Pancreatic cancer: Advances and challenges

miR-301a-mediated crosstalk between the Hedgehog and HIPPO/YAP signaling pathways promotes pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) poses a significant challenge in oncology due to its dismal prognosis and limited therapeutic options. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-301a in facilitating crosstalk between the Hedgehog (Hh) and HIPPO/YAP signaling pathways during the progression of PDAC. Our findings revealed that miR-301a served as a central regulatory node, targeting Gli1 within the Hh pathway and STK4 within the HIPPO/YAP pathway. Immunohistochemical and molecular analyses confirmed dysregulation of pathway components in pancreatic cancer, underscoring the pivotal role of miR-301a. Functional assays demonstrated the impact of miR-301a on cell proliferation and apoptosis, particularly in synergy with TNF-α. Overall, our study elucidated the intricate interplay between the Hh and HIPPO/YAP pathways mediated by miR-301a, providing valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies for intervening in PDAC.

Oncogenic small extracellular vesicles enriched in sphingosine-1-phosphate play a crucial role in pancreatic cancer progression

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from tumour cells mediate intercellular communication and signalling to regulate the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). While we and others have shown that PDAC-derived sEVs comprise oncogenic protein and nucleic acid cargo, understanding the lipid landscape of these sEVs remains unknown. Lipids influence both the composition of sEVs and their roles in lipid metabolism and signalling pathways within the tumour microenvironment and tumorigenesis. We hypothesised that specific lipids in oncogenic sEVs might provide insights into PDAC. Comprehensive mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry on sEVs isolated from PDAC and non-malignant pancreatic cell lines, patient-derived xenograft cell lines and plasma from the PDAC transgenic mouse model KPC (KRASWT/G12D/ TP53WT/R172H/Pdx1-Cre+/+). The sEV lipidomic analyses identified over 700 lipid species from 25 lipid classes and subclasses. Our results showed that, compared to non-malignant cells, PDAC-derived sEVs were enriched in specific lysophospholipids, particularly sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a lipid known for its pivotal role in cancer pathogenesis. S1P enrichment was validated in plasma-derived sEVs from KPC mice compared to WT. To explore the functional implications of S1P enrichment, we conducted assays demonstrating that S1P in sEVs facilitated tubule formation in human microvascular endothelial cells and promoted cancer-associated fibroblast cell migration. We show that PDAC-derived sEVs are differentially enriched in specific lipids associated with cancer phenotype. Our findings highlight that PDAC-derived sEVs are enriched in specific lipids, particularly S1P, which plays a crucial role in promoting cancer progression.

METTL3/IGF2BP3 mediates ORC6 via N6-methyladenosine modification to promote the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is recognized globally as one of the most lethal tumours, and effective biomarkers to diagnose PDAC early are needed. ORC6, a subunit of the origin recognition complex (ORC), initiates DNA replication and ensures genomic stability. Previous studies have indicated that ORC6 is procarcinogenic in various cancers, yet its role in PDAC remains uninvestigated.

METHODS

We evaluated the relationships between ORC6 expression and the clinical features of patients with PDAC with the TCGA, GTEx, and GEO databases. The role of ORC6 in PDAC cells was explored by RNA interference in vitro and in vivo. Next, we verified the effect of the METTL3/IGF2BP3/ORC6 axis on PDAC progression by western blotting, RT-qPCR, RNA immunoprecipitation, and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation. Finally, transcriptome analysis was performed to explore the influence of ORC6 on p53 in PDAC cells.

RESULTS

Elevated ORC6 levels were observed in PDAC cells, which correlated with poorer clinical outcomes. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that ORC6 knockdown suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Additionally, we demonstrated that METTL3/IGF2BP3 interacted with ORC6 mRNA via N6-methyladenosine modification to improve ORC6 mRNA stability. Transcriptomic analysis and experiments indicated that ORC6 promoted PDAC progression by inhibiting serine-15 phosphorylation in p53.

CONCLUSION

Our findings validate the role of ORC6 in PDAC and support the hypothesis that the METTL3/IGF2BP3/ORC6/p53 axis may be a novel therapeutic target for PDAC, and inhibiting this axis may be an advantageous therapeutic strategy for curing PDAC.

Quercetin liposomes conjugated with hyaluronidase: An efficient drug delivery system to block pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer characterized with intense hydraulic tissue in tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) resists most of chemotherapeutic drugs. Increased levels of hyaluronic acid (HA) represent the primary component of the hydraulic tissue, rendering tumors protective from drug targeting. Quercetin (Que), a natural flavonoid, has the ability to inhibit tumor cell growth in a number of cancers; however, its poor water solubility and low bioavailability largely limit its application in cancer therapy. Hence, we developed an efficient drug delivery system by encapsulation of Que. into liposomes and conjugation with hyaluronidase (HAase) at liposome surface, termed as HQL. In the presence of HAase, HQL were predominantly accumulated at tumor with enhanced permeability and retention effect. Treatment of xenografted tumor mice with HQL gave rise to suppressed tumor growth, while no toxic effects were observed in mice. HQL demonstrated the strong ability to inhibit cell proliferation, promote cell apoptosis, and induce arrest at G2/M cell cycle in pancreatic cancer lines, three-dimensional cultured cell spheroids and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)-derived organoids. Mechanistically, HQL downregulated expression of cell cycle-associated protein (CCNB1, CDK1 and PLK1) and cell apoptosis-associated factors PI3K/AKT and Bcl-2. In summary, HQL degraded HA in the tumor microenvironment to enhance nano-particle penetration and inhibited tumor cell growth, eliciting efficacy of anti-tumor therapy. Thereof, HQL may provide a novel efficient drug delivery approach for the adjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Phase 1/2 study of liposomal irinotecan plus S-1 for metastatic pancreatic cancer refractory to gemcitabine-based treatment

BACKGROUND

Liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) plus fluorouracil/folinic acid (5-FU/LV) improves survival in gemcitabine-refractory metastatic pancreatic cancer (PC) but requires a central venous port. S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine with proven efficacy in PC, may replace 5-FU/LV in nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV, potentially enhancing both convenience and antitumor effect.

METHODS

This single-arm, open-label, phase 1/2 study included patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed adenocarcinoma, aged 20-80 years, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1, with metastatic disease, and refractory to gemcitabine-based treatment. The primary endpoint in phase 1 part was the frequency of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) to nal-IRI plus S-1. The primary endpoint in phase 2 part was overall survival. This trial was registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials database (jRCTs031210040).

RESULTS

In phase 1 part, one patient with DLT was observed at nal-IRI 70 mg/m2 (day 1) with S-1 80 mg/m2/day (day 1-7) in a 2-week cycle, establishing this as the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). Forty-nine patients from phase 1 (n = 6) and phase 2 part (n = 43) were treated with the RP2D, and their results were pooled. Median overall survival was 10.3 months (95 % confidence interval, 8.1-12.0 months). A confirmed partial response was achieved in 10 patients (20.4 %). The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events were hypoalbuminemia (98.0 %), anemia (98.0 %), and anorexia (81.6 %). There were no treatment-related deaths.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that nal-IRI plus S-1 exhibited promising efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in patients with metastatic PC refractory to gemcitabine-based treatment.

Exploring the clinical significance of TPX2 in pancreatic cancer: from biomarker to immunotherapy

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by a dismal prognosis. The present study is designed to elucidate the pivotal role of Xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2) as a biomarker with substantial clinical prognostic significance in PC. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of RNA sequencing data and protein expression profiles obtained from multiple databases, we observed a pronounced upregulation of TPX2 expression in PC tissues compared to normal pancreatic tissues. Importantly, TPX2 emerged as an independent prognostic factor, demonstrating remarkable diagnostic accuracy. Notably, its expression levels were found to be significantly associated with the PC immune microenvironment and sensitivity to various therapeutic modalities. Functional assays revealed that the silencing of TPX2 markedly inhibited PC cell proliferation, metastasis, and the growth of subcutaneous tumors in PC mouse models. These effects were potentially mediated by the activation of CD8+ T cell immune responses and the inhibition of cell cycle progression and adhesion mechanisms. Taken together, our findings indicate that TPX2 may serve as a critical biomarker for the diagnosis and clinical management of patients with PC.

