1
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Koziolek M, Augustijns P, Berger C, Cristofoletti R, Dahlgren D, Keemink J, Matsson P, McCartney F, Metzger M, Mezler M, Niessen J, Polli JE, Vertzoni M, Weitschies W, Dressman J. Challenges in Permeability Assessment for Oral Drug Product Development. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2397. [PMID: 37896157 PMCID: PMC10609725 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug permeation across the intestinal epithelium is a prerequisite for successful oral drug delivery. The increased interest in oral administration of peptides, as well as poorly soluble and poorly permeable compounds such as drugs for targeted protein degradation, have made permeability a key parameter in oral drug product development. This review describes the various in vitro, in silico and in vivo methodologies that are applied to determine drug permeability in the human gastrointestinal tract and identifies how they are applied in the different stages of drug development. The various methods used to predict, estimate or measure permeability values, ranging from in silico and in vitro methods all the way to studies in animals and humans, are discussed with regard to their advantages, limitations and applications. A special focus is put on novel techniques such as computational approaches, gut-on-chip models and human tissue-based models, where significant progress has been made in the last few years. In addition, the impact of permeability estimations on PK predictions in PBPK modeling, the degree to which excipients can affect drug permeability in clinical studies and the requirements for colonic drug absorption are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Drug Product Development, Development Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Constantin Berger
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - David Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden (J.N.)
| | - Janneke Keemink
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology and SciLifeLab Gothenburg, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Fiona McCartney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Marco Metzger
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLZ-RT) Würzburg, Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Mezler
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany;
| | - Janis Niessen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden (J.N.)
| | - James E. Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21021, USA;
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 84 Zografou, Greece;
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
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Yao Y, Zaw AM, Anderson DE, Jeong Y, Kunihiro J, Hinds MT, Yim EK. Fucoidan and topography modification improved in situ endothelialization on acellular synthetic vascular grafts. Bioact Mater 2023; 22:535-550. [PMID: 36330164 PMCID: PMC9619221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombogenesis remains the primary failure of synthetic vascular grafts. Endothelial coverage is crucial to provide an antithrombogenic surface. However, most synthetic materials do not support cell adhesion, and transanastomotic endothelial migration is limited. Here, a surface modification strategy using fucoidan and topography was developed to enable fast in situ endothelialization of polyvinyl alcohol, which is not endothelial cell-adhesive. Among three different immobilization approaches compared, conjugation of aminated-fucoidan promoted endothelial monolayer formation while minimizing thrombogenicity in both in vitro platelet rich plasma testing and ex vivo non-human primate shunt assay. Screening of six topographical patterns showed that 2 μm gratings increased endothelial cell migration without inducing inflammation responses of endothelial cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that fucoidan could attract fibronectin, enabling integrin binding and focal adhesion formation and activating focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, and 2 μm gratings further enhanced FAK-mediated cell migration. In a clinically relevant rabbit carotid artery end-to-side anastomosis model, 60% in situ endothelialization was observed throughout the entire lumen of 1.7 mm inner diameter modified grafts, compared to 0% of unmodified graft, and the four-week graft patency also increased. This work presents a promising strategy to stimulate in situ endothelialization on synthetic materials for improving long-term performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aung Moe Zaw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Deirdre E.J. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - YeJin Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joshua Kunihiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Monica T. Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Evelyn K.F. Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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3
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Tenchurin TK, Rodina AV, Saprykin VP, Gorshkova LV, Mikhutkin AA, Kamyshinsky RA, Yakovlev DS, Vasiliev AL, Chvalun SN, Grigoriev TE. The Performance of Nonwoven PLLA Scaffolds of Different Thickness for Stem Cells Seeding and Implantation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204352. [PMID: 36297930 PMCID: PMC9610477 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3D reconstruction of 100 μm- and 600 μm-thick fibrous poly-L/L-lactide scaffolds was performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and supported by scanning electron microscopy and showed that the density of the fibers on the side adjacent to the electrode is higher, which can affect cell diffusion, while the pore size is generally the same. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured in a 600 μm-thick scaffold formed colonies and produced conditions for cell differentiation. An in vitro study of stem cells after 7 days revealed that cell proliferation and hepatocyte growth factor release in the 600 μm-thick scaffold were higher than in the 100 μm-thick scaffold. An in vivo study of scaffolds with and without stem cells implanted subcutaneously onto the backs of recipient mice was carried out to test their biodegradation and biocompatibility over a 0-3-week period. The cells seeded onto the 600 μm-thick scaffold promoted significant neovascularization in vivo. After 3 weeks, a significant number of donor cells persisted only on the inside of the 600 μm-thick scaffold. Thus, the use of bulkier matrices allows to prolong the effect of secretion of growth factors by stem cells during implantation. These 600 μm-thick scaffolds could potentially be utilized to repair and regenerate injuries with stem cell co-culture for vascularization of implant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alla V. Rodina
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Saprykin
- Natural Sciences Department, Moscow Region State University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lada V. Gorshkova
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Roman A. Kamyshinsky
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Yakovlev
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Nano-, Bio-, Information, Cognitive and Socio-Humanistic Sciences and Technologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, State University, 141707 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Vasiliev
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 119333 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Nano-, Bio-, Information, Cognitive and Socio-Humanistic Sciences and Technologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, State University, 141707 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-910-4130115
| | - Sergey N. Chvalun
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timofey E. Grigoriev
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Nano-, Bio-, Information, Cognitive and Socio-Humanistic Sciences and Technologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, State University, 141707 Dolgoprudny, Russia
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4
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Taebnia N, Zhang R, Kromann EB, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Andresen TL, Larsen NB. Dual-Material 3D-Printed Intestinal Model Devices with Integrated Villi-like Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58434-58446. [PMID: 34866391 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In vitro small intestinal models aim to mimic the in vivo intestinal function and structure, including the villi architecture of the native tissue. Accurate models in a scalable format are in great demand to advance, for example, the development of orally administered pharmaceutical products. Widely used planar intestinal cell monolayers for compound screening applications fail to recapitulate the three-dimensional (3D) microstructural characteristics of the intestinal villi arrays. This study employs stereolithographic 3D printing to manufacture biocompatible hydrogel-based scaffolds with villi-like micropillar arrays of tunable dimensions in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates (PEGDAs). The resulting 3D-printed microstructures are demonstrated to support a month-long culture and induce apicobasal polarization of Caco-2 epithelial cell layers along the villus axis, similar to the native intestinal microenvironment. Transport analysis requires confinement of compound transport to the epithelial cell layer within a compound diffusion-closed reservoir compartment. We meet this challenge by sequential printing of PEGDAs of different molecular weights into a monolithic device, where a diffusion-open villus-structured hydrogel bottom supports the cell culture and mass transport within the confines of a diffusion-closed solid wall. As a functional demonstrator of this scalable dual-material 3D micromanufacturing technology, we show that Caco-2 cells seeded in villi-wells form a tight epithelial barrier covering the villi-like micropillars and that compound-induced challenges to the barrier integrity can be monitored by standard high-throughput analysis tools (fluorescent tracer diffusion and transepithelial electrical resistance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayere Taebnia
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rujing Zhang
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emil B Kromann
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels B Larsen
