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Winiecki M, Stepczyńska M, Moraczewski K, Skowronski L, Trzcinski M, Rerek T, Malinowski R. Effect of Low-Temperature Oxygen Plasma Treatment of Titanium Alloy Surface on Tannic Acid Coating Deposition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1065. [PMID: 38473537 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of low-temperature oxygen plasma treatment with various powers of a titanium alloy surface on the structural and morphological properties of a substrate and the deposition of a tannic acid coating was investigated. The surface characteristics of the titanium alloy were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements. Following this, the tannic acid coatings were deposited on the titanium alloy substrates and the structural and morphological properties of the tannic acid coatings deposited were subject to characterization by XPS, SEM, and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements. The results show that the low-temperature oxygen plasma treatment of titanium alloys leads to the formation of titanium dioxides that contain -OH groups on the surface being accompanied by a reduction in carbon, which imparts hydrophilicity to the titanium substrate, and the effect increases with the applied plasma power. The performed titanium alloy substrate modification translates into the quality of the deposited tannic acid coating standing out by higher uniformity of the coating, lower number of defects indicating delamination or incomplete bonding of the coating with the substrate, lower number of cracks, thinner cracks, and higher thickness of the tannic acid coatings compared to the non-treated titanium alloy substrate. A similar effect is observed as the applied plasma power increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Winiecki
- Department of Constructional Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stepczyńska
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Moraczewski
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Skowronski
- Division of Surface Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Trzcinski
- Division of Surface Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rerek
- Division of Surface Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Rafał Malinowski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 55, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Wang Z, Liao B, Liu Y, Liao Y, Zhou Y, Li W. Influence of structural parameters of 3D-printed triply periodic minimal surface gyroid porous scaffolds on compression performance, cell response, and bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35337. [PMID: 37795764 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, multi-scale triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous scaffolds with uniform and radial gradient distribution on pore size were printed based on the selective laser melting technology, and the influences of porosity, pore size and radial pore size distribution on compression mechanical properties, cell behavior, and bone regeneration behavior were analyzed. The results showed that the compression performance of the uniform porous scaffolds with high porosity was similar to that of cancellous bone of pig tibia, and the gradient porous scaffolds have higher elastic modulus and compressive toughness. After 4 days of cell culture, cells were distributed on the surface of scaffolds mostly, and the number of adherent cells was higher on the small pore size porous scaffolds; After 7 days, the area and density of cell proliferation on the scaffolds were improved; After 14 days, the cells on the small pore size scaffolds tended to migrate to adjacent pores. Animal implantation experiments showed that collagen fiber osteoid was intermittent on scaffolds with high porosity and large pore size, which was not conducive to bone formation. The appropriate pore size and porosity of bone regeneration were 792 um and 83%, respectively, and the regenerative ability of gradient pore size was better than that of uniform pore size. Our study explains the rules of TPMS gyroid structure parameters on compression performance, cell response and bone regeneration, and provides a reference value for the design of bone repair scaffolds for clinical orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglun Wang
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Materials of Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Liao
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Materials of Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group Research Institute Co., Ltd., Panzhihua, China
- R & D Center for High-end Parts, Chengdu Advanced Metal Materials Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yunqian Liao
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Materials of Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Materials of Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Materials of Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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Li L, Wang P, Liang H, Jin J, Zhang Y, Shi J, Zhang Y, He S, Mao H, Xue B, Lai J, Zhu L, Jiang Q. Design of a Haversian system-like gradient porous scaffold based on triply periodic minimal surfaces for promoting bone regeneration. J Adv Res 2023; 54:89-104. [PMID: 36632888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bone ingrowth depth in the porous scaffolds is greatly affected by the structural design, notably the pore size, pore geometry, and the pore distribution. To enhance the bone regeneration capability of scaffolds, the bionic design can be regarded as a potential solution. OBJECTIVES We proposed a Haversian system-like gradient structure based on the triply periodic minimal surface architectures with pore size varying from the edge to the center. And its effects in promoting bone regeneration were evaluated in the study. METHODS The gradient scaffold was designed using the triply periodic minimal surface architectures. The mechanical properties were analyzed by the finite element simulation and confirmed using the universal machine. The fluid characteristics were calculated by the computational fluid dynamics analysis. The bone regeneration process was simulated using a in silico computational model containing the main biological, physical, and chemical variation during the bone growth process. Finally, the in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to verify the actual osteogenic effect. RESULTS Compared to the uniform scaffold, the biomimetic gradient scaffold demonstrated better performance in stress conduction and reduced stress shielding effects. The fluid features were appropriate for cell migration and flow diffusion, and the permeability was in the same order of magnitude with the natural bone. The bone ingrowth simulation exhibited improved angiogenesis and bone regeneration. Higher expression of the osteogenesis-related genes, higher alkaline phosphatase activity, and increased mineralization could be observed on the gradient scaffold in the in vitro study. The 12-week in vivo study proved that the gradient scaffold had deeper bone inserting depth and a more stable bone-scaffold interface. CONCLUSION The Haversian system-like gradient structure can effectively promote the bone regeneration. This structural design can be used as a new solution for the clinical application of prosthesis design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for 3D Bioprinting, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for 3D Bioprinting, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Huixin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for 3D Bioprinting, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jianping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Siyuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hongli Mao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bin Xue
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, No. 2 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiancheng Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6104, USA
| | - Liya Zhu
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No.2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for 3D Bioprinting, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210000, China.
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Jaber M, Hofbauer LC, Hofbauer C, Duda GN, Checa S. Reduced Bone Regeneration in Rats With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Result of Impaired Stromal Cell and Osteoblast Function-A Computer Modeling Study. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10809. [PMID: 38025037 PMCID: PMC10652174 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone has the fascinating ability to self-regenerate. However, under certain conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), this ability is impaired. T2DM is a chronic metabolic disease known by the presence of elevated blood glucose levels that is associated with reduced bone regeneration capability, high fracture risk, and eventual non-union risk after a fracture. Several mechanical and biological factors relevant to bone regeneration have been shown to be affected in a diabetic environment. However, whether impaired bone regeneration in T2DM can be explained due to mechanical or biological alterations remains unknown. To elucidate the relevance of either one, the aim of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of T2DM-related alterations on either cellular activity or mechanical stimuli driving bone regeneration. A previously validated in silico computer modeling approach that was capable of explaining bone regeneration in uneventful conditions of healing was further developed to investigate bone regeneration in T2DM. Aspects analyzed included the presence of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), cellular migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cellular mechanosensitivity. To further verify the computer model findings against in vivo data, an experimental setup was replicated, in which regeneration was compared in healthy and diabetic after a rat femur bone osteotomy stabilized with plate fixation. We found that mechanical alterations had little effect on the reduced bone regeneration in T2DM and that alterations in MSC proliferation, MSC migration, and osteoblast differentiation had the highest effect. In silico predictions of regenerated bone in T2DM matched qualitatively and quantitatively those from ex vivo μCT at 12 weeks post-surgery when reduced cellular activities reported in previous in vitro and in vivo studies were included in the model. The presented findings here could have clinical implications in the treatment of bone fractures in patients with T2DM. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Jaber
- Julius Wolff Institute at Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy AgingTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Christine Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy AgingTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute at Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- BIH Center for Regenerative TherapiesBIH at Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute at Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
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Wang X, Zhang D, Peng H, Yang J, Li Y, Xu J. Optimize the pore size-pore distribution-pore geometry-porosity of 3D-printed porous tantalum to obtain optimal critical bone defect repair capability. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213638. [PMID: 37812984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and reconstruction of large or critical size bone defects is a challenging clinical problem. Additive manufacturing breaks the technical difficulties of preparing complex conformation and anatomically matched personalized porous tantalum implants, but the ideal pore structure for 3D-printed porous tantalum in critical bone defect repair applications remains unclear. Guiding appropriate bone tissue regeneration by regulating proper pore size-pore distribution-pore geometry-porosity is a challenge for its fabrication and application. We fabricated porous tantalum (PTa) scaffolds with six different combinations of pore structures using powder bed laser melting (L-PBF) technology. In vitro biological experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the effects of pore structure characteristics on osteoblast behaviors, showing that the bionic trabecular structure with both large and small poress facilitated cell permeation, proliferation and differentiation compared to the cubic structure with uniform pore sizes. The osteogenesis of PTa with different porosity of trabecular structures was further investigated by a rabbit condyle critical bone defect model. Synthetically, T70% up-regulated the expression of osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, COLI, OCN, RUNX-2) and showed the highest bone ingrowth area and bone contact rate in vivo after 16 weeks, with the best potential for critical bone defect repair. Our results suggested that the bionic trabecular structure with a pore size distribution of 200-1200 μm, an average pore size of 700 μm, and a porosity of 70 % is the best choice for repairing critical bone defects, which is expected to guide the clinical application of clinical 3D-printed PTa scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- Biomaterials Laboratory of the Medical Device Inspection Institute, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Dachen Zhang
- Shenzhen Dazhou Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haitao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingzhou Yang
- Shenzhen Dazhou Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianxia Xu
- Biomaterials Laboratory of the Medical Device Inspection Institute, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