Emerging roles of EGFL family members in neoplastic diseases: Molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies

Epidermal growth factor-like proteins (EGFLs) contain more than a single EGF/EGF-like domain within their protein structure. To date, ten EGFL family members (EGFL1-10) have been characterized across diverse tissues and developmental stages under different conditions. In this review, we conclude that EGFLs are instrumental in regulating biological activities and pathological processes. Under physiological conditions, EGFLs participate in angiogenesis, neurogenesis, osteogenesis, and other processes. Under pathological conditions, EGFLs are linked with different diseases, particularly cancers. Furthermore, we highlight recent advancements in the study of EGFLs in biological conditions and cancers. In addition, the regulatory role and key underlying mechanism of EGFLs in mediating tumorigenesis are discussed. This paper also examines potential antagonists that target EGFL family members in cancer therapeutics. In summary, this comprehensive review elucidates the critical role of EGFLs in neoplastic diseases and highlights their potential as therapeutic targets.

The function of microRNA related to cancer-associated fibroblasts in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignant tumor characterized by a poor prognosis. A prominent feature of PDAC is the rich and dense stroma present in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which significantly hinders drug penetration. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), activated fibroblasts originating from various cell sources, including pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), play a critical role in PDAC progression and TME formation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules that are frequently involved in tumorigenesis and progression, exhibiting either oncolytic or oncogenic activity. Increasing evidence suggests that aberrant expression of miRNAs can mediate interactions between cancer cells and CAFs, thereby providing novel therapeutic targets for PDAC treatment. In this review, we will focus on the potential roles of miRNAs that target CAFs or CAFs-derived exosomes in PDAC progression, highlighting the feasibility of therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring aberrantly expressed miRNAs associated with CAFs, offering new pathways for the clinical management of PDAC.

A triple-mode strategy on JQ1-loaded nanoplatform for superior antitumor therapy in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer's dire prognosis urgently calls for innovative therapeutic strategies. JQ1, a bromodomain 4 inhibitor, exhibits potent anti-tumor activity in preclinical models but faces limitations due to rapid resistance development. Here, we developed a novel multifunctional nanoplatform, JQ1@MSN/FeTA-iRGD, which implemented a triple-mode strategy integrating apoptosis, ferroptosis, and immunogenic cell death for optimized treatment of pancreatic cancer. The particles could precisely target tumors in mice and achieve efficient release of JQ1 and Fe2+ through internalization in the acidic tumor environment. The nanoplatform amplified reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial damage to disrupt the redox homeostasis, thus synergistically escalating apoptosis and ferroptosis for the destruction of tumor cells, circumventing the rapid drug resistance associated with monotherapy. Meanwhile, dying cancer cells released damage-associated molecular patterns, which facilitated immunogenic cell death and triggered antitumor immune responses, guaranteeing the sustained efficacy of the treatment. Moreover, the system exhibited favorable biocompatibility, supporting its feasibility for clinical translation. Our results demonstrated that this novel strategy, combining apoptosis, ferroptosis, and immunogenic cell death, overcame the limitations of monotherapy with JQ1, providing a superior, targeted, and sustainable treatment option for pancreatic cancer.

HIF-3α Facilitates the Proliferation and Migration in Pancreatic Cancer by Inhibiting Autophagy Through Downregulating TP53INP2

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignant tumor, often diagnosed late, leading to a poor prognosis and extremely high mortality rates. In recent years, the role of cellular autophagy in tumors has become increasingly prominent, gradually becoming an important target for malignant tumors. HIF-3α is a member of HIF family with potential oncogenic function. However, the role of HIF-3α in pancreatic cancer is not clear. The present study revealed its role in pancreatic cancer by exploring the regulatory mechanism of HIF-3α on autophagy. HIF-3α was found markedly upregulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines. In HIF-3α silenced MiaPaCa-2 cells, largely declined migration distance, reduced number of invaded cells and colonies, increased number of autophagosome, downregulated p62, and upregulated Beclin1, LC3II/I, and ATG7 were observed, accompanied by elevated TP53INP2 expressions. on the contrary, in HIF-3α overexpressed PANC-1 cells, notably increased migration distance, and elevated number of invaded cells and colonies were observed, along with decreased autophagosome, upregulated p62, and downregulated Beclin1, LC3II/I, ATG7, and TP53INP2. Subsequently, HIF-3α overexpressed PANC-1 cells were transfected with TP53INP2 overexpressing vector. The influence of HIF-3α overexpression on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and autophagy was abolished by TP53INP2 overexpressing. Furthermore, HIF-3α overexpression facilitated the in vivo growth of PANC-1 cells, accompanied by the autophagy inhibition in tumor tissues, which were remarkably abolished by TP53INP2 overexpressing. Collectively, HIF-3α facilitated the proliferation and migration in pancreatic cancer by inhibiting autophagy through downregulating TP53INP2.

Lipids, lipid-lowering drug target genes and pancreatic cancer: a Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumor with a low survival rate. Lipid modifiers show potential for PC therapy, but evidence is lacking.

AIM

This Mendelian randomization (MR) study aimed to explore the relationship between lipid traits, and lipid-lowering drug target genes with PC risk.

METHOD

Genetic instrumental variables associated with lipid traits and lipid-lowering drug target genes were used to perform MR analyses of PC risk. MR estimation was based on genome-wide association study data from two large sample sets, and the MR results were meta-analyzed to assess their impact on PC risk. To ensure the reliability of lipid-modifying drug targets, we conducted a Summary Data-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) analysis. Additionally, a two-step MR analysis was employed to explore potential mediating effects.

RESULTS

In two independent datasets, HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibition was statistically associated with a lower risk of PC (OR 0.50, [95% CI 0.25-1.00]; p = 0.0453). The results were further supported by SMR analysis, which showed a similar association (OR 0.51, [95% CI 0.28-0.96]; p = 0.0369). Mediation analysis revealed that 11.69% of the protective effect of HMGCR inhibitors on PC is mediated through lower BMI levels. No significant effect of lipid traits and the other eight lipid-lowering drug targets on PC risk was found.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that HMGCR may be a potential drug target for the treatment or prevention of PC, providing important insights into the use of lipid-targeted drugs in PC therapy.

Tumor-educated platelet, a potential liquid biopsy biosource in pancreatic cancer: A review

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a frequent and aggressive digestive system cancer with a very poor prognosis. The best chance for recovery lies in early surgical removal of the tumor. Unfortunately, because PC often develops without noticeable symptoms, diagnosis is frequently delayed. Limited treatment options, the metastasis potential of pancreatic cancer cells, and its generally poor prognosis mean that patients are often diagnosed late, significantly reducing the effectiveness of treatment. Consequently, there's a critical need for new biomarkers and technologies to improve early detection through screening. Recently, the liquid biopsy has developed as a powerful means for detecting and monitoring cancer at the molecular level. Its advantages include the ease and non-invasive nature of sample collection and its ability to reflect the dynamic changes within a tumor. Platelets, the second most numerous type of blood cell, offer a particularly promising source for liquid biopsy. It is known that cancer affects various aspects of platelets, including their number, size, activation state, and the proteins and RNA they contain. However, the full implications of these changes for cancer detection have not yet been fully integrated into routine clinical practice. Platelets have a unique ability to captivate nucleic acids and proteins from their surroundings, and they alter their transcriptome in response to external signals. This leads to the development of tumor-educated platelets (TEPs). Liquid biopsies that utilize TEP biomarkers hold considerable potential for screening, early detection, prognosis, guiding personalized treatment strategies, ongoing monitoring of the disease, and predicting recurrence. Encouraging results from preclinical studies have highlighted the potential of platelets as a novel liquid biopsy source for a wide range of cancers. This review will explore the potential of using platelets as a liquid biopsy method, specifically for pancreatic cancer.

Non-hypervascular pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms differentiation from CA19-9 negative pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas based on contrast CT: A large sample series

PROPOSE

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in distinguishing non-hypervascular pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs) from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) with a normal serum level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 134 patients with pathologically confirmed non-hypervascular PNENs and 128 patients with CA19-9-negative PDACs, all of whom underwent contrast-enhanced CT prior to surgery between January 2015 and March 2024. Following independent evaluation by two radiologists, qualitative features from both groups were extracted in the arterial and portal venous phase and subsequently compared using univariate and multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

Patients with CA19-9 negative PDACs were significantly older than those with non-hypervascular PNENs (p < 0.001), and the majority of PDACs were located in the head of the pancreas (p < 0.01).Univariate analysis showed that non-hypervascular PNENs exhibited a higher frequency of well-defined tumor margins (p < 0.001) and calcification (p = 0.032) and a lower frequency of local invasion (p < 0.001), peripancreatic vascular invasion (p = 0.001), intra- or extrahepatic bile duct dilatation (p < 0.001), distal main pancreatic duct dilatation (p < 0.001), regional lymphadenopathy (p < 0.001) and tumor homogeneity (p < 0.001) when compared to CA19-9 negative PDACs. Multivariate analysis identified the absence of local invasion (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.233; 95 % Confidence Internals (95 % CI):0.114-0.476; p < 0.001), absence of peripancreatic vascular invasion (OR = 0.434; 95 % CI:0.217-0.870; p = 0.019), a normal distal main pancreatic duct diameter (OR = 0.398; 95 % CI:0.202-0.785; p = 0.008), absence of regional lymphadenopathy (OR = 0.455; 95 % CI:0.238-0.870; p = 0.017) and tumor heterogeneity (OR = 0.240; 95 % CI:0.126-0.456; p < 0.001) as significant predictors of non-hypervascular PNENs. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the radiological feature model was 0.829 based on logistic regression.