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Dieterle MP, Husari A, Rolauffs B, Steinberg T, Tomakidi P. Integrins, cadherins and channels in cartilage mechanotransduction: perspectives for future regeneration strategies. Expert Rev Mol Med 2021; 23:e14. [PMID: 34702419 PMCID: PMC8724267 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage consists of hyaline cartilage, is a major constituent of the human musculoskeletal system and has critical functions in frictionless joint movement and articular homoeostasis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disease of articular cartilage, which promotes joint degeneration. Although it affects millions of people, there are no satisfying therapies that address this disease at the molecular level. Therefore, tissue regeneration approaches aim at modifying chondrocyte biology to mitigate the consequences of OA. This requires appropriate biochemical and biophysical stimulation of cells. Regarding the latter, mechanotransduction of chondrocytes and their precursor cells has become increasingly important over the last few decades. Mechanotransduction is the transformation of external biophysical stimuli into intracellular biochemical signals, involving sensor molecules at the cell surface and intracellular signalling molecules, so-called mechano-sensors and -transducers. These signalling events determine cell behaviour. Mechanotransducing ion channels and gap junctions additionally govern chondrocyte physiology. It is of great scientific and medical interest to induce a specific cell behaviour by controlling these mechanotransduction pathways and to translate this knowledge into regenerative clinical therapies. This review therefore focuses on the mechanotransduction properties of integrins, cadherins and ion channels in cartilaginous tissues to provide perspectives for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Philipp Dieterle
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ayman Husari
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Medical Center – Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Agarwal T, Onesto V, Lamboni L, Ansari A, Maiti TK, Makvandi P, Vosough M, Yang G. Engineering biomimetic intestinal topological features in 3D tissue models: retrospects and prospects. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-020-00120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Creff J, Malaquin L, Besson A. In vitro models of intestinal epithelium: Toward bioengineered systems. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:2041731420985202. [PMID: 34104387 PMCID: PMC8164551 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420985202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium, the fastest renewing tissue in human, is a complex
tissue hosting multiple cell types with a dynamic and multiparametric
microenvironment, making it particularly challenging to recreate in
vitro. Convergence of recent advances in cellular biology and
microfabrication technologies have led to the development of various
bioengineered systems to model and study the intestinal epithelium. Theses
microfabricated in vitro models may constitute an alternative
to current approaches for studying the fundamental mechanisms governing
intestinal homeostasis and pathologies, as well as for in vitro
drug screening and testing. Herein, we review the recent advances in
bioengineered in vitro intestinal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Creff
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse Cedex, France.,LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Arnaud Besson
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse Cedex, France
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Hinman SS, Wang Y, Kim R, Allbritton NL. In vitro generation of self-renewing human intestinal epithelia over planar and shaped collagen hydrogels. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:352-382. [PMID: 33299154 PMCID: PMC8420814 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The large intestine, with its array of crypts lining the epithelium and diverse luminal contents, regulates homeostasis throughout the body. In vitro crypts formed from primary human intestinal epithelial stem cells on a 3D shaped hydrogel scaffold replicate the functional and architectural features of in vivo crypts. Collagen scaffolding assembly methods are provided, along with the microfabrication and soft lithography protocols necessary to shape these hydrogels to match the dimensions and density of in vivo crypts. In addition, stem-cell scale-up protocols are provided so that even ultrasmall primary samples can be used as starting material. Initially, these cells are seeded as a proliferative monolayer over the shaped scaffold and cultured as stem/proliferative cells to expand them and cover the scaffold surface with the crypt-shaped structures. To convert these immature crypts into fully polarized, functional units with a basal stem cell niche and luminal differentiated cell zone, stable, linear gradients of growth factors are formed across the crypts. This platform supports the formation of chemical gradients across the crypts, including those of growth and differentiation factors, inflammatory compounds, bile and food metabolites and bacterial products. All microfabrication and device assembly steps are expected to take 8 d, with the primary cells cultured for 12 d to form mature in vitro crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Hinman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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9
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Onfroy-Roy L, Hamel D, Foncy J, Malaquin L, Ferrand A. Extracellular Matrix Mechanical Properties and Regulation of the Intestinal Stem Cells: When Mechanics Control Fate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122629. [PMID: 33297478 PMCID: PMC7762382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) are crucial players in colon epithelium physiology. The accurate control of their auto-renewal, proliferation and differentiation capacities provides a constant flow of regeneration, maintaining the epithelial intestinal barrier integrity. Under stress conditions, colon epithelium homeostasis in disrupted, evolving towards pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer. A specific environment, namely the ISC niche constituted by the surrounding mesenchymal stem cells, the factors they secrete and the extracellular matrix (ECM), tightly controls ISC homeostasis. Colon ECM exerts physical constraint on the enclosed stem cells through peculiar topography, stiffness and deformability. However, little is known on the molecular and cellular events involved in ECM regulation of the ISC phenotype and fate. To address this question, combining accurately reproduced colon ECM mechanical parameters to primary ISC cultures such as organoids is an appropriated approach. Here, we review colon ECM physical properties at physiological and pathological states and their bioengineered in vitro reproduction applications to ISC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Onfroy-Roy
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: (L.O.-R.); (A.F.); Tel.: +33-5-62-744-522 (A.F.)
| | - Dimitri Hamel
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Julie Foncy
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Laurent Malaquin
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: (L.O.-R.); (A.F.); Tel.: +33-5-62-744-522 (A.F.)
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10
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Hewes SA, Wilson RL, Estes MK, Shroyer NF, Blutt SE, Grande-Allen KJ. In Vitro Models of the Small Intestine: Engineering Challenges and Engineering Solutions. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2020; 26:313-326. [PMID: 32046599 PMCID: PMC7462033 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathologies affecting the small intestine contribute significantly to the disease burden of both the developing and the developed world, which has motivated investigation into the disease mechanisms through in vitro models. Although existing in vitro models recapitulate selected features of the intestine, various important aspects have often been isolated or omitted due to the anatomical and physiological complexity. The small intestine's intricate microanatomy, heterogeneous cell populations, steep oxygen gradients, microbiota, and intestinal wall contractions are often not included in in vitro experimental models of the small intestine, despite their importance in both intestinal biology and pathology. Known and unknown interdependencies between various physiological aspects necessitate more complex in vitro models. Microfluidic technology has made it possible to mimic the dynamic mechanical environment, signaling gradients, and other important aspects of small intestinal biology. This review presents an overview of the complexity of small intestinal anatomy and bioengineered models that recapitulate some of these physiological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Hewes
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Reid L. Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Snyder J, Wang CM, Zhang AQ, Li Y, Luchan J, Hosic S, Koppes R, Carrier RL, Koppes A. Materials and Microenvironments for Engineering the Intestinal Epithelium. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:1916-1940. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Lee SH, Choi N, Sung JH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic insights from microfluidic intestine-on-a-chip models. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:1005-1019. [PMID: 31794278 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1700950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: After administration, a drug undergoes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) before exerting its effect on the body. The combination of these process yields the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of a drug. Although accurate prediction of PK and PD profiles is essential for drug development, conventional in vitro models are limited by their lack of physiological relevance. Recently, microtechnology-based in vitro model systems, termed 'organ-on-a-chip,' have emerged as a potential solution.Areas covered: Orally administered drugs are absorbed through the intestinal wall and transported to the liver before entering systemic circulation, which plays an important role in the PK and PD profiles. Recently developed, chip-based in vitro models can be useful models for simulating such processes and will be covered in this paper.Expert opinion: The potential of intestine-on-a-chip models combined with conventional PK-PD modeling has been demonstrated with promising preliminary results. However, there are several challenges to overcome. Development of the intestinal wall, integration of the gut microbiome, and the provision of an intestine-specific environment must be achieved to realize in vivo-like intestinal model and enhance the efficiency of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering and Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Evaluation of human primary intestinal monolayers for drug metabolizing capabilities. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:82. [PMID: 31709009 PMCID: PMC6829970 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intestinal epithelium is a major site of drug metabolism in the human body, possessing enterocytes that house brush border enzymes and phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). The enterocytes are supported by a porous extracellular matrix (ECM) that enables proper cell adhesion and function of brush border enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanyl aminopeptidase (AAP), phase I DMEs that convert a parent drug to a more polar metabolite by introducing or unmasking a functional group, and phase II DMEs that form a covalent conjugate between a functional group on the parent compound or sequential metabolism of phase I metabolite. In our effort to develop an in vitro intestinal epithelium model, we investigate the impact of two previously described simple and customizable scaffolding systems, a gradient cross-linked scaffold and a conventional scaffold, on the ability of intestinal epithelial cells to produce drug metabolizing proteins as well as to metabolize exogenously added compounds. While the scaffolding systems possess a range of differences, they are most distinguished by their stiffness with the gradient cross-linked scaffold possessing a stiffness similar to that found in the in vivo intestine, while the conventional scaffold possesses a stiffness several orders of magnitude greater than that found in vivo. Results The monolayers on the gradient cross-linked scaffold expressed CYP3A4, UGTs 2B17, 1A1 and 1A10, and CES2 proteins at a level similar to that in fresh crypts/villi. The monolayers on the conventional scaffold expressed similar levels of CYP3A4 and UGTs 1A1 and 1A10 DMEs to that found in fresh crypts/villi but significantly decreased expression of UGT2B17 and CES2 proteins. The activity of CYP3A4 and UGTs 1A1 and 1A10 was inducible in cells on the gradient cross-linked scaffold when the cells were treated with known inducers, whereas the CYP3A4 and UGT activities were not inducible in cells grown on the conventional scaffold. Both monolayers demonstrate esterase activity but the activity measured in cells on the conventional scaffold could not be inhibited with a known CES2 inhibitor. Both monolayer culture systems displayed similar ALP and AAP brush border enzyme activity. When cells on the conventional scaffold were incubated with a yes-associated protein (YAP) inhibitor, CYP3A4 activity was greatly enhanced suggesting that mechano-transduction signaling can modulate drug metabolizing enzymes. Conclusions The use of a cross-linked hydrogel scaffold for expansion and differentiation of primary human intestinal stem cells dramatically impacts the induction of CYP3A4 and maintenance of UGT and CES drug metabolizing enzymes in vitro making this a superior substrate for enterocyte culture in DME studies. This work highlights the influence of mechanical properties of the culture substrate on protein expression and the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes as a critical factor in developing accurate assay protocols for pharmacokinetic studies using primary intestinal cells. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Ladd MR, Costello CM, Gosztyla C, Werts AD, Johnson B, Fulton WB, Martin LY, Redfield EJ, Crawford B, Panaparambil R, Sodhi CP, March JC, Hackam DJ. Development of Intestinal Scaffolds that Mimic Native Mammalian Intestinal Tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1225-1241. [PMID: 30652526 PMCID: PMC6760185 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This study is significant because it demonstrates an attempt to design a scaffold specifically for small intestine using a novel fabrication method, resulting in an architecture that resembles intestinal villi. In addition, we use the versatile polymer poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) for artificial intestine, which has tunable mechanical and degradation properties that can be harnessed for further fine-tuning of scaffold design. Moreover, the utilization of PGS allows for future development of growth factor and drug delivery from the scaffolds to promote artificial intestine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R. Ladd
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cait M. Costello
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Carolyn Gosztyla
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adam D. Werts
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Blake Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B. Fulton
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura Y. Martin
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth J. Redfield
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Bryan Crawford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rohan Panaparambil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chhinder P. Sodhi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John C. March
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - David J. Hackam
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Speer JE, Gunasekara DB, Wang Y, Fallon JK, Attayek PJ, Smith PC, Sims CE, Allbritton NL. Molecular transport through primary human small intestinal monolayers by culture on a collagen scaffold with a gradient of chemical cross-linking. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:36. [PMID: 31061676 PMCID: PMC6487070 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The luminal surface of the small intestine is composed of a monolayer of cells overlying a lamina propria comprised of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The ECM provides a porous substrate critical for nutrient exchange and cellular adhesion. The enterocytes within the epithelial monolayer possess proteins such as transporters, carriers, pumps and channels that participate in the movement of drugs, metabolites, ions and amino acids and whose function can be regulated or altered by the properties of the ECM. Here, we characterized expression and function of proteins involved in transport across the human small intestinal epithelium grown on two different culture platforms. One strategy employs a conventional scaffolding method comprised of a thin ECM film overlaying a porous membrane while the other utilizes a thick ECM hydrogel placed on a porous membrane. The thick hydrogel possesses a gradient of chemical cross-linking along its length to provide a softer substrate than that of the ECM film-coated membrane while maintaining mechanical stability. Results The monolayers on both platforms possessed goblet cells and abundant enterocytes and were impermeable to Lucifer yellow and fluorescein-dextran (70 kD) indicating high barrier integrity. Multiple transporter proteins were present in both primary-cell culture formats at levels similar to those present in freshly isolated crypts/villi; however, expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) in the monolayers on the conventional scaffold was substantially less than that on the gradient cross-linked scaffold and freshly isolated crypts/villi. Monolayers on the conventional scaffold failed to transport the BCRP substrate prazosin while cells on the gradient cross-linked scaffold successfully transported this drug to better mimic the properties of in vivo small intestine. Conclusions The results of this comparison highlight the need to create in vitro intestinal transport platforms whose characteristics mimic the in vivo lamina propria in order to accurately recapitulate epithelial function. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-019-0165-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Speer
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Dulan B Gunasekara
- 2Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599 USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - John K Fallon
- 3Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Peter J Attayek
- 2Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599 USA
| | - Philip C Smith
- 3Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Christopher E Sims
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,2Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599 USA
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16
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Intestinal organoids: A new paradigm for engineering intestinal epithelium in vitro. Biomaterials 2019; 194:195-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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D'Amore A, Nasello G, Luketich SK, Denisenko D, Jacobs DL, Hoff R, Gibson G, Bruno A, T Raimondi M, Wagner WR. Meso-scale topological cues influence extracellular matrix production in a large deformation, elastomeric scaffold model. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8483-8495. [PMID: 30357253 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Physical cues are decisive factors in extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and elaboration. Their transduction across scale lengths is an inherently symbiotic phenomenon that while influencing ECM fate is also mediated by the ECM structure itself. This study investigates the possibility of enhancing ECM elaboration by topological cues that, while not modifying the substrate macro scale mechanics, can affect the meso-scale strain range acting on cells incorporated within the scaffold. Vascular smooth muscle cell micro-integrated, electrospun scaffolds were fabricated with comparable macroscopic biaxial mechanical response, but different meso-scale topology. Seeded scaffolds were conditioned on a stretch bioreactor and exposed to large strain deformations. Samples were processed to evaluate ECM quantity and quality via: biochemical assay, qualitative and quantitative histological assessment and multi-photon analysis. Experimental evaluation was coupled to a numerical model that elucidated the relationship between the scaffold micro-architecture and the strain acting on the cells. Results showed an higher amount of ECM formation for the scaffold type characterized by lowest fiber intersection density. The numerical model simulations associated this result with the differences found for the change in cell nuclear aspect ratio and showed that given comparable macro scale mechanics, a difference in material topology created significant differences in cell-scaffold meso-scale deformations. These findings reaffirmed the role of cell shape in ECM formation and introduced a novel notion for the engineering of cardiac tissue where biomaterial structure can be designed to both mimick the organ level mechanics of a specific tissue of interest and elicit a desirable cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D'Amore
- Departments of Bioengineering and Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, 15216, USA.