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Zhu W, Li W, Yao M, Wang Y, Zhang W, Li C, Wang X, Chen W, Lv H. Mineralized Collagen/Polylactic Acid Composite Scaffolds for Load-Bearing Bone Regeneration in a Developmental Model. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4194. [PMID: 37896438 PMCID: PMC10610794 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Repairing load-bearing bone defects in children remains a big clinical challenge. Mineralized collagen (MC) can effectively simulate natural bone composition and hierarchical structure and has a good biocompatibility and bone conductivity. Polylactic acid (PLA) is regarded as a gold material because of its mechanical properties and degradability. In this study, we prepare MC/PLA composite scaffolds via in situ mineralization and freeze-drying. Cell, characterization, and animal experiments compare and evaluate the biomimetic properties and repair effects of the MC/PLA scaffolds. Phalloidin and DAPI staining results show that the MC/PLA scaffolds are not cytotoxic. CCK-8 and scratch experiments prove that the scaffolds are superior to MC and hydroxyapatite (HA)/PLA scaffolds in promoting cell proliferation and migration. The surface and interior of the MC/PLA scaffolds exhibit rich interconnected pore structures with a porosity of ≥70%. The XRD patterns are typical HA waveforms. X-ray, micro-CT, and H&E staining reveal that the defect boundary disappears, new bone tissue grows into MC/PLA scaffolds in a large area, and the scaffolds are degraded after six months of implantation. The MC/PLA composite scaffold has a pore structure and composition similar to cancellous bone, with a good biocompatibility and bone regeneration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Mengxuan Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China;
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, No. 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Hongzhi Lv
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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Lovera-Prado K, Vanaclocha V, Atienza CM, Vanaclocha A, Jordá-Gómez P, Saiz-Sapena N, Vanaclocha L. Barbed Dental Ti6Al4V Alloy Screw: Design and Bench Testing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2228. [PMID: 36984107 PMCID: PMC10054258 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Dental implants are designed to replace a missing tooth. Implant stability is vital to achieving osseointegration and successful implantation. Although there are many implants available on the market, there is room for improvement. PURPOSE We describe a new dental implant with improved primary stability features. STUDY DESIGN Lab bench test studies. METHODS We evaluated the new implant using static and flexion-compression fatigue tests with compression loads, 35 Ncm tightening torque, displacement control, 0.01 mm/s actuator movement speed, and 9-10 Hz load application frequency, obtaining a cyclic load diagram. We applied variable cyclic loadings of predetermined amplitude and recorded the number of cycles until failure. The test ended with implant failure (breakage or permanent deformation) or reaching five million cycles for each load. RESULTS Mean stiffness was 1151.13 ± 133.62 SD N/mm, mean elastic limit force 463.94 ± 75.03 SD N, and displacement 0.52 ± 0.04 SD mm, at failure force 663.21 ± 54.23 SD N and displacement 1.56 ± 0.18 SD mm, fatigue load limit 132.6 ± 10.4 N, and maximum bending moment 729.3 ± 69.43 mm/N. CONCLUSIONS The implant fatigue limit is satisfactory for incisor and canine teeth and between the values for premolars and molars for healthy patients. The system exceeds five million cycles when subjected to a 132.60 N load, ensuring long-lasting life against loads below the fatigue limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Lovera-Prado
- CIRU-IMPLANT, S.L., Avenida Cornellà, 2-BJ, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Vanaclocha
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Atienza
- Biomechanical Engineer, Biomechanics Institute of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Vanaclocha
- Biomechanical Engineer, Biomechanics Institute of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Jordá-Gómez
- Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, 12004 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | | | - Leyre Vanaclocha
- Medius Klinik, Ostfildern-Ruit Klinik für Urologie, Hedelfinger Strasse 166, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany
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8
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Callens SJP, Fan D, van Hengel IAJ, Minneboo M, Díaz-Payno PJ, Stevens MM, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Emergent collective organization of bone cells in complex curvature fields. Nat Commun 2023; 14:855. [PMID: 36869036 PMCID: PMC9984480 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual cells and multicellular systems respond to cell-scale curvatures in their environments, guiding migration, orientation, and tissue formation. However, it remains largely unclear how cells collectively explore and pattern complex landscapes with curvature gradients across the Euclidean and non-Euclidean spectra. Here, we show that mathematically designed substrates with controlled curvature variations induce multicellular spatiotemporal organization of preosteoblasts. We quantify curvature-induced patterning and find that cells generally prefer regions with at least one negative principal curvature. However, we also show that the developing tissue can eventually cover unfavorably curved territories, can bridge large portions of the substrates, and is often characterized by collectively aligned stress fibers. We demonstrate that this is partly regulated by cellular contractility and extracellular matrix development, underscoring the mechanical nature of curvature guidance. Our findings offer a geometric perspective on cell-environment interactions that could be harnessed in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien J P Callens
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands. .,Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Daniel Fan
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar A J van Hengel
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Minneboo
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro J Díaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
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Bandyopadhyay A, Mitra I, Goodman SB, Kumar M, Bose S. Improving Biocompatibility for Next Generation of Metallic Implants. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2023; 133:101053. [PMID: 36686623 PMCID: PMC9851385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing need for joint replacement surgeries, musculoskeletal repairs, and orthodontics worldwide prompts emerging technologies to evolve with healthcare's changing landscape. Metallic orthopaedic materials have a shared application history with the aerospace industry, making them only partly efficient in the biomedical domain. However, suitability of metallic materials in bone tissue replacements and regenerative therapies remains unchallenged due to their superior mechanical properties, eventhough they are not perfectly biocompatible. Therefore, exploring ways to improve biocompatibility is the most critical step toward designing the next generation of metallic biomaterials. This review discusses methods of improving biocompatibility of metals used in biomedical devices using surface modification, bulk modification, and incorporation of biologics. Our investigation spans multiple length scales, from bulk metals to the effect of microporosities, surface nanoarchitecture, and biomolecules such as DNA incorporation for enhanced biological response in metallic materials. We examine recent technologies such as 3D printing in alloy design and storing surface charge on nanoarchitecture surfaces, metal-on-metal, and ceramic-on-metal coatings to present a coherent and comprehensive understanding of the subject. Finally, we consider the advantages and challenges of metallic biomaterials and identify future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bandyopadhyay
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920
| | - Indranath Mitra
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920
| | - Stuart B. Goodman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | - Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920
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10
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Zarei M, Shabani Dargah M, Hasanzadeh Azar M, Alizadeh R, Mahdavi FS, Sayedain SS, Kaviani A, Asadollahi M, Azami M, Beheshtizadeh N. Enhanced bone tissue regeneration using a 3D-printed poly(lactic acid)/Ti6Al4V composite scaffold with plasma treatment modification. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3139. [PMID: 36823295 PMCID: PMC9950435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical and biological properties of polylactic acid (PLA) need to be further improved in order to be used for bone tissue engineering (BTE). Utilizing a material extrusion technique, three-dimensional (3D) PLA-Ti6Al4V (Ti64) scaffolds with open pores and interconnected channels were successfully fabricated. In spite of the fact that the glass transition temperature of PLA increased with the addition of Ti64, the melting and crystallization temperatures as well as the thermal stability of filaments decreased slightly. However, the addition of 3-6 wt% Ti64 enhanced the mechanical properties of PLA, increasing the ultimate compressive strength and compressive modulus of PLA-3Ti64 to 49.9 MPa and 1.9 GPa, respectively. Additionally, the flowability evaluations revealed that all composite filaments met the print requirements. During the plasma treatment of scaffolds, not only was the root-mean-square (Rq) of PLA (1.8 nm) increased to 60 nm, but also its contact angle (90.4°) significantly decreased to (46.9°). FTIR analysis confirmed the higher hydrophilicity as oxygen-containing groups became more intense. By virtue of the outstanding role of plasma treatment as well as Ti64 addition, a marked improvement was observed in Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cell attachment, proliferation (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining), and differentiation (Alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red S staining). Based on these results, it appears that the fabricated scaffolds have potential applications in BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Zarei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. .,Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Motahareh Shabani Dargah
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hasanzadeh Azar
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Reza Alizadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mahdavi
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Biotechnology Engineering, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Shahab Sayedain
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Kaviani
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Polymeric Materials Research Group (PMRG), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asadollahi
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.510410.10000 0004 8010 4431Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Joint Reconstruction Research Center (JRRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Romero HAM, Piñon TP, Sagarnaga D, Rico RD, Rascón AN, Pérez CAM, Piñon DP, Flores de los Ríos JP, Carrillo MS, Chacón-Nava JG. Aligned TiO 2 Scaffolds in the Presence of a Galactopyranose Matrix by Sol-Gel Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030478. [PMID: 36771782 PMCID: PMC9921417 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, titanium dioxide scaffolds were synthesized. Titanium isopropoxide (IV) was used as a precursor in its formation, using a polymeric network of galactopyranose as a template. The powder sample obtained was evaluated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA-DTA). According to the results, it was found that these scaffolds can be successfully synthesized in solution using the sol-gel method. The synthesized scaffolds have diameters from 50 nm with porosity of approximately 0.3-10 nm. Important parameters, such as pH and the concentration of the metallic precursors, were optimized in this solution. The values of maximum average roughness R(max) and roughness value (Ra) were 0.50 and 1.45, respectively. XRD diffraction analysis shows the formation of crystalline phases in the TiO2 scaffold at 700 °C. The use of biological polymers represents an alternative for the synthesis of new materials at low cost, manipulating the conditions in the production processes and making the proposed system more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Alejandro Monreal Romero
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Chihuahua (UACH), Avenue University, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Teresa Pérez Piñon
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Chihuahua (UACH), Avenue University, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico
| | - Diana Sagarnaga
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Chihuahua (UACH), Avenue University, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico
| | - Raquel Duarte Rico
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Chihuahua (UACH), Avenue University, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Nevárez Rascón
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Chihuahua (UACH), Avenue University, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico
| | | | - Dagoberto Pérez Piñon
- Department of Polymers and Biomaterials, University of Chihuahua (UACH), University Circuit Campus II, Chihuahua 31110, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Flores de los Ríos
- Department Metal-Mechanical, National Technological of Mexico-Technological Institute of Chihuahua, Technological Avenue 2909, Chihuahua 31130, Mexico
| | - Mario Sánchez Carrillo
- Department Metal-Mechanical, National Technological of Mexico-Technological Institute of Chihuahua, Technological Avenue 2909, Chihuahua 31130, Mexico
| | - José Guadalupe Chacón-Nava
- Advanced Materials Research Center, S.C. (CIMAV) and National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenue M. Cervantes 120, Industrial Complex Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico
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12
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Alipour S, Nour S, Attari SM, Mohajeri M, Kianersi S, Taromian F, Khalkhali M, Aninwene GE, Tayebi L. A review on in vitro/ in vivo response of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9479-9534. [PMID: 36305245 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01616h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bone replacement using porous and solid metallic implants, such as Ti-alloy implants, is regarded as one of the most practical therapeutic approaches in biomedical engineering. The bone is a complex tissue with various mechanical properties based on the site of action. Patient-specific Ti-6Al-4V constructs may address the key needs in bone treatment for having customized implants that mimic the complex structure of the natural tissue and diminish the risk of implant failure. This review focuses on the most promising methods of fabricating such patient-specific Ti-6Al-4V implants using additive manufacturing (AM) with a specific emphasis on the popular subcategory, which is powder bed fusion (PBF). Characteristics of the ideal implant to promote optimized tissue-implant interactions, as well as physical, mechanical/chemical treatments and modifications will be discussed. Accordingly, such investigations will be classified into 3B-based approaches (Biofunctionality, Bioactivity, and Biostability), which mainly govern native body response and ultimately the success in implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Alipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Shirin Nour
