1
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Rahman R, Selth LA. Cyclin-dependent kinases as mediators of aberrant transcription in prostate cancer. Transl Oncol 2025; 55:102378. [PMID: 40163908 PMCID: PMC11995790 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2025.102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional control of gene expression is fundamental to all cellular processes. Conversely, transcriptional dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer. While this hallmark is a key driver of all malignancy-related process, it also represents a vulnerability that can be exploited therapeutically. Prostate cancer is a prime example of this phenomenon: it is characterised by aberrant transcription and treated with drugs that influence transcriptional pathways. Indeed, the primary oncogenic driver and therapeutic target of prostate cancer, the androgen receptor (AR), is a transcription factor. Moreover, a plethora of other transcriptional regulators, including transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK7, CDK8 and CDK9), MYC and Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), play prominent roles in disease progression. In this review, we focus on the roles of transcriptional CDKs in prostate cancer growth, metastasis and therapy resistance and discuss their interplay with AR, MYC and BRD4. Additionally, we explore recent advances in the therapeutic targeting of transcriptional CDKs and propose how these strategies could be effectively harnessed for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Rahman
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia; Flinders University, Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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2
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Hluchý M, Blazek D. CDK11, a splicing-associated kinase regulating gene expression. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00161-2. [PMID: 39245599 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The ability of a cell to properly express its genes depends on optimal transcription and splicing. RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcribes protein-coding genes and produces pre-mRNAs, which undergo, largely co-transcriptionally, intron excision by the spliceosome complex. Spliceosome activation is a major control step, leading to a catalytically active complex. Recent work has showed that cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)11 regulates spliceosome activation via the phosphorylation of SF3B1, a core spliceosome component. Thus, CDK11 arises as a major coordinator of gene expression in metazoans due to its role in the rate-limiting step of pre-mRNA splicing. This review outlines the evolution of CDK11 and SF3B1 and their emerging roles in splicing regulation. It also discusses how CDK11 and its inhibition affect transcription and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Hluchý
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Blazek
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Zhang Q, Chen Y, Teng Z, Lin Z, Liu H. CDK11 facilitates centromeric transcription to maintain centromeric cohesion during mitosis. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar18. [PMID: 38019613 PMCID: PMC10881149 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-08-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Actively-transcribing RNA polymerase (RNAP)II is remained on centromeres to maintain centromeric cohesion during mitosis, although it is largely released from chromosome arms. This pool of RNAPII plays an important role in centromere functions. However, the mechanism of RNAPII retention on mitotic centromeres is poorly understood. We here demonstrate that Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)11 is involved in RNAPII regulation on mitotic centromeres. Consistently, we show that Cdk11 knockdown induces centromeric cohesion defects and decreases Bub1 on kinetochores, but the centromeric cohesion defects are partially attributed to Bub1. Furthermore, Cdk11 knockdown and the expression of its kinase-dead version significantly reduce both RNAPII and elongating RNAPII (pSer2) levels on centromeres and decrease centromeric transcription. Importantly, the overexpression of centromeric α-satellite RNAs fully rescues Cdk11-knockdown defects. These results suggest that the maintenance of centromeric cohesion requires Cdk11-facilitated centromeric transcription. Mechanistically, Cdk11 localizes on centromeres where it binds and phosphorylates RNAPII to promote transcription. Remarkably, mitosis-specific degradation of G2/M Cdk11-p58 recapitulates Cdk11-knockdown defects. Altogether, our findings establish Cdk11 as an important regulator of centromeric transcription and as part of the mechanism for retaining RNAPII on centromeres during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Yujue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Zhen Teng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Zhen Lin
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Tulane Aging Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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4
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Wang C, Xu L, Du C, Yun H, Wang K, Liu H, Ye M, Fan J, Zhou Y, Cheng H. CDK11 requires a critical activator SAP30BP to regulate pre-mRNA splicing. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114051. [PMID: 38059508 PMCID: PMC10711644 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CDK11 is an emerging druggable target for cancer therapy due to its prevalent roles in phosphorylating critical transcription and splicing factors and in facilitating cell cycle progression in cancer cells. Like other cyclin-dependent kinases, CDK11 requires its cognate cyclin, cyclin L1 or cyclin L2, for activation. However, little is known about how CDK11 activities might be modulated by other regulators. In this study, we show that CDK11 forms a tight complex with cyclins L1/L2 and SAP30BP, the latter of which is a poorly characterized factor. Acute degradation of SAP30BP mirrors that of CDK11 in causing widespread and strong defects in pre-mRNA splicing. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SAP30BP facilitates CDK11 kinase activities in vitro and in vivo, through ensuring the stabilities and the assembly of cyclins L1/L2 with CDK11. Together, these findings uncover SAP30BP as a critical CDK11 activator that regulates global pre-mRNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Chen Du
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, RNA Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina§
| | - Hao Yun
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Keyun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Mingliang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Jing Fan
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, RNA Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina§
| | - Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouChina
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5
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Pluta AJ, Studniarek C, Murphy S, Norbury CJ. Cyclin-dependent kinases: Masters of the eukaryotic universe. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 15:e1816. [PMID: 37718413 PMCID: PMC10909489 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A family of structurally related cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) drives many aspects of eukaryotic cell function. Much of the literature in this area has considered individual members of this family to act primarily either as regulators of the cell cycle, the context in which CDKs were first discovered, or as regulators of transcription. Until recently, CDK7 was the only clear example of a CDK that functions in both processes. However, new data points to several "cell-cycle" CDKs having important roles in transcription and some "transcriptional" CDKs having cell cycle-related targets. For example, novel functions in transcription have been demonstrated for the archetypal cell cycle regulator CDK1. The increasing evidence of the overlap between these two CDK types suggests that they might play a critical role in coordinating the two processes. Here we review the canonical functions of cell-cycle and transcriptional CDKs, and provide an update on how these kinases collaborate to perform important cellular functions. We also provide a brief overview of how dysregulation of CDKs contributes to carcinogenesis, and possible treatment avenues. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes RNA Processing > 3' End Processing RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shona Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Chris J. Norbury
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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6
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Liu Y, Fu L, Wu J, Liu M, Wang G, Liu B, Zhang L. Transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases: Potential drug targets in cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:114056. [PMID: 34942431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of the development of the concept of cell cycle and its limiting points, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are considered to play a central role in regulating cell cycle progression. Recent studies have strongly demonstrated that CDKs also has multiple functions, especially in response to extracellular and intracellular signals by interfering with transcriptional events. Consequently, how to inhibit their function has been a hot research topic. It is worth noting that the key role of CDKs in regulating transcription has been explored in recent years, but its related pharmacological targets are less developed, and most inhibitors have not entered the clinical stage. Accordingly, this perspective focus on the biological functions of transcription related CDKs and their complexes, some key upstream and downstream signals, and inhibitors for cancer treatment in recent years. In addition, some corresponding combined treatment strategies will provide a more novel perspective for future cancer remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, China
| | - Leilei Fu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, China.