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Zavrel EA, Shuler ML, Shen X. A SIMPLE ASPECT RATIO DEPENDENT METHOD OF PATTERNING MICROWELLS FOR SELECTIVE CELL ATTACHMENT. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ... DESIGN OF MEDICAL DEVICES CONFERENCE. DESIGN OF MEDICAL DEVICES CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:V001T05A001. [PMID: 30854173 PMCID: PMC6408146 DOI: 10.1115/dmd2018-6811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
3-D culture has been shown to provide cells with a more physiologically authentic environment than traditional 2-D (planar) culture [1, 2]. 3-D cues allow cells to exhibit more realistic functions and behaviors, e.g., adhesion, spreading, migration, metabolic activity, and differentiation. Knowledge of changes in cell morphology, mechanics, and mobility in response to geometrical cues and topological stimuli is important for understanding normal and pathological cell development [3]. Microfabrication provides unique in vitro approaches to recapitulating in vivo conditions due to the ability to precisely control the cellular microenvironment [4, 5]. Microwell arrays have emerged as robust alternatives to traditional 2D cell culture substrates as they are relatively simple and compatible with existing laboratory techniques and instrumentation [6, 7]. In particular, microwells have been adopted as a biomimetic approach to modeling the unique micro-architecture of the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [8–10]. The inner (lumen-facing) surface of the intestine has a convoluted topography consisting of finger-like projections (villi) with deep well-like invaginations (crypts) between them. The dimensions of villi and crypts are on the order of hundreds of microns (100–700 μm in height and 50–250 μm in diameter) [11]. While microwells have proven important in the development of physiologically realistic in vitro models of human intestine, existing methods of ensuring their surface is suitable for cell culture are lacking. Sometimes it is desirable to selectively seed cells within microwells and confine or restrict them to the microwells in which they are seeded. Existing methods of patterning microwells for cell attachment either lack selectivity, meaning cells can adhere and migrate anywhere on the microwell array, i.e., inside microwells or outside of them, or necessitate sophisticated techniques such as micro-contact printing, which requires precise alignment and control to selectively pattern the bottoms of microwells for cell attachment [12, 13].
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Zavrel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael L Shuler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Durham, NC, United States
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Wang C, Tanataweethum N, Karnik S, Bhushan A. Novel Microfluidic Colon with an Extracellular Matrix Membrane. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1377-1385. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Nida Tanataweethum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Sonali Karnik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Abhinav Bhushan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
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20
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De Gregorio V, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. 3D stromal tissue equivalent affects intestinal epithelium morphogenesis in vitro. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1062-1075. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza De Gregorio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIBIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaNaplesItaly
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIBIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaNaplesItaly
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIBIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaNaplesItaly
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIBIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaNaplesItaly
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB)University of NaplesNaplesItaly
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI)University of NaplesNaplesItaly
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Lechanteur A, das Neves J, Sarmento B. The role of mucus in cell-based models used to screen mucosal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:50-63. [PMID: 28751201 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest in developing tools to predict drug absorption through mucosal surfaces is fostering the establishment of epithelial cell-based models. Cell-based in vitro techniques for drug permeability assessment are less laborious, cheaper and address the concerns of using laboratory animals. Simultaneously, in vitro barrier models that thoroughly simulate human epithelia or mucosae may provide useful data to speed up the entrance of new drugs and new drug products into the clinics. Nevertheless, standard cell-based in vitro models that intend to reproduce epithelial surfaces often discard the role of mucus in influencing drug permeation/absorption. Biomimetic models of mucosae in which mucus production has been considered may not be able to fully reproduce the amount and architecture of mucus, resulting in biased characterization of permeability/absorption. In these cases, artificial mucus may be used to supplement cell-based models but still proper identification and quantification are required. In this review, considerations regarding the relevance of mucus in the development of cell-based epithelial and mucosal models mimicking the gastro-intestinal tract, the cervico-vaginal tract and the respiratory tract, and the impact of mucus on the permeability mechanisms are addressed. From simple epithelial monolayers to more complex 3D structures, the impact of the presence of mucus for the extrapolation to the in vivo scenario is critically analyzed. Finally, an overview is provided on several techniques and methods to characterize the mucus layer over cell-based barriers, in order to intimately reproduce human mucosal layer and thereby, improve in vitro/in vivo correlation.
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Lee SH, Sung JH. Organ-on-a-Chip Technology for Reproducing Multiorgan Physiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28945001 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the drug development process, the accurate prediction of drug efficacy and toxicity is important in order to reduce the cost, labor, and effort involved. For this purpose, conventional 2D cell culture models are used in the early phase of drug development. However, the differences between the in vitro and the in vivo systems have caused the failure of drugs in the later phase of the drug-development process. Therefore, there is a need for a novel in vitro model system that can provide accurate information for evaluating the drug efficacy and toxicity through a closer recapitulation of the in vivo system. Recently, the idea of using microtechnology for mimicking the microscale tissue environment has become widespread, leading to the development of "organ-on-a-chip." Furthermore, the system is further developed for realizing a multiorgan model for mimicking interactions between multiple organs. These advancements are still ongoing and are aimed at ultimately developing "body-on-a-chip" or "human-on-a-chip" devices for predicting the response of the whole body. This review summarizes recently developed organ-on-a-chip technologies, and their applications for reproducing multiorgan functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hongik University; Seoul 04066 Republic of Korea
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23
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Abstract
Current in vitro gut models lack physiological relevance, and various approaches have been taken to improve current cell culture models. For example, mimicking the three-dimensional (3D) tissue structure or fluidic environment has been shown to improve the physiological function of gut cells. Here, we incorporated a collagen scaffold that mimics the human intestinal villi into a microfluidic device, thus providing cells with both 3D tissue structure and fluidic shear. We hypothesized that the combined effect of 3D structure and fluidic shear may provide cells with adequate stimulus to induce further differentiation and improve physiological relevance. The physiological function of our '3D gut chip' was assessed by measuring the absorptive permeability of the gut epithelium and activity of representative enzymes, as well as morphological evaluation. Our results suggest that the combination of fluidic stimulus and 3D structure induces further improvement in gut functions. Our work provides insight into the effect of different tissue environment on gut cells.
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Gumuscu B, Albers HJ, van den Berg A, Eijkel JCT, van der Meer AD. Compartmentalized 3D Tissue Culture Arrays under Controlled Microfluidic Delivery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3381. [PMID: 28611357 PMCID: PMC5469754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate an in vitro microfluidic cell culture platform that consists of periodic 3D hydrogel compartments with controllable shapes. The microchip is composed of approximately 500 discontinuous collagen gel compartments locally patterned in between PDMS pillars, separated by microfluidic channels. The typical volume of each compartment is 7.5 nanoliters. The compartmentalized design of the microchip and continuous fluid delivery enable long-term culturing of Caco-2 human intestine cells. We found that the cells started to spontaneously grow into 3D folds on day 3 of the culture. On day 8, Caco-2 cells were co-cultured for 36 hours under microfluidic perfusion with intestinal bacteria (E. coli) which did not overgrow in the system, and adhered to the Caco-2 cells without affecting cell viability. Continuous perfusion enabled the preliminary evaluation of drug effects by treating the co-culture of Caco-2 and E. coli with 34 µg ml-1 chloramphenicol during 36 hours, resulting in the death of the bacteria. Caco-2 cells were also cultured in different compartment geometries with large and small hydrogel interfaces, leading to differences in proliferation and cell spreading profile of Caco-2 cells. The presented approach of compartmentalized cell culture with facile microfluidic control can substantially increase the throughput of in vitro drug screening in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Gumuscu
