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Lai TH, Hwang JS, Ngo QN, Lee DK, Kim HJ, Kim DR. A comparative assessment of reference genes in mouse brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis in vitro. Adipocyte 2024; 13:2330355. [PMID: 38527945 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2024.2330355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipogenic differentiation and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) undergo dynamic processes, altering phenotypes and gene expressions. Proper reference genes in gene expression analysis are crucial to mitigate experimental variances and ensure PCR efficacy. Unreliable reference genes can lead to erroneous gene expression quantification, resulting in data misinterpretation. This study focused on identifying suitable reference genes for mouse brown adipocyte research, utilizing brown adipocytes from the Ucp1-luciferase ThermoMouse model. Comparative analysis of gene expression data under adipogenesis and thermogenesis conditions was conducted, validating 13 housekeeping genes through various algorithms, including DeltaCq, BestKeeper, geNorm, Normfinder, and RefFinder. Tbp and Rer1 emerged as optimal references for Ucp1 and Pparg expression in brown adipogenesis, while Tbp and Ubc were ideal for the expression analysis of these target genes in thermogenesis. Conversely, certain conventional references, including Actb, Tubb5, and Gapdh, proved unstable as reference genes under both conditions. These findings stress the critical consideration of reference gene selection in gene expression analysis within specific biological systems to ensure accurate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Huyen Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jin Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Quang Nhat Ngo
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
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Onodera K, Hasegawa Y, Yokota N, Tamura S, Kinno H, Takahashi I, Chiba H, Kojima H, Katagiri H, Nata K, Ishigaki Y. A newly identified compound activating UCP1 inhibits obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:324-338. [PMID: 37974549 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Promoting thermogenesis in adipose tissue has been a promising strategy against obesity and related metabolic complications. We aimed to identify compounds that promote thermogenesis in adipocytes and to elucidate their functions and roles in metabolism. METHODS To identify compounds that directly promote thermogenesis from a structurally diverse set of 4800 compounds, we utilized a cell-based platform for high-throughput screening that induces uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression in adipocytes. RESULTS We identified one candidate compound that activates UCP1. Additional characterization of this compound revealed that it induced cellular thermogenesis in adipocytes with negligible cytotoxicity. In a subsequent diet-induced obesity model, mice treated with this compound exhibited a slower rate of weight gain, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased energy expenditure. Mechanistic studies have revealed that this compound increases mitochondrial biogenesis by elevating maximal respiration, which is partly mediated by the protein kinase A (PKA)-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. A further comprehensive genetic analysis of adipocytes treated with these compounds identified two novel UCP1-dependent thermogenic genes, potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 2 (Kcnc2) and predicted gene 5627 (Gm5627). CONCLUSIONS The identified compound can serve as a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Furthermore, our newly clarified thermogenic genes play an important role in UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Onodera
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hasegawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Nozomi Yokota
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Shukuko Tamura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kinno
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Iwao Takahashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Hiraku Chiba
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koji Nata
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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3
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Chang CF, Gunawan AL, Liparulo I, Zushin PJH, Vitangcol K, Timblin GA, Saijo K, Wang B, Parlakgül G, Arruda AP, Stahl A. Brown adipose tissue CoQ deficiency activates the integrated stress response and FGF21-dependent mitohormesis. EMBO J 2024; 43:168-195. [PMID: 38212382 PMCID: PMC10897314 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is essential for mitochondrial respiration and required for thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissues (BAT). CoQ deficiency leads to a wide range of pathological manifestations, but mechanistic consequences of CoQ deficiency in specific tissues, such as BAT, remain poorly understood. Here, we show that pharmacological or genetic CoQ deficiency in BAT leads to stress signals causing accumulation of cytosolic mitochondrial RNAs and activation of the eIF2α kinase PKR, resulting in activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) with suppression of UCP1 but induction of FGF21 expression. Strikingly, despite diminished UCP1 levels, BAT CoQ deficiency displays increased whole-body metabolic rates at room temperature and thermoneutrality resulting in decreased weight gain on high-fat diets (HFD). In line with enhanced metabolic rates, BAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) interorgan crosstalk caused increased browning of iWAT in BAT-specific CoQ deficient animals. This mitohormesis-like effect depends on the ATF4-FGF21 axis and BAT-secreted FGF21, revealing an unexpected role for CoQ in the modulation of whole-body energy expenditure with wide-ranging implications for primary and secondary CoQ deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Chang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Amanda L Gunawan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Irene Liparulo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter-James H Zushin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Vitangcol