CONCLUSIONS

Qualitative features in contrast-enhanced CT images could be beneficial in differentially diagnosing non-hypervascular PNENs and CA19-9 negative PDACs.

DNMT1-Induced Downregulation of CBX7 Inhibits ERK Phosphorylation and Promotes Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Progression

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive cancer types, characterized by an alarmingly low 5-year survival rate. DNA methylation has been implicated in the progression of various tumors, with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) being the most extensively studied enzyme in this context. However, the expression patterns and underlying mechanisms of DNMT1 in PDAC remain poorly understood. The levels of DNMT1 and CBX7 in PDAC tissues and cells were determined by IHC and Western blot. ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed the interaction between DNMT1 and the CBX7 promoter. Cellular functions were evaluated through CCK-8, wound healing, and transwell assays. The expression of MAPK-related proteins was analyzed by Western blot. DNMT1 expression was upregulated in PDAC tissues and cell lines, whereas CBX7 expression was downregulated. Silencing DNMT1 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in PDAC by modulating CBX7 expression. Moreover, DNMT1 methylates the CBX7 promoter region, leading to increased ERK phosphorylation, which subsequently drives tumorigenesis and metastasis in PDAC. DNMT1 promotes the malignant progression of PDAC through the CBX7/ERK pathway. Our study provides evidence for potential therapeutic targets for the comprehensive treatment of PDAC.

MMA-induced LOXL2+ PSCs promote linear ECM alignment in the aging pancreas leading to pancreatic cancer progression

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an age-associated malignancy closely linked to the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the impact of age-related ECM changes in the normal pancreas on PDAC progression remains unclear. Here, we find that increased linear ECM alignment in normal pancreatic tissues from aged PDAC patients is associated with PDAC progression and worse outcomes. Furthermore, serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels are elevated in aged PDAC patients and associated with increased linear ECM alignment in normal pancreatic tissues of PDAC patients. Functionally, MMA promotes LOXL2 expression in pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), increases linear ECM alignment in normal pancreatic tissues, and facilitates tumor progression. Mechanistically, MMA upregulates KLF10, which forms a transcriptional complex with SP1 to enhance LOXL2 expression in PSCs. Our study demonstrates the role of MMA-induced LOXL2+PSCs in ECM remodeling, thus serving as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate PDAC progression in aged patients. Schematic diagram showing the molecular mechanism by which MMA-induced LOXL+PSCs promote PDAC progression in the aging pancreas. In aged individuals, elevated levels of MMA in the blood induce the activation of the KLF10/SP1‒LOXL2 axis in PSCs to increase linear ECM alignment. Following the initiation of pancreatic cancer, this increased linear ECM alignment leads to increased tumor invasion into surrounding tissues, resulting in a greater proportion of stage T3/T4 tumors and a greater incidence of LVI and PNI in aged patients, ultimately leading to poorer outcomes (This schematic was created with www.figdraw.com ,export id: PRPRS4e268).

Vessel-Like Microtunnels with Biomimetic Octopus Tentacles for Seizing and Detecting Exosomes to Diagnose Pancreatic Cancer

Microchip-based exosome analysis has emerged as a promising approach for liquid biopsy in cancer diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognostic evaluation. However, current microchips for exosome analysis typically rely on planar, 2D channel structures with affinity properties, which require complex fabrication but deliver suboptimal separation and detection performance. This study presents a novel vessel-like microtunnel chip, integrated with biomimetic octopus tentacles, achieving an exosome isolation efficiency of 90.4%. The innovative design incorporates interwoven, 3D micropathways, enhancing fluid dynamics and promoting efficient mixing between exosomes and microchannels. Nanofiber-coated silicon microspheres, functionalized with synthetic peptides, mimic octopus tentacles to anchor the microtunnels, dynamically extending under fluid shear forces to specifically recognize lipid bilayer structures for exosome capture. This platform incorporates enzyme-catalyzed signal amplification using Au nanoprobes for colorimetric detection to sensitively analyze four protein markers on plasma-derived exosomes from 60 clinical samples. Machine learning is used to develop a diagnostic model, achieving an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9888 in distinguishing pancreatic cancer from pancreatitis and healthy controls. This approach provides a rapid, sensitive, accurate, and user-friendly method for pancreatic cancer diagnosis, addressing the clinical challenges of early detection and the frequent misdiagnosis of pancreatic cancer as pancreatitis.

Phosphatidylcholine Chain-Length of Bioinspired Lipoprotein Modulates Interactions with Collagen for Intratumor Delivery in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer, one of the most lethal malignant tumors, is greatly challenged by poor drug delivery efficiency because of the dense and intricate desmoplastic stroma. Given the abnormal expression of scavenger receptor B type 1 (SR-B1) and the dense collagen I (COL1)-enriched extracellular matrix (ECM) barrier in pancreatic tumors, we developed four BLPs with regular chain-length of phosphatidylcholine (PC) (BLP-M, BLP-S, BLP-P, and BLP-H) to enhance their intratumoral delivery for chemotherapy. With the increase of PC chain-length in BLPs, these BLPs exhibited regular tendency of increased affinity to COL1, reduced diffusion capacity in COL1 hydrogel, lessened tumor accumulation and intratumor distribution, and declined efficacy of prolonging survival in the orthotopic pancreatic cancer model. Particularly, the DMPC-based BLP-M system showed the lowest affinity to COL1 and the highest diffusion capacity in the COL1-based ECM barrier, thereby causing the best efficacy of specific tumor accumulation, intratumor delivery, and survival prolongation in an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model. Thereby, this study provided substantial insights into the targeting and intratumor delivery in pancreatic cancer, and DMPC-based BLPs represented an encouraging delivery platform for effective cancer chemotherapy.

Spatially Controlled Co-Delivery of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents Using DNA Nanoframeworks for Pancreatic Cancer Precision Therapy

Theranostic platforms that integrate diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities offer promising strategies for precision medicine, particularly in the treatment of major diseases. However, the development of platforms capable of achieving spatially controlled detection and therapy at the lesion site remains a significant challenge. Herein, we present a dual-stimuli-responsive DNA nanoframework that achieve spatially controlled codelivery of molecular beacon (MB) and Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP), enabling simultaneous specific optical detection and efficient gene therapy for pancreatic cancer. The DNA nanoframeworks are synthesized via precipitation polymerization, utilizing acrylamide-modified DNA to initiate a hybridization chain reaction that facilitates the effective loading of MB-extended and sgRNA-conjugated DNA hairpins. The Cas9 protein is efficiently loaded into the nanoframeworks through phase transition-induced polymer chain rearrangement, overcoming steric hindrance. Upon aptamer-mediated internalization into PANC-1 cells, the overexpressed apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and ribonuclease H in cancer cells induce site-specific cleave of MB and DNA-RNA hybrid duplex, respectively. This cleavage restores fluorescence for specific optical detection, whereas the released Cas9 RNP performs gene editing for efficient therapy. Low fluorescence background and favorable biocompatibility are observed in normal cells. In a pancreatic cancer mouse model, the platform demonstrates significant detection-guided antitumor efficacy, highlighting its potential for precision medicine in cancer therapy.

Enhanced anti-cancer effect of AMTB hydrochloride via chitosan nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy with poor prognosis and high mortality. This study investigated the use of chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) to encapsulate AMTB, a TRPM8 inhibitor, as a novel strategy to enhance therapeutic efficacy in pancreatic cancer. TRPM8 was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and associated with poor patient prognosis. AMTB inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by suppressing the EMT process and MMP2/9 expression. CS-NPs@AMTB were successfully synthesized, exhibiting excellent drug release profiles and stronger anti-tumor effects than free AMTB. Both AMTB and CS-NPs@AMTB demonstrated favorable biological safety. This is the first study to apply chitosan nanoparticles for AMTB delivery in pancreatic cancer, significantly enhancing its anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects (ahout 70% reduction in tumor size). These findings suggest that CS-NPs@AMTB might overcome current therapeutic limitations by improving drug efficacy and targeting metastasis in pancreatic cancer. With further validation through preclinical and clinical studies, this nanoparticle-based delivery strategy holds promise for integration into future therapeutic regimens and personalized treatment approaches.