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Hugo J Albers
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C T Eijkel
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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25
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Three-dimensional in vitro gut model on a villi-shaped collagen scaffold. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-017-1307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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DiMarco RL, Hunt DR, Dewi RE, Heilshorn SC. Improvement of paracellular transport in the Caco-2 drug screening model using protein-engineered substrates. Biomaterials 2017; 129:152-162. [PMID: 28342321 PMCID: PMC5572671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Caco-2 assay has achieved wide popularity among pharmaceutical companies in the past two decades as an in vitro method for estimation of in vivo oral bioavailability of pharmaceutical compounds during preclinical characterization. Despite its popularity, this assay suffers from a severe underprediction of the transport of drugs which are absorbed paracellularly, that is, which pass through the cell-cell tight junctions of the absorptive cells of the small intestine. Here, we propose that simply replacing the collagen I matrix employed in the standard Caco-2 assay with an engineered matrix, we can control cell morphology and hence regulate the cell-cell junctions that dictate paracellular transport. Specifically, we use a biomimetic engineered extracellular matrix (eECM) that contains modular protein domains derived from two ECM proteins found in the small intestine, fibronectin and elastin. This eECM allows us to independently tune the density of cell-adhesive RGD ligands presented to Caco-2 cells as well as the mechanical stiffness of the eECM. We observe that lower amounts of RGD ligand presentation as well as decreased matrix stiffness results in Caco-2 morphologies that more closely resemble primary small intestinal epithelial cells than Caco-2 cells cultured on collagen. Additionally, these matrices result in Caco-2 monolayers with decreased recruitment of actin to the apical junctional complex and increased expression of claudin-2, a tight junction protein associated with higher paracellular permeability that is highly expressed throughout the small intestine. Consistent with these morphological differences, drugs known to be paracellularly transported in vivo exhibited significantly improved transport rates in this modified Caco-2 model. As expected, permeability of transcellularly transported drugs remained unaffected. Thus, we have demonstrated a method of improving the physiological accuracy of the Caco-2 assay that could be readily adopted by pharmaceutical companies without major changes to their current testing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L DiMarco
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R Hunt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ruby E Dewi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Carr DF, Ayehunie S, Davies A, Duckworth CA, French S, Hall N, Hussain S, Mellor HR, Norris A, Park BK, Penrose A, Pritchard DM, Probert CS, Ramaiah S, Sadler C, Schmitt M, Shaw A, Sidaway JE, Vries RG, Wagoner M, Pirmohamed M. Towards better models and mechanistic biomarkers for drug-induced gastrointestinal injury. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 172:181-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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A microengineered collagen scaffold for generating a polarized crypt-villus architecture of human small intestinal epithelium. Biomaterials 2017; 128:44-55. [PMID: 28288348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human small intestinal epithelium possesses a distinct crypt-villus architecture and tissue polarity in which proliferative cells reside inside crypts while differentiated cells are localized to the villi. Indirect evidence has shown that the processes of differentiation and migration are driven in part by biochemical gradients of factors that specify the polarity of these cellular compartments; however, direct evidence for gradient-driven patterning of this in vivo architecture has been hampered by limitations of the in vitro systems available. Enteroid cultures are a powerful in vitro system; nevertheless, these spheroidal structures fail to replicate the architecture and lineage compartmentalization found in vivo, and are not easily subjected to gradients of growth factors. In the current work, we report the development of a micropatterned collagen scaffold with suitable extracellular matrix and stiffness to generate an in vitro self-renewing human small intestinal epithelium that replicates key features of the in vivo small intestine: a crypt-villus architecture with appropriate cell-lineage compartmentalization and an open and accessible luminal surface. Chemical gradients applied to the crypt-villus axis promoted the creation of a stem/progenitor-cell zone and supported cell migration along the crypt-villus axis. This new approach combining microengineered scaffolds, biophysical cues and chemical gradients to control the intestinal epithelium ex vivo can serve as a physiologically relevant mimic of the human small intestinal epithelium, and is broadly applicable to model other tissues that rely on gradients for physiological function.
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Koppes AN, Kamath M, Pfluger CA, Burkey DD, Dokmeci M, Wang L, Carrier RL. Complex, multi-scale small intestinal topography replicated in cellular growth substrates fabricated via chemical vapor deposition of Parylene C. Biofabrication 2016; 8:035011. [PMID: 27550930 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/035011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Native small intestine possesses distinct multi-scale structures (e.g., crypts, villi) not included in traditional 2D intestinal culture models for drug delivery and regenerative medicine. The known impact of structure on cell function motivates exploration of the influence of intestinal topography on the phenotype of cultured epithelial cells, but the irregular, macro- to submicron-scale features of native intestine are challenging to precisely replicate in cellular growth substrates. Herein, we utilized chemical vapor deposition of Parylene C on decellularized porcine small intestine to create polymeric intestinal replicas containing biomimetic irregular, multi-scale structures. These replicas were used as molds for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) growth substrates with macro to submicron intestinal topographical features. Resultant PDMS replicas exhibit multiscale resolution including macro- to micro-scale folds, crypt and villus structures, and submicron-scale features of the underlying basement membrane. After 10 d of human epithelial colorectal cell culture on PDMS substrates, the inclusion of biomimetic topographical features enhanced alkaline phosphatase expression 2.3-fold compared to flat controls, suggesting biomimetic topography is important in induced epithelial differentiation. This work presents a facile, inexpensive method for precisely replicating complex hierarchal features of native tissue, towards a new model for regenerative medicine and drug delivery for intestinal disorders and diseases.
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Kang TH, Kim HJ. Farewell to Animal Testing: Innovations on Human Intestinal Microphysiological Systems. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7070107. [PMID: 30404281 PMCID: PMC6190004 DOI: 10.3390/mi7070107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human intestine is a dynamic organ where the complex host-microbe interactions that orchestrate intestinal homeostasis occur. Major contributing factors associated with intestinal health and diseases include metabolically-active gut microbiota, intestinal epithelium, immune components, and rhythmical bowel movement known as peristalsis. Human intestinal disease models have been developed; however, a considerable number of existing models often fail to reproducibly predict human intestinal pathophysiology in response to biological and chemical perturbations or clinical interventions. Intestinal organoid models have provided promising cytodifferentiation and regeneration, but the lack of luminal flow and physical bowel movements seriously hamper mimicking complex host-microbe crosstalk. Here, we discuss recent advances of human intestinal microphysiological systems, such as the biomimetic human "Gut-on-a-Chip" that can employ key intestinal components, such as villus epithelium, gut microbiota, and immune components under peristalsis-like motions and flow, to reconstitute the transmural 3D lumen-capillary tissue interface. By encompassing cutting-edge tools in microfluidics, tissue engineering, and clinical microbiology, gut-on-a-chip has been leveraged not only to recapitulate organ-level intestinal functions, but also emulate the pathophysiology of intestinal disorders, such as chronic inflammation. Finally, we provide potential perspectives of the next generation microphysiological systems as a personalized platform to validate the efficacy, safety, metabolism, and therapeutic responses of new drug compounds in the preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Komez A, Baran ET, Erdem U, Hasirci N, Hasirci V. Construction of a patterned hydrogel-fibrous mat bilayer structure to mimic choroid and Bruch's membrane layers of retina. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2166-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Komez
- Middle East Technical University (METU) Graduate Department of Biotechnology; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- BIOMATEN, METU Center of Excellence in Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Erkan T. Baran
- BIOMATEN, METU Center of Excellence in Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Uzeyir Erdem
