The interplay between cytokines, inflammation, and antioxidants: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potentials of various antioxidants and anti-cytokine compounds

Protective effect of empagliflozin against paracetamol-induced acute kidney injury through modulation of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway in experimental mice

Emerging evidences about paracetamol-induced kidney injury in clinical settings are concerning, especially when administered at high doses. Empagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, employed in the management of diabetes mellitus, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic attributes. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate whether empagliflozin may alleviate paracetamol-triggered nephrotoxicity and unravel the mechanistic insights responsible for its protective impact. In this regard, male mice were assigned to four groups: normal, paracetamol, empagliflozin 10, and empagliflozin 20. Kidney function tests, histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry, oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines, and other molecular targets were detected. Our results showed that paracetamol administration impaired kidney functions along with causing aberrations in renal histoarchitecture. Additionally, paracetamol triggered oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via hindering the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α cascade and Nrf2/HO-1 while activating the NF-κB hub. Nevertheless, pretreatment with empagliflozin markedly enhanced the kidney function tests and mitigated histopathological alterations caused by paracetamol. Additionally, empagliflozin suppressed the oxidative stress as confirmed by an upregulation of Nrf2, which subsequently increased HO-1, SOD, and GSH, while reducing the MDA level. Moreover, it inhibited the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory process by dampening NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α expressions as well as lowering Bax expression-induced apoptosis. The observed safeguards effects were facilitated via boosting AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling trajectory. Collectively, our study verified the enduring reno-protective potential of empagliflozin, particularly at high dose, in the context of paracetamol-induced renal injury by instigating the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α hinge.

New steroidal saponins from Physochlainae Radix: Structures and anti-inflammatory efficacy

Physochlainae Radix (PR), a crucial herbal medicine, has been widely utilized in the treatment of pulmonary disorders, such as asthma and bronchitis. In the present study, nine previously undescribed steroidal saponins, designated as infundilides A-I (1-9), were isolated from PR. These compounds exhibit unique structural features characterized by the presence of unusual hydroxymethyl or carboxyl substituents at the C-20 position. Additionally, five new analogues, infundilides J-N (10-14), were also obtained. Their planar structures were elucidated based on analysis of MS and NMR spectroscopy data, and the absolute configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and comparisons of spectroscopic data. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity assays revealed that infundilide A (1), infundilide E (5), and infundilide K (11) exhibited pronounced inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Subsequently, to further explore the anti-inflammatory efficacy of steroidal saponins in PR, the therapeutic potential of infundilide A (1) was evaluated in a mouse model of acute lung injury (ALI). The results demonstrated that infundilide A effectively alleviated ALI-associated pathological changes, reduced inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2) in the lung tissues, and modulated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. To sum up, infundilide A holds promise as a potential anti-inflammatory lead compound. These discoveries emphasize the prospective therapeutic uses of steroidal saponins from PR in the treatment of inflammatory disorders.

Salt Reduction in Dough Production: A Comprehensive Review of Quality Changes and Regulation Strategies

Sodium chloride (NaCl), one of the most commonly used additives, is used to improve the taste, flavor, shelf-life, and aroma of dough-based products. However, excessive sodium consumption plays a negative role in public health concerns, resulting in chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hypertension. Therefore, the food industry faces the challenge of manufacturing low-sodium dough-based products while the original quality of the dough-based products does not deteriorate. This review comprehensively summarized the latest published paper on salt reduction in dough-based food over recent years. The role of salt in the production of dough-based food was first discussed. Furthermore, the effects of salt reduction on the quality of dough-based food and the corresponding quality regulation strategies were highlighted. The application of natural components, salt substitutes, and dough-making technologies to improve the quality of dough-based food was also explored. Salt is crucial for texture, flavor, fermentation, and shelf-life of dough-based products. Salt reduction in dough-based foods compromises processing efficiency and product quality. Specific strategies could counterbalance the negative impact of salt reduction on the quality of dough-based food. The natural components (e.g., fruit and vegetable products), salt substitutes (e.g., taste agents), and optimizing the dough-making process (e.g., temperature and pressure) can effectively reduce salt and improve the sensory properties of dough-based products. Future studies could focus on process optimization and evaluating economic feasibility and consumer acceptance.

Investigation into recent advanced strategies of reactive oxygen species-mediated therapy based on Prussian blue: Conceptualization and prospect

Prussian blue (PB) has garnered considerable scholarly interest in the field of biomedical research owing to its notably high biocompatibility, formidable multi-enzyme mimetic capabilities, and established clinical safety profile. These properties in combination with its reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity have facilitated significant progress in disease diagnosis and therapy for various ROS-mediated pathologies, where overproduced ROS exacerbates disease symptoms. Additionally, the underlying ROS-associated mechanisms are disease-specific. Hence, we systematically examined the role of ROS and its basic underlying mechanisms in representative disease categories and comprehensively reviewed the effect of PB-based materials in effectively alleviating pathological states. Furthermore, we present a thorough synthesis of disease-specific design methodologies and prospective directions for PB as a potent ROS-scavenging biotherapeutic material with emphasis on its applications in neurological, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and other pathological states. Through this review, we aim to accelerate the progress of research on disease treatment using PB-based integrated therapeutic system.

Hepatocyte-specific RAP1B deficiency ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity and liver inflammation in mice

AIM

This study investigated the role of RAP1B in hepatic lipid metabolism and its implications in obesity and associated metabolic disorders, focusing on the molecular mechanisms through which RAP1B influences lipid accumulation, inflammation and oxidative stress in liver tissues and hepatocyte cell lines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Liver-specific RAP1B-knockout (LKO) and overexpression (OE) mice were generated and fed a high-fat diet for 18 weeks to evaluate systemic and hepatic metabolic changes. Comprehensive metabolic phenotyping included measurements of body weight, body fat content, activity levels, energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test. RAP1B-knockdown AML12 hepatocytes were used for in vitro studies. Comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome analyses identified differentially expressed genes and key metabolic shifts. Biochemical and histological analyses were performed to assess lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers.

RESULTS

We found that LKO mice exhibited significant reductions in body weight, fat pad size and liver mass, along with decreased hepatic lipid accumulation due to enhanced lipid breakdown. These mice demonstrated improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity without changes in food intake. Liver histology showed reduced F4/80-positive macrophage infiltration, indicating decreased inflammatory cell recruitment. Additionally, markers of oxidative stress were significantly lower, and molecular analysis revealed downregulation of the MAPK(p38) and NF-κB signaling pathways, further supporting an anti-inflammatory hepatic environment. In contrast, OE mice showed increased liver weight, aggravated hepatic lipid accumulation driven by enhanced lipogenesis, worsened insulin resistance and elevated inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights RAP1B's pivotal role in hepatic metabolism and positions it as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and related metabolic disorders.

Single monoiodoacetic acid injection reveals toll-like receptor, oestrogen, oxidative stress, and altered energy metabolism as key drivers of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in female rats

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to establish a reproducible and minimally invasive rat model of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) using intra-articular monoiodoacetic acid (MIA) injection, and to investigate the pathological mechanisms underlying TMJ-OA development, aimed at providing insights for potential clinical treatments.

DESIGN

We compared the effects of single versus multiple MIA injections on body weight, pain behaviour, and condylar pathology in female Sprague-Dawley rats. We longitudinally assessed the progression of TMJ-OA over 5 weeks by evaluating condylar pathology and immunohistochemical staining. We investigated the potential mechanism of MIA-induced TMJ-OA through transcriptome sequencing and polymerase chain reaction validation.

RESULTS

A single MIA injection (0.5 mg) into the joint space effectively induced TMJ-OA in rats and sustained inflammatory reactions and pain without significantly affecting weight. MIA continuously promoted the development of TMJ-OA through the activation of the toll-like receptor pathway, oestrogen metabolism promotion, oxidative stress response enhancement, and energy metabolism alteration in condylar chondrocytes.

CONCLUSION

We have presented a simple and minimally invasive method for modelling TMJ-OA in rats, which can be utilised in animal trials focusing on TMJ-OA treatment strategies. The study also reveals toll-like receptor, oestrogen, oxidative stress, and altered energy metabolism as key drivers of TMJ-OA in female rats.

Association between systemic Immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index and adult osteoarthritis: national health and nutrition examination survey

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative and inflammatory joint disease caused by multiple factors, the underlying mechanisms of which are not fully understood. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) are both novel biomarkers and predictors of inflammation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between SII, SIRI and OA in adult.

