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Cui Y, Shi Q, Song P, Tong J, Cheng Z, Zhang H, Wang X, Zheng Y, Wu Y, Wan M, Li S, Zhao X, Tong Z, Yu Z, Gao S, Chen YG, Gao GF. Coxsackievirus A10 impairs nail regeneration and induces onychomadesis by mimicking DKK1 to attenuate Wnt signaling. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231512. [PMID: 38836810 PMCID: PMC11153773 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) infection, a prominent cause of childhood hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), frequently manifests with the intriguing phenomenon of onychomadesis, characterized by nail shedding. However, the underlying mechanism is elusive. Here, we found that CV-A10 infection in mice could suppress Wnt/β-catenin signaling by restraining LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) phosphorylation and β-catenin accumulation and lead to onychomadesis. Mechanistically, CV-A10 mimics Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) to interact with Kringle-containing transmembrane protein 1 (KRM1), the CV-A10 cellular receptor. We further found that Wnt agonist (GSK3β inhibitor) CHIR99021 can restore nail stem cell differentiation and protect against nail shedding. These findings provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of CV-A10 and related viruses in onychomadesis and guide prognosis assessment and clinical treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoni Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Tong
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhimin Cheng
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hangchuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wan
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
- Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
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Jiang Y, Xu C, Cheng A, Wang M, Zhang W, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Tian B, Huang J, Ou X, Sun D, He Y, Wu Z, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M. HSP70 positively regulates translation by interacting with the IRES and stabilizes the viral structural proteins VP1 and VP3 to facilitate duck hepatitis A virus type 1 replication. Vet Res 2024; 55:63. [PMID: 38760810 PMCID: PMC11100043 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of viral protein homeostasis depends on the interaction between host cell proteins and viral proteins. As a molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has been shown to play an important role in viral infection. Our results showed that HSP70 can affect translation, replication, assembly, and release during the life cycle of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1). We demonstrated that HSP70 can regulate viral translation by interacting with the DHAV-1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES). In addition, HSP70 interacts with the viral capsid proteins VP1 and VP3 and promotes their stability by inhibiting proteasomal degradation, thereby facilitating the assembly of DHAV-1 virions. This study demonstrates the specific role of HSP70 in regulating DHAV-1 replication, which are helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of DHAV-1 infection and provide additional information about the role of HSP70 in infection by different kinds of picornaviruses, as well as the interaction between picornaviruses and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chenxia Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, 225100, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Di Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu He
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Qiao W, Richards CM, Kim Y, Zengel JR, Ding S, Greenberg HB, Carette JE. MYADM binds human parechovirus 1 and is essential for viral entry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3469. [PMID: 38658526 PMCID: PMC11043367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (PeV-A) are increasingly being recognized as a cause of infection in neonates and young infants, leading to a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses to severe sepsis and meningitis. However, the host factors required for parechovirus entry and infection remain poorly characterized. Here, using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screens, we identify myeloid-associated differentiation marker (MYADM) as a host factor essential for the entry of several human parechovirus genotypes including PeV-A1, PeV-A2 and PeV-A3. Genetic knockout of MYADM confers resistance to PeV-A infection in cell lines and in human gastrointestinal epithelial organoids. Using immunoprecipitation, we show that MYADM binds to PeV-A1 particles via its fourth extracellular loop, and we identify critical amino acid residues within the loop that mediate binding and infection. The demonstrated interaction between MYADM and PeV-A1, and its importance specifically for viral entry, suggest that MYADM is a virus receptor. Knockout of MYADM does not reduce PeV-A1 attachment to cells pointing to a role at the post-attachment stage. Our study suggests that MYADM is a multi-genotype receptor for human parechoviruses with potential as an antiviral target to combat disease associated with emerging parechoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Youlim Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James R Zengel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Nishimura Y, Sato K, Koyanagi Y, Wakita T, Muramatsu M, Shimizu H, Bergelson JM, Arita M. Enterovirus A71 does not meet the uncoating receptor SCARB2 at the cell surface. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012022. [PMID: 38359079 PMCID: PMC10901359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection involves a variety of receptors. Among them, two transmembrane protein receptors have been investigated in detail and shown to be critical for infection: P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in lymphocytes (Jurkat cells), and scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. PSGL-1 and SCARB2 have been reported to be expressed on the surface of Jurkat and RD cells, respectively. In the work reported here, we investigated the roles of PSGL-1 and SCARB2 in the process of EV-A71 entry. We first examined the expression of SCARB2 in Jurkat cells, and detected it within the cytoplasm, but not on the cell surface. Further, using PSGL-1 and SCARB2 knockout cells, we found that although both PSGL-1 and SCARB2 are essential for virus infection of Jurkat cells, virus attachment to these cells requires only PSGL-1. These results led us to evaluate the cell surface expression and the roles of SCARB2 in other EV-A71-susceptible cell lines. Surprisingly, in contrast to the results of previous studies, we found that SCARB2 is absent from the surface of RD cells and other susceptible cell lines we examined, and that although SCARB2 is essential for infection of these cells, it is dispensable for virus attachment. These results indicate that a receptor other than SCARB2 is responsible for virus attachment to the cell and probably for internalization of virions, not only in Jurkat cells but also in RD cells and other EV-A71-susceptible cells. SCARB2 is highly concentrated in lysosomes and late endosomes, where it is likely to trigger acid-dependent uncoating of virions, the critical final step of the entry process. Our results suggest that the essential interactions between EV-A71 and SCARB2 occur, not at the cell surface, but within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorihiro Nishimura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kei Sato
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey M Bergelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Raju S, Adams LJ, Diamond MS. The many ways in which alphaviruses bind to cells. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:85-93. [PMID: 38135598 PMCID: PMC10997154 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Only a subset of viruses can productively infect many different host species. Some arthropod-transmitted viruses, such as alphaviruses, can infect invertebrate and vertebrate species including insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals. This broad tropism may be explained by their ability to engage receptors that are conserved across vertebrate and invertebrate classes. Through several genome-wide loss-of-function screens, new alphavirus receptors have been identified, some of which bind to multiple related viruses in different antigenic complexes. Structural analysis has revealed that distinct sites on the alphavirus glycoprotein can mediate receptor binding, which opposes the idea that a single receptor-binding site mediates viral entry. Here, we discuss how different paradigms of receptor engagement on cells might explain the promiscuity of alphaviruses for multiple hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Chang M, Min YQ, Xu Z, Deng F, Wang H, Ning YJ. Host factor MxA restricts Dabie bandavirus infection by targeting the viral NP protein to inhibit NP-RdRp interaction and ribonucleoprotein activity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0156823. [PMID: 38054738 PMCID: PMC10805036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01568-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with high case mortality rates, which is caused by Dabie bandavirus (DBV), a novel pathogen also termed as SFTS virus (SFTSV). Currently, no specific therapeutic drugs or vaccines are available for SFTS. Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) has been shown to inhibit multiple viral pathogens; however, the role of MxA in DBV infection is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that DBV stimulates MxA expression which, in turn, restricts DBV infection. Mechanistic target analysis revealed that MxA specifically interacts with the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP) in a manner independent of RNA. Minigenome reporter assay showed that in agreement with its targeting of NP, MxA inhibits DBV ribonucleoprotein (RNP) activity. In detail, MxA interacts with the NP N-terminal and disrupts the interaction of NP with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) but not NP multimerization, the critical activities of NP for RNP formation and function. Furthermore, MxA N-terminal domain was identified as the functional domain inhibiting DBV infection, and, consistently, then was shown to interact with NP and obstruct the NP-RdRp interaction. Additionally, threonine 103 within the N-terminal domain is important for MxA inhibition to DBV, and its mutation (T103A) attenuates MxA binding to NP and obstruction of the NP-RdRp interaction. This study uncovers MxA inhibition of DBV with a series of functional and mechanistical analyses, providing insights into the virus-host interactions and probably helping inform the development of antiviral agents in the future.IMPORTANCEDBV/SFTSV is an emerging high-pathogenic virus. Since its first identification in China in 2009, cases of DBV infection have been reported in many other countries, posing a significant threat to public health. Uncovering the mechanisms of DBV-host interactions is necessary to understand the viral pathogenesis and host response and may advance the development of antiviral therapeutics. Here, we found that host factor MxA whose expression is induced by DBV restricts the virus infection. Mechanistically, MxA specifically interacts with the viral NP and blocks the NP-RdRp interaction, inhibiting the viral RNP activity. Further studies identified the key domain and amino acid residue required for MxA inhibition to DBV. Consistently, they were then shown to be important for MxA targeting of NP and obstruction of the NP-RdRp association. These findings unravel the restrictive role of MxA in DBV infection and the underlying mechanism, expanding our knowledge of the virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Qin Min
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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7