- Department of Ophthalmology; Gulhane Military Medical Faculty; Etlik Ankara 06018 Turkey
| | - Nesrin Hasirci
- Middle East Technical University (METU) Graduate Department of Biotechnology; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- BIOMATEN, METU Center of Excellence in Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- METU, Department of Chemistry; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- Middle East Technical University (METU) Graduate Department of Biotechnology; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- BIOMATEN, METU Center of Excellence in Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences; Ankara 06800 Turkey
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Attayek PJ, Ahmad AA, Wang Y, Williamson I, Sims CE, Magness ST, Allbritton NL. In Vitro Polarization of Colonoids to Create an Intestinal Stem Cell Compartment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153795. [PMID: 27100890 PMCID: PMC4839657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The polarity of proliferative and differentiated cellular compartments of colonic crypts is believed to be specified by gradients of key mitogens and morphogens. Indirect evidence demonstrates a tight correlation between Wnt- pathway activity and the basal-luminal patterning; however, to date there has been no direct experimental manipulation demonstrating that a chemical gradient of signaling factors can produce similar patterning under controlled conditions. In the current work, colonic organoids (colonoids) derived from cultured, multicellular organoid fragments or single stem cells were exposed in culture to steep linear gradients of two Wnt-signaling ligands, Wnt-3a and R-spondin1. The use of a genetically engineered Sox9-Sox9EGFP:CAGDsRED reporter gene mouse model and EdU-based labeling enabled crypt patterning to be quantified in the developing colonoids. Colonoids derived from multicellular fragments cultured for 5 days under a Wnt-3a or a combined Wnt-3a and R-spondin1 gradient were highly polarized with proliferative cells localizing to the region of the higher morphogen concentration. In a Wnt-3a gradient, Sox9EGFP polarization was 7.3 times greater than that of colonoids cultured in the absence of a gradient; and the extent of EdU polarization was 2.2 times greater than that in the absence of a gradient. Under a Wnt-3a/R-spondin1 gradient, Sox9EGFP polarization was 8.2 times greater than that of colonoids cultured in the absence of a gradient while the extent of EdU polarization was 10 times greater than that in the absence of a gradient. Colonoids derived from single stem cells cultured in Wnt-3a/R-spondin1 gradients were most highly polarized demonstrated by a Sox9EGFP polarization 20 times that of colonoids grown in the absence of a gradient. This data provides direct evidence that a linear gradient of Wnt signaling factors applied to colonic stem cells is sufficient to direct patterning of the colonoid unit in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Attayek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States of America
| | - Asad A. Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States of America
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
| | - Ian Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States of America
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jivani RR, Lakhtaria GJ, Patadiya DD, Patel LD, Jivani NP, Jhala BP. Biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS): Revolution in drug delivery and analytical techniques. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 24:1-20. [PMID: 26903763 PMCID: PMC4719786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancement in microelectromechanical system has facilitated the microfabrication of polymeric substrates and the development of the novel class of controlled drug delivery devices. These vehicles have specifically tailored three dimensional physical and chemical features which together, provide the capacity to target cell, stimulate unidirectional controlled release of therapeutics and augment permeation across the barriers. Apart from drug delivery devices microfabrication technology’s offer exciting prospects to generate biomimetic gastrointestinal tract models. BioMEMS are capable of analysing biochemical liquid sample like solution of metabolites, macromolecules, proteins, nucleic acid, cells and viruses. This review summarized multidisciplinary application of biomedical microelectromechanical systems in drug delivery and its potential in analytical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishad R Jivani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
| | - Gaurang J Lakhtaria
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhaval D Patadiya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
| | - Laxman D Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
| | - Nurrudin P Jivani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhagyesh P Jhala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
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Shi C, Yuan W, Khan M, Li Q, Feng Y, Yao F, Zhang W. Hydrophilic PCU scaffolds prepared by grafting PEGMA and immobilizing gelatin to enhance cell adhesion and proliferation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 50:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen FH, Li K, Yin L, Chen CQ, Yan ZW, Chen GM. Protective effect of sodium nitroprusside on the rat small intestine transplanted mucosa. Biochem Res Int 2015; 2015:786010. [PMID: 25650248 PMCID: PMC4306256 DOI: 10.1155/2015/786010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal epithelium is extremely susceptible to even brief periods of ischemia. Mucosal barrier damage, which is associated with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and consequently bacterial translocation, remains a major obstacle for clinically successful small bowel transplantation (SBT). Previous studies have demonstrated a protective effect of nitric oxide (NO) on other transplanted organs and NO mediated intestinal protection has also been reported in vitro. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), NO donor, on graft mucosal histology and molecular markers of function after SBT in rats. We used SNP in different period of heterotopic SBT rats. The groups consisted of SBT, pre-SNP group, and post-SNP group. Interestingly, the pre-SNP graft samples exhibited less damage compared to the SBT and post-SNP samples. In addition, mucosal samples from the pre-SNP group showed higher Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and higher levels of laminin expression compared to the SBT and post-SNP samples. The findings of the present study reveal that SNP given before graft ischemia/reperfusion injury has a protective effect on mucosal histology and molecular markers of function in the transplanted small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hua Chen
- Ultrasound Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chun-Qiu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhao-Wen Yan
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Gui-Ming Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
- *Gui-Ming Chen:
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36
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Shen C, Meng Q, Zhang G. Design of 3D printed insert for hanging culture of Caco-2 cells. Biofabrication 2014; 7:015003. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/1/015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kim SH, Chi M, Yi B, Kim SH, Oh S, Kim Y, Park S, Sung JH. Three-dimensional intestinal villi epithelium enhances protection of human intestinal cells from bacterial infection by inducing mucin expression. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:1122-31. [PMID: 25200891 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00157e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current in vitro cell culture models do not reflect human physiology, and various efforts have been made to enhance existing models. Reconstitution of three-dimensional (3D) tissue structure has been one of the strategies, since 3D tissue structure provides essential cellular environmental cues for cell functions. Previously, we developed a novel hydrogel microfabrication technique for constructing an accurate 3D replica of human intestinal villi epithelium. In this study, genetic and physiological properties of the 3D villi model were examined to gain a better insight into the barrier function of gut epithelium and its interaction with microbes. Gene expression study of Caco-2 on the 3D villi scaffold revealed that expression of MUC17, which is one of the transmembrane mucins, was highly enhanced in the 3D villi model, compared to a monolayer culture. Cells on the scaffold were almost immune to bacterial infection, while MUC17 knockdown in Caco-2 cells restored bacterial infectivity. The 3D villi model also exhibited changes in the barrier function compared to the 2D model, manifested by changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability of FITC-dextran. Knockdown of MUC17 resulted in reduction of tight junction protein expression and further increase in permeability, suggesting an important role of MUC17 in the barrier function against pathogens and xenobiotics. Our study suggests that mimicking the 3D tissue architecture of the small intestine induces physiological changes in human intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Korea.
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Three dimensional human small intestine models for ADME-Tox studies. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1587-94. [PMID: 24853950 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In vitro human small intestine models play a crucial part in preclinical drug development. Although conventional 2D systems possess many advantages, such as facile accessibility and high-throughput capability, they can also provide misleading results due to their relatively poor recapitulation of in vivo physiology. Significant progress has recently been made in developing 3D human small intestine models, suggesting that more-reliable preclinical results could be obtained by recreating the 3D intestinal microenvironment in vitro. Although there are still many challenges, 3D human small intestine models have the potential to facilitate drug screening and drug development.