Mesoporous Magnetic Graphene for Serum Metabolic Profiling in Non-Invasive Early Detection and Diagnosis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive and lethal cancer, typically diagnosed at advanced stages due to its asymptomatic onset and challenges in early detection. To address the critical need for the early diagnosis of PDAC, we developed a laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) platform based on mesoporous silica-modified magnetic graphene (MG@mSiO2). MG@mSiO2 exhibited exceptional ultraviolet (UV) absorption, efficient ionization, and minimal background interference, enabling high-resolution profiling of serum metabolic fingerprints (SMFs). Based on the extracted SMFs, we constructed a Random Forest (RF) model to classify PDAC patients, high-risk (HR) individuals, and healthy controls (HC), achieving an accuracy of 97.5% in the independent test set. Additionally, a six-metabolite biomarker panel was identified, showing strong diagnostic potential with sensitivity and accuracy exceeding 89.1% for distinguishing HC from PDAC. When coupled with the serological marker carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), the integrated strategy delivered significantly improved diagnostic performance, achieving high accuracy ranging from 95.3% to 100% in distinguishing HR and PDAC patients from HC. Furthermore, metabolic pathway analysis revealed key pathways associated with PDAC progression, providing mechanistic insights into the disease. This work provides a powerful diagnostic tool for PDAC screening, establishing a foundation for early detection and precision medicine in clinical practice.

The feasibility and potential benefits of administering adjuvant chemotherapy in resected pancreatic cancer patients unable to promptly remove intraperitoneal drainage post-surgery: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

Pancreatectomy remains associated with a high incidence of complications. In certain cases, patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) face challenges in removing intraperitoneal drainage after surgery, leading to potential delays in the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) and potentially impacting survival outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and potential benefits of AC in PDAC patients who are unable to remove intraperitoneal drainage over 30 days.

METHODS

Between January 2021 and December 2022, a total of 220 patients with resected PDAC received AC at our center. Among them, 84 patients experienced persistent intraperitoneal drainage lasting more than 30 days postoperatively. Of these, 38 patients (45.2%) initiated AC despite the ongoing presence of drainage and were classified as the AC(d+) group, while the remaining 46 patients (54.8%) began AC only after successful drainage removal, and were categorized as the AC(d-) group. The other 136 patients, who underwent prompt removal of intraperitoneal drainage, were assigned to the AC(pr) group. Baseline information, surgery-related outcomes, and chemotherapy-related adverse events were collected and compared between the two groups, and factors that affected recurrence-free survival (RFS) were also analysed.

RESULTS

Of the 220 patients included in the study, 107 (48.7%) experienced grade 3-4 chemotherapy-related adverse events. The interval from surgery to the initiation of AC was similar between the AC(d+) and AC(pr) groups (50 vs. 57 days, P = 0.108). However, it was significantly shorter in the AC(d+) group compared to the AC(d-) group (50 vs. 61 days, P = 0.015). Notably, no additional chemotherapy-related adverse events were observed in the AC(d+) group compared to either the AC(d-) or AC(pr) groups. The estimated 1-year and 2-year survival rates were 85.6% and 60.5%, respectively, for the AC(d-) group, and 95.8% and 61.0% for the AC(d+) group. In the AC(pr) group, the corresponding survival rates were 89.1% and 64.0%. Cox multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that tumour grade differentiation, completed six cycles of therapy, the interval from surgery to the initiation of AC and resection margins were independent factors affecting RFS.

CONCLUSION

Administering AC was safe for patients who underwent resection for PDAC and encountered challenges in the prompt removal of intraperitoneal drainage beyond 30 days post-surgery. The proactive management of preventing delays in chemotherapy administration could reduce the early recurrence risk in this particular patient cohort.

FAPI PET Versus FDG PET/CT in Gastrointestinal Cancers: An Overview

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a type II transmembrane serine protease that is highly expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) but absent in quiescent fibroblasts. Its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in various cancers and contributes to treatment resistance. In recent years, radiolabeled FAP inhibitors (FAPI) for PET imaging have shown promising clinical value across a range of cancers. Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies, which often exhibit a desmoplastic reaction with a high density of FAP-expressing CAFs, are particularly well-suited for FAPI PET. Given the limitations of [18F]FDG PET in GI cancers, such as low sensitivity in certain histological subtypes and high physiological background uptake, FAPI PET is expected to serve as a complementary method, potentially enhancing both diagnostic accuracy and treatment guidance. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of the clinical applications of FAPI PET and [18F]FDG PET in various GI cancers, including their value in diagnosis, staging, and treatment guidance. Additionally, this review summarizes studies on the expanding role of FAPI PET, including its use in assessing treatment response and predicting prognosis, aiming to provide insights into its potential contribution to the improved management of GI malignancies.

Hybrid Nanocarrier Delivers Immuno-Photothermal Therapy to Modulate Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest cancers due to its complex tumor microenvironment and limited treatment options. The present study explores a therapeutic strategy that combines immuno- and photothermal therapies (PTT) using hybrid polymer-metal nanoparticles (NPs) to modulate the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, leading to sustained therapeutic efficacy. Core-satellite particles constituted of gold nanorods grafted at the surface of polylactic polyethylene block copolymer particles were designed to encapsulate a potent PI3K-γ inhibitor. The release of the drug from the particles was controlled by near-infrared laser irradiation power and time, offering versatility in controlling dosage profile noninvasively over 96 h. In vitro, 2D cultures of pancreatic cancer cells (KPC) exhibited significantly higher uptake of the hybrid nanoparticles compared to proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. Consequently, KPC cells were more sensitive to PTT and could be eradicated while maintaining macrophages' viability. Through the photostimulated release of the PI3K-γ inhibitor, the particles effectively repolarized M2 macrophages to the M1 phenotype, enhancing cancer cell eradication. These positive outcomes were further confirmed on 3D cocultures of KPC and macrophage spheroids. Additionally, we showed that macrophages exposed to the nanoparticles exhibited sustained antitumor activity when repeatedly put in contact with cancer cells, confirming the long-term efficacy of the treatment. This study highlights the potential of the present polymer-metal hybrid nanoparticles as a versatile platform for combined immuno- and photothermal therapy in PDAC.

Multivalent Aptamer Assembly Enhances Tumor-Specific Degradation of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta to Remodel the Stromal and Immunosuppressive Cancer Microenvironment

Extracellular proteins like transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) are crucial enforcers in the development of cancer stroma and the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Lysosome-targeting chimera-mediated protein degradation appeared as a promising tool for extracellular signal interference but was limited by several lysosome-trafficking receptors and inadequate in vivo degradation efficiency. Here, we designed a multivalent aptamer assembly with a universal pattern to drag extracellular proteins (e.g., TGFβ1) for lysosome degradation with high tumor specificity. By accelerating cell recognition-internalization and lysosomal delivery, the assembly promoted TGFβ blockade and degradation in pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). In vivo, the assembly exhibited highly tumor-specific accumulation and prolonged retention, which resulted in efficient TGFβ inhibition, stromal remodeling, and reversed polarization of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment, as well as synergic therapeutic effects when combined with gemcitabine or ovalbumin. Therefore, this study provides a feasible strategy to construct a multivalent aptamer assembly for tumor-specific extracellular protein degradation, after remodeling the tumor stromal and immunosuppressive microenvironment in a manner that enhances the effects of cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

Pancreatic cancer mortality in China from 2004 to 2021: an in-depth analysis of age, gender, and regional disparities

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze the trends and epidemiological characteristics of pancreatic cancer (PC) mortality in China from 2004 to 2021, focusing on gender, age, and regional disparities. The goal was to provide a comprehensive understanding of PC mortality and identify key risk factors to support future prevention and control strategies.

METHODS

Using data from the national Disease Surveillance Point (DSP) system, which covers a large and representative sample of the Chinese population, the study examined pancreatic cancer mortality trends across different age groups, sexes, and regions. Statistical analyses, including the independent-sample t-test and age-period-cohort (APC) model, were employed to assess mortality differences and annual percentage changes from 2004 to 2021.