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Greg A Timblin
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaoru Saijo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Biao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Güneş Parlakgül
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ana Paula Arruda
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Kesharwani D, Brown AC. Navigating the Adipocyte Precursor Niche: Cell-Cell Interactions, Regulatory Mechanisms and Implications for Adipose Tissue Homeostasis. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR SIGNALING 2024; 5:65-86. [PMID: 38826152 PMCID: PMC11141760 DOI: 10.33696/signaling.5.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Support for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation hinges upon the intricate microenvironment termed the stem cell 'niche'. Within the adipose tissue stem cell niche, diverse cell types, such as endothelial cells, immune cells, mural cells, and adipocytes, intricately regulate the function of adipocyte precursors. These interactions, whether direct or indirect, play a pivotal role in governing the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of adipocyte precursors into adipocytes. The mechanisms orchestrating the maintenance and coordination of this niche are still in the early stages of comprehension, despite their crucial role in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis. The complexity of understanding adipocyte precursor renewal and differentiation is amplified due to the challenges posed by the absence of suitable surface receptors for identification, limitations in creating optimal ex vivo culture conditions for expansion and constraints in conducting in vivo studies. This review delves into the current landscape of knowledge surrounding adipocyte precursors within the adipose stem cell niche. We will review the identification of adipocyte precursors, the cell-cell interactions they engage in, the factors influencing their renewal and commitment toward adipocytes and the transformations they undergo during instances of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Kesharwani
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Aaron C. Brown
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Kang GS, Jo HJ, Lee YR, Oh T, Park HJ, Ahn GO. Sensing the oxygen and temperature in the adipose tissues - who's sensing what? Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2300-2307. [PMID: 37907745 PMCID: PMC10689767 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues, composed of various cell types, including adipocytes, endothelial cells, neurons, and immune cells, are organs that are exposed to dynamic environmental challenges. During diet-induced obesity, white adipose tissues experience hypoxia due to adipocyte hypertrophy and dysfunctional vasculature. Under these conditions, cells in white adipose tissues activate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a transcription factor that activates signaling pathways involved in metabolism, angiogenesis, and survival/apoptosis to adapt to such an environment. Exposure to cold or activation of the β-adrenergic receptor (through catecholamines or chemicals) leads to heat generation, mainly in brown adipose tissues through activating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a proton uncoupler in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. White adipose tissues can undergo a similar process under this condition, a phenomenon known as 'browning' of white adipose tissues or 'beige adipocytes'. While UCP1 expression has largely been confined to adipocytes, HIF can be expressed in many types of cells. To dissect the role of HIF in specific types of cells during diet-induced obesity, researchers have generated tissue-specific knockout (KO) mice targeting HIF pathways, and many studies have commonly revealed that intact HIF-1 signaling in adipocytes and adipose tissue macrophages exacerbates tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. In this review, we highlight some of the key findings obtained from these transgenic mice, including Ucp1 KO mice and other models targeting the HIF pathway in adipocytes, macrophages, or endothelial cells, to decipher their roles in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Sue Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Ju Jo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ye-Rim Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Taerim Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Joon Park