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Vllasaliu D, Falcone FH, Stolnik S, Garnett M. Basement membrane influences intestinal epithelial cell growth and presents a barrier to the movement of macromolecules. Exp Cell Res 2014; 323:218-231. [PMID: 24582861 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work examines the potential drug delivery barrier of the basement membrane (BM) by assessing the permeability of select macromolecules and nanoparticles. The study further extends to probing the effect of BM on intestinal epithelial cell attachment and monolayer characteristics, including cell morphology. Serum-free cultured Caco-2 cells were grown on BM-containing porous supports, which were obtained by prior culture of airway epithelial cells (Calu-3), shown to assemble and deposit a BM on the growth substrate, followed by decellularisation. Data overall show that the attachment capacity of Caco-2 cells, which is completely lost in serum-free culture, is fully restored when the cells are grown on BM-coated substrates, with cells forming intact monolayers with high electrical resistance and low permeability to macromolecules. Caco-2 cells cultured on BM-coated substrates displayed strikingly different morphological characteristics, suggestive of a higher level of differentiation and closer resemblance to the native intestinal epithelium. BM was found to notably hinder the diffusion of macromolecules and nanoparticles in a size dependent manner. This suggests that the specialised network of extracellular matrix proteins may have a significant impact on transmucosal delivery of certain therapeutics or drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driton Vllasaliu
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Snjezana Stolnik
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Martin Garnett
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Sprague L, Muccioli M, Pate M, Singh M, Xiong C, Ostermann A, Niese B, Li Y, Li Y, Courreges MC, Benencia F. Dendritic cells: In vitro culture in two- and three-dimensional collagen systems and expression of collagen receptors in tumors and atherosclerotic microenvironments. Exp Cell Res 2014; 323:7-27. [PMID: 24569142 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are immune cells found in the peripheral tissues where they sample the organism for infections or malignancies. There they take up antigens and migrate towards immunological organs to contact and activate T lymphocytes that specifically recognize the antigen presented by these antigen presenting cells. In the steady state there are several types of resident DCs present in various different organs. For example, in the mouse, splenic DC populations characterized by the co-expression of CD11c and CD8 surface markers are specialized in cross-presentation to CD8 T cells, while CD11c/SIRP-1α DCs seem to be dedicated to activating CD4 T cells. On the other hand, DCs have also been associated with the development of various diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, or inflammatory conditions. In such disease, DCs can participate by inducing angiogenesis or immunosuppression (tumors), promoting autoimmune responses, or exacerbating inflammation (atherosclerosis). This change in DC biology can be prompted by signals in the microenvironment. We have previously shown that the interaction of DCs with various extracellular matrix components modifies the immune properties and angiogenic potential of these cells. Building on those studies, herewith we analyzed the angiogenic profile of murine myeloid DCs upon interaction with 2D and 3D type-I collagen environments. As determined by PCR array technology and quantitative PCR analysis we observed that interaction with these collagen environments induced the expression of particular angiogenic molecules. In addition, DCs cultured on collagen environments specifically upregulated the expression of CXCL-1 and -2 chemokines. We were also able to establish DC cultures on type-IV collagen environments, a collagen type expressed in pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis. When we examined DC populations in atherosclerotic veins of Apolipoprotein E deficient mice we observed that they expressed adhesion molecules capable of interacting with collagen. Finally, to further investigate the interaction of DCs with collagen in other pathological conditions, we determined that both murine ovarian and breast cancer cells express several collagen molecules that can contribute to shape their particular tumor microenvironment. Consistently, tumor-associated DCs were shown to express adhesion molecules capable of interacting with collagen molecules as determined by flow cytometry analysis. Of particular relevance, tumor-associated DCs expressed high levels of CD305/LAIR-1, an immunosuppressive receptor. This suggests that signaling through this molecule upon interaction with collagen produced by tumor cells might help define the poorly immunogenic status of these cells in the tumor microenvironment. Overall, these studies demonstrate that through interaction with collagen proteins, DCs can be capable of modifying the microenvironments of inflammatory disease such as cancer or atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslee Sprague
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, USA
| | - Maria Muccioli
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, USA
| | - Michelle Pate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, USA
| | - Manindra Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, USA
| | - Chengkai Xiong
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, USA
| | - Alexander Ostermann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, USA
| | - Brandon Niese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, USA
| | - Yihan Li
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, USA
| | - Yandi Li
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia Courreges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, USA; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, USA.
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Costello CM, Hongpeng J, Shaffiey S, Yu J, Jain NK, Hackam D, March JC. Synthetic small intestinal scaffolds for improved studies of intestinal differentiation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1222-32. [PMID: 24390638 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vitro intestinal models can provide new insights into small intestinal function, including cellular growth and proliferation mechanisms, drug absorption capabilities, and host-microbial interactions. These models are typically formed with cells cultured on 2D scaffolds or transwell inserts, but it is widely understood that epithelial cells cultured in 3D environments exhibit different phenotypes that are more reflective of native tissue. Our focus was to develop a porous, synthetic 3D tissue scaffold with villous features that could support the culture of epithelial cell types to mimic the natural microenvironment of the small intestine. We demonstrated that our scaffold could support the co-culture of Caco-2 cells with a mucus-producing cell line, HT29-MTX, as well as small intestinal crypts from mice for extended periods. By recreating the surface topography with accurately sized intestinal villi, we enable cellular differentiation along the villous axis in a similar manner to native intestines. In addition, we show that the biochemical microenvironments of the intestine can be further simulated via a combination of apical and basolateral feeding of intestinal cell types cultured on the 3D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait M Costello
- Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Abstract
'Organs-on-chips' are microengineered biomimetic systems containing microfluidic channels lined by living human cells, which replicate key functional units of living organs to reconstitute integrated human organ-level pathophysiology in vitro. These microdevices can be used to test efficacy and toxicity of drugs and chemicals, and to create in vitro models of human disease. Thus, they potentially represent low-cost alternatives to conventional animal models for pharmaceutical, chemical and environmental applications. Here we describe a protocol for the fabrication, microengineering and operation of these microfluidic organ-on-chip systems. First, microengineering is used to fabricate a multilayered microfluidic device that contains two parallel elastomeric microchannels separated by a thin porous flexible membrane, along with two full-height, hollow vacuum chambers on either side; this requires ∼3.5 d to complete. To create a 'breathing' lung-on-a-chip that mimics the mechanically active alveolar-capillary interface of the living human lung, human alveolar epithelial cells and microvascular endothelial cells are cultured in the microdevice with physiological flow and cyclic suction applied to the side chambers to reproduce rhythmic breathing movements. We describe how this protocol can be easily adapted to develop other human organ chips, such as a gut-on-a-chip lined by human intestinal epithelial cells that experiences peristalsis-like motions and trickling fluid flow. Also, we discuss experimental techniques that can be used to analyze the cells in these organ-on-chip devices.
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Deng X, Zhang G, Shen C, Yin J, Meng Q. Hollow fiber culture accelerates differentiation of Caco-2 cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6943-55. [PMID: 23689647 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Caco-2 cells usually require 21 days of culture for developing sufficient differentiation in traditional two-dimensional Transwell culture, deviating far away from the quick differentiation of enterocytes in vivo. The recently proposed three-dimensional cultures of Caco-2 cells, though imitating the villi/crypt-like microstructure of intestinal epithelium, showed no effect on accelerating the differentiation of Caco-2 cells. In this study, a novel culture of Caco-2 cells on hollow fiber bioreactor was applied to morphologically mimic the human small intestine lumen for accelerating the expression of intestine functions. The porous hollow fibers of polyethersulfone (PES), a suitable membrane material for Caco-2 cell culture, successfully promoted cells to form confluent monolayer on the inner surface. The differentiated functions of Caco-2 cells, represented by alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and P-glycoprotein activity, were greatly higher in a 10-day hollow fiber culture than in a 21-day Transwell culture. Moreover, the Caco-2 cells on PES hollow fibers expressed higher F-actin and zonula occludens-1 protein than those on Transwell culture, indicative of an increased mechanical stress in Caco-2 cells on PES hollow fibers. The accelerated differentiation of Caco-2 cells on PES hollow fibers was unassociated with membrane chemical composition and surface roughness, but could be stimulated by hollow fiber configuration, since PES flat membranes with either rough or smooth surface failed to enhance the differentiation of Caco-2. Therefore, the accelerated expression of Caco-2 cell function on hollow fiber culture might show great values in simulation of the tissue microenvironment in vivo and guide the construction of intestinal tissue engineering apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Deng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, People's Republic of China