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.,Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Seyyed Morteza Attari
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Sogol Kianersi
- CÚRAM, SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Farzaneh Taromian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadparsa Khalkhali
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - George E Aninwene
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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13
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Lan G, Chu X, Li C, Zhang C, Miao G, Li W, Peng F, Zhao X, Li M. Surface modification of titanium with antibacterial porous N-halamine coating to prevent peri-implant infection. Biomed Mater 2022; 18. [PMID: 36317281 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac9e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peri-implant infection remains one of the greatest threats to orthopedics. The construction of bone implants with good antibacterial and osteogenic properties is beneficial for reducing the risk of implant-related infections and healing bone defects. In this study, N-halamine coating (namely N-Cl) was grafted onto alkali-heat treated titanium (Ti) using polydopamine to endow Ti-based orthopedic implants with strong bactericidal activity. Surface characterization revealed that the N-Cl coating has porous structure loaded with active chlorine (Cl+). The N-Cl coating also provided micro/nano-structured Ti surfaces with excellent antibacterial ability via transformation between N-H and N-Cl, and approximately 100% disinfection was achieved. Furthermore, the as-prepared N-Cl coating exhibited good biocompatibility and osteogenesis abilityin vitro. These results indicate that applying N-Cl coatings on Ti could prevent and treat peri-implant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobo Lan
- Department of Orthopedics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan 528010, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohui Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan 528010, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqiang Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan 528010, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan 528010, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Peng
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan 528010, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
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14
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Lee UL, Yun S, Lee H, Cao HL, Woo SH, Jeong YH, Jung TG, Kim CM, Choung PH. Osseointegration of 3D-printed titanium implants with surface and structure modifications. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1648-1660. [PMID: 36075761 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to establish a mechanical and histological basis for the development of biocompatible maxillofacial reconstruction implants by combining 3D-printed porous titanium structures and surface treatment. Improved osseointegration of 3D-printed titanium implants for reconstruction of maxillofacial segmental bone defect could be advantageous in not only quick osseointegration into the bone tissue but also in stabilizing the reconstruction. METHODS Various macro-mesh titanium scaffolds were fabricated by 3D-printing. Human mesenchymal stem cells were used for cell attachment and proliferation assays. Osteogenic differentiation was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The osseointegration rate was measured using micro computed tomography imaging and histological analysis. RESULTS In three dimensional-printed scaffold, globular microparticle shape was observed regardless of structure or surface modification. Cell attachment and proliferation rates increased according to the internal mesh structure and surface modification. However, osteogenic differentiation in vitro and osseointegration in vivo revealed that non-mesh structure/non-surface modified scaffolds showed the most appropriate treatment effect. CONCLUSION 3D-printed solid structure is the most suitable option for maxillofacial reconstruction. Various mesh structures reduced osteogenesis of the mesenchymal stem cells and osseointegration compared with that by the solid structure. Surface modification by microarc oxidation induced cell proliferation and increased the expression of some osteogenic genes partially; however, most of the markers revealed that the non-anodized solid scaffold was the most suitable for maxillofacial reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui-Lyong Lee
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, South Korea; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Seokhwan Yun
- Research Institute, Sphebio Co., Ltd., Pohang-si, Gyeongsanbuk 37666, South Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hua-Lian Cao
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Su-Heon Woo
- R&D Center, Medyssey Co, Ltd, Jechon, Chungcheongbuk-do 27159, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Jeong
- Biomaterial Team, Dept. of Research & Development, Medical Device Development Center/Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, South Korea
| | - Tae-Gon Jung
- Biomaterial Team, Dept. of Research & Development, Medical Device Development Center/Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, South Korea
| | - Chul Min Kim
- Department of Mechatronics, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, South Korea
| | - Pill-Hoon Choung
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea
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15
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Fighting Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections by Surface Biofunctionalization of 3D-Printed Porous Titanium Implants with Reduced Graphene Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169204. [PMID: 36012467 PMCID: PMC9409238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have high multifunctional potential to simultaneously enhance implant osseointegration and prevent infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Here, we present the first report on using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to incorporate different combinations of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and silver (Ag) NPs on additively manufactured geometrically ordered volume-porous titanium implants. The rGO nanosheets were mainly embedded parallel with the PEO surfaces. However, the formation of ‘nano-knife’ structures (particles embedded perpendicularly to the implant surfaces) was also found around the pores of the PEO layers. Enhanced in vitro antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was observed for the rGO+Ag-containing surfaces compared to the PEO surfaces prepared only with AgNPs. This was caused by a significant improvement in the generation of reactive oxygen species, higher levels of Ag+ release, and the presence of rGO ‘nano-knife’ structures. In addition, the implants developed in this study stimulated the metabolic activity and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells compared to the PEO surfaces without nanoparticles. Therefore, the PEO titanium surfaces incorporating controlled levels of rGO+Ag nanoparticles have high clinical potential as multifunctional surfaces for 3D-printed orthopaedic implants.
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16
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Khan MUA, Rizwan M, Razak SIA, Hassan A, Rasheed T, Bilal M. Electroactive polymeric nanocomposite BC- g-(Fe 3O 4/GO) materials for bone tissue engineering: in vitro evaluations. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:1349-1368. [PMID: 35348037 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2054544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a cutting-edge approach for using advanced biomaterials to treat defective bone to get desired clinical results. In bone tissue engineering, the scaffolds must have the desired physicochemical and biomechanical natural properties in order to regenerate complicated defective bone. For the first time, polymeric nanocomposite material was developed using cellulose and co-dispersed nanosystem (Fe3O4/GO) by free radical polymerization to fabricate porous polymeric scaffolds via freeze drying. Various characterizations techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and universal testing machine (UTM) were used to investigate structural, morphological, and mechanical properties. Swelling, biodegradation, and wetting analysis were also performed to evaluate their physicochemical behavior. Intercalation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles into GO-sheets promoted their dispersion into the polymeric matrix. All porous scaffolds possessed a well-interconnected porous structure, while the synergistic effect of Fe3O4/GO reinforces the mechanical strength of porous scaffolds. The compressive strength and Young's modulus were increased by increasing Fe3O4 amount, and maximum mechanical strength was found in HFG-4 and least in HFG-1. However, these porous scaffolds have different swelling and biodegradation behavior due to the variable Fe3O4 intercalations into GO-sheets. Antibacterial activities of porous scaffolds were studied against severe Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and increased Fe3O4 amount in nanosystem increased the antibacterial activities. The cell viability and morphology of pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines were studied against porous scaffolds and increased cell viability and proliferation were observed from HFG-1 to HFG-4. Hence, the electroactive material could be the potential material for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Bioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.,Nanosciences and Technology Department (NS and TD), National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of chemistry, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- Bioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.,Centre of Advanced Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Anwarul Hassan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
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17
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Samadi A, Salati MA, Safari A, Jouyandeh M, Barani M, Singh Chauhan NP, Golab EG, Zarrintaj P, Kar S, Seidi F, Hejna A, Saeb MR. Comparative review of piezoelectric biomaterials approach for bone tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:1555-1594. [PMID: 35604896 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2065409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bone as a minerals' reservoir and rigid tissue of the body generating red and white blood cells supports various organs. Although the self-regeneration property of bone, it cannot regenerate spontaneously in severe damages and still remains as a challenging issue. Tissue engineering offers several techniques for regenerating damaged bones, where various biomaterials are examined to fabricate scaffolds for bone repair. Piezoelectric characteristic plays a crucial role in repairing and regenerating damaged bone by mimicking the bone niche behavior. Piezoelectric biomaterials show significant potential for bone tissue engineering. Herein we try to have a comparative review on piezoelectric and non-piezoelectric biomaterials used in bone tissue engineering, classified them, and discussed their effects on implanted cells and manufacturing techniques. Especially, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its composites are the most practically used piezoelectric biomaterials for bone regeneration. PVDF and its composites have been summarized and discussed to repair damaged bone tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Samadi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Amin Safari
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellent in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bhupal Nobles' University, Udaipur 313002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Elias Ghaleh Golab
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Saptarshi Kar
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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18
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Noorollahian S, Kachuie M, Hatamzade Z, Moghadam M, Narimani T. The antimicrobial effect of doxycycline and doped ZnO in TiO 2 nanotubes synthesized on the surface of orthodontic mini-implants. APOS TRENDS IN ORTHODONTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.25259/apos_14_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
Anchorage preservation is crucial in orthodontic treatment success. Mini-implants make a revolution in this domain. The failure of orthodontic mini-implants due to inflammation and infection is one of the reasons for anchorage loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel mini-implant surface modification to improve resistance against microbial contamination and surrounding tissue inflammation.
Material and Methods:
Twenty-four orthodontic mini-implants (Jeil Medical Corporation, Korea) with 1.6 mm diameter and 8 mm length were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1: Control group, Group 2: Nanotubes were made on the surface with anodisation, and Group 3: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) doped into nanotubes, and then doxycycline is added to them. The anti-bacterial efficacy against Porphyromonas gingivalis was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. To analyze data, Kruskal–Wallis, Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests were done. The significance level was set at 0.05.
Results:
No zone of the inhibition was formed in Groups 1 and 2. In Group 3, the mean (SD) diameter of the inhibition zone in the first 5-day to sixth 5-day were 38.7(8.2), 25(4.8), 17.8(5.6), 7.63(5.37), 1.5(2.83), and 0 millimeters, respectively.