RESULTS

The study recorded a significant increase in pancreatic cancer mortality, particularly among males and older adults. Mortality was consistently higher in urban areas, but the growth rate in rural areas surpassed that of urban areas. Regional disparities were also observed, with the eastern region showing the highest mortality rates but slower increases compared to the central and western regions. Key risk factors, including aging, diabetes, smoking, and chronic pancreatitis, were identified, with gender-specific differences linked to lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

CONCLUSION

Pancreatic cancer mortality in China has shown significant increases over the past 18 years, especially among males, older adults, and rural populations. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted public health interventions to address gender- and age-specific risks, as well as healthcare access inequalities in less developed regions. Future research should focus on gathering more granular, individual-level data to better understand the complex interplay of risk factors and inform more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Novel Pt@PCN-Cu-induced cuproptosis amplifies αPD-L1 immunotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through mitochondrial HK2-mediated PD-L1 upregulation

BACKGROUND

Copper accumulation triggers mitochondrial-driven cell death, known as cuproptosis, offering a promising mechanism for targeted cancer therapy. Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of intratumoral copper levels in regulating the expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), suggesting that copper-induced cuproptosis not only enhances cancer cell death but may also amplify the effects of anti-PD-L1 antibodies (αPD-L1). However, in tumors where monotherapy with αPD-L1 shows limited efficacy, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the role of copper-induced cuproptosis in enhancing αPD-L1 treatment efficacy and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Meanwhile, inadequate tumor drug accumulation and glycolysis significantly restrict the efficacy of cuproptosis. To address these challenges, we have synthesized a novel nanozyme, Pt@PCN-Cu, designed to stabilize intracellular copper accumulation and effectively induce cuproptosis. Additionally, we aim to determine whether this strong induction of cuproptosis can synergize with αPD-L1 to enhance cancer therapy, ultimately paving the way for novel strategies to improve PDAC treatment.

METHODS

Pt@PCN-Cu was synthesized via a one-pot method, and its therapeutic potential was assessed in combination with αPD-L1 for the treatment of PDAC. Initially, the material's properties were characterized, and its efficient cellular uptake was confirmed. Anti-tumor efficacy was evaluated by inducing cuproptosis in PDAC cell lines and xenograft models. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was utilized to identify key regulators involved in the modulation of PD-L1 expression by cuproptosis. Lastly, the therapeutic efficacy of Pt@PCN-Cu combined with αPD-L1 was evaluated in vivo, focusing on tumor growth inhibition and immune modulation within the tumor microenvironment (TME).

RESULTS

Pt@PCN-Cu demonstrates excellent physicochemical properties and remarkable cascade catalytic activity, providing a solid foundation for further in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro, Pt@PCN-Cu efficiently transports copper and induces cuproptosis primarily through mitochondrial dysfunction. Mechanistic studies show that Pt@PCN-Cu triggers the dissociation of hexokinase 2 (HK2) from mitochondria, leading to a reduction in HK2 activity. This decline in HK2 activity impairs glycolysis, a metabolic pathway essential for tumor energy metabolism, which in turn results in elevated PD-L1 levels. In vivo, Pt@PCN-Cu demonstrates excellent safety and accumulates at the tumor site in a subcutaneous PDAC mouse model, inducing cuproptosis. Moreover, the combination of Pt@PCN-Cu with αPD-L1 further enhanced its therapeutic efficacy and effectively reprogrammed the immunosuppressive TME.

CONCLUSION

This study presents strong evidence confirming the safety and therapeutic potential of Pt@PCN-Cu in PDAC treatment. Importantly, Pt@PCN-Cu not only induces cuproptosis but also significantly enhances antitumor efficacy in combination with αPD-L1 by regulating PD-L1 expression through HK2 modulation. These findings underscore a more effective and innovative approach for treating PDAC.

Phosphorylation of USP32 by CDK5 regulates Rap1 stability and therapeutic resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal human cancer. Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy remains the cornerstone for advanced PDAC. However, resistance to chemotherapy greatly limits its clinical therapeutic efficacy. Accordingly, the identification of novel therapeutic targets to overcome chemoresistance and improve prognosis is urgently needed. Screening of deubiquitinase family members, tandem affinity purification, mass spectrometry, and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis were performed to predict the interactions and function of the CDK5-USP32-Rap1 axis in PDAC. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism and biological roles of this axis in glycolytic reprogramming and chemoresistance in PDAC. Finally, TCGA database analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the expression and clinical significance of CDK5, USP32, and Rap1 in PDAC tissues. USP32 was identified as a bona fide deubiquitinase of Rap1. USP32 deubiquitinates and stabilizes Rap1, thereby promoting glycolytic reprogramming and chemoresistance in PDAC cells. Moreover, we unexpectedly found that CDK5-mediated phosphorylation of USP32 is required for its deubiquitinase activity toward Rap1 and drives malignant phenotypes of PDAC. Additionally, these functions can be significantly inhibited by pharmacological inhibition (roscovitine) or genetic ablation of CDK5. Importantly, combining a CDK5 inhibitor with gemcitabine has a synergetic anticancer effect. Indeed, the effectiveness of targeting CDK5 to sensitize PDAC cells to gemcitabine was confirmed in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. CDK5 and USP32 expression is markedly elevated in PDAC samples and positively associated with Rap1 expression. Increased expression of CDK5, USP32, and Rap1 is significantly associated with poorer prognosis in PDAC. We identified the previously unrecognized oncogenic function and clinical importance of the CDK5-USP32-Rap1 axis, providing preclinical evidence for potential new combination strategies for PDAC therapy.

Impact of zinc deficiency on the prognosis of unresectable pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Zinc deficiency (ZD) is prevalent among patients with cancer, especially those with PC, owing to factors such as malabsorption and systemic inflammation. Although ZD is associated with poor nutritional status and cancer cachexia, its impact on overall survival (OS) in unresectable PCs remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ZD in patients with unresectable PC and its influence on prognosis.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted on 272 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer whose serum zinc levels measured before starting chemotherapy between April 2016 and March 2024. ZD was defined as serum zinc level below 60 μg/dL. Patient characteristics, nutritional indices (modified Glasgow prognostic score [mGPS], neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], prognostic nutritional index [PNI], controlling nutritional status [CONUT] score), and survival outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS

ZD was identified in 19.4 % of patients. Patients with ZD were significantly older and exhibited lower PNI, indicating poorer nutritional status. Regarding OS, univariate analysis showed that the ZD group had significantly lower survival rates than non-ZD group. Multivariate analysis revealed that ZD was an independent predictor of poor prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that ZD before chemotherapy is an independent prognostic factor in patients with unresectable PC undergoing chemotherapy. Considering its association with poor nutritional status, serum zinc levels may serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker. Further research is warranted to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of zinc supplementation therapy.

Comparison of Shared Class I HLA-Bound Noncanonical Neoepitopes between Normal and Neoplastic Tissues of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

PURPOSE

Developing T-cell or vaccine therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been challenging because of a lack of knowledge regarding immunodominant, cancer-specific antigens as PDAC are characterized by a scarcity of genomic mutation-associated neoepitopes, and effective approaches to discover them are limited.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

An advanced mass spectrometry approach was employed to compare the immunopeptidome of PDAC tissues and matched normal tissues from the same patients.

RESULTS

This study identified HLA class I-binding variant peptides derived from canonical proteins, which had single amino-acid substitutions not attributed to genetic mutations or RNA editing. These amino-acid substitutions appeared to result from translational errors. The variant peptides were predominantly found in tumor tissues, with certain peptides common among multiple patients. Importantly, several of these variant peptides were more immunogenic than their wild-type counterparts.

CONCLUSIONS

The shared noncanonical neoepitopes identified in this study offer promising candidates for vaccine and T-cell therapy development, potentially providing new avenues for immunotherapy in PDAC. See related commentary by Yuan et al., p. 1821.

Antioxidant capacity of the iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein IscU2 is mediated by aspartate metabolism to promote tumor survival

Environmental nutrient levels affect cancer cell metabolism, activating adaptive mechanisms in cancer cells to deal with nutrient stress. However, it remains unclear how tumor cells sustain survival under nutrient-stress circumstances through metabolic reprogramming. Our study focused on nutrient deficiency-induced oxidative damage, revealing that increased expression of the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly protein, IscU2, is essential for the survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells in glucose-deficient conditions. Glucose deficiency induces IscU2 expression via the activation of the AMPK pathway, allowing IscU2 to exhibit antioxidant properties that are absent under glucose-sufficient conditions. Upregulated IscU2 stimulates aspartate synthesis by bolstering mitochondrial metabolism, including respiration and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, in a Fe-S cluster-dependent manner. Notably, oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by IscU2 depletion in glucose-deficient PDAC cells can be restored by aspartate-mediated NADPH production. These findings highlight the importance of IscU2 in PDAC cell metabolism and its essential function in supporting cell survival under nutrient-deficient conditions.