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7
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Hussain Qureshi MF, Shah M, Lakhani M, Abubaker ZJ, Mohammad D, Farhan H, Zia I, Tafveez R, Khan ST, Rubina G, Shamim M, Ghulam H. Gene signatures of cyclin-dependent kinases: a comparative study in naïve early and advanced stages of lung metastasis breast cancer among pre- and post-menopausal women. Genes Cancer 2021; 12:1-11. [PMID: 33868579 PMCID: PMC8018704 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC) is a more aggressive tumor with 5 years median survival rates after metastasis. Despite successful treatment, unfortunately, the majority of affected patients die. Defects in cell cycle and transcription regulation phases which are governed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the hallmark of many cancers that underpinning the progression of the disease. Therefore, the current study looked at the alteration of six CDKs mRNA expression levels in pre- and postmenopausal lung metastasis BC groups; the majority were HER2+. Two hundred pre-and postmenopausal lung metastasis breast cancer and healthy control blood samples were taken for RNA isolation. Quantitative PCR was done for CDKs mRNA expressions. We observed overexpression of CDK11, CDK12, CDK17, CDK18, and CDK19 in both pre- and postmenopausal groups. However, CDK20 showed progressive downregulation from early to advanced stages in both groups of patients. Collectively, this data revealed that CDKs overexpression levels may predict BC disease progression and provide further rationale for novel anticancer strategies for HER2+ BC cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muzna Shah
- Medical Students, Ziauddin University, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mahira Lakhani
- Medical Students, Ziauddin University, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Danish Mohammad
- Medical Students, Ziauddin University, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hira Farhan
- Medical Students, Ziauddin University, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iman Zia
- Medical Students, Ziauddin University, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rida Tafveez
- Medical Students, Ziauddin University, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Ghani Rubina
- Department of Biochemistry, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Shamim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ziauddin University, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Haider Ghulam
- Oncology Department, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan
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8
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Lv X, Tian Y, Li S, Cheng K, Huang X, Kong H, Liao C, Xie Z. Discovery and Development of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5429-5443. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190402110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent Kinase 8 (CDK8), a member of the CDKs family, has been widely
focused owing to investigations of its critical roles in transcription and oncogenesis in recent years.
Selective inhibition of CDK8 and its paralog CDK19 offers a novel therapeutic strategy for the
treatment of some cancers. Up to now, though many small molecules against CDK8 have been discovered,
most of them are discontinued in the preclinical trials due to the low selectivity and poor
physicochemical properties. This review mainly summarizes the design strategies of selective CDK8
inhibitors having different chemical scaffolds with the aim to improve the inhibitory activity, selectivity,
metabolic stability and solubility. Their corresponding Structure-activity Relationships (SAR)
are also reviewed. On the basis of the discussion in this review, we hope more effective, selective
and drug-like CDK8 inhibitors will be developed and demonstrate therapeutic values in the near
future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lv
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Yongbing Tian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Xufeng Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Haiyan Kong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Zhouling Xie
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
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9
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Lynch CJ, Bernad R, Calvo I, Serrano M. Manipulating the Mediator complex to induce naïve pluripotency. Exp Cell Res 2020; 395:112215. [PMID: 32771524 PMCID: PMC7584500 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human naïve pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represent an optimal homogenous starting point for molecular interventions and differentiation strategies. This is in contrast to the standard primed PSCs which fluctuate in identity and are transcriptionally heterogeneous. However, despite many efforts, the maintenance and expansion of human naïve PSCs remains a challenge. Here, we discuss our recent strategy for the stabilization of human PSC in the naïve state based on the use of a single chemical inhibitor of the related kinases CDK8 and CDK19. These kinases phosphorylate and negatively regulate the multiprotein Mediator complex, which is critical for enhancer-driven recruitment of RNA Pol II. The net effect of CDK8/19 inhibition is a global stimulation of enhancers, which in turn reinforces transcriptional programs including those related to cellular identity. In the case of pluripotent cells, the presence of CDK8/19i efficiently stabilizes the naïve state. Importantly, in contrast to previous chemical methods to induced the naïve state based on the inhibition of the FGF-MEK-ERK pathway, CDK8/19i-naïve human PSCs are chromosomally stable and retain developmental potential after long-term expansion. We suggest this could be related to the fact that CDK8/19 inhibition does not induce DNA demethylation. These principles may apply to other fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian J Lynch
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raquel Bernad
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Calvo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain.
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10
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Ou D, Chen L, He J, Rong Z, Gao J, Li Z, Liu L, Tang F, Li J, Deng Y, Sun L. CDK11 negatively regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the endosomal compartment by affecting microtubule stability. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:328-342. [PMID: 32587772 PMCID: PMC7309457 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Improper activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in human diseases. Beyond the well-studied glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and casein kinase 1 (CK1), other kinases affecting Wnt/β-catenin signaling remain to be defined. Methods:To identify the kinases that modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, we applied a kinase small interfering RNA (siRNA) library screen approach. Luciferase assays, immunoblotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to confirm the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) and to investigate the underlying mechanism. Confocal immunofluorescence, coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP), and scratch wound assays were used to demonstrate colocalization, detect protein interactions, and explore the function of CDK11. Results: CDK11 was found to be a significant candidate kinase participating in the negative control of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Down-regulation of CDK11 led to the accumulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling receptor complexes, in a manner dependent on intact adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) protein. Further analysis showed that CDK11 modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling engaged the endolysosomal machinery, and CDK11 knockdown enhanced the colocalization of Wnt/β-catenin signaling receptor complexes with early endosomes and decreased colocalization with lysosomes. Mechanistically, CDK11 was found to function in Wnt/β-catenin signaling by regulating microtubule stability. Depletion of CDK11 down-regulated acetyl-α-tubulin. Moreover, co-IP assays demonstrated that CDK11 interacts with the α-tubulin deacetylase SIRT2, whereas SIRT2 down-regulation in CDK11-depleted cells reversed the accumulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling receptor complexes. CDK11 was found to suppress cell migration through altered Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusions: CDK11 is a negative modulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling that stabilizes microtubules, thus resulting in the dysregulation of receptor complex trafficking from early endosomes to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmin Ou
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhuoxian Rong
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,International Cooperation Base of Cancer Precision Therapy, Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Feiyu Tang
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yuezhen Deng
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,International Cooperation Base of Cancer Precision Therapy, Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,International Cooperation Base of Cancer Precision Therapy, Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
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11
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Gajdušková P, Ruiz de Los Mozos I, Rájecký M, Hluchý M, Ule J, Blazek D. CDK11 is required for transcription of replication-dependent histone genes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:500-510. [PMID: 32367068 PMCID: PMC7116321 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Replication-dependent histones (RDH) are required for packaging of newly synthetized DNA into nucleosomes during S-phase when their expression is highly upregulated. However, the mechanisms of this upregulation in metazoan cells remain poorly understood. Using iCLIP and ChIP-seq, we found that human cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) associates with RNA and chromatin of RDH genes primarily in the S-phase. Moreover, its N-terminal region binds FLASH, RDH-specific 3´end processing factor, which keeps the kinase on the chromatin. CDK11 phosphorylates serine 2 (Ser2) of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), which is initiated at the middle of RDH genes and is required for further RNAPII elongation and 3´end processing. CDK11 depletion leads to decreased number of cells in S-phase, likely due to the function of CDK11 in RDH gene expression. Thus, the reliance of RDH expression on CDK11 could explain why CDK11 is essential for growth of many cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Gajdušková
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Ruiz de Los Mozos
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michal Rájecký
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Hluchý
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jernej Ule
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dalibor Blazek
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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12
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Chou J, Quigley DA, Robinson TM, Feng FY, Ashworth A. Transcription-Associated Cyclin-Dependent Kinases as Targets and Biomarkers for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:351-370. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Renshaw MJ, Panagiotou TC, Lavoie BD, Wilde A. CDK11 p58-cyclin L1β regulates abscission site assembly. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18639-18649. [PMID: 31653703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigorous spatiotemporal regulation of cell division is required to maintain genome stability. The final stage in cell division, when the cells physically separate (abscission), is tightly regulated to ensure that it occurs after cytokinetic events such as chromosome segregation. A key regulator of abscission timing is Aurora B kinase activity, which inhibits abscission and forms the major activity of the abscission checkpoint. This checkpoint prevents abscission until chromosomes have been cleared from the cytokinetic machinery. Here we demonstrate that the mitosis-specific CDK11p58 kinase specifically forms a complex with cyclin L1β that, in late cytokinesis, localizes to the stem body, a structure in the middle of the intercellular bridge that forms between two dividing cells. Depletion of CDK11 inhibits abscission, and rescue of this phenotype requires CDK11p58 kinase activity or inhibition of Aurora B kinase activity. Furthermore, CDK11p58 kinase activity is required for formation of endosomal sorting complex required for transport III filaments at the site of abscission. Combined, these data suggest that CDK11p58 kinase activity opposes Aurora B activity to enable abscission to proceed and result in successful completion of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Renshaw
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Thomas C Panagiotou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Brigitte D Lavoie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Andrew Wilde
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada.