Conclusion:
Nanotubes containing doped ZnO and Doxycycline are capable of preventing bacterial growth around the mini implant surfaces for at least up to 30 days. To manage inflammation of surrounding tissues of mini-implants, nanotubes are not effective alone. Therefore, the presence of diffusible materials in addition to nanotubes on the surface of mini-implants is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Noorollahian
- Department of Orthodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran,
| | - Marzie Kachuie
- Department of Orthodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran,
| | - Zahra Hatamzade
- Department of Orthodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran,
| | - Majid Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran,
| | - Tahmineh Narimani
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran,
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19
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Meng F, Yin Z, Ren X, Geng Z, Su J. Construction of Local Drug Delivery System on Titanium-Based Implants to Improve Osseointegration. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051069. [PMID: 35631656 PMCID: PMC9146791 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are the most widely applied orthopedic and dental implant materials due to their high biocompatibility, superior corrosion resistance, and outstanding mechanical properties. However, the lack of superior osseointegration remains the main obstacle to successful implantation. Previous traditional surface modification methods of titanium-based implants cannot fully meet the clinical needs of osseointegration. The construction of local drug delivery systems (e.g., antimicrobial drug delivery systems, anti-bone resorption drug delivery systems, etc.) on titanium-based implants has been proved to be an effective strategy to improve osseointegration. Meanwhile, these drug delivery systems can also be combined with traditional surface modification methods, such as anodic oxidation, acid etching, surface coating technology, etc., to achieve desirable and enhanced osseointegration. In this paper, we review the research progress of different local drug delivery systems using titanium-based implants and provide a theoretical basis for further research on drug delivery systems to promote bone–implant integration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanying Meng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhifeng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai 200941, China;
| | - Xiaoxiang Ren
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Z.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Zhen Geng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Z.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Z.G.); (J.S.)
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20
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Zou S, Gong H, Gao J. Additively Manufactured Multilevel Voronoi-Lattice Scaffolds with Bonelike Mechanical Properties. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3022-3037. [PMID: 35537212 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Irregular porous scaffold through Voronoi tessellation based on global modeling demonstrated randomness to a certain degree and susceptibility to producing large processing deviations. A modeling method for new types of scaffolds based on periodic arrays of Voronoi unit cell was proposed in this study. These porous scaffolds presented controllable local cells and satisfactory mechanical properties. The topological structure of the Voronoi unit cell was controlled using three independent cell design factors (Voronoi polyhedron volume V, face-centered scaled factor F1, and body-centered scaled factor F2), and multilevel Voronoi-lattice scaffolds were constructed on the basis of periodic arrays of the Voronoi unit cell. Compressive test and simulation were combined to quantify the mechanical properties of scaffolds. The regression equations were established using the response surface method (RSM) to determine relationships between Voronoi unit cell design factors and structural characteristic parameters and mechanical properties. The same trends were observed in stress-strain curves of the compressive test and simulation. The mechanical properties of scaffolds can be appropriately quantified via simulation. Regression equations based on RSM can properly predict the structural characteristic parameters and mechanical properties of the scaffold. Compared with V, F1 and F2 exerted a stronger influence on the structural characteristic parameters and mechanical properties of the scaffold. The modeling method of the multilevel Voronoi-lattice scaffold based on the Voronoi unit cell was proposed in this study to design the porous scaffold and meet the requirements of human bone morphology, mechanical properties, and actual manufacturing by adjusting factors V, F1, and F2. The proposed method can provide a feasible strategy for designing implants with suitable and similar morphologies and mechanical properties to cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zou
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - He Gong
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazi Gao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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21
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Gu Y, Sun Y, Shujaat S, Braem A, Politis C, Jacobs R. 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds for long bone repair in animal models: a systematic review. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:68. [PMID: 35109907 PMCID: PMC8812248 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-02960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Titanium and its alloys have been widely employed for bone tissue repair and implant manufacturing. The rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has allowed fabrication of porous titanium scaffolds with controllable microstructures, which is considered to be an effective method for promoting rapid bone formation and decreasing bone absorption. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the osteogenic potential of 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V (Ti64) scaffold for repairing long bone defects in animal models and to investigate the influential factors that might affect its osteogenic capacity. METHODS Electronic literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase up to September 2021. The SYRCLE's tool and the modified CAMARADES list were used to assess the risk of bias and methodological quality, respectively. Due to heterogeneity of the selected studies in relation to protocol and outcomes evaluated, a meta-analysis could not be performed. RESULTS The initial search revealed 5858 studies. Only 46 animal studies were found to be eligible based on the inclusion criteria. Rabbit was the most commonly utilized animal model. A pore size of around 500-600 µm and porosity of 60-70% were found to be the most ideal parameters for designing the Ti64 scaffold, where both dodecahedron and diamond pores optimally promoted osteogenesis. Histological analysis of the scaffold in a rabbit model revealed that the maximum bone area fraction reached 59.3 ± 8.1% at weeks 8-10. Based on micro-CT assessment, the maximum bone volume fraction was found to be 34.0 ± 6.0% at weeks 12. CONCLUSIONS Ti64 scaffold might act as a promising medium for providing sufficient mechanical support and a stable environment for new bone formation in long bone defects. Trail registration The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database under the number CRD42020194100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Gu
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yi Sun
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sohaib Shujaat
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annabel Braem
- Department of Materials Engineering, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Constantinus Politis
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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He Y, Li Y, Zuo E, Chai S, Ren X, Fei T, Ma G, Wang X, Liu H. A Novel Antibacterial Titanium Modification with a Sustained Release of Pac-525. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123306. [PMID: 34947655 PMCID: PMC8704243 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the benefit of antibacterial Ti on orthopedic and dental implants, a bioactive coating (Pac@PLGA MS/HA coated Ti) was deposited on the surface of pure titanium (Ti), which included two layers: an acid-alkali heat pretreated biomimetic mineralization layer and an electrosprayed Poly (D,L-lactide-co- glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere layer as a sustained-release system. Hydroxyapatite (HA) in mineralization layer was primarily prepared on the Ti followed by the antibacterial coating of Pac-525 loaded by PLGA microspheres. After observing the antimicrobial peptides distributed uniformly on the titanium surface, the release assay showed that the release of Pac-525 from Pac@PLGA MS/HA coated Ti provided a large initial burst followed by a slow release at a flat rate. Pac@PLGA MS/HA coated Ti exhibited a strong cytotoxicity to both Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). In addition, Pac@PLGA MS/HA coated Ti did not affect the growth and adhesion of the osteoblast-like cell line, MC3T3-E1. These data suggested that a bionic mineralized composite coating with long-term antimicrobial activity was successfully prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu He
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (E.Z.); (S.C.); (X.R.); (T.F.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (E.Z.); (S.C.); (X.R.); (T.F.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Enjun Zuo
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (E.Z.); (S.C.); (X.R.); (T.F.)
| | - Songling Chai
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (E.Z.); (S.C.); (X.R.); (T.F.)
| | - Xiang Ren
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (E.Z.); (S.C.); (X.R.); (T.F.)
| | - Tao Fei
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (E.Z.); (S.C.); (X.R.); (T.F.)
| | - Guowu Ma
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (E.Z.); (S.C.); (X.R.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (X.W.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-8611-0401 (G.M.); +86-1062-782-966 (X.W.); +86-8611-0404 (H.L.)
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (X.W.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-8611-0401 (G.M.); +86-1062-782-966 (X.W.); +86-8611-0404 (H.L.)
| | - Huiying Liu
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (E.Z.); (S.C.); (X.R.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (X.W.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-8611-0401 (G.M.); +86-1062-782-966 (X.W.); +86-8611-0404 (H.L.)