Induced mitochondrial deficit by NDUFS3 transient silencing reduces RAB7 expression and causes lysosomal dysfunction in pancreatic cancer cells

BACKGROUND

RAB7 is a small GTPase with multiple cellular roles, regulating late endocytic trafficking and lysosomal biogenesis, influencing mitochondria-lysosome crosstalk, and contributing to many mitochondrial processes. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are widely reported in cancer and the development of cancer therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria gained momentum in recent years. Mitochondrial impairment can cause alterations of mitochondria-lysosome crosstalk and can influence lysosomal function. Here, we used cell models of pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, to cause a transient mild mitochondrial deficit lowering NDUFS3 protein levels in order to investigate the consequences on RAB7 and on the late endocytic pathway and, thus, the contribution of the mitochondria-lysosomes communication alterations to cancer progression.

METHODS

NDUFS3 and RAB7 downregulation was obtained by RNA interference (RNAi). Seahorse assays, Western blot analysis, mitochondrial staining, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to assess silencing effects on mitochondrial structure and functioning. Western blotting was used to investigate expression of late endocytic pathway proteins and of the invasion marker vimentin. Confocal microscopy was used to analyze the mitochondrial network and lysosomal assessment. Zymography was performed to evaluate the ability to digest the extracellular matrix linked to cancer migration. SRB and colony assays were performed to assess cancer viability and proliferation. Wound healing assay and FluoroBlok membranes were used to determine migration and invasiveness.

RESULTS

In pancreatic cancer cells, transient silencing of the NDUFS3 protein caused mitochondrial deficit, slower oxidative metabolism, and mitochondrial morphology alterations. In this context, we observed RAB7 downregulation and impairment of the late endocytic pathway. In addition, NDUFS3-silenced RAB7-downregulated cells showed less invasive tumorigenic potential revealed by reduced levels of vimentin and other Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition proteins, decreased viability, migration and invasiveness. Moreover, we found that modulation of RAB7 expression may regulate vimentin levels and influence mitochondrial morphology and levels of mitochondrial proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our data show that mitochondrial deficit determines alterations of the crosstalk with lysosomes, leading to dysfunctions, and that this process is regulated by RAB7 acting as an oncogene. This highlights the synergic role of RAB7 and mitochondrial dysfunction, focusing on a cellular mechanism that may boost the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction in the cells, leading to the reduction of the tumorigenic potential.

The potential application of stroma modulation in targeting tumor cells: focus on pancreatic cancer and breast cancer models

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in cancer development and spreading being considered as "the dark side of the tumor". Within this term tumor cells, immune components, supporting cells, extracellular matrix and a myriad of bioactive molecules that synergistically promote tumor development and therapeutic resistance, are included. Recent findings revealed the profound impacts of TME on cancer development, serving as physical support, critical mediator and biodynamic matrix in cancer evolution, immune modulation, and treatment outcomes. TME targeting strategies built on vasculature, immune checkpoints, and immuno-cell therapies, have paved the way for revolutionary clinical interventions. On this basis, the relevance of pre-clinical and clinical investigations has rapidly become fundamental for implementing novel therapeutical strategies breaking cell-cell and cell -mediators' interactions between TME components and tumor cells. This review summarizes the key players in the breast and pancreatic TME, elucidating the intricate interactions among cancer cells and their essential role for cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Different tumors such breast and pancreatic cancer have both different and similar stroma features, that might affect therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively evaluate recent findings for refining breast and pancreatic cancer therapies and improve patient prognoses by exploiting the TME's complexity in the next future.

Advancements in molecular imaging for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant tumor characterized by poor overall patient survival and prognosis, largely due to challenges in early diagnosis, limited surgical options, and a high propensity for therapy resistance. The integration of various imaging modalities through molecular imaging techniques, particularly multimodal molecular imaging, offers the potential to provide more precise and comprehensive information about the lesion. With advances in nanomedicine, new imaging and drug delivery approaches that allow the development of multifunctional theranostic agents offer opportunities for improving pancreatic cancer treatment using precision oncology. Herein, we review the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of molecular imaging for PDAC and discuss the adoption of multimodal imaging approaches that combine the strengths of different imaging techniques to enhance diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy. We emphasize the significant role of nanomedicine technology in advancing multimodal molecular imaging and theranostics, and their potential impact on PDAC management. This comprehensive review aims to serve as a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians, offering insights into the current state of molecular imaging in PDAC and outlining future directions for improving early diagnosis, combination therapies, and prognostic evaluations.

Novel oncolytic vaccinia virus armed with interleukin-27 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of murine pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer has a complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which is highly resistant to conventional therapies and emerging cancer immunotherapies. Oncolytic viruses are multifaceted killers of malignant tumors, which can selectively infect, replicate in and lyse tumor cells, release tumor-associated antigens to stimulate specific antitumor immune responses, and recruit immune cells into the TME, turning "cold" tumors "hot". Here, we report a novel vaccinia virus (VV), VVLΔTKΔN1LΔA41L (with deletion of thymidine kinase (TK), N1L, and A41L genes) armed with interleukin 27 (IL-27), that can cure established tumors and promote long-term antitumor immunity in murine pancreatic cancer tumor models.

METHODS

A novel oncolytic VV with deletion of the TK, N1L, and A41L genes, and expression of the red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene (VVL-TD-RFP) was constructed using CRISPR-Cas9-based homologous recombination. This virus was armed with IL-27, creating VVL-TD-IL-27. The characteristics of these viruses were evaluated in vitro using viral replication assays, cytotoxicity assays and ELISA. The antitumor effects of VVL-TD-IL-27 were evaluated using a variety of pancreatic cancer tumor models in vivo, and the mechanisms of antitumor effects were explored using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and quantitative PCR.

RESULTS

VVL-TD-RFP cured 71.4% of tumor-bearing mice, compared with 14.3% of animals treated with VVLΔTKΔN1L that does not have an A41L gene deletion. Efficacy was mainly dependent on elevated dendritic cell (DC) populations, activation of DC, CD86+ DC, and CD8+ effector memory T cells in the TME. Efficacy was further enhanced by arming VVL-TD-RFP with IL-27, which resulted in a cure rate of 100% and promoted long-term antitumor immunity. VVL-TD-IL-27 treatment increased the proportion of CD8+ TEM and decreased the proportion of regulatory T cells and macrophages in tumor tissues. It also polarized macrophages to an M1 phenotype in vivo. Furthermore, IL-27 exhibits strong anti-angiogenic effects.

CONCLUSIONS

VVL-TD-mIL-27 is a potential immunotherapy agent for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, and a clinical study of this virus is warranted.

Targeting MYOF suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression by inhibiting ILF3-LCN2 signaling through disrupting OTUB1-mediated deubiquitination of ILF3

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still a highly aggressive and fatal disease. The molecular mechanisms for PDAC progression are still not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated the overexpression of MYOF in PDAC in multiple sample sets, which is significantly associated with poor outcome of PDAC patients. MYOF knockout suppresses PDAC progression in vitro and in vivo. MYOF knockout exerts its effects by promoting ferroptosis via downregulating LCN2 expression. Ectopic LCN2 expression overcame the effects of MYOF knockout in PDAC cells. Mechanistically, MYOF respectively recruits OTUB1 and ILF3 to enhance their interaction and relieves ILF3 protein ubiquitination and degradtion. MYOF maintains ILF3 protein stability, thereby enhances ILF3 interacting with and improving LCN2 mRNA stability. Moreover, we screened and identified natural compound Picroside II potentially targets MYOF to suppress PDAC progression. These findings uncover the biological roles and mechanisms of MYOF and preliminarily indicate the potential of targeting MYOF in PDAC progression, highlighting a novel therapeutic strategy for PDAC.

Pancreas-targeted lipid nanoparticles for relatively non-invasive interleukin-12 mRNA therapy in orthotopic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents 90 % of pancreatic cancers and shows limited response to immune therapy owing to the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Cytokine-encoded mRNA therapy demonstrates a great promise in converting "cold" tumors into "hot" ones, while it is typically administered through intratumoral injection and applicable only to superficial tumors, which limites their application in PDAC. In this study, we design and develop a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery system capable of targeting pancreatic tissue via intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection. This system not only efficiently delivers mRNA to pancreatic tissues but also selectively targets immune cells in PDAC. A single I.P. injection of LNP encapsulating interleukin-12 (IL-12) mRNA (LNP/mIL-12) activates both myeloid and lymphoid cells in PDAC, reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME. Remarkably, I.P. injection of LNP/mIL-12 induces eradication of orthotopic PDAC in some cases. Our work represents the first relatively non-invasive method to deliver IL-12 mRNA for targeted treatment of orthotopic PDAC, offering a novel approach for PDAC immunotherapy.