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14
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Ding J, Fang Z, Liu X, Zhu Z, Wen C, Wang H, Gu J, Li QR, Zeng R, Li H, Jin Y. CDK11 safeguards the identity of human embryonic stem cells via fine-tuning signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4279-4290. [PMID: 31612516 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways transmit extracellular cues into cells and regulate transcriptome and epigenome to maintain or change the cell identity. Protein kinases and phosphatases are critical for signaling transduction and regulation. Here, we report that CDK11, a member of the CDK family, is required for the maintenance of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) self-renewal. Our results show that, among the three main isoforms of CDK11, CDK11p46 is the main isoform safeguarding the hESC identity. Mechanistically, CDK11 constrains two important mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (JNK and p38 signaling) through modulating the activity of protein phosphatase 1. Furthermore, CDK11 knockdown activates transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/SMAD2/3 signaling and upregulates certain nonneural differentiation-associated genes. Taken together, this study uncovers a kinase required for hESC self-renewal through fine-tuning MAPK and TGF-β signaling at appropriate levels. The kinase-phosphatase axis reported here may shed new light on the molecular mechanism sustaining the identity of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoqing Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhexin Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunsheng Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Gu
- Basic Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Run Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Basic Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Basic Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Feng Y, Liao Y, Zhang J, Shen J, Shao Z, Hornicek F, Duan Z. Transcriptional activation of CBFβ by CDK11 p110 is necessary to promote osteosarcoma cell proliferation. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:125. [PMID: 31610798 PMCID: PMC6792216 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant expression of cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDK) is a hallmark of cancer. CDK11 plays a crucial role in cancer cell growth and proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms of CDK11 and CDK11 transcriptionally regulated genes are largely unknown. METHODS In this study, we performed a global transcriptional analysis using gene array technology to investigate the transcriptional role of CDK11 in osteosarcoma. The promoter luciferase assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and Gel Shift assay were used to identify direct transcriptional targets of CDK11. Clinical relevance and function of core-binding factor subunit beta (CBFβ) were further accessed in osteosarcoma. RESULTS We identified a transcriptional role of protein-DNA interaction for CDK11p110, but not CDK11p58, in the regulation of CBFβ expression in osteosarcoma cells. The CBFβ promoter luciferase assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and Gel Shift assay confirmed that CBFβ is a direct transcriptional target of CDK11. High expression of CBFβ is associated with poor outcome in osteosarcoma patients. Expression of CBFβ contributes to the proliferation and metastatic behavior of osteosarcoma cells. CONCLUSIONS These data establish CBFβ as a mediator of CDK11p110 dependent oncogenesis and suggest that targeting the CDK11- CBFβ pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yunfei Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jacson Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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16
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CDK11 Loss Induces Cell Cycle Dysfunction and Death of BRAF and NRAS Melanoma Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020050. [PMID: 30987032 PMCID: PMC6631185 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) is a protein kinase that regulates RNA transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, mitosis, and cell death. Targeting of CDK11 expression levels is effective in the experimental treatment of breast and other cancers, but these data are lacking in melanoma. To understand CDK11 function in melanoma, we evaluated protein and RNA levels of CDK11, Cyclin L1 and Cyclin L2 in benign melanocytes and BRAF- as well as NRAS-mutant melanoma cell lines. We investigated the effectiveness of reducing expression of this survival kinase using RNA interference on viability, clonal survival, and tumorsphere formation in melanoma cell lines. We examined the impact of CDK11 loss in BRAF-mutant melanoma on more than 700 genes important in cancer signaling pathways. Follow-up analysis evaluated how CDK11 loss alters cell cycle function in BRAF- and NRAS-mutant melanoma cells. We present data on CDK11, CCNL1 and CCNL2 mRNA expression in melanoma patients, including prognosis for survival. In sum, we found that CDK11 is necessary for melanoma cell survival, and a major impact of CDK11 loss in melanoma is to cause disruption of the cell cycle distribution with accumulation of G1- and loss of G2/M-phase cancer cells.
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17
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Putlyaev EV, Ibragimov AN, Lebedeva LA, Georgiev PG, Shidlovskii YV. Structure and Functions of the Mediator Complex. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:423-436. [PMID: 29626929 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mediator is a key factor in the regulation of expression of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes. Recent studies have shown that Mediator acts as a coordinator of transcription activation and participates in maintaining chromatin architecture in the cell nucleus. In this review, we present current concepts on the structure and functions of Mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Putlyaev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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18
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Williams CW, Iyer J, Liu Y, O'Connell KF. CDK-11-Cyclin L is required for gametogenesis and fertility in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2018; 441:52-66. [PMID: 29886128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CDK11, a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, has been implicated in a diverse array of functions including transcription, RNA processing, sister chromatid cohesion, spindle assembly, centriole duplication and apoptosis. Despite its involvement in many essential functions, little is known about the requirements for CDK11 and its partner Cyclin L in a developing multicellular organism. Here we investigate the function of CDK11 and Cyclin L during development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Worms express two CDK11 proteins encoded by distinct loci: CDK-11.1 is essential for normal male and female fertility and is broadly expressed in the nuclei of somatic and germ line cells, while CDK-11.2 is nonessential and is enriched in hermaphrodite germ line nuclei beginning in mid pachytene. Hermaphrodites lacking CDK-11.1 develop normally but possess fewer mature sperm and oocytes and do not fully activate the RAS-ERK pathway that is required for oocyte production in response to environmental cues. Most of the sperm and eggs that are produced in cdk-11.1 null animals appear to complete development normally but fail to engage in sperm-oocyte signaling suggesting that CDK-11.1 is needed at multiple points in gametogenesis. Finally, we find that CDK-11.1 and CDK-11.2 function redundantly during embryonic and postembryonic development and likely do so in association with Cyclin L. Our results thus define multiple requirements for CDK-11-Cyclin L during animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Williams
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA
| | - Jyoti Iyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA
| | - Kevin F O'Connell
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA.