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23
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Wu YQ, Liu Z, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Ye H, Wang X. Macrophage responses to selective laser-melted Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds of different pore geometries and the corresponding osteoimmunomodulatory effects toward osteogenesis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:873-883. [PMID: 34816584 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following recent advances in osteoimmunology, there is growing recognition of the vital role of immune cells in the osteogenesis process. The 3D-printed scaffold, as a substitute for injured and/or diseased bone tissues, has demonstrated satisfactory pro-osteogenetic performance. However, whether immune cells prompt the above pro-osteogenetic performance has not been elucidated in detail. In the present study, highly controllable Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds with different pore geometries were fabricated using a selective laser-melting technique, to reveal their osteoimmunological functions with macrophages. The results showed that macrophages displayed characteristics of M2 phenotype in response to scaffolds. As a result, an anti-inflammatory microenvironment was generated. When the pore geometry was considered, such observations were more apparent with the hexagonal pore scaffold than with the triangular one. In addition, inhibition of the toll-like receptor signaling pathway in macrophages has been proposed to cause the above phenomenon. Upon applying conditioned media derived from macrophages on pre-osteoblasts, the hexagonal pore scaffold group was found to significantly enhance osteoblastic differentiation, via macrophage-to-implant interactions. However, the effect of triangular pore scaffold was not statistically significant compared to that of hexagonal pore scaffolds or nonporous samples. In an attempt to quantify scaffold pore geometries, it was suggested that pores with higher circularity values tended to induce M2 polarization of macrophages, promote an anti-inflammatory milieu, and therefore, achieve better osteogenetic performance via immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qi Wu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenchao Xu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yilu Zhang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongru Ye
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiyang Wang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
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24
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Polley C, Radlof W, Hauschulz F, Benz C, Sander M, Seitz H. Morphological and mechanical characterisation of three-dimensional gyroid structures fabricated by electron beam melting for the use as a porous biomaterial. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104882. [PMID: 34740017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufactured porous biomaterials based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are a highly discussed topic in the literature. With their unique properties in terms of open porosity, large surface area and surface curvature, they are considered to have bone mimicking properties and remarkable osteogenic potential. In this study, scaffolds of gyroid unit cells of different sizes consisting of a Ti6Al4V alloy were manufactured additively by electron beam melting (EBM). The scaffolds were analysed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to determine their morphological characteristics and, subsequently, subjected to mechanical tests to investigate their quasi-static compressive properties and fatigue resistance. All scaffolds showed an average open porosity of 71-81%, with an average pore size of 0.64-1.41 mm, depending on the investigated design. The design with the smallest unit cell shows the highest quasi-elastic gradient (QEG) as well as the highest compressive offset stress and compression strength. Furthermore, the fatigue resistance of all unit cell size (UCS) variations showed promising results. In detail, the smallest unit cells achieved fatigue strength at 106 cycles at 45% of their compressive offset stress, which is comparatively good for additively manufactured porous biomaterials. In summary, it is demonstrated that the mechanical properties can be significantly modified by varying the unit cell size, thus enabling the scaffolds to be specifically tailored to avoid stress shielding and ensure implant safety. Together with the morphological properties of the gyroid unit cells, the fabricated scaffolds represent a promising approach for use as a bone substitute material.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Polley
- Chair of Microfluidics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
| | - W Radlof
- Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - F Hauschulz
- Chair of Microfluidics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Benz
- Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - M Sander
- Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - H Seitz
- Chair of Microfluidics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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25
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Alcala-Orozco CR, Cui X, Hooper GJ, Lim KS, Woodfield TB. Converging functionality: Strategies for 3D hybrid-construct biofabrication and the role of composite biomaterials for skeletal regeneration. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:188-216. [PMID: 33713862 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, biomaterial development and our increasing understanding of cell biology has created enormous potential for the development of personalized regenerative therapies. In the context of skeletal tissue engineering, physical and biological demands play key roles towards successful construct implantation and the achievement of bone, cartilage and blood vessel tissue formation. Nevertheless, meeting such physical and biological demands to mimic the complexity of human tissues and their functionality is still a significant ongoing challenge. Recent studies have demonstrated that combination of AM technologies and advanced biomaterials has great potential towards skeletal tissue engineering. This review aims to analyze how the most prominent technologies and discoveries in the field converge towards the development of advanced constructs for skeletal regeneration. Particular attention is placed on hybrid biofabrication strategies, combining bioinks for cell delivery with biomaterial inks providing physical support. Hybrid biofabrication has been the focus of recent emerging strategies, however there has been limited review and analysis of these techniques and the challenges involved. Furthermore, we have identified that there are multiple hybrid fabrication strategies, here we present a category system where each strategy is reviewed highlighting their distinct advantages, challenges and potential applications. In addition, bioinks and biomaterial inks are the main components of the hybrid biofabrication strategies, where it is recognized that such platforms still lack optimal physical and biological functionality. Thus, this review also explores the development of composite materials specifically targeting the enhancement of physical and biological functionality towards improved skeletal tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biofabrication strategies capable of recreating the complexity of native tissues could open new clinical possibilities towards patient-specific regenerative therapies and disease models. Several reviews target the existing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies that may be utilised for biomedical purposes. However, this work presents a unique perspective, describing how such AM technologies have been recently translated towards hybrid fabrication strategies, targeting the fabrication of constructs with converging physical and biological properties. Furthermore, we address composite bioinks and biomaterial inks that have been engineered to overcome traditional limitations, and might be applied to the hybrid fabrication strategies outlined. This work offers ample perspectives and insights into the current and future challenges for the fabrication of skeletal tissues aiming towards clinical and biomedical applications.
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26
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Abstract
Bone injuries and fractures are often associated with post-surgical failures, extended healing times, infection, a lack of return to a normal active lifestyle, and corrosion associated allergies. In this regard, this review presents a comprehensive report on advances in nanotechnology driven solutions for bone tissue engineering. The fabrication of metals such as copper, gold, platinum, palladium, silver, strontium, titanium, zinc oxide, and magnetic nanoparticles with tunable physico-chemical and opto-electronic properties for osteogenic scaffolds is discussed here in detail. Furthermore, the rational selection of a polymeric base such as chitosan, collagen, poly (L-lactide), hydroxyl-propyl-methyl cellulose, poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid, polyglucose-sorbitol-carboxymethy ether, polycaprolactone, natural rubber latex, and silk fibroin for scaffold preparation is also discussed. These advanced materials and fabrication strategies not only provide for appropriate mechanical strength but also render integrity, making them appealing for orthopedic applications. Further, such scaffolds can be functionalized with ligands or biomolecules such as hydroxyapatite, polypyrrole (PPy), magnesium, zinc dopants, and growth factors to stimulate osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, and neovascularization to aid in rapid healing. Future directions to co-incorporate bioceramics, biogenic nanoparticles, and fourth generation biomaterials to enhance biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and rapid recovery are also included in this review. Hence, the further development of such biomimetic metal-based nano-scaffolds at a lower cost with reduced risks and greater efficacy at regrowing bone can revolutionize the future of orthopedics.
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27
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He X, Ao H, Qiao Y, Li Z. 3D-printed porous scaffold promotes osteogenic differentiation of hADMSCs. Open Med (Wars) 2021. [PMID: 33521318 PMCID: PMC7811365 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To explore the role of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed porous titanium alloy scaffold (3D scaffold) in the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs) and the underlying mechanism.
Methods
hADMSCs were divided into control and 3D scaffold groups. The osteogenic differentiation of hADMSCs and expression of osteogenic makers were estimated. Based on the information from published articles, five candidate circular RNAs were selected, and among them, hsa_circ_0019142 showed the most promising results. Finally, control group cells were overexpressed or silenced with the hsa_circ_0019142. Then, Alizarin red S (ARS) staining, calcium content analysis and estimation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and collagen-1 (COL1) were performed to evaluate the role of hsa_circ_0019142 on osteogenic differentiation.
Results
Osteogenic differentiation of the hADMSCs was significantly higher in the 3D scaffold group than in the control group, as evidenced by ARS staining, increased calcium concentration, and elevated expression of above four osteogenic factors. qPCR revealed that the expression of hsa_circ_0019142 was significantly higher in the 3D scaffold group. Overexpression of hsa_circ_0019142 promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hADMSCs, while knockdown of hsa_circ_0019142 caused the opposite results.
Conclusion
The 3D-printed scaffold promoted osteogenic differentiation of hADMSCs by upregulating hsa_circ_0019142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin He
- Ear-Nose-Throat Department, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Huafei Ao
- Ear-Nose-Throat Department, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- Ear-Nose-Throat Department, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Zhengwen Li
- Ear-Nose-Throat Department, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
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28
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Luo F, Wang L, Xiao Z, Zhu X, Fan Y, Wang K, Zhang X. Application of femtosecond laser microfabrication in the preparation of advanced bioactive titanium surfaces. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3912-3924. [PMID: 33928992 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00231g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface activation of titanium plays a key role in the biological properties of titanium implants as bone repair materials. Improving the ability to induce apatite precipitation on the surface was a well-accepted titanium bioactivation route. In this study, advanced femtosecond laser microfabrication was applied to modify titanium surfaces, and the effect of femtosecond laser etching on apatite precipitation was investigated and compared with popular titanium modification methods. Meanwhile, the mechanism of apatite formation after femtosecond laser modification was interpreted from the point of materials science. The surface physical-chemical characterization results showed that femtosecond laser etching can improve the surface hydrophilicity and increase the surface energy. Compared with traditional abrasive paper and acid-alkali treatment, this method increased the contents of active sites including titanium oxide and titanium-hydroxyl on titanium surfaces. TiO2 on the surface was transformed to TiO after femtosecond laser treatment. The samples etched with 0.3 W and 0.5 W femtosecond lasers had a better ability to induce apatite deposition than those treated with traditional mechanical treatment and popular acid-alkali modification, which would lead to better bioactivity and osteointegration. Considering the technical advantages of femtosecond lasers in microfabrication, it provides a more efficient and controllable scheme for the bioactivation of titanium. This research would improve the application potential of femtosecond laser treatment, such as micropattern preparation and surface activation, in the field of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiong Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Zhanwen Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Kefeng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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29
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Femtosecond laser-induced nanoporous layer for enhanced osteogenesis of titanium implants. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112247. [PMID: 34225886 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The osteogenic activity of medical metal can be improved by lowering its surface stiffness and elastic modulus. However, it is very difficult to directly reduce the elastic modulus of medical metal surfaces. In this paper, with selected parameters, the titanium surface was treated via femtosecond laser irradiation. Micro indentation revealed that the femtosecond laser ablation can effectively reduce the surface Young's modulus and Vickers hardness of titanium. Besides, In order to explain the mechanical properties of degradation of titanium surface, Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) was used to simulate the process of laser ablation process of titanium surface, and it was found that after the ablation of titanium surface, voids were produced in the subsurface layer. The simulation showed that the voids are formed by the cavitation of metastable liquid induced by high tensile stress and high temperature during femtosecond laser irradiation. Subsurface voids with a thickness of about 40 nm were observed under the oxide layer in the experiment. Cell experiments showed that the surface with low Young's modulus was more conducive to cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.