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Devaux CA, Pontarotti P, Levasseur A, Colson P, Raoult D. Is it time to switch to a formulation other than the live attenuated poliovirus vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis? Front Public Health 2024; 11:1284337. [PMID: 38259741 PMCID: PMC10801389 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1284337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The polioviruses (PVs) are mainly transmitted by direct contact with an infected person through the fecal-oral route and respiratory secretions (or more rarely via contaminated water or food) and have a primary tropism for the gut. After their replication in the gut, in rare cases (far less than 1% of the infected individuals), PVs can spread to the central nervous system leading to flaccid paralysis, which can result in respiratory paralysis and death. By the middle of the 20th century, every year the wild polioviruses (WPVs) are supposed to have killed or paralyzed over half a million people. The introduction of the oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs) through mass vaccination campaigns (combined with better application of hygiene measures), was a success story which enabled the World Health Organization (WHO) to set the global eradication of poliomyelitis as an objective. However this strategy of viral eradication has its limits as the majority of poliomyelitis cases today arise in individuals infected with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) which regain pathogenicity following reversion or recombination. In recent years (between January 2018 and May 2023), the WHO recorded 8.8 times more cases of polio which were linked to the attenuated OPV vaccines (3,442 polio cases after reversion or recombination events) than cases linked to a WPV (390 cases). Recent knowledge of the evolution of RNA viruses and the exchange of genetic material among biological entities of the intestinal microbiota, call for a reassessment of the polio eradication vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albert Devaux
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-SNC5039), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Pontarotti
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-SNC5039), Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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8
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Torii S, David SC, Larivé O, Cariti F, Kohn T. Observed Kinetics of Enterovirus Inactivation by Free Chlorine Are Host Cell-Dependent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18483-18490. [PMID: 36649532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Virucidal efficacies of disinfectants are typically assessed by infectivity assay utilizing a single type of host cell. Enteroviruses infect multiple host cells via various entry routes, and each entry route may be impaired differently by a given disinfectant. Yet, it is unknown how the choice of host cells affects the observed inactivation kinetics. Here, we evaluated the inactivation kinetics of echovirus 11 (E11) by free chlorine, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and heat, using three different host cells (BGMK, RD, and A549). Inactivation rates were independent of the host cell for treatment of E11 by UV or heat. Conversely, E11 inactivation by free chlorine occurred 2-fold faster when enumerated on BGMK cells compared with RD and A549 cells. Host cell-dependent inactivation kinetics by free chlorine were also observed for echovirus 7, 9, and 13, and coxsackievirus A9. E11 inactivation by free chlorine was partly caused by a loss in host cell attachment, which was most pronounced for BGMK cells. BGMK cells lack the attachment receptor CD55 and a key subunit of the uncoating receptor β2M, which may contribute to the differential inactivation kinetics for this cell type. Consequently, inactivation kinetics of enteroviruses should be assessed using host cells with different receptor profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shannon Christa David
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Odile Larivé
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Cariti
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Xu Y, Vertrees D, He Y, Momben-Abolfath S, Li X, Brewah YA, Scott DE, Konduru K, Rios M, Struble EB. Nanoluciferase Reporter Zika Viruses as Tools for Assessing Infection Kinetics and Antibody Potency. Viruses 2023; 15:2190. [PMID: 38005868 PMCID: PMC10674863 DOI: 10.3390/v15112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has become endemic in multiple tropical and subtropical regions and has the potential to become widespread in countries with limited prior exposure to this infection. One of the most concerning sequelae of ZIKV infection is the teratogenic effect on the developing fetus, with the mechanisms of viral spread to and across the placenta remaining largely unknown. Although vaccine trials and prophylactic or therapeutic treatments are being studied, there are no approved treatments or vaccines for ZIKV. Appropriate tests, including potency and in vivo assays to assess the safety and efficacy of these modalities, can greatly aid both the research of the pathophysiology of the infection and the development of anti-ZIKV therapeutics. Building on previous work, we tested reporter ZIKV variants that express nanoluciferase in cell culture and in vivo assays. We found that these variants can propagate in cells shown to be susceptible to the widely used clinical isolate PRVABC59, including Vero and human placenta cell lines. When used in neutralization assays with bioluminescence as readout, these variants gave rise to neutralization curves similar to those produced by PRVABC59, while being better suited for performing high-throughput assays. In addition, the engineered reporter variants can be useful research tools when used in other in vitro and in vivo assays, as we illustrated in transcytosis experiments and a pilot study in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Xu
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.X.); (D.V.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.A.B.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Devin Vertrees
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.X.); (D.V.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.A.B.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Yong He
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.X.); (D.V.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.A.B.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Sanaz Momben-Abolfath
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.X.); (D.V.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.A.B.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.X.); (D.V.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.A.B.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Yambasu A. Brewah
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.X.); (D.V.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.A.B.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Dorothy E. Scott
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.X.); (D.V.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.A.B.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Krishnamurthy Konduru
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (K.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Rios
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (K.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Evi B. Struble
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.X.); (D.V.); (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.A.B.); (D.E.S.)
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10
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Wang H, Fang Y, Jia Y, Tang J, Dong C. In silico epitope prediction and evolutionary analysis reveals capsid mutation patterns for enterovirus B. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290584. [PMID: 37639390 PMCID: PMC10461833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus B (EVB) is a common species of enterovirus, mainly consisting of Echovirus (Echo) and Coxsackievirus B (CVB). The population is generally susceptible to EVB, especially among children. Since the 21st century, EVB has been widely prevalent worldwide, and can cause serious diseases, such as viral meningitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis. By using cryo-electron microscopy, the three-dimensional (3D) structures of EVB and their uncoating receptors (FcRn and CAR) have been determined, laying the foundation for the study of viral pathogenesis and therapeutic antibodies. A limited number of epitopes bound to neutralizing antibodies have also been determined. It is unclear whether additional epitopes are present or whether epitope mutations play a key role in molecular evolutionary history and epidemics, as in influenza and SARS-CoV-2. In the current study, the conformational epitopes of six representative EVB serotypes (E6, E11, E30, CVB1, CVB3 and CVB5) were systematically predicted by bioinformatics-based epitope prediction algorithm. We found that their epitopes were distributed into three clusters, where the VP1 BC loop, C-terminus and VP2 EF loop were the main regions of EVB epitopes. Among them, the VP1 BC loop and VP2 EF loop may be the key epitope regions that determined the use of the uncoating receptors. Further molecular evolution analysis based on the VP1 and genome sequences showed that the VP1 C-terminus and VP2 EF loop, as well as a potential "breathing epitope" VP1 N-terminus, were common mutation hotspot regions, suggesting that the emergence of evolutionary clades was driven by epitope mutations. Finally, footprints showed mutations were located on or near epitopes, while mutations on the receptor binding sites were rare. This suggested that EVB promotes viral epidemics by breaking the immune barrier through epitope mutations, but the mutations avoided the receptor binding sites. The bioinformatics study of EVB epitopes may provide important information for the monitoring and early warning of EVB epidemics and developing therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yulu Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yongtao Jia
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiajie Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Changzheng Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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11
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Laassili C, Ben El Hend F, Benzidane R, Oumeslakht L, Aziz AI, El Fatimy R, Bensussan A, Ben Mkaddem S. Fc receptors act as innate immune receptors during infection? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188497. [PMID: 37564652 PMCID: PMC10410254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity constitutes the first nonspecific immunological line of defense against infection. In this response, a variety of mechanisms are activated: the complement system, phagocytosis, and the inflammatory response. Then, adaptive immunity is activated. Major opsonization mediators during infections are immunoglobulins (Igs), the function of which is mediated through Fc receptors (FcRs). However, in addition to their role in adaptive immunity, FcRs have been shown to play a role in innate immunity by interacting directly with bacteria in the absence of their natural ligands (Igs). Additionally, it has been hypothesized that during the early phase of bacterial infection, FcRs play a protective role via innate immune functions mediated through direct recognition of bacteria, and as the infection progresses to later phases, FcRs exhibit their established function as receptors in adaptive immunity. This review provides detailed insight into the potential role of FcRs as innate immune mediators of the host defense against bacterial infection independent of opsonins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaimaa Laassili
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Fatiha Ben El Hend
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Riad Benzidane
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Loubna Oumeslakht
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Abdel-Ilah Aziz
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Rachid El Fatimy
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Armand Bensussan
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Institut Jean Godinot, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Reims, France
| | - Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
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12