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19
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Jeronimo C, Robert F. The Mediator Complex: At the Nexus of RNA Polymerase II Transcription. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:765-783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Malik N, Agarwal P, Tyagi A. Emerging functions of multi-protein complex Mediator with special emphasis on plants. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:475-502. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1325830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Malik
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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21
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Liu TH, Wu YF, Dong XL, Pan CX, Du GY, Yang JG, Wang W, Bao XY, Chen P, Pan MH, Lu C. Identification and characterization of the BmCyclin L1-BmCDK11A/B complex in relation to cell cycle regulation. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:861-868. [PMID: 28318374 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1304339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin proteins are the key regulatory and activity partner of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which play pivotal regulatory roles in cell cycle progression. In the present study, we identified a Cyclin L1 and 2 CDK11 2 CDK11 splice variants, CDK11A and CDK11B, from silkworm, Bombyx mori. We determined that both Cyclin L1 and CDK11A/B are nuclear proteins, and further investigations were conducted to elucidate their spatiofunctional features. Cyclin L1 forms a complex with CDK11A/B and were co-localized to the nucleus. Moreover, the dimerization of CDK11A and CDK11B and the effects of Cyclin L1 and CDK11A/B on cell cycle regulation were also investigated. Using overexpression or RNA interference experiments, we demonstrated that the abnormal expression of Cyclin L1 and CDK11A/B leads to cell cycle arrest and cell proliferation suppression. Together, these findings indicate that CDK11A/B interacts with Cyclin L1 to regulate the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Hang Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yun-Fei Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiao-Long Dong
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China.,b College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Cai-Xia Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Guo-Yu Du
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Ji-Gui Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Wei Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xi-Yan Bao
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Peng Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China.,c Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Cheng Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China.,c Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
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22
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Liao Y, Sassi S, Halvorsen S, Feng Y, Shen J, Gao Y, Cote G, Choy E, Harmon D, Mankin H, Hornicek F, Duan Z. Androgen receptor is a potential novel prognostic marker and oncogenic target in osteosarcoma with dependence on CDK11. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43941. [PMID: 28262798 PMCID: PMC5338289 DOI: 10.1038/srep43941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in children and adolescents. Previously, we have found that cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) signaling was essential for osteosarcoma cell growth and survival. Subsequently, CDK11 siRNA gene targeting, expression profiling, and network reconstruction of differentially expressed genes were performed between CDK11 knock down and wild type osteosarcoma cells. Reconstructed network of the differentially expressed genes pointed to the AR as key to CDK11 signaling in osteosarcoma. CDK11 increased transcriptional activation of AR gene in osteosarcoma cell lines. AR protein was highly expressed in various osteosarcoma cell lines and patient tumor tissues. Tissue microarray analysis showed that the disease-free survival rate for patients with high-expression of AR was significantly shorter than for patients with low-expression of AR. In addition, AR gene expression knockdown via siRNA greatly inhibited cell growth and viability. Similar results were found in osteosarcoma cells treated with AR inhibitor. These findings suggest that CDK11 is involved in the regulation of AR pathway and AR can be a potential novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Liao
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Slim Sassi
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (CCIB), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02139USA
| | - Stefan Halvorsen
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (CCIB), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02139USA
| | - Yong Feng
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jacson Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114USA
| | - Yan Gao
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114USA
| | - Gregory Cote
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Edwin Choy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - David Harmon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Henry Mankin
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114USA
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114USA
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114USA
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Abstract
Microglia activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases. These reactive microglia are capable of producing a variety of proinflammatory mediators and potentially neurotoxic compounds. The increase of cell number and expression of CD11b are the main features of activated microglia. In this study, we examined the suppressive effects of CDK11p58 on microglia activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. We found that in the activated microglia, the expression of CDK11p58 increased and the overexpression of CDK11p58 could reduce the increased proliferation and CD11b expression in LPS-activated microglia. Such suppressive effects might be resulted from the interaction with cyclin D3 which promoted CDK11p58 nuclear localization. Our results suggested that CDK11p58 acted to regulate microglia activation through CDK11p58 and cyclin D3 interaction.
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24
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Liao Y, Feng Y, Shen J, Hornicek FJ, Duan Z. The roles and therapeutic potential of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in sarcoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:151-63. [PMID: 26669603 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled proliferation and cell growth is the hallmark of many different malignant diseases, including sarcomas. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are members of the serine/threonine protein kinase family and play crucial roles in tumor cell proliferation and growth by controlling cell cycle, transcription, and RNA splicing. In addition, several CDKs influence multiple targets and phosphorylate transcription factors involved in tumorigenesis. There are many examples linking dysregulated activation and expression of CDKs to tumors, and targeting CDKs in tumor cells has become a promising therapeutic strategy. More recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib for treating metastatic breast cancer. In sarcomas, high levels of CDK mRNA and protein expression have been found in most human sarcoma cells and patient tissues. Many studies have demonstrated consistent results in which inhibition of different CDKs decrease sarcoma cell growth and induce apoptosis. Therefore, CDKs comprise an attractive set of targets for novel anti-sarcoma drug development. In this review, we discuss the roles of different members of CDKs in various sarcomas and provide a pre-clinical overview of promising therapeutic potentials of targeting CDKs with a special emphasis on sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, China, 430022
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, China, 430022
| | - Jacson Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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25
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Pak V, Eifler TT, Jäger S, Krogan NJ, Fujinaga K, Peterlin BM. CDK11 in TREX/THOC Regulates HIV mRNA 3' End Processing. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:560-70. [PMID: 26567509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases play important roles in eukaryotic gene expression. CDK7, CDK9 (P-TEFb), and CDK13 are also critical for HIV replication. However, the function of CDK11 remained enigmatic. In this report, we determined that CDK11 regulates the cleavage and polyadenylation (CPA) of all viral transcripts. CDK11 was found associated with the TREX/THOC, which recruited this kinase to DNA. Once at the viral genome, CDK11 phosphorylated serines at position 2 in the CTD of RNAPII, which increased levels of CPA factors at the HIV 3' end. In its absence, cleavage of viral transcripts was greatly attenuated. In contrast, higher levels of CDK11 increased the length of HIV poly(A) tails and the stability of mature viral transcripts. We conclude that CDK11 plays a critical role for the cotranscriptional processing of all HIV mRNA species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Pak
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tristan T Eifler
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stefanie Jäger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Koh Fujinaga
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - B Matija Peterlin
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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26
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Papadopoulou T, Richly H. On-site remodeling at chromatin: How multiprotein complexes are rebuilt during DNA repair and transcriptional activation. Bioessays 2016; 38:1130-1140. [PMID: 27599465 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss a novel on-site remodeling function that is mediated by the H2A-ubiquitin binding protein ZRF1. ZRF1 facilitates the remodeling of multiprotein complexes at chromatin and lies at the heart of signaling processes that occur at DNA damage sites and during transcriptional activation. In nucleotide excision repair ZRF1 remodels E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes at the damage site. During embryonic stem cell differentiation, it contributes to retinoic acid-mediated gene activation by altering the subunit composition of the Mediator complex. We postulate that ZRF1 operates in conjunction with cellular remodeling machines and suggest that on-site remodeling might be a hallmark of many chromatin-associated signaling pathways. We discuss yet unexplored functions of ZRF1-mediated remodeling in replication and double strand break repair. In conclusion, we postulate that on-site remodeling of multiprotein complexes is essential for the timing of chromatin signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaleia Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Richly
- Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany.