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30
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Cleemput S, Huys SEF, Cleymaet R, Cools W, Mommaerts MY. Additively manufactured titanium scaffolds and osteointegration - meta-analyses and moderator-analyses of in vivo biomechanical testing. Biomater Res 2021; 25:18. [PMID: 34112248 PMCID: PMC8191027 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-021-00216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maximizing osteointegration potential of three-dimensionally-printed porous titanium (3DPPT) is an ongoing focus in biomaterial research. Many strategies are proposed and tested but there is no weighted comparison of results. Methods We systematically searched Pubmed and Embase to obtain two pools of 3DPPT studies that performed mechanical implant-removal testing in animal models and whose characteristics were sufficiently similar to compare the outcomes in meta-analyses (MAs). We expanded these MAs to multivariable meta-regressions (moderator analysis) to verify whether statistical models including reported scaffold features (e.g., “pore-size”, “porosity”, “type of unit cell”) or post-printing treatments (e.g., surface treatments, adding agents) could explain the observed differences in treatment effects (expressed as shear strength of bone-titanium interface). Results “Animal type” (species of animal in which the 3DPPT was implanted) and “type of post-treatment” (treatment performed after 3D printing) were moderators providing statistically significant models for differences in mechanical removal strength. An interaction model with covariables “pore-size” and “porosity” in a rabbit subgroup analysis (the most reported animal model) was also significant. Impact of other moderators (including “time” and “location of implant”) was not statistically significant. Discussion/conclusion Our findings suggest a stronger effect from porosity in a rat than in a sheep model. Additionally, adding a calcium-containing layer does not improve removal strength but the other post-treatments do. Our results provide overview and new insights, but little narrowing of existing value ranges. Consequent reporting of 3DPPT characteristics, standardized comparison, and expression of porosity in terms of surface roughness could help tackle these existing dilemmas. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cleemput
- Doctoral School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium. .,European Face Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Stijn E F Huys
- Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Section of Biomechanics, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbert Cleymaet
- European Face Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wilfried Cools
- Interfaculty Center Data processing and Statistics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurice Y Mommaerts
- European Face Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Wu S, Xu J, Zou L, Luo S, Yao R, Zheng B, Liang G, Wu D, Li Y. Long-lasting renewable antibacterial porous polymeric coatings enable titanium biomaterials to prevent and treat peri-implant infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3303. [PMID: 34083518 PMCID: PMC8175680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-implant infection is one of the biggest threats to the success of dental implant. Existing coatings on titanium surfaces exhibit rapid decrease in antibacterial efficacy, which is difficult to promisingly prevent peri-implant infection. Herein, we report an N-halamine polymeric coating on titanium surface that simultaneously has long-lasting renewable antibacterial efficacy with good stability and biocompatibility. Our coating is powerfully biocidal against both main pathogenic bacteria of peri-implant infection and complex bacteria from peri-implantitis patients. More importantly, its antibacterial efficacy can persist for a long term (e.g., 12~16 weeks) in vitro, in animal model, and even in human oral cavity, which generally covers the whole formation process of osseointegrated interface. Furthermore, after consumption, it can regain its antibacterial ability by facile rechlorination, highlighting a valuable concept of renewable antibacterial coating in dental implant. These findings indicate an appealing application prospect for prevention and treatment of peri-implant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, P. R. China
| | - Jianmeng Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, P. R. China
| | - Leiyan Zou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, P. R. China
| | - Shulu Luo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, P. R. China
| | - Run Yao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, P. R. China
| | - Bingna Zheng
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPRC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Guobin Liang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, P. R. China
| | - Dingcai Wu
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPRC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, P. R. China.
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Winiecki M, Krawczyk P. Titanium-peroxy and peroxide complex functionalities on Ti-6Al-4V alloy effected by modification with active radicals. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bajda S, Liu Y, Tosi R, Cholewa-Kowalska K, Krzyzanowski M, Dziadek M, Kopyscianski M, Dymek S, Polyakov AV, Semenova IP, Tokarski T. Laser cladding of bioactive glass coating on pure titanium substrate with highly refined grain structure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104519. [PMID: 33915438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Free from toxic elements biomaterial potentially applicable for load bearing biomedical implants was obtained for the first time by laser cladding of S520 bioactive glass onto ultrafine-grained commercially pure titanium. The cladding process affected the refined structure of the substrate inducing martensitic transformation near its surface. The α' acicular martensite gradually passes into relatively large grains with increasing distance from the substrate surface, which subsequently are transformed into smaller grains of about 2 μm in diameter. Both the melted zone, where the martensite crystalline structure was found, and the HAZ are characterised by relatively lower hardness in comparison with that of the substrate core indicating increased ductility. Such a combination of zones with different properties may have a synergistic effect and is beneficial for the obtained biomaterial. A characteristic region in the form of about 3 μm width band was formed in the melted zone at about 10 μm below the titanium surface. The results of EDS analysis indicate that several glass elements moved into the region while the titanium content in the same area was decreased. High bioactivity of the coated S520 glass was revealed by in vitro testing with SBF solution and almost complete reduction of P concentration occurred after 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Bajda
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland.
| | - Yijun Liu
- Manufacturing Technology Centre, Ansty Park, Coventry, CV7 9JU, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Tosi
- Manufacturing Technology Centre, Ansty Park, Coventry, CV7 9JU, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Cholewa-Kowalska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Michal Krzyzanowski
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland; Birmingham City University, Faculty Computing, Engineering & the Built Environment, Millenium Point, Curzon Street, Birmingham, B4 7XG, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Dziadek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Golebia 24, Krakow, 31-007, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kopyscianski
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dymek
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Alexander V Polyakov
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 12 K. Marx Str., Ufa, 450008, Russia
| | - Irina P Semenova
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 12 K. Marx Str., Ufa, 450008, Russia
| | - Tomasz Tokarski
- Academic Center of Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
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Liu Z, Liu X, Ramakrishna S. Surface engineering of biomaterials in orthopedic and dental implants: Strategies to improve osteointegration, bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000116. [PMID: 33813785 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of biomedical implants in orthopedic and dental applications is usually limited due to insufficient bone-implant integration, and implant-related infections. Biointerfaces are critical in regulating their interactions and the desirable performance of biomaterials in biological environment. Surface engineering has been widely studied to realize better control of the interface interaction to further enhance the desired behavior of biomaterials. PURPOSE AND SCOPE This review aims to investigate surface coating strategies in hard tissue applications to address insufficient osteointegration and implant-related infection problems. SUMMARY We first focused on surface coatings to enhance the osteointegration and biocompatibility of implants by emphasizing calcium phosphate-related, nanoscale TiO2 -related, bioactive tantalum-based and biomolecules incorporated coatings. Different coating strategies such as plasma spraying, biomimetic deposition, electrochemical anodization and LENS are discussed. We then discussed techniques to construct anti-adhesive and bactericidal surface while emphasizing multifunctional surface coating techniques that combine potential osteointegration and antibacterial activities. The effects of nanotopography via TiO2 coatings on antibacterial performance are interesting and included. A smart bacteria-responsive titanium dioxide nanotubes coating is also attractive and elaborated. CONCLUSION Developing multifunctional surface coatings combining osteogenesis and antimicrobial activity is the current trend. Surface engineering methods are usually combined to obtain hierarchical multiscale surface structures with better biofunctionalization outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Liu
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Le PTM, Shintani SA, Takadama H, Ito M, Kakutani T, Kitagaki H, Terauchi S, Ueno T, Nakano H, Nakajima Y, Inoue K, Matsushita T, Yamaguchi S. Bioactivation Treatment with Mixed Acid and Heat on Titanium Implants Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Enhances Preosteoblast Cell Differentiation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:987. [PMID: 33921268 PMCID: PMC8069428 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) is a promising technology capable of producing individual characteristics with a high degree of surface roughness for implants. These surfaces can be modified so as to increase their osseointegration, bone generation and biocompatibility, features which are critical to their clinical success. In this study, we evaluated the effects on preosteoblast proliferation and differentiation of titanium metal (Ti) with a high degree of roughness (Ra = 5.4266 ± 1.282 µm) prepared by SLM (SLM-Ti) that was also subjected to surface bioactive treatment by mixed acid and heat (MAH). The results showed that the MAH treatment further increased the surface roughness, wettability and apatite formation capacity of SLM-Ti, features which are useful for cell attachment and bone bonding. Quantitative measurement of osteogenic-related gene expression by RT-PCR indicated that the MC3T3-E1 cells on the SLM-Ti MAH surface presented a stronger tendency towards osteogenic differentiation at the genetic level through significantly increased expression of Alp, Ocn, Runx2 and Opn. We conclude that bio-activated SLM-Ti enhanced preosteoblast differentiation. These findings suggest that the mixed acid and heat treatment on SLM-Ti is promising method for preparing the next generation of orthopedic and dental implants because of its apatite formation and cell differentiation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Thi Minh Le
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Seine A. Shintani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Hiroaki Takadama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Morihiro Ito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Kakutani
- Osaka Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Zuiko 4-4-28, Higashi Yodogawa-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 533-0005, Japan; (T.K.); (H.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Hisashi Kitagaki
- Osaka Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Zuiko 4-4-28, Higashi Yodogawa-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 533-0005, Japan; (T.K.); (H.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Shuntaro Terauchi
- Osaka Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Zuiko 4-4-28, Higashi Yodogawa-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 533-0005, Japan; (T.K.); (H.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Takaaki Ueno
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensor Organ, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (T.U.); (H.N.); (Y.N.); (K.I.)
| | - Hiroyuki Nakano
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensor Organ, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (T.U.); (H.N.); (Y.N.); (K.I.)
| | - Yoichiro Nakajima
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensor Organ, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (T.U.); (H.N.); (Y.N.); (K.I.)
| | - Kazuya Inoue
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensor Organ, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (T.U.); (H.N.); (Y.N.); (K.I.)
| | - Tomiharu Matsushita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
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Ye M, Liu W, Yan L, Cheng S, Li X, Qiao S. 3D‑printed Ti6Al4V scaffolds combined with pulse electromagnetic fields enhance osseointegration in osteoporosis. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:410. [PMID: 33786622 PMCID: PMC8025457 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The loosening and displacement of prostheses after dental implantation and arthroplasty is a substantial medical burden due to the complex correction surgery. Three-dimensional (3D)-printed porous titanium (pTi) alloy scaffolds are characterized by low stiffness, are beneficial to bone ingrowth, and may be used in orthopedic applications. However, for the bio-inert nature between host bone and implants, titanium alloy remains poorly compatible with osseointegration, especially in disease conditions, such as osteoporosis. In the present study, 3D-printed pTi scaffolds with ideal pore size and porosity matching the bone tissue, were combined with pulse electromagnetic fields (PEMF), an exogenous osteogenic induction stimulation, to evaluate osseointegration in osteoporosis. In vitro, external PEMF significantly improved osteoporosis-derived bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation on the surface of pTi scaffolds by enhancing the expression of alkaline phosphatase, runt-related transcription factor-2, osteocalcin, and bone morphogenetic protein-2. In vivo, Microcomputed tomography analysis and histological evaluation indicated the external PEMF markedly enhanced bone regeneration and osseointegration. This novel therapeutic strategy has potential to promote osseointegration of dental implants or artificial prostheses for patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Ye
- Department of Oral Implantology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian 361008, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian 361008, P.R. China
| | - Lihui Yan
- Department of Oral Implantology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian 361008, P.R. China
| | - Shaolong Cheng
- Department of Oral Implantology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian 361008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiong Li
- Department of Pain, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
| | - Shichong Qiao
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Osteogenic and antibacterial surfaces on additively manufactured porous Ti-6Al-4V implants: Combining silver nanoparticles with hydrothermally synthesized HA nanocrystals. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111745. [PMID: 33545887 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The recently developed additively manufacturing techniques have enabled the fabrication of porous biomaterials that mimic the characteristics of the native bone, thereby avoiding stress shielding and facilitating bony ingrowth. However, aseptic loosening and bacterial infection, as the leading causes of implant failure, need to be further addressed through surface biofunctionalization. Here, we used a combination of (1) plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) using Ca-, P-, and silver nanoparticle-rich electrolytes and (2) post-PEO hydrothermal treatments (HT) to furnish additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V porous implants with a multi-functional surface. The applied HT led to the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals throughout the oxide layer. This process was controlled by the supersaturation of Ca2+ and PO43- during the hydrothermal process. Initially, the high local supersaturation resulted in homogenous nucleation of spindle-like nanocrystals throughout the surface. As the process continued, the depletion of reactant ions in the outermost surface layer led to a remarkable decrease in the supersaturation degrees. High aspect-ratio nanorods and hexagonal nanopillars were, therefore, created. The unique hierarchical structure of the microporous PEO layer (pore size < 3 μm) and spindle-like HA nanocrystals (<150 nm) on the surface of macro-porous additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V implants provided a favorable substrate for the anchorage of cytoplasmic extensions assisting cell attachment and migration on the surface. The results of our in vitro assays clearly showed the important benefits of the HT and the spindle-like HA nanocrystals including a significantly stronger and much more sustained antibacterial activity, significantly higher levels of pre-osteoblasts metabolic activity, and significantly higher levels of alkaline phosphatase activity as compared to similar PEO-treated implants lacking the HT.