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Liang Y, Chen J, Wang C, Yu B, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Investigating the mechanism of Echovirus 30 cell invasion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1174410. [PMID: 37485505 PMCID: PMC10359910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1174410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses invade susceptible cells through a complex mechanism before injecting their genetic material into them. This causes direct damage to the host cell, as well as resulting in disease in the corresponding system. Echovirus type 30 (E30) is a member of the Enterovirus B group and has recently been reported to cause central nervous system (CNS) disorders, leading to viral encephalitis and viral meningitis in children. In this review, we aim to help in improving the understanding of the mechanisms of CNS diseases caused by E30 for the subsequent development of relevant drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucai Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Junbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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13
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Pyzik M, Kozicky LK, Gandhi AK, Blumberg RS. The therapeutic age of the neonatal Fc receptor. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:415-432. [PMID: 36726033 PMCID: PMC9891766 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
IgGs are essential soluble components of the adaptive immune response that evolved to protect the body from infection. Compared with other immunoglobulins, the role of IgGs is distinguished and enhanced by their high circulating levels, long half-life and ability to transfer from mother to offspring, properties that are conferred by interactions with neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn binds to the Fc portion of IgGs in a pH-dependent manner and protects them from intracellular degradation. It also allows their transport across polarized cells that separate tissue compartments, such as the endothelium and epithelium. Further, it is becoming apparent that FcRn functions to potentiate cellular immune responses when IgGs, bound to their antigens, form IgG immune complexes. Besides the protective role of IgG, IgG autoantibodies are associated with numerous pathological conditions. As such, FcRn blockade is a novel and effective strategy to reduce circulating levels of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies and curtail IgG-mediated diseases, with several FcRn-blocking strategies on the path to therapeutic use. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge of FcRn-IgG immunobiology, with an emphasis on the functional and pathological aspects, and an overview of FcRn-targeted therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa K Kozicky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit K Gandhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Tian YX, Jin WP, Wei ZN, Lv SY, Wang MJ, Meng SL, Guo J, Wang ZJ, Shen S. Identification of specific and shared epitopes at the extreme N-terminal VP1 of Coxsackievirus A4, A2 and A5 by monoclonal antibodies. Virus Res 2023; 328:199074. [PMID: 36805409 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is caused by a variety of serotypes in species A of the Enterovirus genus, including recently re-emerged Coxsackievirus A2 (CV-A2), CV-A4 and CV-A5. For development of diagnostic reagents, for surveillance, and the development of multivalent vaccines against HFMD, the antigenicity of HFMD-associated enteroviruses warrants investigation. The purified virions of CV-A4 were inoculated into Balb/c mice and hybridomas were obtained secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against CV-A4 and cross-reacting with other closely related species A enteroviruses. The mAbs were characterized by ELISA, Western blotting and in vitro neutralizing assays. The majority of mAbs was non-neutralizing, with only 2% of the mAbs neutralizing CV-A4 specifically. Most of mAbs bound to linear VP1 epitopes of CV-A4. Interestingly, four types of mAbs were obtained which bound specifically to CV-A4 or were broadly to CV-A4/-A2, CV-A4/-A5 and CV-A4/-A2/-A5, respectively. Mapping with overlapping or single-amino-acid mutant peptides revealed that the four types of mAbs all bound to the first 15 amino acids at the N-terminus of the VP1. This region of picornaviruses is functionally important as it is involved in uncoating and releasing of viral RNA into the cytosol. The binding footprints of four type mAbs are composed of conserved and variable residues and are different from each other. The newly discovered broadly cross-reactive mAbs reflect the high homology of CV-A4/ CV-A2/CV-A5. The results also demonstrate that it is possible and beneficial to develop the diagnostic reagents to detect rapidly the main pathogens of enteroviruses associated with HFMD cause by CV-A4/CV-A2/CV-A5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Tian
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Wei-Ping Jin
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Wei
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shi-Yun Lv
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Meng-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China.
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15
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Dang W, Li T, Xu F, Wang Y, Yang F, Zheng H. Modeling senecavirus a replication in immortalized porcine alveolar macrophages triggers a robust interferon-mediated immune response that conversely constrains viral replication. Virology 2023; 578:141-153. [PMID: 36571990 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a newly emerging causative agent of vesicular diseases in swine characterized with wide genetic diversity and rapid evolution. The lack of immunologically active cell culture model impedes the study of SVA-specific innate immunity. Here, an immortalized porcine alveolar macrophages 3D4/21 strongly and productively supported replication of two SVA strains. To elaborate global and dynamic host immune response, we demonstrated that 3D4/21 intrinsically expressed canonical ISGs which were important for pre-empting viral infection. Moreover, 3D4/21 were constitutively abundant in RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and MDA5 necessary for sensing RNA virus infection, thereby enabling 3D4/21 cells to establish persistent and efficient antiviral status, in particular the most dramatic and sustained expression of type I/II interferons and inflammatory and innate immune genes critical for constraining SVA replication. Our study reveals a pivotal regulatory connection between virus and host that points to the SVA pathogenesis and potential vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yannan Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, The Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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16
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Liu X, Qi S, Yin X. Morphogenesis of Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:159-169. [PMID: 37223865 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus, a leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, has been recognized as non-enveloped virus since its discovery in the 1980s. However, the recent identification of lipid membrane-associated form termed as "quasi-enveloped" HEV has changed this long-held notion. Both naked HEV and quasi-enveloped HEV play important roles in the pathogenesis of hepatitis E. However, the biogenesis and the mechanisms underlying the composition, biogenesis regulation, and functions of the novel quasi-enveloped virions remain enigmatic. In this chapter, we highlight the most recent discoveries on the dual life cycle of these two different types of virions, and further discuss the implication of the quasi-envelopment in our understanding of the molecular biology of HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuhui Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Matía A, Lorenzo MM, Romero-Estremera YC, Sánchez-Puig JM, Zaballos A, Blasco R. Identification of β2 microglobulin, the product of B2M gene, as a Host Factor for Vaccinia Virus Infection by Genome-Wide CRISPR genetic screens. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010800. [PMID: 36574441 PMCID: PMC9829182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide genetic screens are powerful tools to identify genes that act as host factors of viruses. We have applied this technique to analyze the infection of HeLa cells by Vaccinia virus, in an attempt to find genes necessary for infection. Infection of cell populations harboring single gene inactivations resulted in no surviving cells, suggesting that no single gene knock-out was able to provide complete resistance to Vaccinia virus and thus allow cells to survive infection. In the absence of an absolute infection blockage, we explored if some gene inactivations could provide partial protection leading to a reduced probability of infection. Multiple experiments using modified screening procedures involving replication restricted viruses led to the identification of multiple genes whose inactivation potentially increase resistance to infection and therefore cell survival. As expected, significant gene hits were related to proteins known to act in virus entry, such as ITGB1 and AXL as well as genes belonging to their downstream related pathways. Additionally, we consistently found β2-microglobulin, encoded by the B2M gene, among the screening top hits, a novel finding that was further explored. Inactivation of B2M resulted in 54% and 91% reduced VV infection efficiency in HeLa and HAP1 cell lines respectively. In the absence of B2M, while virus binding to the cells was unaffected, virus internalization and early gene expression were significantly diminished. These results point to β2-microglobulin as a relevant factor in the Vaccinia virus entry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Matía
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria M. Lorenzo
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolimar C. Romero-Estremera
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana M. Sánchez-Puig
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Zaballos
- Unidad de Genómica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Blasco
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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18
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Xu Y, He Y, Momben-Abolfath S, Vertrees D, Li X, Norton MG, Struble EB. Zika Virus Infection and Antibody Neutralization in FcRn Expressing Placenta and Engineered Cell Lines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122059. [PMID: 36560469 PMCID: PMC9781090 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As a developmental toxicant, Zika virus (ZIKV) attacks both the growing nervous system, causing congenital Zika syndrome, and the placenta, resulting in pathological changes and associated adverse fetal outcomes. There are no vaccines, antibodies, or other treatments for ZIKV, despite the potential for its re-emergence. Multiple studies have highlighted the risk of antibodies for enhancing ZIKV infection, including during pregnancy, but the mechanisms for such effects are not fully understood. We have focused on the ability of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) to interact with ZIKV in the presence and absence of relevant antibodies. We found that ZIKV replication was higher in Marvin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells that overexpress FcRn compared to those that do not, and knocking down FcRn decreased ZIKV RNA production. In the placenta trophoblast BeWo cell line, ZIKV infection itself downregulated FcRn at the mRNA and protein levels. Addition of anti-ZIKV antibodies to MDCK/FcRn cells resulted in non-monotonous neutralization curves with neutralization attenuation and even enhancement of infection at higher concentrations. Non-monotonous neutralization was also seen in BeWo cells at intermediate antibody concentrations. Our studies highlight the underappreciated role FcRn plays in ZIKV infection and may have implications for anti-ZIKV prophylaxis and therapy in pregnant women.
