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Chen X, Ma J, Wang ZW, Wang Z. The E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:167-174. [PMID: 36872193 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has illustrated that the E3 ubiquitin ligases critically participate in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Dysregulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases exacerbates cardiovascular diseases. Blockade or activation of E3 ubiquitin ligases mitigates cardiovascular performance. Therefore, in this review, we mainly introduced the critical role and underlying molecular mechanisms of E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 family in governing the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases, including ITCH, WWP1, WWP2, Smurf1, Smurf2, Nedd4-1 and Nedd4-2. Moreover, the functions and molecular insights of other E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as F-box proteins, in cardiovascular disease development and malignant progression are described. Furthermore, we illustrate several compounds that alter the expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases to alleviate cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, modulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases could be a novel and promising strategy for improvement of therapeutic efficacy of deteriorative cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Zhiting Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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2
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Niu H, Bi F, Zhao W, Xu Y, Han Q, Guo W, Chen Y. Smurf1 regulates ameloblast polarization by ubiquitination-mediated degradation of RhoA. Cell Prolif 2022; 56:e13387. [PMID: 36579844 PMCID: PMC10068949 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is essential for ameloblast differentiation and enamel formation. Smurf1 can mediate cell polarization through ubiquitination degradation of specific substrates. But it remains unclear whether Smurf1 could regulate ameloblast polarity and the underlying mechanism. Here, immuno-fluorescence staining and RT-qPCR were applied to detect the expression of Smurf1 and F-actin. A mouse lower incisor defect model was constructed. Scanning electron microscope, rat lower incisor culture, western blot, wound healing assay and trans-well migration assay were performed to detect the influence of Smurf1 knockdown on ameloblast. IF double staining, western blot and co-immunoprecipitation were conducted to detect the interaction between Smurf1 and RhoA. The in vivo experiment was also performed. We found that Smurf1 was mainly expressed in the membrane and cell cortex of ameloblast, similar to F-actin. Smurf1 expression increased along ameloblast polarization and differentiation. After knocking down Smurf1, the cytoskeleton and cell morphology changed and the cell polarity was damaged. Smurf1 regulated ameloblast polarity through ubiquitination degradation of activated RhoA in vitro. Local knockdown of Smurf1 in rat lower incisor ameloblast resulted in ameloblast polarity loss, enamel matrix secretion disorder and chalky enamel, but RhoA inhibitor Y-27632 could reverse this effect. Collectively, Smurf1 could regulate the polarization of ameloblast through ubiquitination degradation of activated RhoA, which contributed to the knowledge of tooth development and provided new research ideas for cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoman Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuchan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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Zheng J, Shi Z, Yang P, Zhao Y, Tang W, Ye S, Xuan Z, Chen C, Shao C, Wu Q, Sun H. ERK-Smurf1-RhoA signaling is critical for TGFβ-drived EMT and tumor metastasis. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202101330. [PMID: 35654587 PMCID: PMC9163791 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The research uncovers a non-canonical role of ERK in TGF-beta-induced EMT, revealing ERK-mediated phosphorylation of Smurf1 is required for its sufficient binding to RhoA and the subsequent RhoA turnover. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has fundamental roles in various biological processes. However, there are still questions pending in this fast-moving field. Here we report that in TGFβ-induced EMT, ERK-mediated Smurf1 phosphorylation is a prerequisite step for RhoA degradation and the consequent mesenchymal state achievement. Upon TGFβ treatment, activated ERK phosphorylates Thr223 of Smurf1, a member of HECT family E3 ligase, to promote Smurf1-mediated polyubiquitination and degradation of RhoA, thereby leading to cell skeleton rearrangement and EMT. Blockade of phosphorylation of Smurf1 inhibits TGFβ-induced EMT, and accordingly, dramatically blocks lung metastasis of murine breast cancer in mice. Hence, our study reveals an unknown role of ERK in TGFβ-induced EMT and points out a potential strategy in therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Zheng
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Urology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shi
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Urology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Pengbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Urology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenbin Tang
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Urology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaopei Ye
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Urology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuodong Xuan
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Urology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Urology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Urology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingang Wu
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- The Central Lab of Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China .,The Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine Of Xiamen, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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4
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Lozano-Velasco E, Garcia-Padilla C, del Mar Muñoz-Gallardo M, Martinez-Amaro FJ, Caño-Carrillo S, Castillo-Casas JM, Sanchez-Fernandez C, Aranega AE, Franco D. Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Molecular Determinants during Cardiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052839. [PMID: 35269981 PMCID: PMC8911333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular development is initiated soon after gastrulation as bilateral precardiac mesoderm is progressively symmetrically determined at both sides of the developing embryo. The precardiac mesoderm subsequently fused at the embryonic midline constituting an embryonic linear heart tube. As development progress, the embryonic heart displays the first sign of left-right asymmetric morphology by the invariably rightward looping of the initial heart tube and prospective embryonic ventricular and atrial chambers emerged. As cardiac development progresses, the atrial and ventricular chambers enlarged and distinct left and right compartments emerge as consequence of the formation of the interatrial and interventricular septa, respectively. The last steps of cardiac morphogenesis are represented by the completion of atrial and ventricular septation, resulting in the configuration of a double circuitry with distinct systemic and pulmonary chambers, each of them with distinct inlets and outlets connections. Over the last decade, our understanding of the contribution of multiple growth factor signaling cascades such as Tgf-beta, Bmp and Wnt signaling as well as of transcriptional regulators to cardiac morphogenesis have greatly enlarged. Recently, a novel layer of complexity has emerged with the discovery of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs and lncRNAs. Herein, we provide a state-of-the-art review of the contribution of non-coding RNAs during cardiac development. microRNAs and lncRNAs have been reported to functional modulate all stages of cardiac morphogenesis, spanning from lateral plate mesoderm formation to outflow tract septation, by modulating major growth factor signaling pathways as well as those transcriptional regulators involved in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Garcia-Padilla
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Maria del Mar Muñoz-Gallardo
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Francisco Jose Martinez-Amaro
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Sheila Caño-Carrillo
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Juan Manuel Castillo-Casas
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Amelia E. Aranega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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CDH18 is a fetal epicardial biomarker regulating differentiation towards vascular smooth muscle cells. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:14. [PMID: 35110584 PMCID: PMC8810917 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium is a mesothelial layer covering the myocardium serving as a progenitor source during cardiac development. The epicardium reactivates upon cardiac injury supporting cardiac repair and regeneration. Fine-tuned balanced signaling regulates cell plasticity and cell-fate decisions of epicardial-derived cells (EPCDs) via epicardial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, powerful tools to investigate epicardial function, including markers with pivotal roles in developmental signaling, are still lacking. Here, we recapitulated epicardiogenesis using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and identified type II classical cadherin CDH18 as a biomarker defining lineage specification in human active epicardium. The loss of CDH18 led to the onset of EMT and specific differentiation towards cardiac smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, GATA4 regulated epicardial CDH18 expression. These results highlight the importance of tracing CDH18 expression in hiPSC-derived epicardial cells, providing a model for investigating epicardial function in human development and disease and enabling new possibilities for regenerative medicine.
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Role of the Epicardium in the Development of the Atrioventricular Valves and Its Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Myxomatous Valve Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8050054. [PMID: 34066253 PMCID: PMC8152025 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Adriana "Adri" Gittenberger-de Groot and in appreciation of her work in the field of developmental cardiovascular biology and the legacy that she has left behind. During her impressive career, Dr. Gittenberger-de Groot studied many aspects of heart development, including aspects of cardiac valve formation and disease and the role of the epicardium in the formation of the heart. In this contribution, we review some of the work on the role of epicardially-derived cells (EPDCs) in the development of the atrioventricular valves and their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of myxomatous valve disease (MVD). We provide an overview of critical events in the development of the atrioventricular junction, discuss the role of the epicardium in these events, and illustrate how interfering with molecular mechanisms that are involved in the epicardial-dependent formation of the atrioventricular junction leads to a number of abnormalities. These abnormalities include defects of the AV valves that resemble those observed in humans that suffer from MVD. The studies demonstrate the importance of the epicardium for the proper formation and maturation of the AV valves and show that the possibility of epicardial-associated developmental defects should be taken into consideration when determining the genetic origin and pathogenesis of MVD.