All-at-once spatial proteome profiling of complex tissue context with single-cell-type resolution by proximity proteomics

Spatial proteomics enables in-depth mapping of tissue architectures, mostly achieved by laser microdissection-mass spectrometry (LMD-MS) and antibody-based imaging. However, trade-offs among sampling precision, throughput, and proteome coverage still limit the applicability of these strategies. Here, we propose proximity labeling for spatial proteomics (PSPro) by combining precise antibody-targeted biotinylation and efficient affinity purification for all-at-once cell-type proteome capture with sub-micrometer resolution from single tissue slice. With fine-tuned labeling parameters, PSPro shows reliable performance in benchmarking against flow cytometry- and LMD-based proteomic workflows. We apply PSPro to tumor and spleen slices, enriching thousands of proteins containing known markers from ten cell types. We further incorporate LMD into PSPro to facilitate comparison of cell subpopulations from the same tissue slice, revealing spatial proteome heterogeneity of cancer cells and immune cells in pancreatic tumor. Collectively, PSPro converts the traditional "antibody-epitope" paradigm to an "antibody-cell-type proteome" for spatial biology in a user-friendly manner. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.

PPY-Induced iCAFs Cultivate an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by cancer cells surrounded by affluent stromal components, which may underlie their limited response to various therapeutic interventions, including immunotherapy. Inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs), a crucial subset of CAFs within the PDAC microenvironment, play a pivotal role in shaping an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis is performed to screen for cancer cells-secreted proteins associated with iCAF induction, and PPY (pancreatic polypeptide) is validated as a potent inducer. Unlike previously reported iCAF inducers, PPY is a gastrointestinal hormone predominantly expressed in the pancreas, suggesting that targeting it may have minimal systemic effects. Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) on human PDAC tissue microarrays, orthotopic allograft mouse models, and co-culture experiments are utilized to validate the crucial role of PPY in iCAF induction. Mechanistic studies integrating mRNA sequencing, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, and molecular docking reveal that PPY induces iCAFs by activating the non-canonical NF-κB pathway through EGFR. Importantly, targeting PPY enhanced the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in KPC (KrasLSL-G12D/+; Trp53LSL-R172H/+; Pdx1-Cre) mice, as evidenced by reduced tumor burden on PET-CT imaging and improved survival. This research is expected to provide a novel strategy for improving immunotherapy in PDAC by targeting a key inducer of iCAFs.

Current updates on the structural and functional aspects of the CRISPR/Cas13 system for RNA targeting and editing: A next‑generation tool for cancer management (Review)

For centuries, a competitive evolutionary race between prokaryotes and related phages or other mobile genetic elements has led to the diversification of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR‑associated sequence (Cas) genome‑editing systems. Among the different CRISPR/Cas systems, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been widely studied for its precise DNA manipulation; however, due to certain limitations of direct DNA targeting, off‑target effects and delivery challenges, researchers are looking to perform transient knockdown of gene expression by targeting RNA. In this context, the more recently discovered type VI CRISPR/Cas13 system, a programmable single‑subunit RNA‑guided endonuclease system that has the capacity to target and edit any RNA sequence of interest, has emerged as a powerful platform to modulate gene expression outcomes. All the Cas13 effectors known so far possess two distinct ribonuclease activities. Pre‑CRISPR RNA processing is performed by one RNase activity, whereas the two higher eukaryotes and prokaryotes nucleotide‑binding domains provide the other RNase activity required for target RNA degradation. Recent innovative applications of the type VI CRISPR/Cas13 system in nucleic acid detection, viral interference, transcriptome engineering and RNA imaging hold great promise for disease management. This genome editing system can also be employed by the Specific High Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter Unlocking platform to identify any tumor DNA. The discovery of this system has added a new dimension to targeting, tracking and editing circulating microRNA/RNA/DNA/cancer proteins for the management of cancer. However, there is still a lack of thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying some of their functions. The present review summarizes the recent updates on the type VI CRISPR/Cas system in terms of its structural and mechanistic properties and some novel applications of this genome‑editing tool in cancer management. However, some issues, such as collateral degradation of bystander RNA, impose major limitations on its in vivo application. Furthermore, additional challenges and future prospects for this genome editing system are described in the present review.

Macrophages and fibroblasts as regulators of the immune response in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the few cancers that has yet to benefit from immunotherapies. This is primarily a result of its characteristic 'cold' tumor microenvironment composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a dense network of extracellular matrix and several immune cell types, the most abundant of which are the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Advances in single-cell and spatial technologies have elucidated the vast functional heterogeneity of CAFs and TAMs, their symbiotic relationship and their cooperative role in the tumor microenvironment. In this Review, we provide an overview of the heterogeneity of CAFs and TAMs, how they establish an immunosuppressive microenvironment and their collaboration in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Finally, we examine why the impact of immunotherapy in PDAC has been limited and how a detailed molecular and spatial understanding of the combined role of CAFs and TAMs is paramount to the design of effective therapies.

Microorganism-Derived Bisindole Alkaloids With Anticancer Potential and Their Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review

Bisindole alkaloids constitute a significant class of natural compounds distinguished by their characteristic bisindole structure and renowned for their anticancer properties. Over the last six decades, researchers have isolated 425 microorganism-derived bisindole alkaloids (MDBAs). Among them, 187 MDBAs have demonstrated anticancer properties against various in vitro cancer cell lines, primarily by impeding the cell cycle, restraining cell proliferation, and inducing apoptosis and autophagy. These effects are mediated by regulating key targets and signaling pathways such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, MAPK, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the sources, chemical diversity, and anticancer properties of these compounds. Furthermore, it summarizes the structure-activity relationship (SAR), druggability, and the mechanisms underlying MDBAs' anticancer effects. Ultimately, this article aims to furnish a thorough overview of the advancements in the investigation of microorganism-derived bisindole alkaloids for their continued development and utilization.

The FOXP1-ABCG2 axis promotes the proliferation of cancer stem cells and induces chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease with low survival and high recurrence rates. A major obstacle in treating pancreatic cancer is the frequent development of chemoresistance to the standard therapeutic drug, gemcitabine. One mechanism by which pancreatic cancer develops chemoresistance is through the proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSC). However, the mechanisms regulating stemness in chemoresistant tumors remain unclear. Here, we found that the expression of the transcription factor Forkhead Box P1 (FOXP1) was elevated in chemoresistant pancreatic cancer and crucial for establishing CSC characteristics. Silencing FOXP1 reduced the expressions of stemness-associated genes and diminished the formation of both spheroids and colonies, highlighting the crucial role of FOXP1 in regulating stemness in chemoresistant tumor cells. Mechanistically, we discovered that FOXP1 regulates the expression of ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), which induces the efflux of gemcitabine. Knockdown of FOXP1 reduced the expression of ABCG2, resulting in decreased proliferation and increased sensitivity to gemcitabine. Moreover, the inhibition of FOXP1 in orthotopic mouse models reduced tumor growth and proliferation, and enhanced sensitivity to gemcitabine. Together, our data reveal FOXP1 as a potent oncogene that promotes CSC growth in chemoresistant pancreatic cancer.

Burden of cancer attributable to high body mass index: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND

High body mass index (BMI) is a well-established cancer risk factor. Reliable, updated data are essential for guiding public health policies and designing effective interventions to reduce the cancer burden associated with high BMI.

METHODS

Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 on cancer burden attributable to high BMI were analysed globally, stratified by sex, age, geographic region, cancer type, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Temporal trends in age-standardized rates from 1990 to 2021 were evaluated using estimated annual percentage changes.

RESULTS

In 2021, cancer attributable to high BMI resulted in 356.74 thousand deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 146.12-581.01) and 8.89 million (3.75-14.38) Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), with females bearing the largest burden. From 1990 to 2021, age-standardized rates of high BMI-related cancer deaths increased by 0.35% annually, while DALYs rose by 0.42% annually. In 2021, the burden of cancer deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI varied considerably across geographical regions. Low-middle SDI regions experienced the largest increases in death and DALY rates attributable to high BMI, while these rates declined in high SDI regions. Colon and rectum cancers accounted for the greatest number of deaths and DALYs, while pancreatic cancer showed the most rapid growth in attributable burden.

CONCLUSIONS

High BMI is a major contributor to the global cancer burden, with significant variation by sex, cancer type, region, and SDI level. Targeted public health strategies are urgently needed to mitigate the growing impact of overweight and obesity on cancer.