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Zhou D, Qin L, Duyvesteyn HME, Zhao Y, Lin TY, Fry EE, Ren J, Huang KYA, Stuart DI. Switching of Receptor Binding Poses between Closely Related Enteroviruses. Viruses 2022; 14:2625. [PMID: 36560629 PMCID: PMC9781616 DOI: 10.3390/v14122625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Echoviruses, for which there are currently no approved vaccines or drugs, are responsible for a range of human diseases, for example echovirus 11 (E11) is a major cause of serious neonatal morbidity and mortality. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF, also known as CD55) is an attachment receptor for E11. Here, we report the structure of the complex of E11 and the full-length ectodomain of DAF (short consensus repeats, SCRs, 1-4) at 3.1 Å determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). SCRs 3 and 4 of DAF interact with E11 at the southern rim of the canyon via the VP2 EF and VP3 BC loops. We also observe an unexpected interaction between the N-linked glycan (residue 95 of DAF) and the VP2 BC loop of E11. DAF is a receptor for at least 20 enteroviruses and we classify its binding patterns from reported DAF/virus complexes into two distinct positions and orientations, named as E6 and E11 poses. Whilst 60 DAF molecules can attach to the virion in the E6 pose, no more than 30 can attach to E11 due to steric restrictions. Analysis of the distinct modes of interaction and structure and sequence-based phylogenies suggests that the two modes evolved independently, with the E6 mode likely found earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Zhou
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Ling Qin
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helen M. E. Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A. Huang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
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20
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Lou F, Hu R, Chen Y, Li M, An X, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. 2'-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Coxsackievirus Class A Type 9 Infection by Blocking Virus Attachment and Internalisation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213727. [PMID: 36430203 PMCID: PMC9691179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses, a genus of enteroviruses in the small RNA virus family, cause fatal infectious diseases in humans. Thus far, there are no approved drugs to prevent these diseases. Human milk contains various biologically active components against pathogens. Currently, the potential activity of breast milk components against the coxsackievirus remains unclear. In our study, the inhibitory effect of 16 major human milk components was tested on coxsackievirus class A type 9 isolate (CV-A9), BUCT01; 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) was identified to be effective. Time-of-addition, attachment internalisation assays, and the addition of 2'-FL at different time points were applied to investigate its specific role in the viral life cycle. Molecular docking was used to predict 2'-FL's specific cellular targets. The initial screening revealed a significant inhibitory effect (99.97%) against CV-A9 with 10 mg/mL 2'-FL, with no cytotoxicity observed. Compared with the control group, 2'-FL blocked virus entry (85%) as well as inhibited viral attachment (48.4%) and internalisation (51.3%), minimising its infection in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. The cell pre-incubation with 2'-FL exhibited significant inhibition (73.2-99.9%). Extended incubation between cells with 2'-FL reduced CV-A9 infection (93.9%), suggesting that 2'-FL predominantly targets cells to block infection. Molecular docking results revealed that 2'-FL interacted with the attachment receptor αvβ6 and the internalisation receptor FCGRT and β2M with an affinity of -2.14, -1.87, and -5.43 kcal/mol, respectively. This study lays the foundation for using 2'-FL as a food additive against CV-A9 infections.
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21
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Wang C, Yang R, Yang F, Han Y, Ren Y, Xiong X, Wang X, Bi Y, Li L, Qiu Y, Xu Y, Zhou X. Echovirus 11 infection induces pyroptotic cell death by facilitating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010787. [PMID: 36026486 PMCID: PMC9455886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 11 (ECHO 11) is a positive-strand RNA virus belonging to the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae. ECHO 11 infections can cause severe inflammatory illnesses in neonates, including severe acute hepatitis with coagulopathy. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is important for host defense against invading viruses, which also contributes to viral pathogenicity. However, whether and how ECHO 11 induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation remains unclear. In this study, we isolated a clinical strain of ECHO 11 from stools of an ECHO 11-infected newborn patient with necrotizing hepatitis. This virus shared 99.95% sequence identity with the previously published ECHO 11 sequence. The clinically isolated ECHO 11 can efficiently infect liver cells and strongly induces inflammation. Moreover, we showed that ECHO 11 induced IL-1β secretion and pyroptosis in cells and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Furthermore, ECHO 11 infection triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as evidenced by cleavages of GSDMD, pro-IL-1β and pro-caspase-1, and the release of LDH. ECHO 11 2B protein was required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation via interacting with NLRP3 to facilitate the inflammasome complex assembly. In vivo, expression of ECHO 11 2B also activated NLRP3 inflammasome in the murine liver. Besides, 2Bs of multiple EVs can also interact with NLRP3 and induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Together, our findings demonstrate a mechanism by which ECHO 11 induces inflammatory responses by activating NLRP3 inflammasome, providing novel insights into the pathogenesis of ECHO 11 infection. NLRP3 inflammasome is important for host defense against invading viruses, and contributes to viral pathogenicity. Human echovirus 11 (ECHO 11) belongs to the Enterovirus genus from the family Picornavirida, and it can cause severe acute hepatitis in newborns with high morbidity and mortality. However, the knowledge about the pathogenesis of ECHO 11 infection is limited. Whether and how ECHO 11 induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation remains unclear. This work provides the first demonstration that ECHO 11 can induce inflammatory responses via activating NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis. More importantly, ECHO 11-encoded 2B protein was found to activate NLRP3 inflammasome in cells and in vivo, and the interaction between 2B and NLRP3 was required for inflammasome complex assembly. Furthermore, we uncovered that 2Bs of other enteroviruses, including enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) and CVB3 could induce NLRP3 inflammasome and interact with NLRP3. Our findings uncover a mechanism by which ECHO 11 induces inflammatory responses and demonstrate a novel function of ECHO 11 2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fengxia Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Han
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yujie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaobei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yidan Bi
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijun Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (YQ); (YX); (XZ)
| | - Yi Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (YQ); (YX); (XZ)
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (YQ); (YX); (XZ)
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22
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Zheng Q, Zhu R, Yin Z, Xu L, Sun H, Yu H, Wu Y, Jiang Y, Huang Q, Huang Y, Zhang D, Liu L, Yang H, He M, Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Zhao H, Que Y, Kong Z, Zhou L, Li T, Zhang J, Luo W, Gu Y, Cheng T, Li S, Xia N. Structural basis for the synergistic neutralization of coxsackievirus B1 by a triple-antibody cocktail. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1279-1294.e6. [PMID: 36002016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) is an emerging pathogen associated with severe neonatal diseases including aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, and pancreatitis and also with the development of type 1 diabetes. We characterize the binding and therapeutic efficacies of three CVB1-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) identified for their ability to inhibit host receptor engagement. High-resolution cryo-EM structures showed that these antibodies recognize different epitopes but with an overlapping region in the capsid VP2 protein and specifically the highly variable EF loop. Moreover, they perturb capsid-receptor interactions by binding various viral particle forms. Antibody combinations achieve synergetic neutralization via a stepwise capsid transition and virion disruption, indicating dynamic changes in the virion in response to multiple nAbs targeting the receptor-binding site. Furthermore, this three-antibody cocktail protects against lethal challenge in neonatal mice and limits pancreatitis and viral replication in a non-obese diabetic mouse model. These results illustrate the utility of nAbs for rational design of therapeutics against picornaviruses such as CVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongzi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Maozhou He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Que
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China; Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Mei H, Gu Q, Wang W, Meng Y, Jiang L, Liu J. CRISPR-surfaceome: An online tool for designing highly efficient sgRNAs targeting cell surface proteins. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3833-3838. [PMID: 35891797 PMCID: PMC9307495 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-based genome-editing tools have emerged as an efficient tool for functional genomics studies. Online tools and databases have been developed to facilitate the design and selection of CRISPR single guide RNA (sgRNA) for gene modifications. However, to the best of our knowledge, none of these tools or database are designated to cell surface proteins. In a previous study, we described the development and application of surfaceome CRISPR libraries targeting to cell surface proteins on human cells. Here, we present the design and construction of an online tool and database (https://crispr-surfaceome.siais.shanghaitech.edu.cn/home), named CRISPR-Surfaceome, for the design of highly efficient sgRNA targeting to the surface proteins on human cells. To show case and validate the efficiencies of sgRNAs designed by this online tool, we chose ICAM-1 gene for knockout studies and found that all the 10 designed ICAM-1 sgRNAs could efficiently generate knockout cells, with more than 80% gene disruption rates. These ICAM-1 knockout cells were found to be resistant to the infection of rhinovirus (RV), which utilizes ICAM-1 as the receptor. Therefore, CRISPR-Surfaceome can serve the research community for the functional genomics studies on cell surface proteins, such as identification of pathogen receptors and discovery of drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mei
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qian Gu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lichun Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Corresponding authors at: Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, China
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, China
- Corresponding authors at: Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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24
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Human FcRn Is a Two-in-One Attachment-Uncoating Receptor for Echovirus 18. mBio 2022; 13:e0116622. [PMID: 35862785 PMCID: PMC9426509 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01166-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-receptor interactions determine viral host range and tissue tropism. CD55 and human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) were found to be the binding and uncoating receptors for some of the echovirus-related enterovirus species B serotypes in our previous study. Echovirus 18 (E18), as a member of enterovirus species B, is a significant causative agent of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in children. However, it does not use CD55 as a critical host factor. We conducted CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening to determine the receptors and entry mechanisms and identified FcRn working as a dual-function receptor for E18. Knockout of FCGRT and B2M, which encode the two subunits of FcRn, prevented infection by E18 and other echoviruses in the same physiological cluster. We then elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism of receptor recognition by E18 using cryogenic electron microscopy. The binding of the FCGRT subunit to the canyon region rotates the residues around the pocket, triggering the release of the pocket factor as observed for other enterovirus species B members.