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7
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Zhang Y, Chen WG, Yang SZ, Qiu H, Hu X, Qiu YY, Wen X, Zhou Y, Chu TW. Up-regulation of TβRIII facilitates the osteogenesis of supraspinous ligament-derived fibroblasts from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1613-1623. [PMID: 33410269 PMCID: PMC7875912 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal supraspinous ligament (SL) osteogenesis is the key risk of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), with an unclear pathogenesis. We previously found that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1), bone morphogenetic proteins (eg BMP2) and type III TGF‐β1 receptor (TβRIII) expression were markedly up‐regulated in AS‐SLs. However, the roles of these closely related molecules in AS are unknown. Here, we showed that BMP2, TGF‐β1, TβRIII and S100A4 (a fibroblast marker) were abundant in active osteogenic AS‐SL tissues. In vitro, AS‐SL fibroblasts (AS‐SLFs) showed high BMP2, TGF‐β1 and TβRIII expression and auto‐osteogenic capacity. We further evaluated the role of TβRIII in the osteogenesis of normal SLFs. BMP2 combined with TGF‐β1 induced the osteogenesis of TβRIII‐overexpressing SLFs, but the activity was lost in SLFs upon TβRIII knockdown. Moreover, our data suggested that BMP2 combined with TGF‐β1 significantly activated both TGF‐β1/Smad signalling and BMP2/Smad/RUNX2 signalling to induce osteogenesis of SLFs with TβRIII up‐regulation. Furthermore, our multi‐strategy molecular interaction analysis approach indicated that TGF‐β1 presented BMP2 to TβRIII, sequentially facilitating BMP2 recognition by BMPR1A and promoting the osteogenesis of TβRIII‐overexpressing SLFs. Collectively, our results indicate that TGF‐β1 combined with BMP2 may participate in the osteogenic differentiation of AS‐SLF by acting on up‐regulated TβRIII, resulting in excessive activation of both TGF‐β1/Smad and BMP2/BMPR1A/Smad/RUNX2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wu-Gui Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Zhen Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Yun Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong-Wei Chu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Castiglioni VG, Pires HR, Rosas Bertolini R, Riga A, Kerver J, Boxem M. Epidermal PAR-6 and PKC-3 are essential for larval development of C. elegans and organize non-centrosomal microtubules. eLife 2020; 9:e62067. [PMID: 33300872 PMCID: PMC7755398 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical polarity regulators PAR-6, PKC-3, and PAR-3 are essential for the polarization of a broad variety of cell types in multicellular animals. In C. elegans, the roles of the PAR proteins in embryonic development have been extensively studied, yet little is known about their functions during larval development. Using inducible protein degradation, we show that PAR-6 and PKC-3, but not PAR-3, are essential for postembryonic development. PAR-6 and PKC-3 are required in the epidermal epithelium for animal growth, molting, and the proper pattern of seam-cell divisions. Finally, we uncovered a novel role for PAR-6 in organizing non-centrosomal microtubule arrays in the epidermis. PAR-6 was required for the localization of the microtubule organizer NOCA-1/Ninein, and defects in a noca-1 mutant are highly similar to those caused by epidermal PAR-6 depletion. As NOCA-1 physically interacts with PAR-6, we propose that PAR-6 promotes non-centrosomal microtubule organization through localization of NOCA-1/Ninein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Castiglioni
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Helena R Pires
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Rodrigo Rosas Bertolini
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Amalia Riga
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jana Kerver
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Mike Boxem
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
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9
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Dronkers E, Wauters MMM, Goumans MJ, Smits AM. Epicardial TGFβ and BMP Signaling in Cardiac Regeneration: What Lesson Can We Learn from the Developing Heart? Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030404. [PMID: 32150964 PMCID: PMC7175296 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium, the outer layer of the heart, has been of interest in cardiac research due to its vital role in the developing and diseased heart. During development, epicardial cells are active and supply cells and paracrine cues to the myocardium. In the injured adult heart, the epicardium is re-activated and recapitulates embryonic behavior that is essential for a proper repair response. Two indispensable processes for epicardial contribution to heart tissue formation are epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tissue invasion. One of the key groups of cytokines regulating both EMT and invasion is the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family, including TGFβ and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP). Abundant research has been performed to understand the role of TGFβ family signaling in the developing epicardium. However, less is known about signaling in the adult epicardium. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the role of TGFβ in epicardial behavior both in the development and in the repair of the heart. We aim to describe the presence of involved ligands and receptors to establish if and when signaling can occur. Finally, we discuss potential targets to improve the epicardial contribution to cardiac repair as a starting point for future investigation.
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10
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Abraham CG, Ludwig MP, Andrysik Z, Pandey A, Joshi M, Galbraith MD, Sullivan KD, Espinosa JM. ΔNp63α Suppresses TGFB2 Expression and RHOA Activity to Drive Cell Proliferation in Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3224-3236. [PMID: 30232004 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor ΔNp63α is a potent oncogene widely overexpressed in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of diverse tissue origins, where it promotes malignant cell proliferation and survival. We report here the results of a genome-wide CRISPR screen to identify pathways controlling ΔNp63α-dependent cell proliferation, which revealed that the small GTPase RHOA blocks cell division upon ΔNp63α knockdown. After ΔNp63α depletion, RHOA activity is increased, and cells undergo RHOA-dependent proliferation arrest along with transcriptome changes indicative of increased TGF-β signaling. Mechanistically, ΔNp63α represses transcription of TGFB2, which induces a cell cycle arrest that is partially dependent on RHOA. Ectopic TGFB2 activates RHOA and impairs SCC proliferation, and TGFB2 neutralization restores cell proliferation during ΔNp63α depletion. Genomic data from tumors demonstrate inactivation of RHOA and the TGFBR2 receptor and ΔNp63α overexpression in more than 80% of lung SCCs. These results reveal a signaling pathway controlling SCC proliferation that is potentially amenable to pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael P Ludwig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zdenek Andrysik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ahwan Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Molishree Joshi
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80203, USA.
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11
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Fang Z, Zhu Z, Zhang H, Peng Y, Liu J, Lu H, Li J, Liang L, Xia S, Wang Q, Fu B, Wu K, Zhang L, Ginzburg Y, Liu J, Chen H. GDF11 contributes to hepatic hepcidin (HAMP) inhibition through SMURF1-mediated BMP-SMAD signalling suppression. Br J Haematol 2019; 188:321-331. [PMID: 31418854 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin (HAMP) synthesis is suppressed by erythropoiesis to increase iron availability for red blood cell production. This effect is thought to result from factors secreted by erythroid precursors. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) expression was recently shown to increase in erythroid cells of β-thalassaemia, and decrease with improvement in anaemia. Whether GDF11 regulates hepatic HAMP production has never been experimentally studied. Here, we explore GDF11 function during erythropoiesis-triggered HAMP suppression. Our results confirm that exogenous erythropoietin significantly increases Gdf11 as well as Erfe (erythroferrone) expression, and Gdf11 is also increased, albeit at a lower degree than Erfe, in phlebotomized wild type and β-thalassaemic mice. GDF11 is expressed predominantly in erythroid burst forming unit- and erythroid colony-forming unit- cells during erythropoiesis. Exogeneous GDF11 administration results in HAMP suppression in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, exogenous GDF11 decreases BMP-SMAD signalling, enhances SMAD ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1) expression and induces ERK1/2 (MAPK3/1) signalling. ERK1/2 signalling activation is required for GDF11 or SMURF1-mediated suppression in BMP-SMAD signalling and HAMP expression. This research newly characterizes GDF11 in erythropoiesis-mediated HAMP suppression, in addition to ERFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fang
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zesen Zhu
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haihang Zhang
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanliang Peng
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongyu Lu
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Long Liang
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shenghua Xia
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiguang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Haematology, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Kunlu Wu
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Centre of Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yelena Ginzburg
- Division of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huiyong Chen
- Molecular Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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12
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Mesothelium and Malignant Mesothelioma. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7020007. [PMID: 30965570 PMCID: PMC6630312 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesothelium is an epithelial structure derived from the embryonic mesoderm. It plays an important role in the development of a number of different organs, including the heart, lungs, and intestines. In this publication, we discuss aspects of the development of the mesothelium, where mesothelial structures can be found, and review molecular and cellular characteristics associated with the mesothelium. Furthermore, we discuss the involvement of the mesothelium in a number of disease conditions, in particular in the pathogenesis of mesotheliomas with an emphasis on malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)—a primary cancer developing in the pleural cavity.