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Yague-Sanz C, Vázquez E, Sánchez M, Antequera F, Hermand D. A conserved role of the RSC chromatin remodeler in the establishment of nucleosome-depleted regions. Curr Genet 2016; 63:187-193. [PMID: 27558480 PMCID: PMC5383693 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The occupancy of nucleosomes governs access to the eukaryotic genomes and results from a combination of biophysical features and the effect of ATP-dependent remodelling complexes. Most promoter regions show a conserved pattern characterized by a nucleosome-depleted region (NDR) flanked by nucleosomal arrays. The conserved RSC remodeler was reported to be critical to establish NDR in vivo in budding yeast but other evidences suggested that this activity may not be conserved in fission yeast. By reanalysing and expanding previously published data, we propose that NDR formation requires, at least partially, RSC in both yeast species. We also discuss the most prominent biological role of RSC and the possibility that non-essential subunits do not define alternate versions of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Yague-Sanz
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College (NARC), The University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Enrique Vázquez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mar Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco Antequera
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Damien Hermand
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College (NARC), The University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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Zhou Y, Shen JK, Hornicek FJ, Kan Q, Duan Z. The emerging roles and therapeutic potential of cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) in human cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:40846-40859. [PMID: 27049727 PMCID: PMC5130049 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and/or hyperactivation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are common features of most cancer types. CDKs have been shown to play important roles in tumor cell proliferation and growth by controlling cell cycle, transcription, and RNA splicing. CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib has been recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of breast cancer. CDK11 is a serine/threonine protein kinase in the CDK family and recent studies have shown that CDK11 also plays critical roles in cancer cell growth and proliferation. A variety of genetic and epigenetic events may cause universal overexpression of CDK11 in human cancers. Inhibition of CDK11 has been shown to lead to cancer cell death and apoptosis. Significant evidence has suggested that CDK11 may be a novel and promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancers. This review will focus on the emerging roles of CDK11 in human cancers, and provide a proof-of-principle for continued efforts toward targeting CDK11 for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jacson K. Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Quancheng Kan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Liu X, Gao Y, Shen J, Yang W, Choy E, Mankin H, Hornicek FJ, Duan Z. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 11 (CDK11) Is Required for Ovarian Cancer Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Its Inhibition Causes Apoptosis and Sensitizes Cells to Paclitaxel. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1691-701. [PMID: 27207777 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is currently the most lethal gynecologic malignancy with limited treatment options. Improved targeted therapies are needed to combat ovarian cancer. Here, we report the identification of cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) as a mediator of tumor cell growth and proliferation in ovarian cancer cells. Although CDK11 has not been implicated previously in this disease, we have found that its expression is upregulated in human ovarian cancer tissues and associated with malignant progression. Metastatic and recurrent tumors have significantly higher CDK11 expression when compared with the matched, original primary tumors. RNAi-mediated CDK11 silencing by synthetic siRNA or lentiviral shRNA decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, CDK11 knockdown enhances the cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel to inhibit cell growth in ovarian cancer cells. Systemic in vivo administration of CDK11 siRNA reduced the tumor growth in an ovarian cancer xenograft model. Our findings suggest that CDK11 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian cancer patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1691-701. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Liu
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacson Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wen Yang
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Edwin Choy
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry Mankin
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Materne P, Vázquez E, Sánchez M, Yague-Sanz C, Anandhakumar J, Migeot V, Antequera F, Hermand D. Histone H2B ubiquitylation represses gametogenesis by opposing RSC-dependent chromatin remodeling at the ste11 master regulator locus. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27171419 PMCID: PMC4865366 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In fission yeast, the ste11 gene encodes the master regulator initiating the switch from vegetative growth to gametogenesis. In a previous paper, we showed that the methylation of H3K4 and consequent promoter nucleosome deacetylation repress ste11 induction and cell differentiation (Materne et al., 2015) but the regulatory steps remain poorly understood. Here we report a genetic screen that highlighted H2B deubiquitylation and the RSC remodeling complex as activators of ste11 expression. Mechanistic analyses revealed more complex, opposite roles of H2Bubi at the promoter where it represses expression, and over the transcribed region where it sustains it. By promoting H3K4 methylation at the promoter, H2Bubi initiates the deacetylation process, which decreases chromatin remodeling by RSC. Upon induction, this process is reversed and efficient NDR (nucleosome depleted region) formation leads to high expression. Therefore, H2Bubi represses gametogenesis by opposing the recruitment of RSC at the promoter of the master regulator ste11 gene. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13500.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Materne
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Enrique Vázquez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mar Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlo Yague-Sanz
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Valerie Migeot
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Damien Hermand
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase CRK9, Required for Spliced Leader trans Splicing of Pre-mRNA in Trypanosomes, Functions in a Complex with a New L-Type Cyclin and a Kinetoplastid-Specific Protein. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005498. [PMID: 26954683 PMCID: PMC4783070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control the cell cycle and critical steps in gene expression. The lethal parasite Trypanosoma brucei, member of the phylogenetic order Kinetoplastida, possesses eleven CDKs which, due to high sequence divergence, were generically termed CDC2-related kinases (CRKs). While several CRKs have been implied in the cell cycle, CRK9 was the first trypanosome CDK shown to control the unusual mode of gene expression found in kinetoplastids. In these organisms, protein-coding genes are arranged in tandem arrays which are transcribed polycistronically. Individual mRNAs are processed from precursor RNA by spliced leader (SL) trans splicing and polyadenylation. CRK9 ablation was lethal in cultured trypanosomes, causing a block of trans splicing before the first transesterification step. Additionally, CRK9 silencing led to dephosphorylation of RNA polymerase II and to hypomethylation of the SL cap structure. Here, we tandem affinity-purified CRK9 and, among potential CRK9 substrates and modifying enzymes, discovered an unusual tripartite complex comprising CRK9, a new L-type cyclin (CYC12) and a protein, termed CRK9-associated protein (CRK9AP), that is only conserved among kinetoplastids. Silencing of either CYC12 or CRK9AP reproduced the effects of depleting CRK9, identifying these proteins as functional partners of CRK9 in vivo. While mammalian cyclin L binds to CDK11, the CRK9 complex deviates substantially from that of CDK11, requiring CRK9AP for efficient CRK9 complex formation and autophosphorylation in vitro. Interference with this unusual CDK rescued mice from lethal trypanosome infections, validating CRK9 as a potential chemotherapeutic target.