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An In Vivo Model of Echovirus-Induced Meningitis Defines the Differential Roles of Type I and Type III Interferon Signaling in Central Nervous System Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0033022. [PMID: 35699446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00330-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Echoviruses are among the most common worldwide causes of aseptic meningitis, which can cause long-term sequelae and death, particularly in neonates. However, the mechanisms by which these viruses induce meningeal inflammation are poorly understood, owing at least in part to the lack of in vivo models that recapitulate this aspect of echovirus pathogenesis. Here, we developed an in vivo neonatal mouse model that recapitulates key aspects of echovirus-induced meningitis. We show that expression of the human homologue of the primary echovirus receptor, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), is not sufficient for infection of the brains of neonatal mice. However, ablation of type I, but not III, interferon (IFN) signaling in mice expressing human FcRn permitted high levels of echovirus replication in the brain, with corresponding clinical symptoms, including delayed motor skills and hind-limb weakness. Using this model, we defined the immunological response of the brain to echovirus infection and identified key cytokines, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), that were induced by this infection. Lastly, we showed that echoviruses specifically replicate in the leptomeninges, where they induce profound inflammation and cell death. Together, this work establishes an in vivo model of aseptic meningitis associated with echovirus infections that delineates the differential roles of type I and type III IFNs in echovirus-associated neuronal disease and defines the specificity of echoviral infections within the meninges. IMPORTANCE Echoviruses are among the most common worldwide causes of aseptic meningitis, which can cause long-term sequelae or even death. The mechanisms by which echoviruses infect the brain are poorly understood, largely owing to the lack of robust in vivo models that recapitulate this aspect of echovirus pathogenesis. Here, we establish a neonatal mouse model of echovirus-induced aseptic meningitis and show that expression of the human homologue of the FcRn, the primary receptor for echoviruses, and ablation of type I IFN signaling are required to recapitulate echovirus-induced meningitis and clinical disease. These findings provide key insights into the host factors that control echovirus-induced meningitis and a model that could be used to test anti-echovirus therapeutics.
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Enterovirus Replication and Dissemination Are Differentially Controlled by Type I and III Interferons in the Gastrointestinal Tract. mBio 2022; 13:e0044322. [PMID: 35604122 PMCID: PMC9239134 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00443-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus infections are associated with a broad spectrum of illness, particularly in neonates, and are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Little is known regarding how echoviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract and how the intestinal epithelium controls echoviral replication.
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Atomic Structures of Coxsackievirus B5 Provide Key Information on Viral Evolution and Survival. J Virol 2022; 96:e0010522. [PMID: 35442060 PMCID: PMC9093117 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00105-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackie virus B5 (CVB5), a main serotype in human Enterovirus B (EVB), can cause severe viral encephalitis and aseptic meningitis among infants and children. Currently, there is no approved vaccine or antiviral therapy available against CVB5 infection. Here, we determined the atomic structures of CVB5 in three forms: mature full (F) particle (2.73 Å), intermediate altered (A) particle (2.81 Å), and procapsid empty (E) particle (2.95 Å). Structural analysis of F particle of CVB5 unveiled similar structures of “canyon,” “puff,” and “knob” as those other EV-Bs. We observed structural rearrangements that are alike during the transition from F to A particle, indicative of similar antigenicity, cell entry, and uncoating mechanisms shared by all EV-Bs. Further comparison of structures and sequences among all structure-known EV-Bs revealed that while the residues targeted by neutralizing MAbs are diversified and drive the evolution of EV-Bs, the relative conserved residues recognized by uncoating receptors could serve as the basis for the development of antiviral vaccines and therapeutics. IMPORTANCE As one of the main serotypes in Enterovirus B, CVB5 has been commonly reported in recent years. The atomic structures of CVB5 shown here revealed classical features found in EV-Bs and the structural rearrangement occurring during particle expansion and uncoating. Also, structure- and sequence-based comparison between CVB5 and other structure-known EV-Bs screened out key domains important for viral evolution and survival. All these provide insights into the development of vaccine and therapeutics for EV-Bs.
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Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies host factors important for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication. Virus Res 2022; 314:198738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Acyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase Long-Chain Family Member 4 Is Involved in Viral Replication Organelle Formation and Facilitates Virus Replication via Ferroptosis. mBio 2022; 13:e0271721. [PMID: 35038927 PMCID: PMC8764547 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02717-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infections can cause severe complications, such as poliomyelitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, meningitis, neurological pulmonary edema, and even death. Here, we used genome-wide CRISPR screens to gain new insight into the mechanism by which enteroviruses co-opt host pathways to potentiate replication and propagation. We found that acyl-coenzyme A synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) is involved in viral replication organelle formation. ACSL4 is a key component of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent, nonapoptotic programmed cell death. Our results indicated that enteroviruses and coronaviruses can induce ferroptosis via ACSL4. Most importantly, ferroptosis inhibitors, including two FDA-approved drugs, rosiglitazone (ROSI; ACSL4 inhibitor) and pioglitazone (PIO; ACSL4 inhibitor), decreased the viral load of human enteroviruses and coronaviruses, suggesting that ACSL4 is a target for counteracting viral infection. IMPORTANCE We provide the first evidence for the role of ACSL4 in enterovirus replication organelle formation. Moreover, both enteroviruses and coronaviruses induce ferroptosis via ACSL4. These findings establish a novel regulatory mechanism for viral replication. The inhibition of ACSL4 by ferroptosis inhibitors can reduce viral yields of enteroviruses and coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, implying that ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis is a promising therapeutic target for viral diseases.
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Wang I, Gupta SK, Ems G, Jayawardena N, Strauss M, Bostina M. Cryo-EM Structure of a Possum Enterovirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020318. [PMID: 35215909 PMCID: PMC8879876 DOI: 10.3390/v14020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) represent a substantial concern to global health. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of a non-human enterovirus, EV-F4, isolated from the Australian brushtail possum to assess the structural diversity of these picornaviruses. The capsid structure, determined to ~3 Å resolution by single particle analysis, exhibits a largely smooth surface, similar to EV-F3 (formerly BEV-2). Although the cellular receptor is not known, the absence of charged residues on the outer surface of the canyon suggest a different receptor type than for EV-F3. Density for the pocket factor is clear, with the entrance to the pocket being smaller than for other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada;
| | | | - Guillaume Ems
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (G.E.); (N.J.)
- Faculté des Sciences, Université de Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (G.E.); (N.J.)
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mike Strauss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (G.E.); (N.J.)
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.B.)
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Molecular basis of differential receptor usage for naturally occurring CD55-binding and -nonbinding coxsackievirus B3 strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2118590119. [PMID: 35046043 PMCID: PMC8794823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118590119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor usage defines cell tropism and contributes to cell entry and infection. Coxsackievirus B (CVB) engages coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), and selectively utilizes the decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) to infect cells. However, the differential receptor usage mechanism for CVB remains elusive. This study identified VP3-234 residues (234Q/N/V/D/E) as critical population selection determinants during CVB3 virus evolution, contributing to diverse binding affinities to CD55. Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of CD55-binding/nonbinding isolates and their complexes with CD55 or CAR were obtained under both neutral and acidic conditions, and the molecular mechanism of VP3-234 residues determining CD55 affinity/specificity for naturally occurring CVB3 strains was elucidated. Structural and biochemical studies in vitro revealed the dynamic entry process of CVB3 and the function of the uncoating receptor CAR with different pH preferences. This work provides detailed insight into the molecular mechanism of CVB infection and contributes to an in-depth understanding of enterovirus attachment receptor usage.