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13
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Lüdtke TH, Rudat C, Kurz J, Häfner R, Greulich F, Wojahn I, Aydoğdu N, Mamo TM, Kleppa MJ, Trowe MO, Bohnenpoll T, Taketo MM, Kispert A. Mesothelial mobilization in the developing lung and heart differs in timing, quantity, and pathway dependency. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L767-L783. [PMID: 30702346 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00212.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesothelial lining of the lung, the visceral pleura, and of the heart, the epicardium, derive from a common multipotent precursor tissue, the mesothelium of the embryonic thoracic cavity that also contributes to organ-specific mesenchymal cell types. Insight into mesothelial mobilization and differentiation has prevailedin the developing heart while the mesenchymal transition and fate of the visceral pleura are poorly understood. Here, we use the fact that the early mesothelium of both the lung and the heart expresses the transcription factor gene Wt1, to comparatively analyze mesothelial mobilization in the two organs by a genetic cre-loxP-based conditional approach. We show that epicardial cells are mobilized in a large number between E12.5 and E14.5, whereas pleural mobilization occurs only sporadically and variably in few regions of the lung in a temporally highly confined manner shortly after E12.5. Mesothelium-specific inactivation of unique pathway components using a Wt1creERT2 line excluded a requirement for canonical WNT, NOTCH, HH, TGFB, PDGFRA, and FGFR1/FGFR2 signaling in the mesenchymal transition of the visceral pleura but indicated a deleterious effect of activated WNT, NOTCH, and HH signaling on lung development. Epicardial mobilization was negatively impacted on by loss of HH, PDGFRA, FGFR1/2 signaling. Epicardial overactivation of WNT, NOTCH, and HH disturbed epicardial and myocardial integrity. We conclude that mesothelial mobilization in the developing lung and heart differs in timing, quantity and pathway dependency, indicating the organ specificity of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo H Lüdtke
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Jennifer Kurz
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Regine Häfner
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Franziska Greulich
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Irina Wojahn
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Nurullah Aydoğdu
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Tamrat M Mamo
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Marc-Jens Kleppa
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Trowe
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Tobias Bohnenpoll
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover , Germany
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14
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Iyer D, Zhao Q, Wirka R, Naravane A, Nguyen T, Liu B, Nagao M, Cheng P, Miller CL, Kim JB, Pjanic M, Quertermous T. Coronary artery disease genes SMAD3 and TCF21 promote opposing interactive genetic programs that regulate smooth muscle cell differentiation and disease risk. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007681. [PMID: 30307970 PMCID: PMC6198989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous genetic loci have been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) with genome wide association studies, efforts are needed to identify the causal genes in these loci and link them into fundamental signaling pathways. Recent studies have investigated the disease mechanism of CAD associated gene SMAD3, a central transcription factor (TF) in the TGFβ pathway, investigating its role in smooth muscle biology. In vitro studies in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) revealed that SMAD3 modulates cellular phenotype, promoting expression of differentiation marker genes while inhibiting proliferation. RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing studies in HCASMC identified downstream genes that reside in pathways which mediate vascular development and atherosclerosis processes in this cell type. HCASMC phenotype, and gene expression patterns promoted by SMAD3 were noted to have opposing direction of effect compared to another CAD associated TF, TCF21. At sites of SMAD3 and TCF21 colocalization on DNA, SMAD3 binding was inversely correlated with TCF21 binding, due in part to TCF21 locally blocking chromatin accessibility at the SMAD3 binding site. Further, TCF21 was able to directly inhibit SMAD3 activation of gene expression in transfection reporter gene studies. In contrast to TCF21 which is protective toward CAD, SMAD3 expression in HCASMC was shown to be directly correlated with disease risk. We propose that the pro-differentiation action of SMAD3 inhibits dedifferentiation that is required for HCASMC to expand and stabilize disease plaque as they respond to vascular stresses, counteracting the protective dedifferentiating activity of TCF21 and promoting disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharini Iyer
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert Wirka
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ameay Naravane
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Manabu Nagao
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul Cheng
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Clint L. Miller
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Biochemistry and Genetics, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Juyong Brian Kim
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Milos Pjanic
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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15
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Pires HR, Boxem M. Mapping the Polarity Interactome. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3521-3544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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The E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF1 regulates cell-fate specification and outflow tract septation during mammalian heart development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9542. [PMID: 29934521 PMCID: PMC6015040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1) is a HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a critical role in vertebrate development by regulating planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling and convergent extension (CE). Here we show that SMURF1 is involved in mammalian heart development. We find that SMURF1 is highly expressed in outflow tract cushion mesenchyme and Smurf1−/− mouse embryos show delayed outflow tract septation. SMURF1 is expressed in smooth muscle cells of the coronary arteries and great vessels. Thickness of the aortic smooth muscle cell layer is reduced in Smurf1−/− mouse embryos. We show that SMURF1 is a negative regulator of cardiomyogenesis and a positive regulator of smooth muscle cell and cardiac fibroblast differentiation, indicating that SMURF1 is important for cell-type specification during heart development. Finally, we provide evidence that SMURF1 localizes at the primary cilium where it may regulate bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, which controls the initial phase of cardiomyocyte differentiation. In summary, our results demonstrate that SMURF1 is a critical regulator of outflow tract septation and cell-type specification during heart development, and that these effects may in part be mediated via control of cilium-associated BMP signaling.