OBJECTIVE

The ultimate goal is to gain a deeper understanding of how SII, SIRI influences OA and the implications of this relationship.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We analyzed data from 7204 participants aged 20 and older from the NHANES surveys conducted in 1999-2020, all of whom provided comprehensive data for this study. Standardized surveys assessed the presence of osteoarthritis and SII, SIRI. To thoroughly understand their relationship, we employed statistical techniques including multivariable logistic regression, stratified analysis with interaction, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and threshold effect analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 7204 adult participants were enrolled, composing of 2830 (39.3%) male and 4374 (60.7%) female with a median age of 62.2 ± 13.9 years, 2955 (41.0%) were diagnosed with OA. Accordingly, A linear relationship between SII and OA was discovered after adjusting for underlying confounders, (p > 0.05) in RCS, and the association between the SIRI and OA exhibited a nonlinear relationship (p = 0. 042) in RCS. In the threshold analysis, the OR of developing OA was 1.648 (95% CI: 1.144 ~ 2.374, p < 0.05) in participants with SIRI of < 0.99 103 cells/ml. There was no significantly association between the SIRI and OA when the SIRI was ≥ 0.99 103 cells/ml. Further sensitivity analyses provided confidence that the results are robust and not likely to be substantially influenced by unmeasured confounding factors.

CONCLUSIONS

This cross-sectional study demonstrated that a linear relationship between SII and OA, and the association between the SIRI and OA was found to be nonlinear.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

Improvement of anti-inflammatory efficacy of apigenin by shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) powder/κ-carrageenan hydrogel in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) powder/κ-carrageenan (SP/KC) hydrogel was used to improve the anti-inflammatory efficacy of apigenin (API) with elastic gel properties and dense honeycomb microstructures. Ulcerative colitis (UC) mice were gavaged with API and SP/KC/API, respectively, to evaluate the effectiveness of SP/KC. Compared with API group, the weight loss and colon shortening of UC mice in the SP/KC/API group were alleviated from 35.8 % to 40.9 % and 14.7 % to 24.0 %, respectively. Furthermore, SP/KC/API positively affected the expression of oxidative stress and inflammation. Compared to API group, MPO and iNOS activities in colonic tissue decreased by 1.2-fold, and serum expression of TNF-α was reduced by 6.6-fold. In comparison with API, the anti-inflammatory IL-10 level in SP/KC/API group increased by 4.2 %. Moreover, the beneficial bacteria Verrucomicrobiota of SP/KC/API group presented a 39.3 % improvement over API group. These results suggested that SP/KC effectively improved the effect of API in alleviating DSS-induced inflammation in UC mice.

Effects of Carotenoid Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the potential effects of carotenoid supplementation on mitigating exercise-induced oxidative stress and to provide guidance for future research.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched multiple databases from inception to August 2024 for randomized clinical trials investigating the effects of carotenoid supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, antioxidant levels, and metabolic parameters in the context of exercise-induced oxidative stress. The search terms included "carotenoids," "supplementation," "exercise," "oxidative stress," "inflammation," "antioxidants," "metabolic parameters," and their synonyms. Two reviewers independently extracted study data, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Quality was assessed by the Cochrane risk-of-bias method. Random and fixed effects models were used for the analysis of standard mean differences (SMD) or weighted mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

A total of 12 studies were included in the final analysis. Carotenoid supplementation led to significant effects in assessing oxidative stress induced by exercise (overall oxidative stress: SMD = -0.55, 95% CI [-1.04, -0.06]; malondialdehyde: MD = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.09,-0.02]; total antioxidant capacity: MD = 0.03, 95% CI [0.02, 0.03]; 8-isoprostane: MD = -35.70, 95% CI [-59.32, -12.09]; lipid peroxide: SMD = -1.07, 95% CI [-1.94, -0.20]; and nitric oxide: MD = -8.07, 95% CI [-12.54,-3.59]), inflammatory markers (inflammatory levels: SMD = 1.63, 95% CI [0.81, 2.46]; interleukin levels: SMD = 1.54, 95% CI [0.69, 2.40]; and C-reactive protein: MD = 4.56, 95% CI [0.97, 8.14]), antioxidant levels (SMD = 0.84, 95% CI [0.14, 1.53]), and metabolic parameters (energy expenditure: SMD = -0.52, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.26]; p < .05).

CONCLUSION

Carotenoid supplementation appears to attenuate exercise-induced oxidative stress and the inflammatory response and improve antioxidant levels and metabolic capabilities. However, these results may be influenced by participant variability or methodological differences. Further research with larger sample sizes, longer supplementation periods, higher doses, and carotenoid bioavailability is needed to confirm these findings.

Rapid Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines with an Oral Topical Composition Comprising Olive Oil, Trimethylglycine and Xylitol: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial

An underlying pro-inflammatory status is related to recurrence and persistence of inflammatory susceptibility in obesity and periodontitis, two of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases. Elevated levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), part of the inflammatory network linking these two conditions, persist even after periodontal treatment, with high salivary cytokine levels being linked to overweight and obesity risk. This trial assessed the effect of a novel composition comprising olive oil, trimethylglycine and xylitol, delivered topically to the oral mucosa, on salivary cytokines in periodontally healthy normal and overweight/pre-obese individuals. In a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial, adult patients were randomly assigned to use a test toothpaste (intervention group, IG) or a placebo toothpaste (control group, CG) three times a day for 1 month. Primary outcomes were levels of salivary cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Significant differences between IG and CG were observed for IL-1β (p = 0.003; Z = 2.901; r = 0.62) and TNF-α (p = 0.001; Z = 3.23; r = 0.69), but not for IL-4 (p = 0.203; Z = 1.321; r = 0.28). A significant reduction in IL-1β (p = 0.008) and a near significant reduction in TNF-α (p = 0.059) was found in the IG at the end of the trial. Additionally, the effect of body mass index on cytokine levels response was analyzed. A significantly different behavior was shown between IG and CG in the overweight/pre-obesity subgroup for IL-1β (p = 0.014; Z = 2.430; r = 0.63) and TNF-α (p = 0.029; Z = 2.199; r = 0.57). Moreover, a significant decrease in IL-1β in the IG (p = 0.028) was observed. The rapid reduction in IL-1β and TNF-α after 1 month of use of the intervention composition suggests a safe and effective novel strategy for reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines that may offer an opportunity to diminish the inflammatory status in patients with overweight/pre-obesity.

Sanghuangporus vaninii polysaccharides alleviates the effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on mouse liver: role of the gut- liver axis

Chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress is associated with intestinal barrier damage. Although some studies have suggested that the liver is the main target organ of chlorpyrifos, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Initially, we determined the nontoxic effects of Sanghuangporus vaninii polysaccharide (SVP-60) by acute toxicity experiments (2000 mg/kg). In the present study, we investigated to explore the potential mechanism behind the protective effect of SVP-60 against chlorpyrifos-induced hepatotoxicity. The results showed that chlorpyrifos exposure resulted in growth restriction and impaired liver function and intestinal barrier in mice (14 Days). Intervention with SVP-60 modulated the activities of antioxidant system enzymes and decreased the expression of inflammatory factors. SVP-60 effectively protected against chlorpyrifos-induced liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress injury via Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway and improving inflammation. In addition, SVP-60 treatment (80 μg/mL) reduced the presence of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6 in HepG2 cells, decreasing TNF-α secretion from 412 mg/mL to 317 mg/mL and IL-6 secretion from 61 mg/mL to 34 mg/mL, and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px. At the same time, the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px were enhanced, the activity of SOD increased from 15 U/mg prot to 27 U/mg prot, and the activity of GSH-Px increased from 378 U/mg prot to 429 U/mg prot, and the mRNA expression of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway was regulated, and the mRNA expression of Nrf2 was up-regulated by 2.9 times, and the mRNA expression of Keap1 was down-regulated by 1.7 times. Meanwhile, SVP-60 attenuated the chlorpyrifos-induced intestinal barrier damage and intestinal permeability in mice, and the plasma endotoxin (LPS) level in the index of intestinal permeability was reduced from 689EU/mL to 465 EU/mL, which in turn reduced the secondary damage to the liver caused by LPS leakage. These findings establish a strong correlation between gut and liver injury indicators, highlighting the potential of SVP-60 to prevent and treat chlorpyrifos-induced liver injury by modulating the gut-hepatic axis. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific mechanism by which SVP-60 alleviates CPF-induced liver injury by modulating the gut-liver axis, focusing on its dual protective effects of anti-oxidative stress, inhibition of inflammatory pathways and repair of gut barrier function. Unlike the existing studies that only focused on the direct toxicity of chlorpyrifos to the liver, this study reveals for the first time the trans-organ regulatory mechanism by which SVP-60 indirectly mitigates hepatic injury through the repair of the intestinal barrier.