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Persistent coxsackievirus B1 infection triggers extensive changes in the transcriptome of human pancreatic ductal cells. iScience 2022; 25:103653. [PMID: 35024587 PMCID: PMC8728469 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, particularly the group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs), have been associated with the development of type 1 diabetes. Several CVB serotypes establish chronic infections in human cells in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms leading to enterovirus persistency and, possibly, beta cell autoimmunity are not fully understood. We established a carrier-state-type persistent infection model in human pancreatic cell line PANC-1 using two distinct CVB1 strains and profiled the infection-induced changes in cellular transcriptome. In the current study, we observed clear changes in the gene expression of factors associated with the pancreatic microenvironment, the secretory pathway, and lysosomal biogenesis during persistent CVB1 infections. Moreover, we found that the antiviral response pathways were activated differently by the two CVB1 strains. Overall, our study reveals extensive transcriptional responses in persistently CVB1-infected pancreatic cells with strong opposite but also common changes between the two strains. Establishment of persistent CVB1 infection in PANC-1 cells using two CVB1 strains Extensive transcriptional responses in persistently CVB1-infected pancreatic cells Changes in pancreatic microenvironment, secretory pathway, and lysosomes Antiviral immune response was activated differently by the two CVB1 strains
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Vorobyev PO, Babaeva FE, Panova AV, Shakiba J, Kravchenko SK, Soboleva AV, Lipatova AV. Oncolytic Viruses in the Therapy of Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Mol Biol 2022; 56:684-695. [PMID: 36217339 PMCID: PMC9534467 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading causes of death. Despite significant success in the treatment of lymphatic system tumors, the problems of relapse, drug resistance and effectiveness of therapy remain relevant. Oncolytic viruses are able to replicate in tumor cells and destroy them without affecting normal, healthy tissues. By activating antitumor immunity, viruses are effective against malignant neoplasms of various nature. In lymphoproliferative diseases with a drug-resistant phenotype, many cases of remissions have been described after viral therapy. The current level of understanding of viral biology and the discovery of host cell interaction mechanisms made it possible to create unique strains with high oncoselectivity widely used in clinical practice in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. O. Vorobyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - F. E. Babaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Panova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117971 Moscow, Russia
| | - J. Shakiba
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - S. K. Kravchenko
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Soboleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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34
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Li G, Li X, Zhuang S, Wang L, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Sun W, Wu Z, Zhou Z, Chen J, Huang X, Wang J, Li D, Li W, Wang H, Wei W. Gene editing and its applications in biomedicine. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:660-700. [PMID: 35235150 PMCID: PMC8889061 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The steady progress in genome editing, especially genome editing based on the use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and programmable nucleases to make precise modifications to genetic material, has provided enormous opportunities to advance biomedical research and promote human health. The application of these technologies in basic biomedical research has yielded significant advances in identifying and studying key molecular targets relevant to human diseases and their treatment. The clinical translation of genome editing techniques offers unprecedented biomedical engineering capabilities in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease or disability. Here, we provide a general summary of emerging biomedical applications of genome editing, including open challenges. We also summarize the tools of genome editing and the insights derived from their applications, hoping to accelerate new discoveries and therapies in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Songkuan Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Liren Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yangcan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zeguang Wu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Bejing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Haoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Wensheng Wei
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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35
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Heckenberg E, Steppe JT, Coyne CB. Enteroviruses: The role of receptors in viral pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2022; 113:89-110. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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36
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Song Y, Huang H, Hu Y, Zhang J, Li F, Yin X, Shi J, Li Y, Li C, Zhao D, Chen H. A genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout screen identifies immunoglobulin superfamily DCC subclass member 4 as a key host factor that promotes influenza virus endocytosis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010141. [PMID: 34871331 PMCID: PMC8675923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is dependent on host cellular factors, and identification of these factors and their underlying mechanisms can provide important information for the development of strategies to inhibit viral infection. Here, we used a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus to perform a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout screen in human lung epithelial cells (A549 cells), and found that knockout of transmembrane protein immunoglobulin superfamily DCC subclass member 4 (IGDCC4) significantly reduced the replication of the virus in A549 cells. Further studies showed that IGDCC4 interacted with the viral hemagglutinin protein and facilitated virus internalization into host cells. Animal infection studies showed that replication of H5N1 virus in the nasal turbinates, lungs, and kidneys of IGDCC4-knockout mice was significantly lower than that in the corresponding organs of wild-type mice. Half of the IGDCC4-knockout mice survived a lethal H5N1 virus challenge, whereas all of the wild-type mice died within 11 days of infection. Our study identifies a novel host factor that promotes influenza virus infection by facilitating internalization and provides insights that will support the development of antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangming Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (HC)
| | - Hualan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (HC)
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Huang KYA. Structural basis for neutralization of enterovirus. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:199-206. [PMID: 34749266 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of enteroviral infections are associated with morbidity and mortality in susceptible individuals worldwide. There are still no antiviral drugs or vaccines against most circulating enteroviruses. Antibody-mediated immunity is crucial for preventing and limiting enteroviral infections. In this review, we focus on enteroviruses that continue to cause endemics in recent years, such as rhinovirus, enterovirus A71, coxsackievirus, and echovirus, and introduce a structural understanding of the mechanisms of virus neutralization. The mechanisms by which virus-specific antibodies neutralize enteroviruses have been explored not only through study of viral structures, but also through understanding virus-antibody interactions at the amino acid level. Neutralizing epitopes are predominantly mapped on the canyon northern rim, canyon inner surface, canyon southern rim, and twofold and threefold plateaus of the capsid, where surface-exposed loops are located. This review also describes recent progress in deciphering the virus-receptor complex and structural rearrangements involved in the uncoating process, providing insight into plausible virus neutralization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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38
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Mei H, Zha Z, Wang W, Xie Y, Huang Y, Li W, Wei D, Zhang X, Qu J, Liu J. Surfaceome CRISPR screen identifies OLFML3 as a rhinovirus-inducible IFN antagonist. Genome Biol 2021; 22:297. [PMID: 34686207 PMCID: PMC8532573 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhinoviruses (RVs) cause more than half of common colds and, in some cases, more severe diseases. Functional genomics analyses of RVs using siRNA or genome-wide CRISPR screen uncovered a limited set of host factors, few of which have proven clinical relevance. Results Herein, we systematically compare genome-wide CRISPR screen and surface protein-focused CRISPR screen, referred to as surfaceome CRISPR screen, for their efficiencies in identifying RV host factors. We find that surfaceome screen outperforms the genome-wide screen in the success rate of hit identification. Importantly, using the surfaceome screen, we identify olfactomedin-like 3 (OLFML3) as a novel host factor of RV serotypes A and B, including a clinical isolate. We find that OLFML3 is a RV-inducible suppressor of the innate immune response and that OLFML3 antagonizes type I interferon (IFN) signaling in a SOCS3-dependent manner. Conclusion Our study suggests that RV-induced OLFML3 expression is an important mechanism for RV to hijack the immune system and underscores surfaceome CRISPR screen in identifying viral host factors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-021-02513-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mei
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Zha
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital and Institutes of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuege Huang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenping Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wei
- Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jieming Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital and Institutes of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, 201210, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong Province, China. .,Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Guangzhou Laboratory, No. 9 XingDaoHuanBei Road, Guangzhou Interntional Bio Island, Guangdong Province, 510005, Guangzhou, China.