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17
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Tao J, Barnett JV, Watanabe M, Ramírez-Bergeron D. Hypoxia Supports Epicardial Cell Differentiation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through the Activation of the TGFβ Pathway. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5020019. [PMID: 29652803 PMCID: PMC6023394 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) are an important pool of multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells. Through epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), EPDCs invade the subepicardium and myocardium and further differentiate into several cell types required for coronary vessel formation. We previously showed that epicardial hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling mediates the invasion of vascular precursor cells critical for patterning the coronary vasculature. Here, we examine the regulatory role of hypoxia (1% oxygen) on EPDC differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Results: Hypoxia stimulates EMT and enhances expression of several VSMC markers in mouse epicardial cell cultures. This stimulation is specifically blocked by inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) receptor I. Further analyses indicated that hypoxia increases the expression level of TGFβ-1 ligand and phosphorylation of TGFβ receptor II, suggesting an indispensable role of the TGFβ pathway in hypoxia-stimulated VSMC differentiation. We further demonstrate that the non-canonical RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway acts as the main downstream effector of TGFβ to modulate hypoxia’s effect on VSMC differentiation. Conclusion: Our results reveal a novel role of epicardial HIF in mediating coronary vasculogenesis by promoting their differentiation into VSMCs through noncanonical TGFβ signaling. These data elucidate that patterning of the coronary vasculature is influenced by epicardial hypoxic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Tao
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Michiko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, The Congenital Heart Collaborative, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Diana Ramírez-Bergeron
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- University Hospitals Harrington-McLaughlin Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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18
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Zuckerwise L, Li J, Lu L, Men Y, Geng T, Buhimschi CS, Buhimschi IA, Bukowski R, Guller S, Paidas M, Huang Y. H19 long noncoding RNA alters trophoblast cell migration and invasion by regulating TβR3 in placentae with fetal growth restriction. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38398-38407. [PMID: 27223264 PMCID: PMC5122399 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a well-recognized risk factor for perinatal mortality and morbidity, as well as neurodevelopmental impairment and adulthood onset disorders. Here we report that the H19 long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is significantly decreased in placentae from pregnancies with FGR. Downregulation of H19 leads to reduced migration and invasion of extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells in vitro. This is consistent with reduced trophoblast invasion that has been observed in FGR. Genome-scale transcriptome profiling of EVT cells reveals significantly decreased expression of the type III TGF-β receptor (TβR3) following H19 knockdown. Decreased TβR3 expression is also seen in FGR placentae. TβR3 repression decreases EVT cell migration and invasion, owing to impaired TGF-β signaling through a non-canonical TGF-β signaling pathway. Further, we identify TβR3 as a novel regulatory target of microRNA let-7. We propose that dysregulation of this newly identified H19/TβR3-mediated regulatory pathway may contribute to the molecular mechanism of FGR. Our findings are the first to show a lncRNA-based mechanism of FGR, holding promise for the development of novel predictive, diagnostic, and therapeutic modalities for FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zuckerwise
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yi Men
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Geng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Catalin S Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Irina A Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Radek Bukowski
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth Guller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Women and Children's Center for Blood Disorders and Preeclampsia Advancement, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yingqun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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19
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Bollum LK, Huse K, Oksvold MP, Bai B, Hilden VI, Forfang L, Yoon SO, Wälchli S, Smeland EB, Myklebust JH. BMP-7 induces apoptosis in human germinal center B cells and is influenced by TGF-β receptor type I ALK5. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177188. [PMID: 28489883 PMCID: PMC5425193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection and maturation of B cells into plasma cells producing high-affinity antibodies occur in germinal centers (GC). GCs form transiently in secondary lymphoid organs upon antigen challenge, and the GC reaction is a highly regulated process. TGF-β is a potent negative regulator, but the influence of other family members including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) is less known. Studies of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes showed that BMP-6 suppressed plasmablast differentiation, whereas BMP-7 induced apoptosis. Here, we show that human naïve and GC B cells had a strikingly different receptor expression pattern. GC B cells expressed high levels of BMP type I receptor but low levels of type II receptors, whereas naïve B cells had the opposite pattern. Furthermore, GC B cells had elevated levels of downstream signaling components SMAD1 and SMAD5, but reduced levels of the inhibitory SMAD7. Functional assays of GC B cells revealed that BMP-7 suppressed the viability-promoting effect of CD40L and IL-21, but had no effect on CD40L- and IL-21-induced differentiation into plasmablasts. BMP-7-induced apoptosis was counteracted by a selective TGF-β type I receptor (ALK4/5/7) inhibitor, but not by a selective BMP receptor type I inhibitor. Furthermore, overexpression of truncated ALK5 in a B-cell line counteracted BMP-7-induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression of truncated ALK4 had no effect. BMP-7 mRNA and protein was readily detected in tonsillar B cells, indicating a physiological relevance of the study. Altogether, we identified BMP-7 as a negative regulator of GC B-cell survival. The effect was counteracted by truncated ALK5, suggesting greater complexity in regulating BMP-7 signaling than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise K. Bollum
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten P. Oksvold
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Baoyan Bai
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vera I. Hilden
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Forfang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sun Ok Yoon
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cellular Therapy, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B. Smeland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H. Myklebust
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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20
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Dueñas A, Aranega AE, Franco D. More than Just a Simple Cardiac Envelope; Cellular Contributions of the Epicardium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:44. [PMID: 28507986 PMCID: PMC5410615 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult pumping heart is formed by distinct tissue layers. From inside to outside, the heart is composed by an internal endothelial layer, dubbed the endocardium, a thick myocardial component which supports the pumping capacity of the heart and exteriorly covered by a thin mesothelial layer named the epicardium. Cardiac insults such as coronary artery obstruction lead to ischemia and thus to an irreversible damage of the myocardial layer, provoking in many cases heart failure and death. Thus, searching for new pathways to regenerate the myocardium is an urgent biomedical need. Interestingly, the capacity of heart regeneration is present in other species, ranging from fishes to neonatal mammals. In this context, several lines of evidences demonstrated a key regulatory role for the epicardial layer. In this manuscript, we provide a state-of-the-art review on the developmental process leading to the formation of the epicardium, the distinct pathways controlling epicardial precursor cell specification and determination and current evidences on the regenerative potential of the epicardium to heal the injured heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Dueñas
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of JaénJaén, Spain
| | - Amelia E Aranega
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of JaénJaén, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of JaénJaén, Spain
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21
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Wei X, Wang X, Zhan J, Chen Y, Fang W, Zhang L, Zhang H. Smurf1 inhibits integrin activation by controlling Kindlin-2 ubiquitination and degradation. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1455-1471. [PMID: 28408404 PMCID: PMC5412569 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201609073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated cellular functions require integrin activation by the proteins Kindlin-2 and Talin. Wei et al. show that the E3 ligase Smurf1 permits precise modulation of integrin-mediated adhesion by interacting with and promoting Kindlin-2 ubiquitination and degradation. Integrin activation is an indispensable step for various integrin-mediated biological functions. Kindlin-2 is known to coactivate integrins with Talin; however, molecules that restrict integrin activation are elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 controls the amount of Kindlin-2 protein in cells and hinders integrin activation. Smurf1 interacts with and promotes Kindlin-2 ubiquitination and degradation. Smurf1 selectively mediates degradation of Kindlin-2 but not Talin, leading to inhibition of αIIbβ3 integrin activation in Chinese hamster ovary cells and β1 integrin activation in fibroblasts. Enhanced activation of β1 integrin was found in Smurf1-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, which correlates with an increase in Kindlin-2 protein levels. Similarly, a reciprocal relationship between Smurf1 and Kindlin-2 protein levels is found in tissues from colon cancer patients, suggesting that Smurf1 mediates Kindlin-2 degradation in vivo. Collectively, we demonstrate that Smurf1 acts as a brake for integrin activation by controlling Kindlin-2 protein levels, a new mechanism that permits precise modulation of integrin-mediated cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Zhan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Weigang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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22
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Li Y, Urban A, Midura D, Simon HG, Wang QT. Proteomic characterization of epicardial-myocardial signaling reveals novel regulatory networks including a role for NF-κB in epicardial EMT. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174563. [PMID: 28358917 PMCID: PMC5373538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling between the epicardium and underlying myocardium is crucial for proper heart development. The complex molecular interactions and regulatory networks involved in this communication are not well understood. In this study, we integrated mass spectrometry with bioinformatics to systematically characterize the secretome of embryonic chicken EPDC-heart explant (EHE) co-cultures. The 150-protein secretome dataset established greatly expands the knowledge base of the molecular players involved in epicardial-myocardial signaling. We identified proteins and pathways that are implicated in epicardial-myocardial signaling for the first time, as well as new components of pathways that are known to regulate the crosstalk between epicardium and myocardium. The large size of the dataset enabled bioinformatics analysis to deduce networks for the regulation of specific biological processes and predicted signal transduction nodes within the networks. We performed functional analysis on one of the predicted nodes, NF-κB, and demonstrate that NF-κB activation is an essential step in TGFβ2/PDGFBB-induced cardiac epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In summary, we have generated a global perspective of epicardial-myocardial signaling for the first time, and our findings open exciting new avenues for investigating the molecular basis of heart development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexander Urban
- Department of Pediatrics, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Devin Midura
- Department of Pediatrics, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hans-Georg Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QTW); (HGS)
| | - Q. Tian Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QTW); (HGS)
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23
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DeLaughter DM, Clark CR, Christodoulou DC, Seidman CE, Baldwin HS, Seidman JG, Barnett JV. Transcriptional Profiling of Cultured, Embryonic Epicardial Cells Identifies Novel Genes and Signaling Pathways Regulated by TGFβR3 In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159710. [PMID: 27505173 PMCID: PMC4978490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium plays an important role in coronary vessel formation and Tgfbr3-/- mice exhibit failed coronary vessel development associated with decreased epicardial cell invasion. Immortalized Tgfbr3-/- epicardial cells display the same defects. Tgfbr3+/+ and Tgfbr3-/- cells incubated for 72 hours with VEH or ligands known to promote invasion via TGFβR3 (TGFβ1, TGFβ2, BMP2), for 72 hours were harvested for RNA-seq analysis. We selected for genes >2-fold differentially expressed between Tgfbr3+/+ and Tgfbr3-/- cells when incubated with VEH (604), TGFβ1 (515), TGFβ2 (553), or BMP2 (632). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of these genes identified dysregulated biological processes consistent with the defects observed in Tgfbr3-/- cells, including those associated with extracellular matrix interaction. GO and Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) analysis identified distinct expression profiles between TGFβ1-TGFβ2 and VEH-BMP2 incubated cells, consistent with the differential response of epicardial cells to these ligands in vitro. Despite the differences observed between Tgfbr3+/+ and Tgfbr3-/- cells after TGFβ and BMP ligand addition, GRNs constructed from these gene lists identified NF-ĸB as a key nodal point for all ligands examined. Tgfbr3-/- cells exhibited decreased expression of genes known to be activated by NF-ĸB signaling. NF-ĸB activity was stimulated in Tgfbr3+/+ epicardial cells after TGFβ2 or BMP2 incubation, while Tgfbr3-/- cells failed to activate NF-ĸB in response to these ligands. Tgfbr3+/+ epicardial cells incubated with an inhibitor of NF-ĸB signaling no longer invaded into a collagen gel in response to TGFβ2 or BMP2. These data suggest that NF-ĸB signaling is dysregulated in Tgfbr3-/- epicardial cells and that NF-ĸB signaling is required for epicardial cell invasion in vitro. Our approach successfully identified a signaling pathway important in epicardial cell behavior downstream of TGFβR3. Overall, the genes and signaling pathways identified through our analysis yield the first comprehensive list of candidate genes whose expression is dependent on TGFβR3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. DeLaughter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cynthia R. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Danos C. Christodoulou
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Cardiology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - H. Scott Baldwin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville,Tennessee, United States of America
| | - J. G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joey V. Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Apical–Basal Polarity as a Sensor for Epithelial Homeostasis: A Matter of Life and Death. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Novel therapeutic strategies targeting fibroblasts and fibrosis in heart disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:620-638. [PMID: 27339799 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of cardiac fibroblasts has moved beyond their roles in heart structure and extracellular matrix generation and now includes their contributions to paracrine, mechanical and electrical signalling during ontogenesis and normal cardiac activity. Fibroblasts also have central roles in pathogenic remodelling during myocardial ischaemia, hypertension and heart failure. As key contributors to scar formation, they are crucial for tissue repair after interventions including surgery and ablation. Novel experimental approaches targeting cardiac fibroblasts are promising potential therapies for heart disease. Indeed, several existing drugs act, at least partially, through effects on cardiac connective tissue. This Review outlines the origins and roles of fibroblasts in cardiac development, homeostasis and disease; illustrates the involvement of fibroblasts in current and emerging clinical interventions; and identifies future targets for research and development.