Co-exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics and mercury synergistically exacerbates toxicity in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) compared to individual exposures

Nanoplastics (NPs) and mercury (Hg) are ubiquitous pollutants that co-occur in aquatic ecosystems. However, the interaction between NPs and Hg, particularly whether NPs affect the accumulation and in vivo biotransformation of Hg in aquatic organisms, remains unclear. The toxicity of NPs and mercuric chloride (HgCl2), both individually and in combination at environmentally relevant concentrations, on rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) were investigated in this study. The results demonstrated that NPs increased total Hg accumulation by 33.33 % but had limited effects on methylmercury (MeHg) content and its proportional distribution in muscle tissue compared to single Hg exposure. Both NPs and Hg induced significant growth inhibition, intestinal damage, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in rare minnow, with endpoint-specific effect patterns. Moreover, NPs and Hg dramatically altered gut microbiota composition and co-occurrence networks, with NPs inducing more metabolic pathway changes than Hg. Notably, combined exposure exacerbated almost all toxic effects in rare minnow compared to individual exposures, indicating synergistic interactions between NPs and Hg. These findings highlight the need to consider co-existing contaminants when evaluating NP toxicity.

Environmental Toxins and Oxidative Stress: The Link to Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading global health concern, responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. In recent years, as our understanding of the multifaceted nature of CVDs has increased, it has become increasingly evident that traditional risk factors alone do not account for the entirety of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Environmental toxins, a heterogeneous group of substances ubiquitous in our surroundings, have now entered the spotlight as offenders in the development and progression of CVDs. Environmental toxins include heavy metals, air pollutants, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, among others. Upon exposure, they can elicit oxidative stress, a condition characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to detoxify and repair the resulting damage. Oxidative stress triggers a cascade of events, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and vascular remodeling, which can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and other cardiovascular pathologies. This article delves into the molecular mechanisms underpinning oxidative stress-mediated cardiovascular damage induced by environmental toxins, emphasizing the role of specific toxins in this process. Further research is necessary to understand how individual susceptibility and genotype influence the impact of environmental toxins on oxidative stress and the risk of CVD.

The intensity of exercise and inflammation markers in women with overweight & obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was to examine the effects of different exercise intensities on inflammatory markers in women with overweight/obesity.

METHODS

A systematic search for RCTs that met the inclusion criteria for the period up to October 2024. random effects NMA was performed within a frequency-based framework.

RESULTS

A total of 75 RCTs were included (3989 participants). High-intensity exercise significantly modulated leptin and adiponectin levels, but had a nonsignificant effect on TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6 levels. Moderate-intensity exercise significantly modulated TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin levels. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) probability ranking showed that moderate-intensity exercise was the most recommended exercise intensity for reducing TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, and leptin levels, and for modulating adiponectin levels, moderate-intensity exercise also had a SUCRA value of 65.4%, so we believe that moderate-intensity exercise may be the most robust type of exercise intensity in terms of the breadth of effects. Subgroup analysis showed that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MAE) significantly reduced TNF-α levels. Moderate-intensity resistance training (MRT) is the most recommended type for decreasing IL-6 and leptin levels. Moderate-intensity combined exercise (MCE) is the best type of exercise for managing CRP and adiponectin levels.

CONCLUSIONS

There were significant differences in the effects of different exercise intensities on specific inflammatory markers in women living with overweight and obesity. Moderate-intensity exercise may be the most robust type of exercise intensity. Future studies should consider the importance of exercise duration and volume (e.g., in MET* minutes/week) to better understand the relationship between exercise intensity and inflammatory markers. The effects of combining exercise and diet on inflammatory markers in women with overweight and obesity should also be explored in greater depth.

Inflammasomes: novel therapeutic targets for metabolic syndrome?

Chronic inflammation is a hallmark for Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). It is also one of the most important risk factors for insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. Inflammasomes, which are intracellular multiprotein complexes within the innate immune system, regulate the production and maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 upon sensing pathogens or danger signals in the cytosol. A growing body of evidence indicates that inflammasomes play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology and progression of metabolic diseases, as deficiency in the key component of inflammasomes protects mice from high fat diet induced obesity and insulin resistance. Thus, in this review, we will summarize the role of inflammasomes in MetS and how to treat MetS by targeting inflammasomes. This may provide novel insights and therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders.

Chitosan/γ-polyglutamic acid-based Pickering emulsion gel: A promising transdermal carrier for crocetin

Crocetin (CT), a natural carotenoid dicarboxylic acid known for its high medicinal value, faces challenges such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability and instability, limiting its therapeutic applications. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces a novel Pickering emulsion gel stabilized by naturally sourced chitosan (CS) and γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) nanoparticles (CS/γ-PGA NPs) as a potential transdermal carrier for CT. The CS/γ-PGA NPs were synthesized using an electrostatic crosslinking method pretreated by mechanical ball-milling, producing uniform and stable nanoparticles. These NPs stabilized a CT-loaded Pickering emulsion gel (CT-PE) with cornmint oil as the oil phase, achieving up to 98.53 % encapsulation efficiency. The CT-PE exhibited enhanced rheological properties, storage stability, sustained and targeted in vitro transdermal release, potent antioxidant activity, and effective antimicrobial effects with no cytotoxicity. Microstructural analysis revealed a dense network of aggregated particles forming a moderately strong gel structure, wherein encapsulated CT enhances emulsion stability through interaction with the gel network. The synergy between CS and γ-PGA facilitated a biocompatible and efficient carrier system, markedly boosting CT's therapeutic effectiveness. These results highlight CT-PE's potential as an effective transdermal carrier for CT, promising for future dermatological treatments and drug delivery systems.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Four Native Mediterranean Seagrasses: A Review of Bioactive Potential and Ecological Context

This review provides current knowledge of the potential benefits of native Mediterranean seagrasses for human health, specifically focusing on their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The four main species examined-Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera marina, and Zostera noltii-are integral components of marine ecosystems, providing essential habitats and supporting biodiversity. Recent studies highlight their rich bioactive compounds that show significant therapeutic potential against oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which are prevalent in various health disorders. This overview synthesizes the current literature, emphasizing the mechanisms through which these seagrasses exert their beneficial effects. Furthermore, it addresses the environmental implications of the excessive use and abuse of conventional anti-inflammatory drugs, advocating for a shift towards natural alternatives derived from marine resources. By exploring the bioactivity of these Mediterranean seagrasses, research here collected underscores the importance of integrating marine plants into health and wellness strategies, thereby promoting both human health and ecosystem sustainability. This exploration not only enriches the understanding of their applications on human health but also stimulates further research in this promising field, paving the way for innovative approaches to combat chronic diseases and support environmental conservation.

Mulberry-derived postbiotics alleviate LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and modulate gut microbiota dysbiosis

Mulberry-derived postbiotics (MDP) have demonstrated promising bioactive properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects; however, their specific role in modulating gut inflammation and microbiota composition remains underexplored. Given the growing interest in functional food ingredients for gut health and managing inflammatory disorders, this study aims to evaluate the effects of MDP in alleviating intestinal inflammation and altering the gut microbiota in an LPS-induced mouse model of systemic inflammation. MDP administration significantly mitigated LPS-induced pathological changes in the intestine, liver, spleen, and kidneys, thereby improving systemic health and immune function. Histological analysis revealed reduced inflammation and tissue damage in the intestinal epithelium, supporting the potential of MDP to improve gut barrier integrity. An antioxidant assay revealed that MDP decreased the malonaldehyde (MDA) levels and increased the enzymatic activities of CAT, SOD, and GSH in response to LPS administration, indicating enhanced cellular antioxidant defenses. Inflammatory cytokine analysis showed that MDP downregulated proinflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MYD88, Nrf2 COX-2, and HO1, while upregulating TLR4, resulting in potential anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the TLR4-NF-κb pathway. Moreover, MDP promoted beneficial alterations in gut microbiota composition by increasing the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, which are linked to gut health and inflammation regulation. The changes in gut microbiota composition suggest a potential mechanism by which MDP may help restore gut homeostasis and reduce systemic inflammation. These findings suggest that MDP may serve as promising functional food ingredients that support immune health, reduce inflammation, and promote gut microbiota balance, offering potential applications in fortified foods and nutraceuticals aimed at mitigating inflammatory and metabolic disorders.

Adropin contributes to the nephro-protective effect of vitamin D in renal aging in a rat model via MAPK/HIFα/VEGF/eNOS mechanism

Great efforts have been established to promote healthy aging and prevent illnesses connected to aging. The prevalence of elderly population increases and this will be associated with an increase in disability and illness. This study analyzed renal aging process following administration of D-galactose (120 mg/kg/day ip for 8 weeks), and the potential protective effects of vitamin D administration (1000 and 10000 IU/kg/day by oral gavage for 8 weeks) in animals with D-galactose induced aging. The renal function tests (serum urea and creatinine, creatinine clearance, and 24 hours urinary albumin excretion levels), oxidative stress (MDA,TCA), renal tissue expression of TNFα, HIFα, Adropin, MAPK, eNOS, and VEGF as well as histopathological and EM alterations were assessed. D-galactose administration resulted in noticeable changes in renal histopathology, deteriorated renal function tests, elevated oxidative stress and inflammation, and significantly diminished Adropin, MAPK, eNOS, HIFα and VEGF expression. Vitamin D effectively reversed these alterations and enhanced histopathological and EM ultrastructure changes triggered by D-galactose administration.