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Feng R, Wang L, Shi D, Zheng B, Zhang L, Hou H, Xia D, Cui L, Wang X, Xu S, Wang K, Zhu L. Structural basis for neutralization of an anicteric hepatitis associated echovirus by a potent neutralizing antibody. Cell Discov 2021; 7:35. [PMID: 34035235 PMCID: PMC8149713 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dawei Shi
- Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Binyang Zheng
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Hou
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Deju Xia
- Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lunbiao Cui
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Sihong Xu
- Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Patel DD, Bussel JB. Neonatal Fc receptor in human immunity: Function and role in therapeutic intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 146:467-478. [PMID: 32896307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The humoral immune response provides specific, long-lived protection against invading pathogens, via immunoglobulin production and other memory functions. IgG, the most abundant immunoglobulin isotype, has the longest half-life and protects against bacterial and viral infections. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports IgG across barriers, for example, the placenta, enhancing fetal humoral immunity to levels similar to their mothers'. Importantly, FcRn, by protecting IgG from intracellular degradation, results in an approximately 21-day circulating IgG half-life and high plasma levels; similarly, FcRn recycles albumin and is the portal of entry for enteric cytopathic human orphan (echo) virus infection. Dysregulated immune responses may lead to antibodies against self-antigens (autoantibodies), resulting in organ-specific or systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoantibody-mediated diseases have been treated by nonspecific immunoglobulin-lowering/modulating therapies, including immunoadsorption, plasma exchange, and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. However, targeting FcRn with specific inhibitors results in reduction in only IgG levels. The effectiveness of FcRn inhibitors in autoimmune diseases, including myasthenia gravis and immune thrombocytopenia, provides further evidence that IgG is a primary driver in these autoantibody-mediated diseases. We describe the role of FcRn in human biology, including insights that clinical testing of FcRn inhibitors have provided into FcRn biology and autoimmune disease mechanisms, allowing fact-based speculation on their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhavalkumar D Patel
- UCB Pharma, Brussels, Belgium; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
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Shi R, Hou L, Wei L, Quan R, Zhou B, Jiang H, Wang J, Zhu S, Song J, Wang D, Liu J. Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Enters Into PK15 Cells Through Clathrin- and Dynamin-2-Mediated Endocytosis in a Rab5/Rab7 and pH-Dependent Fashion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636307. [PMID: 33679671 PMCID: PMC7928314 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) invades multiple tissues and organs of pigs of different ages and are widely spread throughout pig farms, emerging as an important viral pathogen that can potentially damage the pig industry worldwide. Since PCV3 is a newly discovered virus, many aspects of its life cycle remain unknown. Porcine kidney epithelial cells are important host targets for PCV3. Here, we used systematic approaches to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the cell entry and intracellular trafficking of PCV3 in PK15 cells, a cell line of porcine kidney epithelial origin. A large number of PCV3 viral particles were found to colocalize with clathrin but not caveolin-1 after entry, and PCV3 infection was significantly decreased when treated with chlorpromazine, dynasore, knockdown of clathrin heavy chain expression via RNA interference, or overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of EPS15 in PCV3-infected cells. After internalization, the viral particles were further observed to colocalize with Rab5 and Rab7, and knockdown of both expression by RNA interference significantly inhibited PCV3 replication. We also found that PCV3 infection was impeded by ammonium chloride treatment, which indicated the requirement of an acidic environment for viral entry. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PCV3 enters PK15 cells through a clathrin- and dynamin-2-mediated endocytic pathway, which requires early and late endosomal trafficking, as well as an acidic environment, providing an insightful theoretical basis for further understanding the PCV3 life cycle and its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijun Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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42
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Xu Y, He Y, Momben-Abolfath S, Eller N, Norton M, Zhang P, Scott D, Struble EB. Entry and Disposition of Zika Virus Immune Complexes in a Tissue Culture Model of the Maternal-Fetal Interface. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020145. [PMID: 33670199 PMCID: PMC7916977 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infections have been associated with an increased incidence of severe microcephaly and other neurodevelopmental disorders in newborn babies. Passive immunization with anti-ZIKV neutralizing antibodies has the potential to become a feasible treatment or prophylaxis option during pregnancy. Prior to clinical use, such antibodies should be assessed for their ability to block ZIKV passage to the fetus. We used human placental and mammalian cell monolayers that express FcRn and laboratory preparations of anti-ZIKV antibodies as a model system to investigate the disposition of ZIKV/antibody immune complexes (ICs) at the maternal-fetal interface. We further characterized solution properties of the ICs to evaluate whether these are related to in vitro effects. We found that both ZIKV and ZIKV envelope glycoprotein can enter and passage through epithelial cells, especially those that overexpress FcRn. In the presence of ZIKV antibodies, Zika virus entry was bimodal, with reduced entry at the lowest (0.3–3 ng/mL) and highest (µg/mL) antibody concentrations. Intermediate concentrations attenuated inhibition or enhanced viral entry. With respect to anti-ZIKV antibodies, we found that their degradation was accelerated when presented as ICs containing increased amounts of ZIKV immunogen. Of the two monoclonal antibodies tested, the preparation with higher aggregation also exhibited higher degradation. Our studies confirm that intact Zika virus and its envelope immunogen have the potential to enter and be transferred across placental and other epithelial cells that express FcRn. Presence of anti-ZIKV IgG antibodies can either block or enhance cellular entry, with the antibody concentration playing a complex role in this process. Physicochemical properties of IgG antibodies can influence their degradation in vitro.
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43
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Xu L, Zheng Q, Zhu R, Yin Z, Yu H, Lin Y, Wu Y, He M, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Sun H, Zha Z, Yang H, Huang Q, Zhang D, Chen Z, Ye X, Han J, Yang L, Liu C, Que Y, Fang M, Gu Y, Zhang J, Luo W, Zhou ZH, Li S, Cheng T, Xia N. Cryo-EM structures reveal the molecular basis of receptor-initiated coxsackievirus uncoating. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:448-462.e5. [PMID: 33539764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus uncoating receptors bind at the surface depression ("canyon") that encircles each capsid vertex causing the release of a host-derived lipid called "pocket factor" that is buried in a hydrophobic pocket formed by the major viral capsid protein, VP1. Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a universal uncoating receptor of group B coxsackieviruses (CVB). Here, we present five high-resolution cryoEM structures of CVB representing different stages of virus infection. Structural comparisons show that the CAR penetrates deeper into the canyon than other uncoating receptors, leading to a cascade of events: collapse of the VP1 hydrophobic pocket, high-efficiency release of the pocket factor and viral uncoating and genome release under neutral pH, as compared with low pH. Furthermore, we identified a potent therapeutic antibody that can neutralize viral infection by interfering with virion-CAR interactions, destabilizing the capsid and inducing virion disruption. Together, these results define the structural basis of CVB cell entry and antibody neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Maozhou He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yichao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhenghui Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qiongzi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhenqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiangzhong Ye
- Beijing Wantai Enterprise Community Partners, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jinle Han
- Beijing Wantai Enterprise Community Partners, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lisheng Yang
- Beijing Wantai Enterprise Community Partners, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuqiong Que
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mujin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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44
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Peters CE, Carette JE. Return of the Neurotropic Enteroviruses: Co-Opting Cellular Pathways for Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020166. [PMID: 33499355 PMCID: PMC7911124 DOI: 10.3390/v13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the most common human infectious agents. While infections are often mild, the severe neuropathogenesis associated with recent outbreaks of emerging non-polio enteroviruses, such as EV-A71 and EV-D68, highlights their continuing threat to public health. In recent years, our understanding of how non-polio enteroviruses co-opt cellular pathways has greatly increased, revealing intricate host-virus relationships. In this review, we focus on newly identified mechanisms by which enteroviruses hijack the cellular machinery to promote their replication and spread, and address their potential for the development of host-directed therapeutics. Specifically, we discuss newly identified cellular receptors and their contribution to neurotropism and spread, host factors required for viral entry and replication, and recent insights into lipid acquisition and replication organelle biogenesis. The comprehensive knowledge of common cellular pathways required by enteroviruses could expose vulnerabilities amenable for host-directed therapeutics against a broad spectrum of enteroviruses. Since this will likely include newly arising strains, it will better prepare us for future epidemics. Moreover, identifying host proteins specific to neurovirulent strains may allow us to better understand factors contributing to the neurotropism of these viruses.
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Tsang JOL, Zhou J, Zhao X, Li C, Zou Z, Yin F, Yuan S, Yeung ML, Chu H, Chan JFW. Development of Three-Dimensional Human Intestinal Organoids as a Physiologically Relevant Model for Characterizing the Viral Replication Kinetics and Antiviral Susceptibility of Enteroviruses. Biomedicines 2021; 9:88. [PMID: 33477611 PMCID: PMC7831294 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are important causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease, respiratory infections, and neurological infections in human. A major hurdle for the development of anti-enterovirus agents is the lack of physiologically relevant evaluation platforms that closely correlate with the in vivo state. We established the human small intestinal organoids as a novel platform for characterizing the viral replication kinetics and evaluating candidate antivirals for enteroviruses. The organoids supported productive replication of enterovirus (EV)-A71, coxsackievirus B2, and poliovirus type 3, as evidenced by increasing viral loads, infectious virus titers, and the presence of cytopathic effects. In contrast, EV-D68, which mainly causes respiratory tract infection in humans, did not replicate significantly in the organoids. The differential expression profiles of the receptors for these enteroviruses correlated with their replication kinetics. Using itraconazole as control, we showed that the results of various antiviral assays, including viral load reduction, plaque reduction, and cytopathic effect inhibition assays, were highly reproducible in the organoids. Moreover, itraconazole attenuated virus-induced inflammatory response in the organoids, which helped to explain its antiviral effects and mechanism. Collectively, these data showed that the human small intestinal organoids may serve as a robust platform for investigating the pathogenesis and evaluating antivirals for enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Oi-Ling Tsang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.O.-L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); (H.C.)