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Plasmodium P-Type Cyclin CYC3 Modulates Endomitotic Growth during Oocyst Development in Mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005273. [PMID: 26565797 PMCID: PMC4643991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cycle progression and cell division in eukaryotes are governed in part by the cyclin family and their regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Cyclins are very well characterised in model systems such as yeast and human cells, but surprisingly little is known about their number and role in Plasmodium, the unicellular protozoan parasite that causes malaria. Malaria parasite cell division and proliferation differs from that of many eukaryotes. During its life cycle it undergoes two types of mitosis: endomitosis in asexual stages and an extremely rapid mitotic process during male gametogenesis. Both schizogony (producing merozoites) in host liver and red blood cells, and sporogony (producing sporozoites) in the mosquito vector, are endomitotic with repeated nuclear replication, without chromosome condensation, before cell division. The role of specific cyclins during Plasmodium cell proliferation was unknown. We show here that the Plasmodium genome contains only three cyclin genes, representing an unusual repertoire of cyclin classes. Expression and reverse genetic analyses of the single Plant (P)-type cyclin, CYC3, in the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei, revealed a cytoplasmic and nuclear location of the GFP-tagged protein throughout the lifecycle. Deletion of cyc3 resulted in defects in size, number and growth of oocysts, with abnormalities in budding and sporozoite formation. Furthermore, global transcript analysis of the cyc3-deleted and wild type parasites at gametocyte and ookinete stages identified differentially expressed genes required for signalling, invasion and oocyst development. Collectively these data suggest that cyc3 modulates oocyst endomitotic development in Plasmodium berghei. The malaria parasite is a single-celled organism that multiplies asexually in a non-canonical way in both vertebrate host and mosquito vector. In the mosquito midgut, atypical cell division occurs in oocysts, where repeated nuclear division (endomitosis) precedes cell division, which then gives rise to many sporozoites in a process known as sporogony. The molecular mechanisms controlling this process are poorly understood. In many model organisms including mouse and yeast cells the cell cycle is regulated by members of the cyclin protein family, but the role of this family in the malaria parasite is unknown. Here, we show that there are only three cyclin genes and investigate the function of the single P-type cyclin (CYC3) in the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei. We show that CYC3 has a cytoplasmic and nuclear localisation throughout most of the parasite lifecycle and by gene deletion we demonstrate that CYC3 is important for normal oocyst development, maturation and sporozoite formation. Moreover, we show that deletion of cyc3 affects the transcription of genes required for cell signalling and oocyst development. The data suggest that CYC3 modulates asexual multiplication in oocysts and plays a vital role in parasite development in the mosquito.
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Materne P, Anandhakumar J, Migeot V, Soriano I, Yague-Sanz C, Hidalgo E, Mignion C, Quintales L, Antequera F, Hermand D. Promoter nucleosome dynamics regulated by signalling through the CTD code. eLife 2015; 4:e09008. [PMID: 26098123 PMCID: PMC4502402 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain (CTD) plays a key role in delineating transcribed regions within chromatin by recruiting histone methylases and deacetylases. Using genome-wide nucleosome mapping, we show that CTD S2 phosphorylation controls nucleosome dynamics in the promoter of a subset of 324 genes, including the regulators of cell differentiation ste11 and metabolic adaptation inv1. Mechanistic studies on these genes indicate that during gene activation a local increase of phospho-S2 CTD nearby the promoter impairs the phospho-S5 CTD-dependent recruitment of Set1 and the subsequent recruitment of specific HDACs, which leads to nucleosome depletion and efficient transcription. The early increase of phospho-S2 results from the phosphorylation of the CTD S2 kinase Lsk1 by MAP kinase in response to cellular signalling. The artificial tethering of the Lsk1 kinase at the ste11 promoter is sufficient to activate transcription. Therefore, signalling through the CTD code regulates promoter nucleosomes dynamics. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09008.001 The process of activating genes—known as gene expression—involves a number of steps. During the first step, the gene's DNA is copied or ‘transcribed’ to produce a molecule of messenger RNA. However, most of the DNA in a cell is wrapped around proteins called histones to make structures known as nucleosomes, and the DNA has to be unpacked to allow the enzymes that make messenger RNA to access it. Cells regulate how the DNA is packed by attaching chemical groups to the histone proteins. Adding acetyl groups to histones usually causes the nucleosomes to unwrap and creates loosely packed DNA that helps with gene expression. On the other hand, the addition of methyl groups has the opposite effect. RNA polymerase II is the enzyme that carries out transcription of messenger RNAs in all eukaryotic cells—that is, the cells of organisms like plants, animals, and fungi. Like all enzymes, RNA polymerase II is made of smaller building blocks called amino acids. One end of the RNA polymerase II enzyme, called the C-terminal domain (or CTD), contains a unique sequence of amino acids that serves as a scaffold to recruit other proteins involved in transcription and histone modifications. Different amino acids in this region of RNA polymerase II can be modified by the addition of phosphate groups. The pattern of these modifications is often thought of as a code and can influence which other proteins get recruited. It remains poorly understood how RNA polymerase II regulates nucleosomes to allow transcription to occur. Materne, Anandhakumar et al. have now addressed this issue by engineering mutant yeast cells in which phosphate groups cannot be added to specific amino acids in the RNA polymerase II enzyme. Most genes were expressed as normal in these yeast cells, but a few hundred genes were not expressed. Materne, Anandhakumar et al. then used a technique called MNase-Seq to map the position of nucleosomes across the genome and found that there were more nucleosomes near to start of these down-regulated genes. Further experiments showed that the addition of phosphate groups onto the RNA polymerase II is required to deplete the nucleosomes at the start of a gene called ste11, which allows transcription to occur. Materne, Anandhakumar et al. also found that artificially tethering the enzyme that adds phosphate groups to the C-terminal domain to the start of the ste11 gene was sufficient to oust nucleosomes and activate transcription by RNA polymerase II. Future work will address if this newly discovered mechanism is implicated in the activation of specific patterns of gene expression during the development of more complex organisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09008.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Materne
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Valerie Migeot
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ignacio Soriano
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlo Yague-Sanz
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carole Mignion
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Luis Quintales
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco Antequera
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Damien Hermand
- URPHYM-GEMO, Namur Research College, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Zhou Y, Han C, Li D, Yu Z, Li F, Li F, An Q, Bai H, Zhang X, Duan Z, Kan Q. Cyclin-dependent kinase 11(p110) (CDK11(p110)) is crucial for human breast cancer cell proliferation and growth. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10433. [PMID: 25990212 PMCID: PMC4438429 DOI: 10.1038/srep10433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play important roles in the development of many types of cancers by binding with their paired cyclins. However, the function of CDK11 larger protein isomer, CDK11(p110), in the tumorigenesis of human breast cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we explored the effects and molecular mechanisms of CDK11(p110) in the proliferation and growth of breast cancer cells by determining the expression of CDK11(p110) in breast tumor tissues and examining the phenotypic changes of breast cancer cells after CDK11(p110) knockdown. We found that CDK11(p110) was highly expressed in breast tumor tissues and cell lines. Tissue microarray analysis showed that elevated CDK11(p110) expression in breast cancer tissues significantly correlated with poor differentiation, and was also associated with advanced TNM stage and poor clinical prognosis for breast cancer patients. In vitro knockdown of CDK11(p110) by siRNA significantly inhibited cell growth and migration, and dramatically induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Flow cytometry demonstrated that cells were markedly arrested in G1 phase of the cell cycle after CDK11(p110) downregulation. These findings suggest that CDK11(p110) is critical for the proliferation and growth of breast cancer cells, which highlights CDK11(p110) may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Duolu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zujiang Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Fengmei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, 195 Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huili Bai