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26
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Trembley MA, Velasquez LS, Small EM. Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration. J Vis Exp 2016:53750. [PMID: 27023710 PMCID: PMC4829037 DOI: 10.3791/53750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing cardiovascular progenitors during development and disease. While a number of factors have been implicated in epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) mobilization, the mechanisms governing their subsequent migration and differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we present in vitro and ex vivo strategies to study EPDC motility and differentiation. First, we describe a method of obtaining primary epicardial cells by outgrowth culture from the embryonic mouse heart. We also introduce a detailed protocol to assess three-dimensional migration of labeled EPDC in an organ culture system. We provide evidence using these techniques that genetic deletion of myocardin-related transcription factors in the epicardium attenuates EPDC migration. This approach serves as a platform to evaluate candidate modifiers of EPDC biology and could be used to develop genetic or chemical screens to identify novel regulators of EPDC mobilization that might be useful for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Trembley
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Lissette S Velasquez
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Eric M Small
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry;
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27
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Clark CR, Robinson JY, Sanchez NS, Townsend TA, Arrieta JA, Merryman WD, Trykall DZ, Olivey HE, Hong CC, Barnett JV. Common pathways regulate Type III TGFβ receptor-dependent cell invasion in epicardial and endocardial cells. Cell Signal 2016; 28:688-98. [PMID: 26970186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation (EMT) and the subsequent invasion of epicardial and endocardial cells during cardiac development is critical to the development of the coronary vessels and heart valves. The transformed cells give rise to cardiac fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells or valvular interstitial cells, respectively. The Type III Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβR3) receptor regulates EMT and cell invasion in both cell types, but the signaling mechanisms downstream of TGFβR3 are not well understood. Here we use epicardial and endocardial cells in in vitro cell invasion assays to identify common mechanisms downstream of TGFβR3 that regulate cell invasion. Inhibition of NF-κB activity blocked cell invasion in epicardial and endocardial cells. NF-κB signaling was found to be dysregulated in Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells which also show impaired cell invasion in response to ligand. TGFβR3-dependent cell invasion is also dependent upon Activin Receptor-Like Kinase (ALK) 2, ALK3, and ALK5 activity. A TGFβR3 mutant that contains a threonine to alanine substitution at residue 841 (TGFβR3-T841A) induces ligand-independent cell invasion in both epicardial and endocardial cells in vitro. These findings reveal a role for NF-κB signaling in the regulation of epicardial and endocardial cell invasion and identify a mutation in TGFβR3 which stimulates ligand-independent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Jamille Y Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Nora S Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Todd A Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Julian A Arrieta
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - W David Merryman
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212.
| | - David Z Trykall
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Harold E Olivey
- Dept. of Biology, Indiana University-Northwest, Gary, IN 46408, United States.
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs TVHS, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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28
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Crim1 has cell-autonomous and paracrine roles during embryonic heart development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19832. [PMID: 26821812 PMCID: PMC4731764 DOI: 10.1038/srep19832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium has a critical role during embryonic development, contributing epicardium-derived lineages to the heart, as well as providing regulatory and trophic signals necessary for myocardial development. Crim1 is a unique trans-membrane protein expressed by epicardial and epicardially-derived cells but its role in cardiogenesis is unknown. Using knockout mouse models, we observe that loss of Crim1 leads to congenital heart defects including epicardial defects and hypoplastic ventricular compact myocardium. Epicardium-restricted deletion of Crim1 results in increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invasion of the myocardium in vivo, and an increased migration of primary epicardial cells. Furthermore, Crim1 appears to be necessary for the proliferation of epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) and for their subsequent differentiation into cardiac fibroblasts. It is also required for normal levels of cardiomyocyte proliferation and apoptosis, consistent with a role in regulating epicardium-derived trophic factors that act on the myocardium. Mechanistically, Crim1 may also modulate key developmentally expressed growth factors such as TGFβs, as changes in the downstream effectors phospho-SMAD2 and phospho-ERK1/2 are observed in the absence of Crim1. Collectively, our data demonstrates that Crim1 is essential for cell-autonomous and paracrine aspects of heart development.
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29
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Mruk DD, Cheng CY. The Mammalian Blood-Testis Barrier: Its Biology and Regulation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:564-91. [PMID: 26357922 PMCID: PMC4591527 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the cellular process by which spermatogonia develop into mature spermatids within seminiferous tubules, the functional unit of the mammalian testis, under the structural and nutritional support of Sertoli cells and the precise regulation of endocrine factors. As germ cells develop, they traverse the seminiferous epithelium, a process that involves restructuring of Sertoli-germ cell junctions, as well as Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier. The blood-testis barrier, one of the tightest tissue barriers in the mammalian body, divides the seminiferous epithelium into 2 compartments, basal and adluminal. The blood-testis barrier is different from most other tissue barriers in that it is not only comprised of tight junctions. Instead, tight junctions coexist and cofunction with ectoplasmic specializations, desmosomes, and gap junctions to create a unique microenvironment for the completion of meiosis and the subsequent development of spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Studies from the past decade or so have identified the key structural, scaffolding, and signaling proteins of the blood-testis barrier. More recent studies have defined the regulatory mechanisms that underlie blood-testis barrier function. We review here the biology and regulation of the mammalian blood-testis barrier and highlight research areas that should be expanded in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
| | - C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
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30
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Gang X, Wang G, Huang H. Androgens regulate SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor-1 expression and prostate cancer cell invasion. Prostate 2015; 75:561-72. [PMID: 25631036 PMCID: PMC4593471 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed male cancer in the United States and is a hormone-driven disease. Androgens have been recognized as a major promoter of PCa development and progression. However, the mechanism of androgen action in PCa, especially in PCa cell invasion and metastasis remains largely unclear. SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor-1 (SMURF1) is a C2-WW-HECT-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays important roles in cancer cell metastasis. Whether there is a relationship between androgens and SMURF1 expression is not known. METHODS The effect of androgens on the expression of SMURF1 in PCa cell lines was examined by Western blot analyses and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gene transfection was performed by electroporation to manipulate the expression levels of proteins studied. The binding of AR to the SMURF1 gene enhancer was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Cell migration and invasion was measured by wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively. RESULTS We found that expression of SMURF1 is upregulated by androgens in PCa cell lines and that this effect of androgens is mediated through the androgen receptor (AR). We further showed that androgens regulate SMURF1 expression at transcriptional level and provided evidence that AR transcriptionally activates SMURF1 by binding to its enhancer that contains a canonical half androgen responsive element (ARE). Finally, we demonstrated that SMURF1 is important for androgen-induced invasion of PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that SMURF1 is a bona fide target gene of the AR. Our findings also suggest a potential role of SMURF1 in PCa metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
- Corresponding authors: Guixia Wang, M.D., Ph. D., Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021. Phone: +8615843081103. , Haojie Huang, Ph. D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Phone: +15072931311.