Enzyme-Based Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases

Inflammation is a multifaceted biological response of the immune system against various harmful stimuli, including pathogens (such as bacteria and viruses), cellular damage, toxins, and natural/synthetic irritants. This protective mechanism is essential for eliminating the cause of injury, removing damaged cells, and initiating the repair process. While inflammation is a fundamental component of the body's defense and healing process, its dysregulation can lead to pathological consequences, contributing to various acute and chronic diseases, such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, metabolic syndromes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and other systemic complications. Generally, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), antihistamines, biologics, and colchicine are used as pharmacological agents in the management of inflammatory diseases. However, these conventional treatments often have limitations, including adverse side effects, long-term toxicity, and drug resistance. In contrast, enzyme-based therapeutics have emerged as a promising alternative due to their high specificity, catalytic efficiency, and ability to modulate inflammatory pathways with reduced side effects. These enzymes function by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting cytokine transcription, degrading circulating cytokines, and blocking cytokine release by targeting exocytosis-related receptors. Additionally, their role in tissue repair and regeneration further enhances their therapeutic potential. Most natural anti-inflammatory enzymes belong to the oxidoreductase class, including catalase and superoxide dismutase, as well as hydrolases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, nattokinase, bromelain, papain, serratiopeptidase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, and lysozyme. Engineered enzymes, such as Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease and botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), have also demonstrated significant potential in targeted anti-inflammatory therapies. Recent advancements in enzyme engineering, nanotechnology-based enzyme delivery, and biopharmaceutical formulations have further expanded their applicability in treating inflammatory diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both natural and engineered enzymes, along with their formulations, used as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. It highlights improvements in stability, efficacy, and specificity, as well as minimized immunogenicity, while discussing their mechanisms of action and clinical applications and potential future developments in enzyme-based biomedical therapeutics.

Anthocyanins: From Natural Colorants to Potent Anticancer Agents

Cancer is a prevalent global disease affecting ~20 million individuals, and this burden causes the death of ~9.7 million people in 2024. The prevalence rate is continuously increasing due to exposure to harmful environmental and occupational contaminants (toxins and chemicals), compromised immune response, genetic modifications, and poor lifestyle and dietary practices. The management of cancer is challenging and demands cost-effective and safe therapeutic strategies. This review accentuates the anticancer potential of anthocyanins and its associated underlying mechanism. Anthocyanins, the active components extracted from grapes, berries, black chokeberries, eggplants, black currants, sweet cherries, strawberries, black grapes, plums, and red onions, hold antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The bioavailability of anthocyanins is a crucial factor in imposing their anticancer effect, and this bioavailability can be improved by microbial phenolic catabolites, provision of α-casein, and nano delivery systems. Anthocyanins hinder cell migration, invasion, and proliferation by inducing apoptosis, suppressing cell cycle at G0/G1, S, or G2/M stages, and modulating signaling pathways such as apoptotic cascades, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB. Moreover, anthocyanins downregulate oncogenes (Bcl-2, MYC, and HER2) and improve the activity of tumor suppressor genes (TP53, BRCA1, and RB1). Anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, suppress inflammation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6) in colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, it causes cell cycle inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian and cervical malignancies. Although pre-clinical studies have proved anticancer activities, further clinical trials are required to validate its therapeutic impact and standard dose regimens.

Integrated insights into gene expression dynamics and transcription factor roles in diabetic and diabetic-infectious wound healing using rat model

BACKGROUND

Diabetic or diabetic infectious wounds pose a global challenge, marked by delayed healing and high amputation/mortality rates. This study of participating transcriptomes and their regulators unveils critical alterations.

METHODS

Transcriptome data from GEO analyzed DEGs in diabetic foot ulcers vs. controls using RNA-Seq, limma, STRINGdb, Cytoscape, and clusterProfiler for PPI networks and functional enrichment. TRRUST database was used to predict transcriptional factors (TFs). Adverse molecular pathology in different models of wounds (non-diabetic, acute diabetic, diabetic infectious wounds) was validated by RT-PCR, Western blotting, oxidative stress markers, cytokines, and histological analysis.

RESULTS

RNA-Seq dataset 'GSE199939' was analyzed after normalization to identify DEGs (total 47 DEG, 31 upregulated, 16 downregulated) in diabetic wound healing using limma. PPI networks revealed seven hub genes which were further processed for functional enrichment and highlighted oxidative stress, ECM remodeling, AGE-RAGE, and IL-17 signaling in diabetic wound pathology. Additionally, 17 key TFs were identified as hub gene regulators. The healing rate was significantly impaired in diabetic wounds, with delayed contraction, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization. Further, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis validated the expression of target genes including the overexpression of HSPA1B, FOS, and down-expression of SOD2, COL1A1, and CCL2, whereas TFs including upregulation of RELA, NFKB1, STAT3, and downregulation of SP1 and JUN in diabetic and diabetic infectious wounds.

CONCLUSION

Molecular analyses reveal disrupted oxidative stress, ECM remodeling, and inflammatory signaling in diabetic and diabetic infectious, emphasizing impaired healing dynamics and identifying therapeutic targets.

Extraction methods, structural diversity and potential biological activities of Artemisia L. polysaccharides (APs): A review

The extraction and structural characterization of polysaccharides are challenging in plants with overlapping distributions such as Artemisia, the plant genus producing antimalarial drug artemisinin discovered by the Nobel Prize 2015 winning Professor Tu You-you. The diversity in Artemisia polysaccharides (APs) is due to difference in extraction methods leading to different bioactivities. In spite of that, APs utilization is decelerated due to lack of a review portraying current advancements. This review delivers data on extraction, structural characterization and bioactivities of APs with emphasis on mechanisms of action and structure-function relationships. Outcomes indicated that various polysaccharides in 16 Artemisia species were reported and comprehensively described. The common methods for preparing APs were hot water and microwave assisted extractions with maximum yield. Maximum plant parts used to extract APs include leaves, aerial part, whole plant and seeds. The APs presented varying molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, carbohydrates, proteins, uronic acids and phenolic content with around 20 bioactivities. Data on structure-function relationships indicated that the bioactivities of APs are highly correlated with the differences in Mw and monosaccharide's type. While Artemisia species discussed here are the most studied species for their polysaccharides, other Artemisia species may offer unique polysaccharides with distinct biological properties; hence, the future research could focus on expanding the scope of species studied. Broader investigations are also needed specifically on the structure-function relationships of APs with the elucidation of impact of unknown factors on their efficacy.

Anti-colitis comparison of polysaccharides and anthocyanins extracted from black wolfberry based on microbiomics, immunofluorescence and multi-cytokines profile analysis

Black wolfberry (Lycium ruthenicum) is a widely consumed food known for its pharmacological properties, particularly its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of black wolfberry polysaccharides (LRP) and anthocyanins (LRA) in treating ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Using a DSS-induced mouse model of colitis, we administered varying doses of LRP and LRA and evaluated their effects on disease activity, inflammation, gut barrier function, and microbiota composition. LRP demonstrated dose-dependent efficacy, with the 200 mg/kg dose showing the most significant reduction in the disease activity index (DAI), improvement in histopathology, and restoration of tight junction protein expression. In contrast, LRA exhibited an inverted U-shaped response, with the 100 mg/kg dose being the most effective. Additionally, LRP treatment modulated cytokine levels, promoting an anti-inflammatory response, and significantly restored gut microbiota balance by increasing Muribaculaceae and Limosilactobacillus while reducing Bacteroides and Helicobacter. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments further confirmed that the therapeutic effects of LRP are microbiota-dependent. These findings suggest that LRP, a polysaccharide derived from black wolfberry, offers a dietary intervention for colitis through immune modulation and gut microbiota restoration.

Genomic Characterization and Functional Evaluation of Eurotium cristatum EC-520: Impacts on Colon Barrier Integrity, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolite Profile in Rats

Eurotium cristatum (EC), the dominant fungus in Fuzhuan brick tea, has significant applications in food fermentation and pharmaceutical industries, exhibiting probiotic properties, but further investigation of its intestinal benefits is required. This study characterized the EC-520 strain through whole genome sequencing and evaluated its effects on rat colons using histomorphology, 16S rRNA sequencing, and untargeted metabolomics. The genomic analysis revealed that EC-520 possessed a 28.37 Mb genome distantly related to Aspergillus flavus. The 16S results demonstrated that EC-520 significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidota (p < 0.05) while decreasing the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio (the F/B ratio); at the genus level, it elevated Muribaculaceae and Clostridia_UCG-014 while reducing harmful bacteria. The metabolomic results showed that EC-520 also significantly altered tryptamine, caproic acid, isocaproic acid, and erucic acid (p < 0.05). Additionally, the Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that Muribaculaceae_unclassified and Clostridia_UCG-014_unclassified were significantly positively correlated with tryptamine, caproic acid, isocaproic acid, and erucic acid. Therefore, this study suggested that EC-520 enhanced the colon barrier and increased the abundance of Muribaculaceae_unclassified and Clostridia_UCG-014_unclassified, thus promoting the secretion of tryptamine and affecting the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). It also promoted the secretion of certain fatty acids, enhancing the balance of the colonic microbiota. This study provides a new view for a comprehensive understanding of EC's regulatory role in the colon.