- Department of Pathology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, 195 Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Sarcoma Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quancheng Kan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Aleem E, Arceci RJ. Targeting cell cycle regulators in hematologic malignancies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:16. [PMID: 25914884 PMCID: PMC4390903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies represent the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer in economically developed countries. In hematologic malignancies normal hematopoiesis is interrupted by uncontrolled growth of a genetically altered stem or progenitor cell (HSPC) that maintains its ability of self-renewal. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) not only regulate the mammalian cell cycle, but also influence other vital cellular processes, such as stem cell renewal, differentiation, transcription, epigenetic regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Chromosomal translocations, amplification, overexpression and altered CDK activities have been described in different types of human cancer, which have made them attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition. Mouse models deficient for one or more CDKs have significantly contributed to our current understanding of the physiological functions of CDKs, as well as their roles in human cancer. The present review focuses on selected cell cycle kinases with recent emerging key functions in hematopoiesis and in hematopoietic malignancies, such as CDK6 and its role in MLL-rearranged leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia, CDK1 and its regulator WEE-1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and cyclin C/CDK8/CDK19 complexes in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The knowledge gained from gene knockout experiments in mice of these kinases is also summarized. An overview of compounds targeting these kinases, which are currently in clinical development in various solid tumors and hematopoietic malignances, is presented. These include the CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors (palbociclib, LEE011, LY2835219), pan-CDK inhibitors that target CDK1 (dinaciclib, flavopiridol, AT7519, TG02, P276-00, terampeprocol and RGB 286638) as well as the WEE-1 kinase inhibitor, MK-1775. The advantage of combination therapy of cell cycle inhibitors with conventional chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of AML, such as cytarabine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Aleem
- Department of Child Health, The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert J Arceci
- Department of Child Health, The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Abstract
Summary Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are protein kinases characterized by needing a separate subunit - a cyclin - that provides domains essential for enzymatic activity. CDKs play important roles in the control of cell division and modulate transcription in response to several extra- and intracellular cues. The evolutionary expansion of the CDK family in mammals led to the division of CDKs into three cell-cycle-related subfamilies (Cdk1, Cdk4 and Cdk5) and five transcriptional subfamilies (Cdk7, Cdk8, Cdk9, Cdk11 and Cdk20). Unlike the prototypical Cdc28 kinase of budding yeast, most of these CDKs bind one or a few cyclins, consistent with functional specialization during evolution. This review summarizes how, although CDKs are traditionally separated into cell-cycle or transcriptional CDKs, these activities are frequently combined in many family members. Not surprisingly, deregulation of this family of proteins is a hallmark of several diseases, including cancer, and drug-targeted inhibition of specific members has generated very encouraging results in clinical trials.
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Fission yeast Cdk7 controls gene expression through both its CAK and C-terminal domain kinase activities. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1480-90. [PMID: 25691663 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00024-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activation and RNA polymerase II transcription are linked by the Cdk7 kinase, which phosphorylates Cdks as a trimeric Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) complex, and serine 5 within the polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD) as transcription factor TFIIH-bound CAK. However, the physiological importance of integrating these processes is not understood. Besides the Cdk7 ortholog Mcs6, fission yeast possesses a second CAK, Csk1. The two enzymes have been proposed to act redundantly to activate Cdc2. Using an improved analogue-sensitive Mcs6-as kinase, we show that Csk1 is not a relevant CAK for Cdc2. Further analyses revealed that Csk1 lacks a 20-amino-acid sequence required for its budding yeast counterpart, Cak1, to bind Cdc2. Transcriptome profiling of the Mcs6-as mutant in the presence or absence of the budding yeast Cak1 kinase, in order to uncouple the CTD kinase and CAK activities of Mcs6, revealed an unanticipated role of the CAK branch in the transcriptional control of the cluster of genes implicated in ribosome biogenesis and cell growth. The analysis of a Cdc2 CAK site mutant confirmed these data. Our data show that the Cdk7 kinase modulates transcription through its well-described RNA Pol II CTD kinase activity and also through the Cdc2-activating kinase activity.
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Kren BT, Unger GM, Abedin MJ, Vogel RI, Henzler CM, Ahmed K, Trembley JH. Preclinical evaluation of cyclin dependent kinase 11 and casein kinase 2 survival kinases as RNA interference targets for triple negative breast cancer therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:19. [PMID: 25837326 PMCID: PMC4344788 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Targeted therapies for aggressive breast cancers like triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) are needed. The use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to disable expression of survival genes provides a tool for killing these cancer cells. Cyclin dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) is a survival protein kinase that regulates RNA transcription, splicing and mitosis. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a survival protein kinase that suppresses cancer cell death. Eliminating the expression of these genes has potential therapeutic utility for breast cancer. Methods Expression levels of CDK11 and CK2 mRNAs and associated proteins were examined in breast cancer cell lines and tissue arrays. RNA expression levels of CDC2L1, CDC2L2, CCNL1, CCNL2, CSNK2A1, CSNK2A2, and CSNK2B genes in breast cancer subtypes were analyzed. Effects following transfection of siRNAs against CDK11 and CK2 in cultured cells were examined by viability and clonal survival assays and by RNA and protein measures. Uptake of tenfibgen (TBG) nanocapsules by TNBC cells was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. TBG nanocapsules delivered siRNAs targeting CDK11 or CK2 in mice carrying TNBC xenograft tumors. Transcript cleavage and response parameters were evaluated. Results We found strong CDK11 and CK2 mRNA and protein expression in most human breast cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of TNBC patient tissues showed 100% of tumors stained positive for CDK11 with high nuclear intensity compared to normal tissue. The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis comparing basal to other breast cancer subtypes and to normal breast revealed statistically significant differences. Down-regulation of CDK11 and/or CK2 in breast cancer cells caused significant loss of cell viability and clonal survival, reduced relevant mRNA and protein expression, and induced cell death changes. TBG nanocapsules were taken up by TNBC cells both in culture and in xenograft tumors. Treatment with TBG- siRNA to CDK11 or TBG- siRNA to CK2αα’ nanocapsules induced appropriate cleavage of CDK11 and CK2α transcripts in TNBC tumors, and caused MDA-MB-231 tumor reduction, loss of proliferation, and decreased expression of targeted genes. Conclusions CDK11 and CK2 expression are individually essential for breast cancer cell survival, including TNBC. These genes serve as promising new targets for therapeutic development in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy T Kren
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA
| | | | - Md J Abedin
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA
| | - Christine M Henzler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 117 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA ; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA
