways of the IFN-mediated antiviral response: the Mx GTPase pathway, the 2′,5′-oligoadenylate-synthetase-directed ribonuclease L pathway, the protein kinase R pathway and the ISG15 ubiquitin-like pathway. As discussed in this Review, these effector pathways individually block viral transcription, degrade viral RNA, inhibit translation and modify protein function to control all steps of viral replication. Ongoing research continues to expose additional activities for these effector proteins and has revealed unanticipated functions of the antiviral response.
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45
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Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Jouanguy E, Picard C, Puel A, Abel L, Casanova JL. Novel primary immunodeficiencies revealed by the investigation of paediatric infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:39-48. [PMID: 18083507 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human primary immunodeficiencies impairing myeloid and/or lymphoid cellular responses to activating receptors other than antigen receptors have recently been described in children with various infectious diseases. Germline mutations in NEMO and IKBA impair NF-kappaB-mediated signalling, at least in response to the stimulation of TLRs, IL-1Rs and TNFRs, and confer a broad predisposition to infections. Mutations in IRAK4 selectively impair TLRs other than TLR3 and most IL-1R responses, and confer a predisposition to pyogenic bacterial diseases, including invasive pneumococcal disease in particular. Mutations in TLR3 and UNC93B1 impair TLR3 responses and confer a predisposition to herpes simplex encephalitis. Mutations in STAT1 impair IFN-gamma and/or IFN-alpha/beta responses and predispose subjects to mycobacterial and viral diseases, respectively. Mutations in IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 impair IFN-gamma responses and confer a predisposition to mycobacterial diseases. Mutations in IL12B and IL12RB1 impair IL-12 and IL-23 responses and predispose subjects to infections caused by mycobacteria and Salmonella. Finally, mutations in TYK2 and STAT3 mostly impair IL-6R responses, conferring a predisposition to staphylococcal disease in particular. The infectious phenotypes associated with these novel leukocyte activation deficiencies are therefore collectively diverse, tightly dependent on the morbid gene and affected pathway, and individually narrow, often restricted to one or a few infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U550, Paris 75015, France, EU
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46
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Hobbs MR, Jones BB, Otterud BE, Leppert M, Kriesel JD. Identification of a herpes simplex labialis susceptibility region on human chromosome 21. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:340-6. [PMID: 18199027 DOI: 10.1086/525540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the United States population is infected with either herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2, or both. Reactivations of HSV-1 infection cause herpes simplex labialis (HSL; cold sores or fever blisters), which is the most common recurring viral infection in humans. METHODS To investigate the possibility of a human genetic component conferring resistance or susceptibility to cold sores (i.e., a HSL susceptibility gene), we conducted a genetic linkage analysis that included serotyping and phenotyping 421 individuals from 39 families enrolled in the Utah Genetic Reference Project. RESULTS Linkage analysis identified a 2.5-Mb nonrecombinant region of interest on the long arm of human chromosome 21, with a multipoint logarithm of odds score of 3.9 noted near marker abmc65 (D21S409). Nonparametric linkage analysis of the data also provided strong evidence for linkage (P = .0005). This region of human chromosome 21 contains 6 candidate genes for herpes susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS The development of frequent cold sores is associated with a region on the long arm of human chromosome 21. This region contains several candidate genes that could influence the frequency of outbreaks of HSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine R Hobbs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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47
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Sommereyns C, Paul S, Staeheli P, Michiels T. IFN-lambda (IFN-lambda) is expressed in a tissue-dependent fashion and primarily acts on epithelial cells in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000017. [PMID: 18369468 PMCID: PMC2265414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) exert antiviral, immunomodulatory and cytostatic activities. IFN-alpha/beta (type I IFN) and IFN-lambda (type III IFN) bind distinct receptors, but regulate similar sets of genes and exhibit strikingly similar biological activities. We analyzed to what extent the IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda systems overlap in vivo in terms of expression and response. We observed a certain degree of tissue specificity in the production of IFN-lambda. In the brain, IFN-alpha/beta was readily produced after infection with various RNA viruses, whereas expression