Enhanced bioactivity of honeysuckle-Cassia seeds extracts through Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis co-fermentation: Impact on alcoholic liver disease and gut microbiota

This study investigated the hepatoprotective potential of Honeysuckle-Cassia seeds extracts co-fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis against alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Through network pharmacology analysis, 209 overlapping targets between Honeysuckle-Cassia seeds bioactive components and ALD-related targets were identified, with 39 core targets subsequently determined. Comparative analysis of aqueous extract (AE), Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation broth (LAF), and mixed bacteria fermentation broth (MBF) revealed that MBF significantly enhanced the content of bioactive compounds: total polysaccharides (72.6 ± 3.8 mg/g), flavonoids (34.7 ± 2.5 mg/g), and saponins (15.2 ± 1.1 mg/g), representing 275 %, 72 %, and 62 % increases over AE, respectively (p < 0.05). In a murine ALD model, MBF intervention (12.5 mL/kg, 30 days) significantly reduced serum markers of liver injury (ALT: 35 %, AST: 28 %, TC: 42 %, TG: 39 %; (p < 0.05) and hepatic oxidative stress (MDA ↓52 %, GSH ↑156.55 %, SOD ↑76.71 %). Mechanistically, MBF suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) by 40-50 % while elevating anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-4, IL-10, PGE2) 1.6-2.0-fold via AMPK/ACC/SREBP1c signaling modulation. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that MBF restored α-diversity indices (Shannon ↑10.06 %, ACE ↑32.34 %) and reversed alcohol-induced dysbiosis by enriching Lachnospiraceae and Blautia while suppressing Alloprevotella. Structural degradation of plant residues (SEM) confirmed microbial synergy in releasing insoluble-bound phytochemicals (100-400 m/z range). These findings validate co-fermentation as a potent strategy to amplify the hepatoprotective and microbiota-modulating activities of traditional herbs, offering a scientific foundation for developing functional foods against ALD.

Probiotics as a Treatment of Chronic Stress Associated Abnormalities

Chronic stress is a widespread problem that significantly affects both physical and mental health, leading to numerous complications such as mood disorders, cognitive impairments, gastrointestinal issues, and chronic diseases. The dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the gut-brain axis underlies several stress related disorders, leading to systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, dysbiosis, and impaired gut barrier integrity. This review emphasizes the growing significance of probiotics as a potential treatment strategy for addressing chronic stress. Probiotics are living bacteria that provide health benefits when consumed in sufficient quantities, acting via several processes including restoration of gut microbial composition, augmentation of gut barrier integrity, and synthesis bioactive compounds such as neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids. These effects lead to reduced systemic and neuroinflammation, enhanced neuroplasticity, and the regulation of stress responsive pathways, including the HPA axis. Moreover, probiotics enhance parasympathetic nervous system activity by modulating vagus signaling. Current review indicates the promise of probiotics in alleviating chronic stress; nonetheless, substantial gaps exist regarding strain specific benefits, appropriate doses, and long-term safety. It is essential to address these constraints by comprehensive, large scale clinical studies and tailored therapies. This review highlights the significance of probiotics as a natural, non-invasive approach to chronic stress management, providing an innovative solution for the worldwide issue of stress related health problems.

Vitamin C in Cardiovascular Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidence and Therapeutic Applications

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient that humans cannot synthesize, making its intake crucial for health. Discovered nearly a century ago, vitamin C is widely recognized for its ability to prevent scurvy and has become one of the most commonly used supplements. Beyond its antioxidant activity, vitamin C is pivotal in regulating lipid metabolism, promoting angiogenesis, enhancing collagen synthesis, modulating remodeling, and stabilizing the extracellular matrix. While preclinical studies have shown promising results, clinical trials have yielded inconsistent findings, due to suboptimal study design, results misinterpretation, and misleading conclusions. This review provides a holistic overview of existing evidence on the pleiotropic role of vitamin C in cardiovascular diseases, identifying both the strengths and limitations of current research and highlighting gaps in understandings in vitamin C's underlying mechanisms. By integrating molecular insights with clinical data and evaluating the pleiotropic role of vitamin C in cardiovascular disease management and prevention, this review aims to guide future research toward personalized, evidence-based therapeutic strategies in clinical practice.

Natural polysaccharide-based nanodrug delivery systems for targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, disability, and systemic complications. Conventional treatments often exhibit limitations, including adverse effects and suboptimal bioavailability. To address these challenges, natural polysaccharides-mediated nano drug delivery is a promising vehicle for RA management. This review explores the potential of natural polysaccharides in RA, including chitosan, cellulose, albumin, hyaluronic acid, polylactic acid, alginate, etc. Their biodegradable and biocompatible nature renders them ideal nanomaterials for RA applications. These properties facilitate targeted delivery, improved cellular uptake, and sustained release of therapeutic agents, enhancing their pharmacological effects while minimizing systemic toxicity. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the formulations of polysaccharides that can encapsulate a range of therapeutic agents, including conventional anti-inflammatory drugs and novel biologics. The review also highlights various formulation strategies to optimize the physicochemical properties of polysaccharide-based nano drug delivery systems, including surface modification and combinatorial therapies. Overall, natural polysaccharides represent a versatile and effective approach for developing innovative nano drug delivery systems, offering a promising strategy for the effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Supersulfide donors and their therapeutic targets in inflammatory diseases

Inflammation is one defense mechanism of the body that has multiple origins, ranging from physical agents to infectious agents including viruses and bacteria. The resolution of inflammation has emerged as a critical endogenous process that protects host tissues from prolonged or excessive inflammation, which can become chronic. Failure of the inflammation resolution is a key pathological mechanism that drives the progression of numerous inflammatory diseases. Owing to the various side effects of currently available drugs to control inflammation, novel therapeutic agents that can prevent or suppress inflammation are needed. Supersulfides are highly reactive and biologically potent molecules that function as antioxidants, redox regulators, and modulators of cell signaling. The catenation state of individual sulfur atoms endows supersulfides with unique biological activities. Great strides have recently been made in achieving a molecular understanding of these sulfur species, which participate in various physiological and pathological pathways. This review mainly focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of supersulfides. The review starts with an overview of supersulfide biology and highlights the roles of supersulfides in both immune and inflammatory responses. The various donors used to generate supersulfides are assessed as research tools and potential therapeutic agents. Deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of supersulfide-driven biology can help guide the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat diseases associated with various immune and inflammatory responses.

Bisphenol-A-induced ovarian cancer: Changes in epithelial diversity, apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms

This research was designed to study the carcinogenic mechanisms of BPA on ovarian epithelial cells. For four months, mice were treated with low (LD, 1 mg/kg) and high (HD, 5 mg/kg of body weight) doses of BPA on alternate days through oral gavage; the control group was given corn oil through gavaging during 4 months. The histopathological data suggest that repeated BPA administration induces a borderline epithelial neoplasm with altered epithelial morphology with branching papillae. Various epithelial cells (ECs) in ovaries were identified by flow cytometry based on anti-mouse CD74 and podoplanin (PDPL) receptors expression. Three different populations of ovarian epithelial cells were identified: epithelial cells type 1 (PDPL+CD74-,EC1), epithelial cells type 2 (PDPL-CD74+, EC2), and transition epithelial cells (PDPL+CD74+, TEC). The EC1 decreased, but EC2 was increased in BPA-exposed mice. The population of TEC was comparable to that in the control group at the low dose (LD) but decreased in the high dose (HD) BPA-treated groups. A significant increase in PDPL, CD74 receptor expression and apoptosis and necrosis in BPA-treated ovarian cells was seen. The RT-qPCR results suggest that the relative expression levels of pro-apoptotic (Bax and Casp3) and anti-apoptotic Cytc were markedly decreased, but Bcl2 expression was increased. The anti-inflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6) gene expression was reduced, but NF-kB expression was increased. Hypoxia regulator (Hif-1α and Nrf2) and tumour suppressor genes (p53 and p21) were also decreased. Thus, BPA exposure changes EC diversity, induces mortality and alters antioxidant, apoptotic and inflammatory gene expression in ovary.