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Feng Y, Sassi S, Shen JK, Yang X, Gao Y, Osaka E, Zhang J, Yang S, Yang C, Mankin HJ, Hornicek FJ, Duan Z. Targeting CDK11 in osteosarcoma cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:199-207. [PMID: 25348612 PMCID: PMC4304907 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type primary malignant tumor of bone. Patients with regional osteosarcoma are routinely treated with surgery and chemotherapy. In addition, many patients with metastatic or recurrent osteosarcoma show poor prognosis with current chemotherapy agents. Therefore, it is important to improve the general condition and the overall survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma by identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have revealed that CDK11 is essential in osteosarcoma cell growth and survival by inhibiting CDK11 mRNA expression with RNAi. Here, we apply the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, a robust and highly efficient novel genome editing tool, to determine the effect of targeting endogenous CDK11 gene at the DNA level in osteosarcoma cell lines. We show that CDK11 can be efficiently silenced by CRISPR-Cas9. Inhibition of CDK11 is associated with decreased cell proliferation and viability, and induces cell death in osteosarcoma cell lines KHOS and U-2OS. Furthermore, the migration and invasion activities are also markedly reduced by CDK11 knockout. These results demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9 system is a useful tool for the modification of endogenous CDK11 gene expression, and CRISPR-Cas9 targeted CDK11 knockout may be a promising therapeutic regimen for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Feng
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, China, 430022
| | - Slim Sassi
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jacson K Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Yan Gao
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Eiji Osaka
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02114
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, China, 430022
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, China, 430022
| | - Henry J. Mankin
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction is a fundamental aspect of eukaryotic cells, and a conserved feature of gametogenesis is its dependency on a master regulator. The ste11 gene was isolated more than 20 years ago by the Yamamoto laboratory as a suppressor of the uncontrolled meiosis driven by a pat1 mutant. Numerous studies from this laboratory and others have established the role of the Ste11 transcription factor as the master regulator of the switch between proliferation and differentiation in fission yeast. The transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls of ste11 expression are intricate, but most are not redundant. Whereas the transcriptional controls ensure that the gene is transcribed at a high level only when nutrients are rare, the post-transcriptional controls restrict the ability of Ste11 to function as a transcription factor to the G1-phase of the cell cycle from where the differentiation programme is initiated. Several feedback loops ensure that the cell fate decision is irreversible. The complete panel of molecular mechanisms operating to warrant the timely expression of the ste11 gene and its encoded protein basically mirrors the advances in the understanding of the numerous ways by which gene expression can be modulated.
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Abstract
CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) ensure directionality and fidelity of the eukaryotic cell division cycle. In a similar fashion, the transcription cycle is governed by a conserved subfamily of CDKs that phosphorylate Pol II (RNA polymerase II) and other substrates. A genetic model organism, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, has yielded robust models of cell-cycle control, applicable to higher eukaryotes. From a similar approach combining classical and chemical genetics, fundamental principles of transcriptional regulation by CDKs are now emerging. In the present paper, we review the current knowledge of each transcriptional CDK with respect to its substrate specificity, function in transcription and effects on chromatin modifications, highlighting the important roles of CDKs in ensuring quantity and quality control over gene expression in eukaryotes.
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Abstract
The Mediator complex is a multi-subunit assembly that appears to be required for regulating expression of most RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcripts, which include protein-coding and most non-coding RNA genes. Mediator and pol II function within the pre-initiation complex (PIC), which consists of Mediator, pol II, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF and TFIIH and is approximately 4.0 MDa in size. Mediator serves as a central scaffold within the PIC and helps regulate pol II activity in ways that remain poorly understood. Mediator is also generally targeted by sequence-specific, DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) that work to control gene expression programs in response to developmental or environmental cues. At a basic level, Mediator functions by relaying signals from TFs directly to the pol II enzyme, thereby facilitating TF-dependent regulation of gene expression. Thus, Mediator is essential for converting biological inputs (communicated by TFs) to physiological responses (via changes in gene expression). In this review, we summarize an expansive body of research on the Mediator complex, with an emphasis on yeast and mammalian complexes. We focus on the basics that underlie Mediator function, such as its structure and subunit composition, and describe its broad regulatory influence on gene expression, ranging from chromatin architecture to transcription initiation and elongation, to mRNA processing. We also describe factors that influence Mediator structure and activity, including TFs, non-coding RNAs and the CDK8 module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Poss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO , USA
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Jia B, Choy E, Cote G, Harmon D, Ye S, Kan Q, Mankin H, Hornicek F, Duan Z. Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) is crucial in the growth of liposarcoma cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 342:104-12. [PMID: 24007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Liposarcoma is the second most common soft tissue sarcoma in adults, but treatment options have been quite limited thus far. In this study, we investigated the functional and therapeutic relevance of cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) as a putative target in liposarcoma. CDK11 knockdown by synthetic siRNA or lentiviral shRNA decreased cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis in liposarcoma cells. Moreover, CDK11 knockdown enhances the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin to inhibit cell growth in liposarcoma cells. These findings suggest that CDK11 is critical for the growth and proliferation of liposarcoma cells. CDK11 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of liposarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Liu X, Cheng C, Shao B, Wu X, Ji Y, Lu X, Shen A. LPS-stimulating astrocyte-conditioned medium causes neuronal apoptosis via increasing CDK11(p58) expression in PC12 cells through downregulating AKT pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:779-87. [PMID: 23703121 PMCID: PMC11497872 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of astrocytes in central nervous system inflammation leads to a disturbance of crosstalk between astrocytes and neurons, and that this may contribute to the death of neurons. CDK11(p58) is a member of the large family of p34cdc2-related kinases. It specifically expresses in G2/M phase of the cell cycle and is closely related to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Here, we show that astrocyte-conditioned medium stimulated by lipopolysaccharide upregulates CDK11(p58) expression and meanwhile causes neuronal apoptosis. CDK11(p58) knockdown in PC12 cells represses neuronal apoptosis. CDK11(p58) overexpression in PC12 cells promotes neuronal apoptosis. AKT signaling pathway is involved in CDK11(p58)-induced neuronal apoptosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Bai Shao
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Ji
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Shen
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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Deregulations in the cyclin-dependent kinase-9-related pathway in cancer: implications for drug discovery and development. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:305371. [PMID: 23840966 PMCID: PMC3690251 DOI: 10.1155/2013/305371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The CDK9-related pathway is an important regulator of mammalian cell biology and is also involved in the replication cycle of several viruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. CDK9 is present in two isoforms termed CDK9-42 and CDK9-55 that bind noncovalently type T cyclins and cyclin K. This association forms a heterodimer, where CDK9 carries the enzymatic site and the cyclin partner functions as a regulatory subunit. This heterodimer is the main component of the positive transcription elongation factor b, which stabilizes RNA elongation via phosphorylation of the RNA pol II carboxyl terminal domain. Abnormal activities in the CDK9-related pathway were observed in human malignancies and cardiac hypertrophies. Thus, the elucidation of the CDK9 pathway deregulations may provide useful insights into the pathogenesis and progression of human malignancies, cardiac hypertrophy, AIDS and other viral-related maladies. These studies may lead to the improvement of kinase inhibitors for the treatment of the previously mentioned pathological conditions. This review describes the CDK9-related pathway deregulations in malignancies and the development of kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy, which can be classified into three categories: antagonists that block the ATP binding site of the catalytic domain, allosteric inhibitors, and small molecules that disrupt protein-protein interactions.
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