of IFN-lambda was low in this organ. In the liver, virus infection induced the expression of both IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda genes. Plasmid electrotransfer-mediated in vivo expression of individual IFN genes allowed the tissue and cell specificities of the responses to systemic IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda to be compared. The response to IFN-lambda correlated with expression of the alpha subunit of the IFN-lambda receptor (IL-28R alpha). The IFN-lambda response was prominent in the stomach, intestine and lungs, but very low in the central nervous system and spleen. At the cellular level, the response to IFN-lambda in kidney and brain was restricted to epithelial cells. In contrast, the response to IFN-alpha/beta was observed in various cell types in these organs, and was most prominent in endothelial cells. Thus, the IFN-lambda system probably evolved to specifically protect epithelia. IFN-lambda might contribute to the prevention of viral invasion through skin and mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sommereyns
- Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, MIPA-VIRO 74-49, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Paul
- Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, MIPA-VIRO 74-49, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Michiels
- Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, MIPA-VIRO 74-49, Brussels, Belgium
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48
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Genetic susceptibility to herpes simplex virus 1 encephalitis in mice and humans. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 7:495-505. [PMID: 17989525 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3282f151d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Herpes simplex encephalitis is a rare complication of herpes simplex virus 1 infection that strikes otherwise healthy individuals. Its pathogenesis has long remained elusive. We highlight the investigations dealing with the genetic basis of herpes simplex encephalitis in mice and humans. RECENT FINDINGS Mouse models have revealed the impact of various host genes on protective immunity to herpes simplex encephalitis through strain-dependent variability (forward genetics) and via targeted knockouts (reverse genetics). These studies established in particular the crucial role of IFNalpha/beta in immunity to herpes simplex virus 1, paving the way towards the elucidation of the genetic cause of human herpes simplex encephalitis. Two children with rare, specific STAT1 or NEMO mutations displayed a broad impairment of IFNalpha/beta and IFNlambda-mediated immunity and predisposition to several infectious diseases including herpes simplex encephalitis. In contrast, children with UNC93B1 and TLR3 mutations displayed a selective impairment of dsRNA-induced IFNalpha/beta and IFNlambda production and predisposition to isolated herpes simplex encephalitis. SUMMARY Herpes simplex encephalitis results from a series of monogenic primary immunodeficiencies that impair the TLR3 and UNC-93B-dependent production of IFNalpha/beta and IFNlambda in the central nervous system, at least in a fraction of children. This is not only crucial for the understanding of immunity to herpes simplex virus 1, but also for the diagnosis and treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis.
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Borden EC, Sen GC, Uze G, Silverman RH, Ransohoff RM, Foster GR, Stark GR. Interferons at age 50: past, current and future impact on biomedicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:975-90. [PMID: 18049472 PMCID: PMC7097588 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 848] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The family of interferon (IFN) proteins has now more than reached the potential envisioned by early discovering virologists: IFNs are not only antivirals with a spectrum of clinical effectiveness against both RNA and DNA viruses, but are also the prototypic biological response modifiers for oncology, and show effectiveness in suppressing manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Studies of IFNs have resulted in fundamental insights into cellular signalling mechanisms, gene transcription and innate and acquired immunity. Further elucidation of the multitude of IFN-induced genes, as well as drug development strategies targeting IFN production via the activation of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), will almost certainly lead to newer and more efficacious therapeutics. Our goal is to offer a molecular and clinical perspective that will enable IFNs or their TLR agonist inducers to reach their full clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest C. Borden
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Gilles Uze
- CNRS UMR 5235, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier, Cedex 5 FR34095 France
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Graham R. Foster
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary's School of Medicine, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 4AT UK
| | - George R. Stark
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
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