Combating oxi-inflamm-aging: Passerini adducts tethered with 1,2,3-triazoles for enhanced antioxidant defense and 5-LOX inhibition

Oxi-inflamm-aging, a term describing the interplay between chronic oxidative stress and inflammation, is a key contributor to cellular deterioration and age-related diseases (ARDs). To target these interconnected mechanisms, we designed and synthesized novel hybrids of Passerini adducts tethered with 1,2,3-triazoles, inspired by the naturally isolated dipeptide aurantiamide acetate known for its dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The adducts were synthesized via an optimized one-pot reaction of 4-nitrophenylisonitrile, cyclohexanone, and appropriate carboxylic acids under Passerini three-component reaction (Passerini-3CR) conditions, followed by the installation of structurally diverse 1,2,3-triazoles onto the α-acyloxy carboxamides through click chemistry. Biological evaluation demonstrated that all the derivatives exhibited significant antioxidant activity, outperforming ascorbic acid in the TBARS assay. Similarly, the nitric oxide (NO) assay showed strong activity for most compounds, except 11, 12, and 17. Notably, compounds 7, 8, 15, and 18 exhibited potent 5-LOX inhibition, with 18 and 15 surpassing quercetin's activity by ∼1.6-fold. In the RBC membrane stabilization assay, compound 18 emerged as the most potent, indicating strong anti-inflammatory potential. A conformational analysis of compound 4 was conducted, revealing that conformer 4c is the most stable in the gas phase, whereas 4d dominates in polar solvents due to hydrogen bonding interactions, which might influence bioactivity. Molecular docking studies elucidated key binding interactions of compounds 15 and 18 within the 5-LOX active site, supporting their observed inhibitory profiles. Furthermore, in silico ADMET profiling confirmed favorable drug-like properties for these hits, suggesting their potential as probable candidates for combating oxi-inflamm-aging.

Role of Antioxidants in Modulating the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Their Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases

This narrative review presents the role of antioxidants in regulating the gut microbiota and the impact on the gut-brain axis, with a particular focus on neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). These diseases are characterised by cognitive decline, motor dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, all of which are significantly exacerbated by oxidative stress. This review elucidates the contribution of oxidative damage to disease progression and explores the potential of antioxidants to mitigate these pathological processes through modulation of the gut microbiota and associated pathways. Based on recent studies retrieved from reputable databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, this article outlines the mechanisms by which antioxidants influence gut health and exert neuroprotective effects. Specifically, it discusses how antioxidants, including polyphenols, vitamins, and flavonoids, contribute to the reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and neuroinflammation, thereby promoting neuronal survival and minimising oxidative damage in the brain. In addition, the article explores the role of antioxidants in modulating key molecular pathways involved in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, such as the NF-κB, Nrf2, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT pathways, which regulate ROS generation, inflammatory cytokine expression, and antioxidant responses essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis in both the gut and the central nervous system. In addition, this review explores the complex relationship between gut-derived metabolites, oxidative stress, and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting how dysbiosis-an imbalance in the gut microbiota-can exacerbate oxidative stress and contribute to neuroinflammation, thereby accelerating the progression of such diseases as AD and PD. The review also examines the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by beneficial gut bacteria in modulating these pathways to attenuate neuroinflammation and oxidative damage. Furthermore, the article explores the therapeutic potential of microbiota-targeted interventions, including antioxidant delivery by probiotics and prebiotics, as innovative strategies to restore microbial homeostasis and support brain health. By synthesising current knowledge on the interplay between antioxidants, the gut-brain axis, and the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, this review highlights the therapeutic promise of antioxidant-based interventions in mitigating oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disease progression. It also highlights the need for further research into antioxidant-rich dietary strategies and microbiota-focused therapies as promising avenues for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

The interleukin gene landscape: understanding its influence on inflammatory mechanisms in apical periodontitis

Apical periodontitis is a common inflammatory illness caused by microbial infections in the root canal system, which destroys the periapical tissue. This disease's course and severity are highly regulated by a complex interaction of host immunological responses and genetic variables, particularly interleukin (IL) gene polymorphisms. These genetic variants influence cytokine production, the inflammatory cascade, and the ability to resolve infections. Polymorphisms in important cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-17) have been linked to worsening or reducing inflammation, affecting the clinical presentation and chronicity of apical periodontitis. A thorough examination of the molecular and clinical consequences of interleukin polymorphisms in apical periodontitis is given in this article. It emphasizes their function in regulating bone resorption, tissue degradation, and immune cell signaling. Their value in enhancing diagnostic precision, forecasting disease susceptibility, and directing treatment approaches is demonstrated by the incorporation of genetic insights into clinical practice. Targeted therapies, like immunomodulatory drugs and cytokine inhibitors, have great potential to reduce inflammation and encourage periapical healing. Future studies should focus on population-based research to examine genetic variability across ethnic groups, functional investigations to clarify the mechanisms behind polymorphism-driven cytokine regulation, and longitudinal studies to evaluate illness trajectories. Furthermore, developments in precision medicine and bioinformatics could completely transform patient-specific strategies by providing customized treatments and diagnostics. This review highlights the necessity of a multidisciplinary strategy that integrates immunology, genetics, and clinical practice to maximize apical periodontitis therapy and enhance dental health outcomes worldwide.

Unraveling the triad of immunotherapy, tumor microenvironment, and skeletal muscle biomechanics in oncology

The intricate interaction between skeletal muscle biomechanics, the tumor microenvironment, and immunotherapy constitutes a pivotal research focus oncology. This work provides a comprehensive review of methodologies for evaluating skeletal muscle biomechanics, including handheld dynamometry, advanced imaging techniques, electrical impedance myography, elastography, and single-fiber experiments to assess muscle quality and performance. Furthermore, it elucidates the mechanisms, applications, and limitations of various immunotherapy modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and combined chemoimmunotherapy, while examining their effects on skeletal muscle function and systemic immune responses. Key findings indicate that although immunotherapy is effective in augmenting antitumor immunity, it frequently induces muscle-related adverse effects such as weakness, fatigue, or damage, primarily mediated by cytokine release and immune activation. This work underscores the significance of immune niches within the tumor microenvironment in influencing treatment outcomes and proposes strategies to optimize therapy through personalized regimens and combinatorial approaches. This review highlights the need for further research on the formation of immune niches and interactions muscle-tumor. Our work is crucial for advancing the efficacy of immunotherapy, reducing adverse effects, and ultimately improving survival rates and quality of life of patients with cancer.

Probiotic Characterization of Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum SDN1.2 and Its Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae-Infected Mammary Glands

K. pneumoniae is a major cause of bovine mastitis worldwide, making it difficult to control due to its resistance to multiple drugs. L. paraplantarum has been explored as a promising new approach to fighting bovine mastitis. In this study, the probiotic potential and safety of L. paraplantarum SDN1.2, as well as its ex vivo and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects against K. pneumoniae-induced mastitis, were comprehensively investigated using bioinformatics analyses and experimental validation methods. The results revealed that L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 exhibits non-hemolytic activity, is not cytotoxic, lacks virulence genes (e.g., adhesion factors, toxins, and invasion factors) and antibiotic resistance genes (e.g., beta-lactamases and tetracycline resistance genes), as supported by whole-genome sequencing, and significantly inhibits the growth of K. pneumoniae, as evaluated by antimicrobial tests. Following further validation in vitro, L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 demonstrated the capability to inhibit the adhesion and invasion of K. pneumoniae to bMECs. In a mouse model of K. pneumoniae-induced mastitis, L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 reduced the extent of neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory lesions. Furthermore, L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 pretreatment significantly reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-a) in mouse mammary gland tissue. In K. pneumoniae-infected bMECs, L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 significantly lowered lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. The results demonstrated that the newly isolated L. paraplantarum SDN1.2 from bovine sources exhibits promising characteristics as a safe probiotic for the alleviation of bovine mastitis due to its safety profile and anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

Targeting Cytokine Dysregulation in Psoriasis: The Role of Dietary Interventions in Modulating the Immune Response

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disease characterized by cytokine dysregulation. Pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-23, play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary interventions can modulate cytokine activity, providing a complementary approach to standard therapies. This narrative review examines the impact of various dietary strategies, including a Mediterranean diet, ketogenic diet, gluten-free diet, and fasting-mimicking diet, on cytokine profiles and clinical outcomes in psoriasis. Research insights reveal that dietary components such as omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, and short-chain fatty acids influence immune signaling pathways. These pathways include nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3). Additionally, these dietary components promote anti-inflammatory effects mediated by gut microbiota. Clinical studies demonstrate significant reductions in psoriasis severity, improved quality of life, and modulation of key cytokines associated with disease activity. Despite these advancements, significant challenges persist in effectively integrating these findings into clinical practice. These challenges include variability in patient responses, adherence issues, and the need for robust biomarkers to monitor efficacy. Future directions emphasize the potential of personalized nutrition and precision medicine approaches to optimize dietary interventions tailored to individual cytokine profiles and genetic predispositions. Integrating these strategies into psoriasis care could transform treatment paradigms by simultaneously addressing both systemic inflammation and comorbid conditions.