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.O.-L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); (H.C.)
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.O.-L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); (H.C.)
| | - Cun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.O.-L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); (H.C.)
| | - Zijiao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.O.-L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); (H.C.)
| | - Feifei Yin
- Hainan-Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.O.-L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); (H.C.)
| | - Man-Lung Yeung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.O.-L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); (H.C.)
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.O.-L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); (H.C.)
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.O.-L.T.); (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); (H.C.)
- Hainan-Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
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Wells AI, Grimes KA, Kim K, Branche E, Bakkenist CJ, DePas WH, Shresta S, Coyne CB. Human FcRn expression and Type I Interferon signaling control Echovirus 11 pathogenesis in mice. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009252. [PMID: 33513208 PMCID: PMC7875378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal echovirus infections are characterized by severe hepatitis and neurological complications that can be fatal. Here, we show that expression of the human homologue of the neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn), the primary receptor for echoviruses, and ablation of type I interferon (IFN) signaling are key host determinants involved in echovirus pathogenesis. We show that expression of hFcRn alone is insufficient to confer susceptibility to echovirus infections in mice. However, expression of hFcRn in mice deficient in type I interferon (IFN) signaling, hFcRn-IFNAR-/-, recapitulate the echovirus pathogenesis observed in humans. Luminex-based multianalyte profiling from E11 infected hFcRn-IFNAR-/- mice revealed a robust systemic immune response to infection, including the induction of type I IFNs. Furthermore, similar to the severe hepatitis observed in humans, E11 infection in hFcRn-IFNAR-/- mice caused profound liver damage. Our findings define the host factors involved in echovirus pathogenesis and establish in vivo models that recapitulate echovirus disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I. Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kalena A. Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Kord Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emilie Branche
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William H. DePas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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47
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Wang K, Zhu L, Sun Y, Li M, Zhao X, Cui L, Zhang L, Gao GF, Zhai W, Zhu F, Rao Z, Wang X. Structures of Echovirus 30 in complex with its receptors inform a rational prediction for enterovirus receptor usage. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4421. [PMID: 32887891 PMCID: PMC7474057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor usage that determines cell tropism and drives viral classification closely correlates with the virus structure. Enterovirus B (EV-B) consists of several subgroups according to receptor usage, among which echovirus 30 (E30), a leading causative agent for human aseptic meningitis, utilizes FcRn as an uncoating receptor. However, receptors for many EVs remain unknown. Here we analyzed the atomic structures of E30 mature virion, empty- and A-particles, which reveals serotype-specific epitopes and striking conformational differences between the subgroups within EV-Bs. Of these, the VP1 BC loop markedly distinguishes E30 from other EV-Bs, indicative of a role as a structural marker for EV-B. By obtaining cryo-electron microscopy structures of E30 in complex with its receptor FcRn and CD55 and comparing its homologs, we deciphered the underlying molecular basis for receptor recognition. Together with experimentally derived viral receptor identifications, we developed a structure-based in silico algorithm to inform a rational prediction for EV receptor usage. Echovirus 30 (E30) belongs to the Enterovirus-B group and causes aseptic meningitis in humans. Here, the authors present the cryo-EM structures of the E30 E-particle, A-particle and the mature virion, as well as structures of E30 in complex with its receptor FcRn and CD55, and furthermore they describe a structure-based algorithm that allows the prediction of EV receptor usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Minhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lunbiao Cui
- NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Li Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Zihe Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China.
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48
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Serotype specific epitopes identified by neutralizing antibodies underpin immunogenic differences in Enterovirus B. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4419. [PMID: 32887892 PMCID: PMC7474084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 30 (E30), a serotype of Enterovirus B (EV-B), recently emerged as a major causative agent of aseptic meningitis worldwide. E30 is particularly devastating in the neonatal population and currently no vaccine or antiviral therapy is available. Here we characterize two highly potent E30-specific monoclonal antibodies, 6C5 and 4B10, which efficiently block binding of the virus to its attachment receptor CD55 and uncoating receptor FcRn. Combinations of 6C5 and 4B10 augment the sum of their individual anti-viral activities. High-resolution structures of E30-6C5-Fab and E30-4B10-Fab define the location and nature of epitopes targeted by the antibodies. 6C5 and 4B10 engage the capsid loci at the north rim of the canyon and in-canyon, respectively. Notably, these regions exhibit antigenic variability across EV-Bs, highlighting challenges in development of broad-spectrum antibodies. Our structures of these neutralizing antibodies of E30 are instructive for development of vaccines and therapeutics against EV-B infections. So far no vaccine or antiviral therapy is available for Echovirus 30 (E30) that causes aseptic meningitis. Here, the authors generate and characterise two E30-specific monoclonal antibodies that block binding of the virus to its attachment receptor CD55 and uncoating receptor FcRn, and determine the cryo-EM structures of E30 with the bound neutralizing antibodies.
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49
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Molecular basis of Coxsackievirus A10 entry using the two-in-one attachment and uncoating receptor KRM1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18711-18718. [PMID: 32690697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005341117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KREMEN1 (KRM1) has been identified as a functional receptor for Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10), a causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which poses a great threat to infants globally. However, the underlying mechanisms for the viral entry process are not well understood. Here we determined the atomic structures of different forms of CV-A10 viral particles and its complex with KRM1 in both neutral and acidic conditions. These structures reveal that KRM1 selectively binds to the mature viral particle above the canyon of the viral protein 1 (VP1) subunit and contacts across two adjacent asymmetry units. The key residues for receptor binding are conserved among most KRM1-dependent enteroviruses, suggesting a uniform mechanism for receptor binding. Moreover, the binding of KRM1 induces the release of pocket factor, a process accelerated under acidic conditions. Further biochemical studies confirmed that receptor binding at acidic pH enabled CV-A10 virion uncoating in vitro. Taken together, these findings provide high-resolution snapshots of CV-A10 entry and identify KRM1 as a two-in-one receptor for enterovirus infection.
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50
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Vandesande H, Laajala M, Kantoluoto T, Ruokolainen V, Lindberg AM, Marjomäki V. Early Entry Events in Echovirus 30 Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:e00592-20. [PMID: 32295914 PMCID: PMC7307138 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 30 (E30), a member of the enterovirus B species, is a major cause of viral meningitis, targeting children and adults alike. While it is a frequently isolated enterovirus and the cause of several outbreaks all over the world, surprisingly little is known regarding its entry and replication strategy within cells. In this study, we used E30 strain Bastianni (E30B) generated from an infectious cDNA clone in order to study early entry events during infection in human RD cells. E30B required the newly discovered Fc echovirus receptor (FcRn) for successful infection, but not the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) or decay-accelerating factor (DAF), although an interaction with DAF was observed. Double-stranded RNA replication intermediate was generated between 2 and 3 h postinfection (p.i.), and viral capsid production was initiated between 4 and 5 h p.i. The drugs affecting Rac1 (NSC 23766) and cholesterol (filipin III) compromised infection, whereas bafilomycin A1, dyngo, U-73122, wortmannin, and nocodazole did not, suggesting the virus follows an enterovirus-triggered macropinocytic pathway rather than the clathrin pathway. Colocalization with early endosomes and increased infection due to constitutively active Rab5 expression suggests some overlap and entry to classical early endosomes. Taken together, these results suggest that E30B induces an enterovirus entry pathway, leading to uncoating in early endosomes.IMPORTANCE Echovirus 30 (E30) is a prevalent enterovirus causing regular outbreaks in both children and adults in different parts of the world. It is therefore surprising that relatively little is known of its infectious entry pathway. We set out to generate a cDNA clone and gradient purified the virus in order to study the early entry events in human cells. We have recently studied other enterovirus B group viruses, like echovirus 1 (EV1) and coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9), and found many similarities between those viruses, allowing us to define a so-called "enterovirus entry pathway." Here, E30 is reminiscent of these viruses, for example, by not relying on acidification for infectious entry. However, despite not using the clathrin entry pathway, E30 accumulates in classical early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Vandesande
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tino Kantoluoto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Visa Ruokolainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Michael Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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