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Wang L, Acosta MA, Leach JB, Carrier RL. Spatially monitoring oxygen level in 3D microfabricated cell culture systems using optical oxygen sensing beads. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1586-92. [PMID: 23443975 PMCID: PMC3699183 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41366g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Capability of measuring and monitoring local oxygen concentration at the single cell level (tens of microns scale) is often desirable but difficult to achieve in cell culture. In this study, biocompatible oxygen sensing beads were prepared and tested for their potential for real-time monitoring and mapping of local oxygen concentration in 3D micro-patterned cell culture systems. Each oxygen sensing bead is composed of a silica core loaded with both an oxygen sensitive Ru(Ph2phen3)Cl2 dye and oxygen insensitive Nile blue reference dye, and a poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) shell rendering biocompatibility. Human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells were cultivated on a series of PDMS and type I collagen based substrates patterned with micro-well arrays for 3 or 7 days, and then brought into contact with oxygen sensing beads. Using an image analysis algorithm to convert florescence intensity of beads to partial oxygen pressure in the culture system, tens of microns-size oxygen sensing beads enabled the spatial measurement of local oxygen concentration in the microfabricated system. Results generally indicated lower oxygen level inside wells than on top of wells, and local oxygen level dependence on structural features of cell culture surfaces. Interestingly, chemical composition of cell culture substrates also appeared to affect oxygen level, with type-I collagen based cell culture systems having lower oxygen concentration compared to PDMS based cell culture systems. In general, results suggest that oxygen sensing beads can be utilized to achieve real-time and local monitoring of micro-environment oxygen level in 3D microfabricated cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. ; Fax: +81 75 753-9864; Tel: +81 75 753-9864
| | - Miguel A. Acosta
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4206D Engineering Building III, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. ; Fax: +1 919 513 3814; Tel: +1 919 515 5252
| | - Jennie B. Leach
- UMBC, Department of Chemical, Biochemical & Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA. ; Fax: +1 410 455 1049; Tel: +1 410 455 8152
| | - Rebecca L. Carrier
- Northeastern University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Fax: +1 617 373 2209; Tel: +1 617 373 7126
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Sung JH, Esch MB, Prot JM, Long CJ, Smith A, Hickman JJ, Shuler ML. Microfabricated mammalian organ systems and their integration into models of whole animals and humans. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1201-12. [PMID: 23388858 PMCID: PMC3593746 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
While in vitro cell based systems have been an invaluable tool in biology, they often suffer from a lack of physiological relevance. The discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo systems has been a bottleneck in drug development process and biological sciences. The recent progress in microtechnology has enabled manipulation of cellular environment at a physiologically relevant length scale, which has led to the development of novel in vitro organ systems, often termed 'organ-on-a-chip' systems. By mimicking the cellular environment of in vivo tissues, various organ-on-a-chip systems have been reported to reproduce target organ functions better than conventional in vitro model systems. Ultimately, these organ-on-a-chip systems will converge into multi-organ 'body-on-a-chip' systems composed of functional tissues that reproduce the dynamics of the whole-body response. Such microscale in vitro systems will open up new possibilities in medical science and in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Sung
- Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Korea
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Esch MB, Sung JH, Yang J, Yu C, Yu J, March JC, Shuler ML. On chip porous polymer membranes for integration of gastrointestinal tract epithelium with microfluidic 'body-on-a-chip' devices. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 14:895-906. [PMID: 22847474 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel fabrication method that creates microporous, polymeric membranes that are either flat or contain controllable 3-dimensional shapes that, when populated with Caco-2 cells, mimic key aspects of the intestinal epithelium such as intestinal villi and tight junctions. The developed membranes can be integrated with microfluidic, multi-organ cell culture systems, providing access to both sides, apical and basolateral, of the 3D epithelial cell culture. Partial exposure of photoresist (SU-8) spun on silicon substrates creates flat membranes with micrometer-sized pores (0.5-4.0 μm) that--supported by posts--span across 50 μm deep microfluidic chambers that are 8 mm wide and 10 long. To create three-dimensional shapes the membranes were air dried over silicon pillars with aspect ratios of up to 4:1. Space that provides access to the underside of the shaped membranes can be created by isotropically etching the sacrificial silicon pillars with xenon difluoride. Depending on the size of the supporting posts and the pore sizes the overall porosity of the membranes ranged from 4.4 % to 25.3 %. The microfabricated membranes can be used for integrating barrier tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract epithelium, the lung epithelium, or other barrier tissues with multi-organ "body-on-a-chip" devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Brigitte Esch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Buske P, Przybilla J, Loeffler M, Sachs N, Sato T, Clevers H, Galle J. On the biomechanics of stem cell niche formation in the gut - modelling growing organoids. FEBS J 2012; 279:3475-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Microfabrication technologies for oral drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:496-507. [PMID: 22166590 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Micro-/nanoscale technologies such as lithographic techniques and microfluidics offer promising avenues to revolutionalize the fields of tissue engineering, drug discovery, diagnostics and personalized medicine. Microfabrication techniques are being explored for drug delivery applications due to their ability to combine several features such as precise shape and size into a single drug delivery vehicle. They also offer to create unique asymmetrical features incorporated into single or multiple reservoir systems maximizing contact area with the intestinal lining. Combined with intelligent materials, such microfabricated platforms can be designed to be bioadhesive and stimuli-responsive. Apart from drug delivery devices, microfabrication technologies offer exciting opportunities to create biomimetic gastrointestinal tract models incorporating physiological cell types, flow patterns and brush-border like structures. Here we review the recent developments in this field with a focus on the applications of microfabrication in the development of oral drug delivery devices and biomimetic gastrointestinal tract models that can be used to evaluate the drug delivery efficacy.
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Lee BN, Kim DY, Kang HJ, Kwon JS, Park YH, Chun HJ, Kim JH, Lee HB, Min BH, Kim MS. In vivo biofunctionality comparison of different topographic PLLA scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1751-60. [PMID: 22467280 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the in vivo biodegradation of, biocompatibility of, and host response to various topographic scaffolds were investigated. Randomly oriented fibrous poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) nanofibers were fabricated using the electrospinning technique. A PLLA scaffold was obtained by salt leaching. Both the electrospun PLLA nanofibers and the salt-leaching PLLA scaffolds formed three-dimensional pore structures. Cytotoxicity studies, in which rat muscle-derived stem cells (rMDSCs) were grown on electrospun PLLA nanofibers or the salt-leaching PLLA scaffolds, revealed that the rMDSCs cell count on the PLLA nanofibers was slightly higher than that on the salt-leaching PLLA scaffolds. An in vivo study was carried out by implanting the scaffolds subcutaneously into rats to test the biodegradation, biocompatibility, and host response at regular intervals over 0-4 weeks. The degradation of the PLLA nanofibers 1, 2, and 4 weeks after initial implantation was more extensive than that observed for the salt-leaching PLLA scaffolds. PLLA nanofibers seeded the growth of larger fibrous tissue masses due to in vivo cellular infiltration into the randomly oriented fibrillar structures of the PLLA nanofibers. In addition, the inflammatory cell accumulation in PLLA nanofibers was lower than that in the salt-leaching PLLA scaffolds. These results indicate that the electrospun PLLA nanofibers may serve as a good scaffold to elicit fibrous cellular infiltration, to minimize host response, and to enhance tissue-scaffold integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bit Na Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
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Creation of bony microenvironment with CaP and cell-derived ECM to enhance human bone-marrow MSC behavior and delivery of BMP-2. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6119-30. [PMID: 21632105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) comprises a rich meshwork of proteins and proteoglycans, which not only contains biological cues for cell behavior, but is also a reservoir for binding growth factors and controlling their release. Here we aimed to create a suitable bony microenvironment with cell-derived ECM and biodegradable β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). More specifically, we investigated whether the ECM produced by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC) on a β-TCP scaffold can bind bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and control its release in a sustained manner, and further examined the effect of ECM and the BMP-2 released from ECM on cell behaviors. The ECM was obtained through culturing the hBMSC on a β-TCP porous scaffold and performing decellularization and sterilization. SEM, XPS, FTIR, and immunofluorescent staining results indicated the presence of ECM on the β-TCP and the amount of ECM increased with the incubation time. BMP-2 was loaded onto the β-TCP with and without ECM by immersing the scaffolds in the BMP-2 solution. The loading and release kinetics of the BMP-2 on the β-TCP/ECM were significantly slower than those on the β-TCP. The β-TCP/ECM exhibited a sustained release profile of the BMP-2, which was also affected by the amount of ECM. This is probably because the β-TCP/ECM has different binding mechanisms with BMP-2. The β-TCP/ECM promoted cell proliferation. Furthermore, the BMP-2-loaded β-TCP/ECM stimulated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, increased expression of alkaline phosphatase and calcium deposition by the cells compared to those without BMP-2 loading and the β-TCP with BMP-2 loading.
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