Environmental enrichment for neuropathic pain via modulation of neuroinflammation

Neuropathic pain causes tremendous biological and psychological suffering to patients worldwide. Environmental enrichment (EE) is a promising non-pharmacological strategy with high cost-effectiveness to reduce neuropathic pain and support rehabilitation therapy. Three researchers reviewed previous studies to determine the efficacy of EE for neuropathic pain to research how EE improves neuropathic pain through neuroinflammation. For this review, Embase, PubMed, and Cochran were searched. Three authors did study selection and data extraction. Out of 74 papers, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria. In the chronic constriction injury rats with acute or chronic detrimental stimulation, the change of pain behavior was influenced by environmental settings like start time, and cage size. Besides, physical EE has a larger effect than socially EE in inflammatory pain. These articles suggest employing various EE to regulate the release of pain-causing substances and changes in ion channels in the peripheral and central nerves to improve neuropathic pain behavior and depression and anxiety conditions. The existing proof provides important knowledge for upcoming preclinical investigations and the practical use of EE in clinical pain treatment. This analysis aids in the advancement of improved approaches for managing chronic pain, with a focus on internal mechanisms for controlling pain.

Impact of plant-derived antioxidants on heart aging: a mechanistic outlook

Heart aging involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences, leading to a gradual deterioration of cardiovascular integrity and function. Age-related physiological changes, including ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, increased arterial stiffness, and endothelial dysfunction, are influenced by key mechanisms like autophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of plant-derived bioactive antioxidants in mitigating heart aging. These compounds, often rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals, exhibit notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. These substances have intricate cardioprotective properties, including the ability to scavenge ROS, enhance endogenous antioxidant defenses, regulate signaling pathways, and impede fibrosis and inflammation-promoting processes. By focusing on key molecular mechanisms linked to cardiac aging, antioxidants produced from plants provide significant promise to reduce age-related cardiovascular decline and improve general heart health. Through a comprehensive analysis of preclinical and clinical studies, this work highlights the mechanisms associated with heart aging and the promising effects of plant-derived antioxidants. The findings may helpful for researchers in identifying specific molecules with therapeutic and preventive potential for aging heart.

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Induced by Microplastics: An Endpoint in the Liver-Eye Axis

There is a significant, rather than just anecdotal, connection between the liver and the eyes. This connection is evident in noticeable cases such as jaundice, where the sclera has a yellow tint. But this can be seen through even more subtle indicators, such as molecules known as hepatokines. This relationship is not merely anecdotal; in some studies, it is referred to as the "liver-eye axis". Ubiquitous environmental contaminants, such as microplastics (MPs), can enter the bloodstream and human body through the conjunctival sac, nasolacrimal duct, and upper respiratory tract mucosa. Once absorbed, these substances can accumulate in various organs and cause harm. Toxic substances from the surface of the eye can lead to local oxidative damage by inducing apoptosis in corneal and conjunctival cells, and irregularly shaped microparticles can exacerbate this effect. Even other toxicants from the ocular surface may be absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body. Environmental toxicology presents a challenge because many pollutants can enter the body through the same ocular route as that used by certain medications. Previous research has indicated that the accumulation of MPs may play a major role in the development of chronic liver disease in humans. It is crucial to investigate whether the buildup of MPs in the liver is a potential cause of fibrosis, or simply a consequence of conditions such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

Insulin resistance and cancer: molecular links and clinical perspectives

The association between insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cancer is increasingly recognized and poses an escalating global health challenge, as the incidence of these conditions continues to rise. Studies indicate that individuals with T2DM have a 10-20% increased risk of developing various solid tumors, including colorectal, breast, pancreatic, and liver cancers. The relative risk (RR) varies depending on cancer type, with pancreatic and liver cancers showing a particularly strong association (RR 2.0-2.5), while colorectal and breast cancers demonstrate a moderate increase (RR 1.2-1.5). Understanding these epidemiological trends is crucial for developing integrated management strategies. Given the global rise in T2DM and cancer cases, exploring the complex relationship between these conditions is critical. IR contributes to hyperglycemia, chronic inflammation, and altered lipid metabolism. Together, these factors create a pro-tumorigenic environment conducive to cancer development and progression. In individuals with IR, hyperinsulinemia triggers the insulin-insulin-like growth factor (IGF1R) signaling pathway, activating cancer-associated pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3CA), which promote cell proliferation and survival, thereby supporting tumor growth. Both IR and T2DM are linked to increased morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. By providing an in-depth analysis of the molecular links between insulin resistance and cancer, this review offers valuable insights into the role of metabolic dysfunction in tumor progression. Addressing insulin resistance as a co-morbidity may open new avenues for risk assessment, early intervention, and the development of integrated treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Colon-Targeted Hydrogel Microsphere System Encapsulating Oleic Acid-Emodin for Crohn's Disease Treatment via Ferroptosis Inhibition

Crohn's disease (CD) is a relapsing, systemic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and is often accompanied by extraintestinal manifestations and associated immune disorders. However, current pharmacological treatments for CD encounter several challenges, such as a lack of precise drug targeting and inadequate retention of drugs in the inflamed colon, along with low bioavailability. Herein, we utilized oleic acid (OA) as a solvent to enhance the bioavailability and solubility of emodin. Simultaneously, we encapsulated OA-emodin (OAE) into hydrogel microspheres (HMs) composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) and calcium alginate (CA) to develop a colon-targeted drug delivery system (HM@OAE) for CD therapy. The pH responsiveness of CA enabled HM@OAE to bypass the stomach and specifically target the colon, where it released OAE following oral administration. In addition, in vitro studies demonstrated that HM@OAE significantly reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased reactive oxygen species levels, and restrained ferroptosis by upregulating GPX4 and SLC7A11 expression while downregulating ACSL4 expression. Furthermore, to confirm these findings in a live organism, an in vivo study was conducted using a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model. This study validated the therapeutic efficacy of HM@OAE, significantly alleviating colonic inflammation and restoring intestinal epithelial integrity. These results suggest that HM@OAE is a promising clinical candidate for CD treatment.

Vicenin-2 reduces inflammation and apoptosis to relieve skin photoaging via suppressing GSK3β

BACKGROUND

Skin photoaging caused by ultraviolet rays (UVR) not only affects the appearance, but also leads to benign and malignant skin tumors. Vicenin-2, a bioflavonoid, exhibits anti-UVB properties, but its potential in preventing skin photoaging and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of Vicenin-2 in treating photoaging through network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and experimental validation.

METHODS

We utilized PubChem, Swiss Target Prediction, and Target Net databases to obtain the action targets of Vicenin-2. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), GeneCards, and Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) databases were employed to hunt for photoaging-related targets. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted via the Metascape database. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation methods were used for analyzing the binding sites and binding energies between Vicenin-2 and photoaging targets. Then, a photoaging mouse model and a Human foreskin fibroblast cells (HFF-1) model were created, the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism of action of Vicenin-2 were validated by Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson staining and Elastica-Van Gieson (EVG) Staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot (WB), Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) Assay, Antioxidant enzyme activities and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

RESULT

The screening of chemical composition and targets indicated that 249 genetic targets of Vicenin-2 were related to photoaging. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that Matrix Metalloproteinases 9(MMP9), Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3(GSK3β), Heat Shock Protein 90 AA1(HSP90AA1) and Nuclear Factor kappa-B1(NF-κB1) might be potential targets for Vicenin-2 in photoaging therapy. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation further showed that Vicenin-2 had the best binding to GSK3β. Through experimental verification, it has been demonstrated that Vicenin-2 alleviate photoaging, acting on GSK3β to regulate the phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase/serine-threonione kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathways, by reducing inflammation and apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Vicenin-2 has anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-reducing effects through the action of multiple targets to relieve skin photoaging. Among them, GSK3β is the validated therapeutic target of Vicenin-2, which provides new ideas and clues for the development of photoaging therapy.

Mitochondrial ROS connects P2X7-mediated Ca2+ influx with IL-1α release by monocytes upon chronic tissue damage

Whereas acute inflammation plays an important role in both tissue damage and repair, chronic inflammation favors tissue injury. Monocytes contribute to this deleterious effect by secreting proinflammatory cytokines. Amini et al. propose a novel mechanism involving adenosine triphosphate-induced purinergic P2X purinoceptor 7 receptor activation, which leads to calcium ion-dependent mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, triggering interleukin-1α release by monocytes. This stimulates kidney immune cell infiltration and fibrosis in chronic kidney disease and promotes adverse cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction.