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Li J, Wang K, Bai X, Wang Q, Lv N, Li Z. Enhanced regeneration of bone defects using sintered porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds incorporated with mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma. RSC Adv 2021; 11:5128-5138. [PMID: 35424426 PMCID: PMC8694689 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new highly controlled powder sintering technique was used for the fabrication of a porous Ti6Al4V scaffold. The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared using whole blood. The PRP was used as a cell carrier to inject bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into the pores of the Ti6Al4V scaffold in the presence of calcium chloride and thrombin, and then the composite construct of porous Ti6Al4V loaded with PRP gel and MSC was obtained. The bare Ti6Al4V scaffold and the Ti6Al4V scaffold loaded with MSC were used as controls. The characteristics and mechanical properties of the scaffold, and the biological properties of the constructs were evaluated by a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results show that the sintered porous Ti6Al4V has good biocompatibility, and high porosity and large pore size, which can provide sufficient space and sufficient mechanical support for the growth of cells and bones without an obvious stress shielding effect. However, Ti6Al4V/MSC/PRP showed a significantly higher cell proliferation rate, faster bone growth speed, more bone ingrowth, and higher interfacial strength. Therefore, the porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds incorporated with MSC and PRP may be more effective at enhancing bone regeneration, and is expected to be used for bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 China +86 10 66938306 +86 10 66938306
| | - Ketao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 China +86 10 66938306 +86 10 66938306
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaowei Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 China +86 10 66938306 +86 10 66938306
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 China +86 10 66938306 +86 10 66938306
| | - Ningyu Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 China +86 10 66938306 +86 10 66938306
| | - Zhongli Li
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 China +86 10 66938306 +86 10 66938306
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Spece H, Basgul C, Andrews CE, MacDonald DW, Taheri ML, Kurtz SM. A systematic review of preclinical in vivo testing of 3D printed porous Ti6Al4V for orthopedic applications, part I: Animal models and bone ingrowth outcome measures. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:1436-1454. [PMID: 33484102 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
For Ti6Al4V orthopedic and spinal implants, osseointegration is often achieved using complex porous geometries created via additive manufacturing (AM). While AM porous titanium (pTi) has shown clinical success, concerns regarding metallic implants have spurred interest in alternative AM biomaterials for osseointegration. Insights regarding the evaluation of these new materials may be supported by better understanding the role of preclinical testing for AM pTi. We therefore asked: (a) What animal models have been most commonly used to evaluate AM porous Ti6Al4V for orthopedic bone ingrowth; (b) What were the primary reported quantitative outcome measures for these models; and (c) What were the bone ingrowth outcomes associated with the most frequently used models? We performed a systematic literature search and identified 58 articles meeting our inclusion criteria. We found that AM pTi was evaluated most often using rabbit and sheep femoral condyle defect (FCD) models. Additional ingrowth models including transcortical and segmental defects, spinal fusions, and calvarial defects were also used with various animals based on the study goals. Quantitative outcome measures determined via histomorphometry including ''bone ingrowth'' (range: 3.92-53.4% for rabbit/sheep FCD) and bone-implant contact (range: 9.9-59.7% for rabbit/sheep FCD) were the most common. Studies also used 3D imaging to report outcomes such as bone volume fraction (BV/TV, range: 4.4-61.1% for rabbit/sheep FCD), and push-out testing for outcomes such as maximum removal force (range: 46.6-3092 N for rabbit/sheep FCD). Though there were many commonalities among the study methods, we also found significant heterogeneity in the outcome terms and definitions. The considerable diversity in testing and reporting may no longer be necessary considering the reported success of AM pTi across all model types and the ample literature supporting the rabbit and sheep as suitable small and large animal models, respectively. Ultimately, more standardized animal models and reporting of bone ingrowth for porous AM materials will be useful for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Spece
- Implant Research Core, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cemile Basgul
- Implant Research Core, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Daniel W MacDonald
- Implant Research Core, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Steven M Kurtz
- Implant Research Core, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Exponent, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Huang L, Cai B, Huang Y, Wang J, Zhu C, Shi K, Song Y, Feng G, Liu L, Zhang L. Comparative Study on 3D Printed Ti6Al4V Scaffolds with Surface Modifications Using Hydrothermal Treatment and Microarc Oxidation to Enhance Osteogenic Activity. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1465-1476. [PMID: 33490806 PMCID: PMC7818615 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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Titanium (Ti) and
its alloys have been widely used in clinics as
preferred materials for bone tissue repair and replacement. However,
the lack of biological activity of Ti limits its clinical applications.
Surface modification of Ti with bioactive elements has always been
a research hotspot. In this study, to promote the osseointegration
of Ti6Al4V (Ti64) implants, calcium (Ca), oxygen (O), and phosphorus
(P) codoped multifunctional micro–nanohybrid coatings were
prepared on a three-dimensional (3D) printed porous Ti64 surface by
microarc oxidation (MAO) and a hydrothermal method (HT). The surface
morphologies, chemical compositions, and surface/cell interactions
of the obtained coatings were studied. In vitro experiments
indicated that all hybrid coating-modified Ti64 implants could enhance
protein adsorption and MC3T3 osteoblasts’ activity, adhesion,
and differentiation ability. In vivo experiments
showed that the hybrid coating promoted early osseointegration. By
comparison, microarc oxidation-treated Ti64 (M-Ti) has the best biological
activity and the strongest ability of osseointegration. It provides
important theoretical significance and potential application prospects
for improving the biological activity of Ti implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leizhen Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institue, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bianyun Cai
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471026, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institue, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jingcheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institue, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ce Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institue, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institue, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yueming Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institue, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ganjun Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institue, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institue, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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Bagherifard S, Guagliano M. Post-processing. FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER POWDER BED FUSION OF METALS 2021:327-348. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824090-8.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Yang Z, Xi Y, Bai J, Jiang Z, Wang S, Zhang H, Dai W, Chen C, Gou Z, Yang G, Gao C. Covalent grafting of hyperbranched poly-L-lysine on Ti-based implants achieves dual functions of antibacteria and promoted osteointegration in vivo. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120534. [PMID: 33243425 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The dual functional implants of antibacteria and osteointegration are highly demanded in orthopedic and dentistry, especially for patients who suffer from diabetes or osteoporosis simultaneously. However, there is lack of the facile and robust method to produce clinically applicable implants with this dual function although coatings possessing single function have been extensively developed. Herein, hyperbranched poly-L-lysine (HBPL) polymers were covalently immobilized onto the alkali-heat treated titanium (Ti) substrates and implants by using 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as the coupling agent, which displayed excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with an efficiency as high as 89.4% and 92.2% in vitro, respectively. The HBPL coating also significantly promoted the adhesion, spreading, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. Furthermore, the results of a S. aureus infection rat model in vivo ulteriorly verified that the HBPL-modified screws had good antibacterial and anti-inflammatory abilities at an early stage of implantation and better osteointegration compared with the control Ti screws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jun Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haolan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Chaozhen Chen
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhongru Gou
- Bio-nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Porous Tantalum VS. Titanium Implants: Enhanced Mineralized Matrix Formation after Stem Cells Proliferation and Differentiation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113657. [PMID: 33203015 PMCID: PMC7697356 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dental implants are used routinely, with surgical procedure, to replace missing teeth. Even though they lead to satisfactory results, novel developments with implant materials can still improve implant treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of porous tantalum (Ta) dental implants for osseointegration, in comparison to classical titanium (Ti). Mesenchymal stem cells from the dental pulp (DPSC) were incubated on Ta, smooth titanium (STi), and rough titanium (RTi) to assess their adhesion, proliferation, osteodifferentiation, and mineralized matrix production. Cell proliferation was measured at 4 h, 24 h, 48 h with MTT test. Early osteogenic differentiation was followed after 4, 8, 12 days by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) quantification. Cells organization and matrix microstructure were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Collagen production and matrix mineralization were evaluated by immunostaining and histological staining. MTT test showed significantly higher proliferation of DPSC on Ta at 24 h and 48 h. However, APL quantification after 8 and 12 days was significantly lower for Ta, revealing a delayed differentiation, where cells were proliferating the more. After 3 weeks, collagen immunostaining showed an efficient production of collagen on all samples. However, Red Alizarin staining clearly revealed a higher calcification on Ta. The overall results tend to demonstrate that DPSC differentiation is delayed on Ta surface, due to a longer proliferation period until cells cover the 3D porous Ta structure. However, after 3 weeks, a more abundant mineralized matrix is produced on and inside Ta implants. Cell populations on porous Ta proliferate greater and faster, leading to the production of more calcium phosphate deposits than cells on roughened and smooth titanium surfaces, revealing a potential enhanced capacity for osseointegration.