Development and Validation of a Cell-Free DNA Fragmentomics-Based Model for Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer

PURPOSE

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), known for its high fatality rate, is often diagnosed in its advanced stages where surgical options are not viable. This highlights the critical need for innovative and effective early detection techniques. This study focuses on the potential of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentomics integrating advanced machine learning to identify early-stage PDAC with high accuracy.

METHODS

Our study included a broad cohort of 1,167 participants, from which plasma was collected and subjected to shallow whole-genome sequencing. After rigorous quality assessments, 166 individuals diagnosed with PDAC and 167 healthy participants were in the training cohort, whereas the validation cohort consisted of 112 patients with PDAC and 111 healthy individuals. A separate group of 67 individuals with nonmalignant pancreatic cysts was also included to validate the model's accuracy. Finally, two additional external validation cohorts and one additional independent early-stage data set were included to evaluate the robustness of model. Our analysis used fragmentomic profiling, integrating copy-number variations, fragment size, mutational signatures, and methylation patterns analyzed using machine learning.

RESULTS

The model demonstrated remarkable accuracy in distinguishing patients with PDAC from controls, with an AUC of 0.992 in the training data set and 0.987 in the validation data set. At a cutoff of 0.52, the training set reached a sensitivity of 93.4% and a specificity of 95.2%. In the validation data set, the sensitivity was 97.3% with a specificity of 92.8%, while the external data set demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.91% and a specificity of 94.5%.

CONCLUSION

This study underscores the effectiveness of using cfDNA fragmentomics and machine learning for early detection of PDAC. Our approach promises significant potential in reducing PDAC mortalities through early intervention and could serve as a breakthrough in oncologic diagnostics.

Preoperative Anemia as a Prognostic Risk Factor for Inferior Oncological Survival Following Resection for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVES

A significant proportion of patients undergoing surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are anemic at the time of resection. In these patients, blood transfusions are omitted because of their potential negative impact on oncological outcomes. The present study aimed to determine the prognostic value of preoperative anemia in resected PDAC patients, irrespective of blood transfusion status.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective 2-center cohort study included patients who underwent resection for PDAC between 2013 and 2022. The prognostic role of preoperative anemia was investigated using Cox proportional-hazard regression analysis. A subgroup analysis excluded PDAC patients who received a perioperative blood transfusion.

RESULTS

Among 280 included PDAC patients, 110 (39%) were found to have preoperative anemia. Preoperative anemia was associated with increased use of blood transfusions, with 44 patients (16%) requiring transfusion perioperatively. In the whole cohort, preoperative anemia was an independent predictor of lower disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.518; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.103-2.090, P  = 0.011), but not overall survival. However, when patients who received a perioperative blood transfusion were excluded, preoperative anemia was independently associated with both lower disease-free survival (HR = 1.636; 95% CI = 1.113-2.404, P  = 0.012) and overall survival (HR = 1.484; 95% CI = 1.036-2.127, P  = 0.031).

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative anemia was identified as an independent risk factor for inferior oncological survival after resection for PDAC. These results support the need for increased awareness regarding the potential adverse effects of preoperative anemia on oncological outcomes in PDAC.

Crosstalk between the tumor immune microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer: new frontiers in immunotherapy

In recent years, the incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer (PC) are increasing year by year. The highly heterogeneous nature of PC, its strong immune escape ability and easy metastasis make it the most lethal malignant tumor in the world. With the rapid development of sequencing technology, the complex components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of PC have been gradually revealed. Interactions between pancreatic stellate cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, various types of immune cells, and cancer cells collectively promote metabolic reprogramming of all types of cells. This metabolic reprogramming further enhances the immune escape mechanism of tumor cells and ultimately induces tumor cells to become severely resistant to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. On the one hand, PC cells achieve re and rational utilization of glucose, amino acids and lipids through metabolic reprogramming, which in turn accomplishes biosynthesis and energy metabolism requirements. Under such conditions, tumorigenesis, proliferation and metastasis are ultimately promoted. On the other hand, various types of immune cells in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) also undergo metabolic reprogramming, which leads to tumor progression and suppression of anti-immune responses by inhibiting the function of normal anti-tumor immune cells and enhancing the function of immunosuppressive cells. The aim of this review is to explore the interaction between the immune microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming in PC. The focus is to summarize the specific mechanisms of action of metabolic reprogramming of PC cells and metabolic reprogramming of immune cells. In addition, this review will summarize the mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance in PC cells. In the future, targeting specific mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming will provide a solid theoretical basis for the development of combination therapies for PC.

Burrowing Behavior as Robust Parameter for Early Humane Endpoint Determination in Murine Models for Pancreatic Cancer

Due to late-stage diagnoses and limited treatment options, pancreatic cancer is predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer deaths by 2030. Many different murine models were developed over the past decades to test new therapies for this tumor entity. The laws and regulations demand the continuous refinement of animal experiments in order to improve animal welfare sustainably. A key aspect here is the definition of early humane endpoint criteria to avoid severe and lasting suffering of the animals through timely euthanasia. The present study analyzed the welfare of mice in different pancreatic cancer models, various mouse strains, and under different therapeutic interventions in preclinical testing. Their welfare was monitored before any intervention, during tumor progression, and on the days before the individual humane endpoint for each mouse by assessing body weight change, distress score, perianal temperature, burrowing behavior, nesting activity, and mouse grimace scale. The data was retrospectively analyzed via receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to quantify the predictability of each parameter for humane endpoint determination. Burrowing behavior proved to be a robust predictor of the humane endpoint two days in advance under various conditions, including diverse pancreatic cancer models and different therapeutic approaches.

Stevia Leaf Extract Fermented with Plant-Derived Lactobacillus plantarum SN13T Displays Anticancer Activity to Pancreatic Cancer PANC-1 Cell Line

Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor that remains a significant global health burden. In this study, we demonstrated the anticancer potential of stevia leaf extract fermented with plant-derived Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum SN13T strain. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity (including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and H2O2-induced oxidative damage repair in HEK-293 cells), as well as cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1) and non-cancerous human embryonic kidney (HEK-293), revealed that the fermented extract exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against PANC-1 cells while showing minimal toxicity to HEK-293 cells compared to the unfermented extract. Further, validation through clonogenic, migration, and wound-healing assays demonstrated that the fermented extract effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of PANC-1 cells. The active compound in the fermented extract has been identified as chlorogenic acid methyl ester (CAME), with a concentration of 374.4 μg/mL. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that CAME significantly arrested PANC-1 cells in the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, CAME upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic genes Bax, Bad, Caspase-3/9, Cytochrome c, and E-cadherin, while downregulating the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. These findings suggest that CAME exerts potent cytotoxic effects on PANC-1 cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, arresting the cell cycle, and regulating apoptosis-related gene expression. In conclusion, stevia leaf extract fermented with L. plantarum SN13T, which contains CAME, may serve as a promising candidate for pancreatic cancer treatment.

Identification of novel plasma proteins as promising noninvasive biomarker for early diagnosis and surveillance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Although cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is the only FDA-approved biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), its diagnostic effectiveness is limited, as it may not be elevated in 15-25% of patients. This study aims to explore novel plasma proteins associated with PDAC as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and clinical surveillance.

METHODS

Novel plasma protein biomarkers potentially causally associated with PDAC were identified using Mendelian randomization (MR). These biomarkers were validated in a multicenter study encompassing 230 tissue and 1,011 plasma samples to establish a diagnostic model for PDAC. Furthermore, their pre- and post-operative levels were compared to evaluate their potential as clinical surveillance biomarkers.

RESULTS

Genetically predicted expression of seven proteins potentially causally associated with an increased risk of PDAC. In a multicenter, large-scale study, Keratin 5 (KRT5) and Versican (VCAN) were identified as promising biomarkers for PDAC, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.90, and a combined panel including CA 19-9 achieved an AUC of 0.95. Additionally, plasma KRT5 and VCAN demonstrated superior diagnostic performance for early-stage PDAC with CA 19-9 levels below 37 U/mL (Stage I, AUC 0.85; Stage II, AUC 0.85). The specificity of plasma KRT5 and VCAN for PDAC was further validated by comparing their expression levels across various digestive cancers. Moreover, a significant decrease in plasma KRT5 and VCAN levels was observed post-surgery (P < 0.05), supporting their potential as biomarkers for clinical surveillance of PDAC.

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma KRT5 and VCAN proteins may serve as promising valuable biomarkers for the early diagnosis and clinical surveillance of PDAC.