Phenolic Profile of Seedless Ziziphus mauritiana Fruits and Leaves Extracts with In Vivo Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities: Influence on Pro-Inflammatory Mediators

The present study aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of polyphenol-rich extracts of seedless variety of Ziziphus mauritiana (SZM). Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis of SZM leaves and fruit extracts in ethanol revealed the presence of sixteen phenolics including chlorogenic acid, p-coumeric acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, rutin and quercetin. Leaf extract showed higher total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (177.6 mg/100 g and 46.2 mg/100 g) than in fruit extract (137.8 mg/100 g and 14.1 mg/100 g). The leaf extract exhibited higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity (63.5 %) than the fruit extract (58.2 %). The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on carrageenan-induced rat model and suppression of inflammatory biomarkers (Interleukin-6, Tumor necrosis factor-α and CRP) were studied. The fruit extract exhibited remarkable inhibition (98.1 %) at the dose level of 500 mg/kg body weight (BW), comparable to the standard drug indomethacin (98.4 %). Both extracts suppressed the inflammatory biomarkers and more pronounced results showed by the fruit extract including CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α. The leaf extract demonstrated the higher antioxidant potential as evident from the superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione levels. These findings suggest that SZM leaf and fruit extracts possess potential antioxidant and remarkable anti-inflammatory properties and can play a significant role in mitigating oxidative stress.

Phenolics from Ilex rotunda Possess Antioxidative Effects and Block Activation of MAPK and NF-κB Signaling by Inhibiting IL-2 Production in CD3/CD28 Activated Jurkat T Cells

Ilex rotunda, an evergreen tree in the holly family, is a traditional medicine with a high phenolic content and various pharmacological effects. This study aimed to investigate phenolic constituents from enriched fractions guided by a total phenolic assay along with a feature-based molecular network. Nine compounds were isolated and identified using multiple chromatography and spectroscopic techniques. These isolates exhibited significantly high antioxidative effects in both free radical scavenging and ROS assays. They also remarkedly alternated interleukin (IL)-2 production in CD3/CD28-stimulated Jurkat T cells. The Western blotting assay suggested that these active compounds might decrease IL-2 production by blocking the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways by downregulating the phosphorylation of p38 and p65 proteins as well as ERK and JNK kinases. Molecular docking data confirmed the above-mentioned biological properties of those active compounds by evaluating their binding affinities for target proteins. Our findings offer guidance for assessing the potential of phenolic chemicals from I. rotunda as pharmacological products to improve oxidative stress and enhance immune response in more in-depth studies.

Vitamin D: Beyond Traditional Roles-Insights into Its Biochemical Pathways and Physiological Impacts

Background: It is true that vitamin D did not earn its title as the "sunshine vitamin" for nothing. In recent years, however, there has been a shift in the perception surrounding vitamin D to a type of hormone that boasts countless bioactivities and health advantages. Historically, vitamin D has been known to take care of skeletal integrity and the calcium-phosphorus balance in the body, but new scientific research displays a much larger spectrum of actions handled by this vitamin. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Results: Many emerging new ideas, especially concerning alternative hormonal pathways and vitamin D analogs, are uniformly challenging the classic "one hormone-one receptor" hypothesis. To add more context to this, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) was previously assumed to be the only means through which the biologically active steroid 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 could impact the body. Two other molecules apart from the active hormonal form of 1,25(OH)2D3 have gained interest in recent years, and these have reinvigorated research on D3 metabolism. These metabolites can interact with several other nuclear receptors (like related orphan receptor alpha-RORα, related orphan receptor gamma-RORγ, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-AhR) and trigger various biological responses. Conclusions: This paper thus makes a case for placing vitamin D at the forefront of new holistic and dermatological health research by investigating the potential synergies between the canonical and noncanonical vitamin D pathways. This means that there are now plentiful new opportunities for manipulating and understanding the full spectrum of vitamin D actions, far beyond those related to minerals.

Chronic unpredictable mild stress induces anxiety-like behavior in female C57BL/6N mice, accompanied by alterations in inflammation and the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism

Chronic stress can impact brain function through various mechanisms, contributing to the development of anxiety disorders. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is a well-established model for studying the effects of chronic stress. This study assessed the impacts of different durations of CUMS on anxiety-like behavior, inflammation, and tryptophan metabolism in female C57BL/6N mice. The results revealed significant behavioral changes after 2-4 weeks of CUMS. Specifically, the open arms ratio and open arms time ratio in the elevated plus maze (EPM) decreased, the latency to feed in the novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT) was prolonged, and the number of transitions in the light/dark box (LDB) was decreased. After 1 week of CUMS, the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β and iNOS) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-10) began to rise. After 2 weeks of CUMS, most pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, CD86, iNOS) and the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and CD11b showed an increase, while some anti-inflammatory cytokines (Arg-1, IL-10) began to decrease. After 3 weeks of stress, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α also significantly increased, while the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β began to decline. By 4 weeks of CUMS, the anti-inflammatory cytokine CD11b also started to decrease. Regarding tryptophan metabolism, after 3-4 weeks of CUMS, serotonin (5-HT) levels in the hippocampus of the mice began to decrease. Additionally, the kynurenine pathway in tryptophan metabolism shifted more towards the KYN-QA branch, resulting in the reduction in the neuroprotective substance kynurenic acid (KYNA), while neurotoxic substances such as 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and quinolinic acid (QA) accumulated. In summary, female C57BL/6N mice exhibit anxiety-like behavior after 2 weeks of CUMS, accompanied by inflammatory responses. After 3-4 weeks of CUMS, anxiety-like behavior persists, with exacerbated inflammatory responses and disturbances in tryptophan metabolism.

Impact of Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid on Bok Choy and Mechanism of Combined Vitamin C from Bok Choy and Allicin in Treatment of DSS Colitis

In the context of pollution-free waste treatment, anaerobic fermentation liquid (AFL), a prominent by-product of biogas engineering, has emerged as a focal point in contemporary research. Concurrently, vitamin C, an active compound abundant in fruits and vegetables, possesses extensive application potential. The development of efficient extraction processes and the utilization of its biological activities have garnered significant attention from researchers. This study investigated the impact of AFL on the growth and vitamin C content of Bok choy through field trials of varying concentrations of AFL. The results indicated that the growth characteristics of Bok choy exhibited a concentration-dependent trend with increasing AFL dosage, with the highest yield observed in the AFL-2 group (8.43 kg/m2). Additionally, with the increase in the concentration of the AFL application, the vitamin C content in Bok choy exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing, reaching its highest value (70.83 mg/100 g) in the AFL-1 group. Furthermore, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the microwave-assisted organic solvent extraction process of vitamin C, revealing that the optimal conditions for microwave-assisted extraction using a 2% citric acid solution were as follows: a microwave power of 313 W, a microwave time of 1.3 min, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 16.4:1 v/w, achieving a vitamin C extraction rate of 90.77%. Subsequent mechanistic studies on colitis repair demonstrated that the combination of vitamin C and allicin significantly enhanced the ability of intestinal microorganisms to ferment and degrade complex carbohydrates in colitis-afflicted mice, thereby alleviating intestinal inflammation, markedly reducing bacterial invasion signals on intestinal epithelial cells, and decreasing the risk of intestinal infection. This study provides a valuable perspective for the harmless utilization of agricultural waste, and provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the high-value utilization of natural active ingredients.

Transcriptomics and microbiome insights reveal the protective mechanism of mulberry-derived postbiotics against inflammation in LPS-induced mice

Background

Natural food-derived bioactive compounds have garnered increasing attention for their potential to modulate immune responses and promote gut health. In particular, compounds like mulberry-derived postbiotics (MDP) may offer novel therapeutic strategies to address inflammation, a key driver of many metabolic disorders.

Methodology

This study examines the protective effects of MDP against inflammation in LPS-induced mice, using transcriptomic and microbiome analyses to explore underlying mechanisms.

Results

MDP pretreatment alleviates LPSinduced villous atrophy and intestinal barrier damage, promoting recovery of intestinal morphology. Transcriptomic profiling revealed significant changes in gene expression, with 983 upregulated and 1220 downregulated genes in the NC vs LPS comparison, and 380 upregulated and 204 downregulated genes in the LPS vs LPS+MDP comparison. Enrichment analysis using GO and KEGG pathways revealed significant associations with transcriptional regulatory activity, and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway among the differentially expressed genes. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified key genes involved in inflammation and immune regulation, with hub genes like IL6, CXCL10, and MYD88 in the LPS group and CD74, CIITA, and H2-AB1 in the MDP-treated group.

Conclusion

Microbiome analysis suggested MDP may also influence gut microbiota composition, supporting systemic immune regulation. These findings highlight MDP's potential as a food additive for immune modulation and gut health.