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Corresponding authors: Guixia Wang, M.D., Ph. D., Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021. Phone: +8615843081103. , Haojie Huang, Ph. D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Phone: +15072931311.
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31
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Allison P, Espiritu D, Barnett JV, Camenisch TD. Type III TGFβ receptor and Src direct hyaluronan-mediated invasive cell motility. Cell Signal 2015; 27:453-9. [PMID: 25499979 PMCID: PMC5604324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the epicardium undergoes proliferation, migration, and differentiation into several cardiac cell types which contribute to the coronary vessels. This process requires epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and directed cellular invasion. The Type III Transforming Growth Factor-beta Receptor (TGFβR3) is required for epicardial cell invasion and coronary vessel development. Using primary epicardial cells derived from Tgfbr3(+/+) and Tgfbr3(-/-) mouse embryos, high-molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWHA) stimulated cellular invasion and filamentous (f-actin) polymerization are detected in Tgfbr3(+/+) cells, but not in Tgfbr3(-/-) cells. Furthermore, HMWHA-stimulated cellular invasion and f-actin polymerization in Tgfbr3(+/+) epicardial cells are dependent on Src kinase. Src activation in HMWHA-stimulated Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells is not detected in response to HMWHA. RhoA and Rac1 also fail to activate in response to HMWHA in Tgfbr3(-/-) cells. These events coincide with defective f-actin formation and deficient cellular invasion. Finally, a T841A activating substitution in TGFβR3 drives ligand-independent Src activation. Collectively, these data define a TGFβR3-Src-RhoA/Rac1 pathway that is essential for hyaluronan-directed cell invasion in epicardial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Allison
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Daniella Espiritu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Joey V. Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Todd D. Camenisch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States,Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States,Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States,Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States,Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
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32
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Meganathan K, Sotiriadou I, Natarajan K, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Signaling molecules, transcription growth factors and other regulators revealed from in-vivo and in-vitro models for the regulation of cardiac development. Int J Cardiol 2015; 183:117-28. [PMID: 25662074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several in-vivo heart developmental models have been applied to decipher the cardiac developmental patterning encompassing early, dorsal, cardiac and visceral mesoderm as well as various transcription factors such as Gata, Hand, Tin, Dpp, Pnr. The expression of cardiac specific transcription factors, such as Gata4, Tbx5, Tbx20, Tbx2, Tbx3, Mef2c, Hey1 and Hand1 are of fundamental significance for the in-vivo cardiac development. Not only the transcription factors, but also the signaling molecules involved in cardiac development were conserved among various species. Enrichment of the bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) in the anterior lateral plate mesoderm is essential for the initiation of myocardial differentiation and the cardiac developmental process. Moreover, the expression of a number of cardiac transcription factors and structural genes initiate cardiac differentiation in the medial mesoderm. Other signaling molecules such as TGF-beta, IGF-1/2 and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) play a significant role in cardiac repair/regeneration, ventricular heart development and specification of early cardiac mesoderm, respectively. The role of the Wnt signaling in cardiac development is still controversial discussed, as in-vitro results differ dramatically in relation to the animal models. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) were utilized as an important in-vitro model for the elucidation of the cardiac developmental processes since they can be easily manipulated by numerous signaling molecules, growth factors, small molecules and genetic manipulation. Finally, in the present review the dynamic role of the long noncoding RNA and miRNAs in the regulation of cardiac development are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Meganathan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Isaia Sotiriadou
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Karthick Natarajan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
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33
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Hill CR, Jacobs BH, Brown CB, Barnett JV, Goudy SL. Type III transforming growth factor beta receptor regulates vascular and osteoblast development during palatogenesis. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:122-33. [PMID: 25382630 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleft palate occurs in up to 1:1,000 live births and is associated with mutations in multiple genes. Palatogenesis involves a complex choreography of palatal shelf elongation, elevation, and fusion. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) canonical signaling is required during each stage of palate development. The type III TGFβ receptor (TGFβR3) binds all three TGFβ ligands and BMP2, but its contribution to palatogenesis is unknown. RESULTS The role of TGFβR3 during palate formation was found to be during palatal shelf elongation and elevation. Tgfbr3(-) (/) (-) embryos displayed reduced palatal shelf width and height, changes in proliferation and apoptosis, and reduced vascular and osteoblast differentiation. Abnormal vascular plexus organization as well as aberrant expression of arterial (Notch1, Alk1), venous (EphB4), and lymphatic (Lyve1) markers was also observed. Decreased osteoblast differentiation factors (Runx2, alk phos, osteocalcin, col1A1, and col1A2) demonstrated poor mesenchymal cell commitment to the osteoblast lineage within the maxilla and palatal shelves in Tgfbr3(-) (/) (-) embryos. Additionally, in vitro bone mineralization induced by osteogenic medium (OM+BMP2) was insufficient in Tgfbr3(-) (/) (-) palatal mesenchyme, but mineralization was rescued by overexpression of TGFβR3. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a critical, previously unrecognized role for TGFβR3 in vascular and osteoblast development during palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R Hill
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Luo L, Li N, Lv N, Huang D. SMAD7: a timer of tumor progression targeting TGF-β signaling. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8379-85. [PMID: 24935472 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of cancer, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a cell growth suppressor; however, it is also a critical inducer of invasion and metastasis. SMAD is the important mediator of TGF-β signaling pathway, which includes receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs), common-mediator SMADs (co-SMADs), and inhibitory SMADs (I-SMADs). I-SMADs block the activation of R-SMADs and co-SMADs and thus play important roles especially in the SMAD-dependent signaling. SMAD7 belongs to the I-SMADs. As an inhibitor of TGF-β signaling, SMAD7 is overexpressed in numerous cancer types and its abundance is positively correlated to the malignancy. Emerging evidence has revealed the switch-in-role of SMAD7 in cancer, from a TGF-β inhibiting protein at the early stages that facilitates proliferation to an enhancer of invasion at the late stages. This role change may be accompanied or elicited by the tumor microenvironment and/or somatic mutation. Hence, current knowledge suggests a tumor-favorable timer nature of SMAD7 in cancer progression. In this review, we summarized the advances and recent findings of SMAD7 and TGF-β signaling in cancer, followed by specific discussion on the possible factors that account for the functional changes of SMAD7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Luo
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17th Yongwaizen St., Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
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Lockhart MM, Phelps AL, van den Hoff MJB, Wessels A. The Epicardium and the Development of the Atrioventricular Junction in the Murine Heart. J Dev Biol 2014; 2:1-17. [PMID: 24926431 PMCID: PMC4051323 DOI: 10.3390/jdb2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into the role of the epicardium in cardiac development and regeneration has significantly improved over the past ten years. This is mainly due to the increasing availability of new mouse models for the study of the epicardial lineage. Here we focus on the growing understanding of the significance of the epicardium and epicardially-derived cells in the formation of the atrioventricular (AV) junction. First, through the process of epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (epiEMT), the subepicardial AV mesenchyme is formed. Subsequently, the AV-epicardium and epicardially-derived cells (EPDCs) form the annulus fibrosus, a structure important for the electrical separation of atrial and ventricular myocardium. Finally, the AV-EPDCs preferentially migrate into the parietal AV valve leaflets, largely replacing the endocardially-derived cell population. In this review, we provide an overview of what is currently known about the regulation of the events involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M Lockhart
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (M.M.L.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Aimee L Phelps
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (M.M.L.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Maurice J B van den Hoff
- Academic Medical Center, Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (M.M.L.); (A.L.P.)