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Burger D, Beaumont M, Rosenau T, Tamada Y. Porous Silk Fibroin/Cellulose Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering via a Novel Combined Process Based on Sequential Regeneration and Porogen Leaching. Molecules 2020; 25:E5097. [PMID: 33153040 PMCID: PMC7663655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolds used for bone tissue engineering need to have a variety of features to accommodate bone cells. The scaffold should mimic natural bone, it should have appropriate mechanical strength, support cell differentiation to the osteogenic lineage, and offer adequate porosity to allow vascularization and bone in-growth. In this work, we aim at developing a new process to fabricate such materials by creating a porous composite material made of silk fibroin and cellulose as a suitable scaffold of bone tissue engineering. Silk fibroin and cellulose are both dissolved together in N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl and molded to a porous structure using NaCl powder. The hydrogels are prepared by a sequential regeneration process: cellulose is solidified by water vapor treatment, while the remaining silk fibroin in the hydrogel is insolubilized by methanol, which leads to a cellulose framework structure embedded in a silk fibroin matrix. Finally, the hydrogels are soaked in water to dissolve the NaCl for making a porous structure. The cellulose composition results in improving the mechanical properties for the hydrogels in comparison to the silk fibroin control material. The pore size and porosity are estimated at around 350 µm and 70%, respectively. The hydrogels support the differentiation of MC3T3 cells to osteoblasts and are expected to be a good scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Burger
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department for Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department for Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Yasushi Tamada
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
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Gorgin Karaji Z, Jahanmard F, Mirzaei AH, van der Wal B, Amin Yavari S. A multifunctional silk coating on additively manufactured porous titanium to prevent implant-associated infection and stimulate bone regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:065016. [PMID: 32640431 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aba40b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in the design and manufacturing of metallic implants, they do not outlive the patient. To illustrate, more than half of hip replacements will fail, mainly due to implant infection and loosening. Surface engineering approaches and, in particular, coatings can facilitate implant bio-functionality via the recruitment of more host cells for new bone formation and inhibition of bacterial colonization. Here, we used electrophoretic deposition to apply a silk fibroin solution consisting of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and vancomycin as a coating on the surface of additively-manufactured porous titanium. Furthermore, the surface properties of the coatings developed and the release kinetics of the vancomycin were studied to evaluate the applied coating. The in vitro antibacterial behavior of the multifunctional coating, as well as the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of the MC3T3-E1 cell line were extensively studied. The biomaterials developed exhibited an antibacterial behavior with a reduction of up to four orders of magnitude in both planktonic and adherent bacteria for 6 h and 1 d. A live-dead assay, the Alamar Blue activity, the DNA content, and cytoskeleton staining demonstrated a significant increase in the cell density of the coated groups versus the as-manufactured ones. The significantly enhanced calcium deposition and the increase in mineralization for the groups with TCP after 21 and 28 d, respectively, demonstrate upregulation of the MC3T3 cells' osteogenic differentiation. Our results collectively show that the multifunctional coating studied here can be potentially used to develop a new generation of orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Gorgin Karaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah 67156-85420, Iran. Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
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Zhang X, Mao J, Zhou Y, Ji F, Chen X. Mechanical properties and osteoblast proliferation of complex porous dental implants filled with magnesium alloy based on 3D printing. J Biomater Appl 2020; 35:1275-1283. [PMID: 32915665 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220957902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a complex porous dental implant with biodegradable magnesium alloy was designed based on selective laser melting (SLM). Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to simulate the stress distribution of dental implant and alveolar bone in two models of preliminary and later stages of implant. The stress concentration area of dental implants was found not in the porous structure, and the weak part of mechanical properties accords with the work requirements. The porous structure of dental implants can promote the function of cancellous bone in the process of conducting the stress of the dental implant, thus improving the bearing capacity of dental implants. In vitro fatigue experiments were carried out on the experimental samples produced by 3D printing. Through the cell contrast experiment, it was proved that the decomposed Mg2+ could reach the titanium surface smoothly through the porous structure and complete the proliferation of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Mao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangqiu Ji
- Guangzhou Janus Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
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47
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Tissue Integration and Biological Cellular Response of SLM-Manufactured Titanium Scaffolds. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10091192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: SLM (Selective Laser Melting)–manufactured Titanium (Ti) scaffolds have a significant value for bone reconstructions in the oral and maxillofacial surgery field. While their mechanical properties and biocompatibility have been analysed, there is still no adequate information regarding tissue integration. Therefore, the aim of this study is a comprehensive systematic assessment of the essential parameters (porosity, pore dimension, surface treatment, shape) required to provide the long-term performance of Ti SLM medical implants. Materials and methods: A systematic literature search was conducted via electronic databases PubMed, Medline and Cochrane, using a selection of relevant search MeSH terms. The literature review was conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Results: Within the total of 11 in vitro design studies, 9 in vivo studies, and 4 that had both in vitro and in vivo designs, the results indicated that SLM-generated Ti scaffolds presented no cytotoxicity, their tissue integration being assured by pore dimensions of 400 to 600 µm, high porosity (75–88%), hydroxyapatite or SiO2–TiO2 coating, and bioactive treatment. The shape of the scaffold did not seem to have significant importance. Conclusions: The SLM technique used to fabricate the implants offers exceptional control over the structure of the base. It is anticipated that with this technique, and a better understanding of the physical interaction between the scaffold and bone tissue, porous bases can be tailored to optimize the graft’s integrative and mechanical properties in order to obtain structures able to sustain osseous tissue on Ti.
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48
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Jing Z, Zhang T, Xiu P, Cai H, Wei Q, Fan D, Lin X, Song C, Liu Z. Functionalization of 3D-printed titanium alloy orthopedic implants: a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:052003. [PMID: 32369792 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab9078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Titanium alloy orthopedic implants produced by 3D printing combine the dual advantages of having a complex structure that cannot be manufactured by traditional techniques and the excellent physical and chemical properties of titanium and its alloys; they have been widely used in the field of orthopedics in recent years. The inherent porous structure of 3D-printed implants and the original modification processes for titanium alloys provide conditions for the functionalization of implants. To meet the needs of orthopedic surgeons and patients, functionalized implants with long-term stability and anti-infection or anti-tumor properties have been developed. The various methods of functionalization deserve to be summarized, compared and analyzed. Therefore, in this review, we will collect and discuss existing knowledge on the functionalization of 3D-printed titanium alloy orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
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49
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Zhu J, Sun HH, Wo J, Xu FH, Lu WQ, Deng B, Zhu YY, Yuan F. Duration of electrochemical deposition affects the morphology of hydroxyapatite coatings on 3D-printed titanium scaffold as well as the functions of adhered MC3T3-E1 cells. J Orthop Sci 2020; 25:708-714. [PMID: 31607516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of 3D-printed scaffolds in repairing bone defects remains unexplored. We aimed to determine whether the duration of electrochemical deposition (ECD) affects the properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on 3D-printed titanium (TI) scaffolds as well as the corresponding phenotype of MC3T3-E1 cells seeded on these surfaces. METHODS Five groups of HA-coated TI scaffolds were produced using different durations of ECD (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min) and examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion to the HA-coated scaffolds and subsequent proliferation and viability were assessed using SEM, DAPI staining, EdU staining, and Alamar Blue assay, respectively. MC3T3-E1 cell expression of osteogenic genes was analyzed by fluorescence RT-PCR. RESULTS On SEM, longer ECD durations resulted in more compact HA crystals of differing morphology coated onto the TI scaffolds. MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion differed among the five groups (p < 0.05), with the largest number of cells adhered to the scaffolds prepared with 30 min of ECD, followed by the group prepared with 20 min of ECD. However, the ECD duration of 20 min was associated with the highest cell viability and proliferation rate (both p < 0.05) as well as the highest mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, collagen I, osteocalcin and runt-related transcription factor 2 among the five groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the fabrication of HA-coated 3D printed TI scaffolds, an ECD duration of 20 min resulted in scaffolds that best promoted MC3T3-E1 cell viability, proliferation and osteogenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Hui-Hui Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Institution of Orthopedics, Northern People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Fei-Hu Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, China.
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50
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A multifaceted biomimetic interface to improve the longevity of orthopedic implants. Acta Biomater 2020; 110:266-279. [PMID: 32344174 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The rise of additive manufacturing has provided a paradigm shift in the fabrication of precise, patient-specific implants that replicate the physical properties of native bone. However, eliciting an optimal biological response from such materials for rapid bone integration remains a challenge. Here we propose for the first time a one-step ion-assisted plasma polymerization process to create bio-functional 3D printed titanium (Ti) implants that offer rapid bone integration. Using selective laser melting, porous Ti implants with enhanced bone-mimicking mechanical properties were fabricated. The implants were functionalized uniformly with a highly reactive, radical-rich polymeric coating generated using a unique combination of plasma polymerization and plasma immersion ion implantation. We demonstrated the performance of such activated Ti implants with a focus on the coating's homogeneity, stability, and biological functionality. It was shown that the optimized coating was highly robust and possessed superb physico-chemical stability in a corrosive physiological solution. The plasma activated coating was cytocompatible and non-immunogenic; and through its high reactivity, it allowed for easy, one-step covalent immobilization of functional biomolecules in the absence of solvents or chemicals. The activated Ti implants bio-functionalized with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) showed a reduced protein desorption and a more sustained osteoblast response both in vitro and in vivo compared to implants modified through conventional physisorption of BMP-2. The versatile new approach presented here will enable the development of bio-functionalized additively manufactured implants that are patient-specific and offer improved integration with host tissue. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Additive manufacturing has revolutionized the fabrication of patient-specific orthopedic implants. Although such 3D printed implants can show desirable mechanical and mass transport properties, they often require surface bio-functionalities to enable control over the biological response. Surface covalent immobilization of bioactive molecules is a viable approach to achieve this. Here we report the development of additively manufactured titanium implants that precisely replicate the physical properties of native bone and are bio-functionalized in a simple, reagent-free step. Our results show that covalent attachment of bone-related growth factors through ion-assisted plasma polymerized interlayers circumvents their desorption in physiological solution and significantly improves the bone induction by the implants both in vitro and in vivo.
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