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Sewell-Loftin MK, DeLaughter DM, Peacock JR, Brown CB, Baldwin HS, Barnett JV, Merryman WD. Myocardial contraction and hyaluronic acid mechanotransduction in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation of endocardial cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2809-15. [PMID: 24433835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of endocardial cells is a critical initial step in the formation of heart valves. The collagen gel in vitro model has provided significant information on the role of growth factors regulating EMT but has not permitted investigation of mechanical factors. Therefore we sought to develop a system to probe the effects of mechanical inputs on endocardial EMT by incorporating hyaluronic acid (HA), the primary component of endocardial cushions in developing heart valves, into the gel assay. This was achieved using a combination collagen and crosslinkable methacrylated HA hydrogel (Coll-MeHA). Avian atrioventricular canal explants on Coll-MeHA gels showed increased numbers of transformed cells. Analysis of the mechanical properties of Coll-MeHA gels shows that stiffness does not directly affect EMT. Hydrogel deformation from the beating myocardium of explants directly led to higher levels of regional gel deformation and larger average strain magnitudes associated with invaded cells on Coll-MeHA gels. Inhibition of this contraction reduced EMT on all gel types, although to a lesser extent on Coll-MeHA gels. Using the system we have developed, which permits the manipulation of mechanical factors, we have demonstrated that active mechanical forces play a role in the regulation of endocardial EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel M DeLaughter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jon R Peacock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christopher B Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - H Scott Baldwin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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37
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Kwon A, Lee HL, Woo KM, Ryoo HM, Baek JH. SMURF1 plays a role in EGF-induced breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Mol Cells 2013; 36:548-55. [PMID: 24241683 PMCID: PMC3887964 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a well-known growth factor that induces cancer cell migration and invasion. Previous studies have shown that SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, regulates cell motility by inducing RhoA degradation. Therefore, we examined the role of SMURF1 in EGF-induced cell migration and invasion using MDA-MB-231 cells, a human breast cancer cell line. EGF increased SMURF1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. All ErbB family members were expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors specific for the EGF receptor (EGFR) or ErbB2 blocked the EGF-mediated induction of SMURF1 expression. Within the signaling pathways examined, ERK1/2 and protein kinase C activity were required for EGF-induced SMURF1 expression. The overexpression of constitutively active MEK1 increased the SMURF1 to levels similar to those induced by EGF. SMURF1 induction by EGF treatment or by the overexpression of MEK1 or SMURF1 resulted in enhanced cell migration and invasion, whereas SMURF1 knockdown suppressed EGF- or MEK1-induced cell migration and invasion. EGF treatment or SMURF1 overexpression decreased the endogenous RhoA protein levels. The overexpression of constitutively active RhoA prevented EGF- or SMURF1-induced cell migration and invasion. These results suggest that EGFinduced SMURF1 plays a role in breast cancer cell migration and invasion through the downregulation of RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arang Kwon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749,
Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749,
Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Woo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749,
Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749,
Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749,
Korea
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38
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Soluble VCAM-1 Alters Lipid Phosphatase Activity in Epicardial Mesothelial Cells: Implications for Lipid Signaling During Epicardial Formation. J Dev Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/jdb1020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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39
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Yang J, Zeini M, Lin CY, Lin CJ, Xiong Y, Shang C, Han P, Li W, Quertermous T, Zhou B, Chang CP. Epicardial calcineurin-NFAT signals through Smad2 to direct coronary smooth muscle cell and arterial wall development. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:120-9. [PMID: 23946498 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Congenital coronary artery anomalies produce serious events that include syncope, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, or sudden death. Studying the mechanism of coronary development will contribute to the understanding of the disease and help design new diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. Here, we characterized a new calcineurin-NFAT signalling which specifically functions in the epicardium to regulate the development of smooth muscle wall of the coronary arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Using tissue-specific gene deletion, we found that calcineurin-NFAT signals in the embryonic epicardium to direct coronary smooth muscle cell development. The smooth muscle wall of coronary arteries fails to mature in mice with epicardial deletion of calcineurin B1 (Cnb1), and accordingly these mutant mice develop cardiac dysfunction with reduced exercise capacity. Inhibition of calcineurin at various developmental windows shows that calcineurin-NFAT signals within a narrow time window at embryonic Day 12.5-13.5 to regulate coronary smooth muscle cell development. Within the epicardium, NFAT transcriptionally activates the expression of Smad2, whose gene product is critical for transducing transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-Alk5 signalling to control coronary development. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate new spatiotemporal and molecular actions of calcineurin-NFAT that dictate coronary arterial wall development and a new mechanism by which calcineurin-NFAT integrates with TGFβ signalling during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Moreno-Moral A, Mancini M, D'Amati G, Camici P, Petretto E. Transcriptional network analysis for the regulation of left ventricular hypertrophy and microvascular remodeling. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 6:931-44. [PMID: 23929067 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and cardiomyopathies share maladaptive changes of cardiac morphology, eventually leading to heart failure. These include left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), myocardial fibrosis, and structural remodeling of coronary microcirculation, which is the morphologic hallmark of coronary microvascular dysfunction. To pinpoint the complex molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying LVH-associated cardiac remodeling independent of blood pressure effects, we employed gene network approaches to the rat heart. We used the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat model showing many features of human hypertensive cardiomyopathy, for which we collected histological and histomorphometric data of the heart and coronary vasculature, and genome-wide cardiac gene expression. Here, we provide a large catalogue of gene co-expression networks in the heart that are significantly associated with quantitative variation in LVH, microvascular remodeling, and fibrosis-related traits. Many of these networks were significantly conserved to human idiopathic and/or ischemic cardiomyopathy patients, suggesting a potential role for these co-expressed genes in human heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Moreno-Moral
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine (ICTEM) Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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41
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Abstract
The conserved polarity proteins Par6 and aPKC regulate cell polarization processes. However, increasing evidence also suggests that they play a role in oncogenic progression. During tumor progression, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) delineates an evolutionary conserved process that converts stationary epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells, which have an acquired ability for independent migration and invasion. In addition to signaling pathways that alter genetic programes that trigger the loss of cell-cell adhesion, alternative pathways can alter cell plasticity to regulate cell-cell cohesion and increase invasive potential. One such pathway involves TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of Par6. In epithelial cells, Par6 phosphorylation results in the dissolution of junctional complexes, cytoskeletal remodelling, and increased metastatic potential. Recently, we found that aPKC can also phosphorylate Par6 to drive EMT and increase the migratory potential of non-small cell lung cancer cells. This result has implications with respect to homeostatic and developmental processes involving polarization, and also with respect to cancer progression-particularly since aPKC has been reported to be an oncogenic regulator in various tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gunaratne
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Western University; London, ON, Canada
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42
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Cao Y, Zhang L. A Smurf1 tale: function and regulation of an ubiquitin ligase in multiple cellular networks. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2305-17. [PMID: 23007848 PMCID: PMC11113965 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since being discovered and intensively studied for over a decade, Smad ubiquitylation regulatory factor-1 (Smurf1) has been linked with several important biological pathways, including the bone morphogenetic protein pathway, the non-canonical Wnt pathway, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Multiple functions of this ubiquitin ligase have been discovered in cell growth and morphogenesis, cell migration, cell polarity, and autophagy. Smurf1 is related to physiological manifestations in terms of age-dependent deficiency in bone formation and invasion of tumor cells. Smurf1-knockout mice have a significant phenotype in the skeletal system and considerable manifestations during embryonic development and neural outgrowth. In depth studying of Smurf1 will help us to understand the etiopathological mechanisms of related disorders. Here, we will summarize historical and recent studies on Smurf1, and discuss the E3 ligase-dependent and -independent functions of Smurf1. Moreover, intracellular regulations of Smurf1 and related physiological phenotypes will be described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 Liaoning Province China
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Rajagopalan V, Zhao M, Reddy S, Fajardo G, Wang X, Dewey S, Gomes AV, Bernstein D. Altered ubiquitin-proteasome signaling in right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H551-62. [PMID: 23729213 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00771.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) have been described in left ventricular hypertrophy and failure, although results have been inconsistent. The role of the UPS in right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy (RVH) and RV failure (RVF) is unknown. Given the greater percent increase in RV mass associated with RV afterload stress, as present in many congenital heart lesions, we hypothesized that alterations in the UPS could play an important role in RVH/RVF. UPS expression and activity were measured in the RV from mice with RVH/RVF secondary to pulmonary artery constriction (PAC). Epoxomicin and MG132 were used to inhibit the proteasome, and overexpression of the 11S PA28α subunit was used to activate the proteasome. PAC mice developed RVH (109.3% increase in RV weight to body weight), RV dilation with septal shift, RV dysfunction, and clinical RVF. Proteasomal function (26S β₅ chymotrypsin-like activity) was decreased 26% (P < 0.05). Protein expression of 19S subunit Rpt5 (P < 0.05), UCHL1 deubiquitinase (P < 0.0001), and Smurf1 E3 ubiquitin ligase (P < 0.01) were increased, as were polyubiquitinated proteins (P < 0.05) and free-ubiquitins (P = 0.05). Pro-apoptotic Bax was increased (P < 0.0001), whereas anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 decreased (P < 0.05), resulting in a sixfold increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Proteasomal inhibition did not accelerate RVF. However, proteasome enhancement by cardiac-specific proteasome overexpression partially improved survival. Proteasome activity is decreased in RVH/RVF, associated with upregulation of key UPS regulators and pro-apoptotic signaling. Enhancement of proteasome function partially attenuates RVF, suggesting that UPS dysfunction contributes to RVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Rajagopalan
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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44
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Tao G, Miller LJ, Lincoln J. Snai1 is important for avian epicardial cell transformation and motility. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:699-708. [PMID: 23553854 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formation of the epicardium requires several cellular processes including migration, transformation, invasion, and differentiation in order to give rise to fibroblast, smooth muscle, coronary endothelial and myocyte cell lineages within the developing myocardium. Snai1 is a zinc finger transcription factor that plays an important role in regulating cell survival and fate during embryonic development and under pathological conditions. However, its role in avian epicardial development has not been examined. RESULTS Here we show that Snai1 is highly expressed in epicardial cells from as early as the proepicardial cell stage and its expression is maintained as proepicardial cells migrate and spread over the surface of the myocardium and undergo epicardial-to-mesenchymal transformation in the generation of epicardial-derived cells. Using multiple in vitro assays, we show that Snai1 overexpression in chick explants enhances proepicardial cell migration at Hamburger Hamilton Stage (HH St.) 16, and epicardial-to-mesenchymal transformation, cell migration, and invasion at HH St. 24. Further, we demonstrate that Snai1-mediated cell migration requires matrix metalloproteinase activity, and MMP15 is sufficient for this process. CONCLUSIONS Together our data provide new insights into the multiple roles that Snai1 has in regulating avian epicardial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Tao
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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45
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Hwang YS, Lee HS, Kamata T, Mood K, Cho HJ, Winterbottom E, Ji YJ, Singh A, Daar IO. The Smurf ubiquitin ligases regulate tissue separation via antagonistic interactions with ephrinB1. Genes Dev 2013; 27:491-503. [PMID: 23475958 DOI: 10.1101/gad.208355.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation of tissue boundaries is dependent on the cell-cell adhesion/repulsion system that is required for normal morphogenetic processes during development. The Smad ubiquitin regulatory factors (Smurfs) are E3 ubiquitin ligases with established roles in cell growth and differentiation, but whose roles in regulating cell adhesion and migration are just beginning to emerge. Here, we demonstrate that the Smurfs regulate tissue separation at mesoderm/ectoderm boundaries through antagonistic interactions with ephrinB1, an Eph receptor ligand that has a key role in regulating the separation of embryonic germ layers. EphrinB1 is targeted by Smurf2 for degradation; however, a Smurf1 interaction with ephrinB1 prevents the association with Smurf2 and precludes ephrinB1 from ubiquitination and degradation, since it is a substantially weaker substrate for Smurf1. Inhibition of Smurf1 expression in embryonic mesoderm results in loss of ephrinB1-mediated separation of this tissue from the ectoderm, which can be rescued by the coincident inhibition of Smurf2 expression. This system of differential interactions between Smurfs and ephrinB1 regulates the maintenance of tissue boundaries through the control of ephrinB protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Seok Hwang
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Nakajima Y, Imanaka-Yoshida K. New insights into the developmental mechanisms of coronary vessels and epicardium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:263-317. [PMID: 23445813 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During heart development, the epicardium, which originates from the proepicardial organ (PE), is a source of coronary vessels. The PE develops from the posterior visceral mesoderm of the pericardial coelom after stimulation with a combination of weak bone morphogenetic protein and strong fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. PE-derived cells migrate across the heart surface to form the epicardial sheet, which subsequently seeds multipotent subepicardial mesenchymal cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which is regulated by several signaling pathways including retinoic acid, FGF, sonic hedgehog, Wnt, transforming growth factor-β, and platelet-derived growth factor. Subepicardial endothelial progenitors eventually generate the coronary vascular plexus, which acquires an arterial or venous phenotype, connects with the sinus venosus and aortic sinuses, and then matures through the recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells under the regulation of complex growth factor signaling pathways. These developmental programs might be activated in the adult heart after injury and play a role in the regeneration/repair of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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47
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Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial, evolutionarily conserved process that occurs during development and is essential for shaping embryos. Also implicated in cancer, this morphological transition is executed through multiple mechanisms in different contexts, and studies suggest that the molecular programs governing EMT, albeit still enigmatic, are embedded within developmental programs that regulate specification and differentiation. As we review here, knowledge garnered from studies of EMT during gastrulation, neural crest delamination and heart formation have furthered our understanding of tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jormay Lim
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, ASTAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore
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Hill CR, Sanchez NS, Love JD, Arrieta JA, Hong CC, Brown CB, Austin AF, Barnett JV. BMP2 signals loss of epithelial character in epicardial cells but requires the Type III TGFβ receptor to promote invasion. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1012-22. [PMID: 22237159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronary vessel development depends on a subpopulation of epicardial cells that undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and invade the subepicardial space and myocardium. These cells form the smooth muscle of the vessels and fibroblasts, but the mechanisms that regulate these processes are poorly understood. Mice lacking the Type III Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor (TGFβR3) die by E14.5 due to failed coronary vessel development accompanied by reduced epicardial cell invasion. BMP2 signals via TGFβR3 emphasizing the importance of determining the relative contributions of the canonical BMP signaling pathway and TGFβR3-dependent signaling to BMP2 responsiveness. Here we examined the role of TGFβR3 in BMP2 signaling in epicardial cells. Whereas TGFβ induced loss of epithelial character and smooth muscle differentiation, BMP2 induced an ALK3-dependent loss of epithelial character and modestly inhibited TGFβ-stimulated differentiation. Tgfbr3(-/-) cells respond to BMP2 indicating that TGFβR3 is not required. However, Tgfbr3(-/-) cells show decreased invasion in response to BMP2 and overexpression of TGFβR3 in Tgfbr3(-/-) cells rescued invasion. Invasion was dependent on ALK5, ALK2, ALK3, and Smad4. Expression of TGFβR3 lacking the 3 C-terminal amino acids required to interact with the scaffolding protein GIPC (GAIP-interacting protein, C terminus) did not rescue. Knockdown of GIPC in Tgfbr3(+/+) or Tgfbr3(-/-) cells rescued with TGFβR3 decreased BMP2-stimulated invasion confirming a requirement for TGFβR3/GIPC interaction. Our results reveal the relative roles of TGFβR3-dependent and TGFβR3-independent signaling in the actions of BMP2 on epicardial cell behavior and demonstrate the critical role of TGFβR3 in mediating BMP2-stimulated invasion.
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