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Egusa G, Ohno H, Nagano G, Sagawa J, Shinjo H, Yamamoto Y, Himeno N, Morita Y, Kanai A, Baba R, Kobuke K, Oki K, Yoneda M, Hattori N. Selective activation of PPARα maintains thermogenic capacity of beige adipocytes. iScience 2023; 26:107143. [PMID: 37456852 PMCID: PMC10338232 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Beige adipocytes are inducible thermogenic adipocytes used for anti-obesity treatment. Beige adipocytes rapidly lose their thermogenic capacity once external cues are removed. However, long-term administration of stimulants, such as PPARγ and β-adrenergic receptor agonists, is unsuitable due to various side effects. Here, we reported that PPARα pharmacological activation was the preferred target for maintaining induced beige adipocytes. Pemafibrate used in clinical practice for dyslipidemia was developed as a selective PPARα modulator (SPPARMα). Pemafibrate administration regulated the thermogenic capacity of induced beige adipocytes, repressed body weight gain, and ameliorated impaired glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mouse models. The transcriptome analysis revealed that the E-twenty-six transcription factor ELK1 acted as a cofactor of PPARα. ELK1 was mobilized to the Ucp1 transcription regulatory region with PPARα and modulated its expression by pemafibrate. These results suggest that selective activation of PPARα by pemafibrate is advantageous to maintain the function of beige adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentaro Egusa
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Gaku Nagano
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junji Sagawa
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shinjo
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Natsumi Himeno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Morita
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akinori Kanai
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Baba
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobuke
- Department of Preventive Medicine for Diabetes and Lifestyle-related Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Preventive Medicine for Diabetes and Lifestyle-related Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Li S, Wang K, Wang Z, Zhang W, Liu Z, Cheng Y, Zhu J, Zhong M, Hu S, Zhang Y. Application and trend of bioluminescence imaging in metabolic syndrome research. Front Chem 2023; 10:1113546. [PMID: 36700071 PMCID: PMC9868317 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1113546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging is a non-invasive technology used to visualize physiological processes in animals and is useful for studying the dynamics of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a broad spectrum of diseases which are rapidly increasing in prevalence, and is closely associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and circadian rhythm disorder. To better serve metabolic syndrome research, researchers have established a variety of animal models expressing luciferase, while also committing to finding more suitable luciferase promoters and developing more efficient luciferase-luciferin systems. In this review, we systematically summarize the applications of different models for bioluminescence imaging in the study of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirui Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,Postgraduate Department, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,Postgraduate Department, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zenglin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yugang Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiankang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Sanyuan Hu, ; Yun Zhang,
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Sanyuan Hu, ; Yun Zhang,
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Cao Y, Dong Z, Yang D, Wang X. LSD1 in beige adipocytes protects cardiomyocytes against oxygen and glucose deprivation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:30-36. [PMID: 36594068 PMCID: PMC9790061 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.65006.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Epicardial adipose tissue (EpAT) is known for its role in supporting the cardiomyocytes. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), a typical lysine demethylase, is an essential regulator for the maintenance of beige adipocytes. However, the effect of LSD1 in the adipogenic differentiation of beige adipocytes in EpAT, and its function on oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-injured cardiomyocytes remain unclear. Materials and Methods Heart tissues from young mice and elder mice were collected for immunohistochemical staining. LSD1 in 3T3-L1 cells was knocked down by LSD1-shRNA lentivirus infection. The qRT-PCR, western blotting, and Oil Red O staining were employed to detect the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and formation of beige adipocytes. The cardiomyocytes co-cultured with beige adipocytes were used for OGD treatment. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were analyzed using commercially available kits. Results The decrease of LSD1 was related to the age-dependent loss of beige adipocytes in mice EpAT. LSD1 knockdown inhibited the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and formation of beige adipocytes. The down-regulation of LSD1 in 3T3-L1 cells decreased the protective effect of mature adipocytes on OGD-injured cardiomyocytes. Conclusion The decreased expression of LSD1 in mice EpAT was associated with age-dependent ablation of beige adipocytes. The protective effect of beige adipocytes on OGD-injured cardiomyocytes is reduced by knockdown of LSD1 in adipocytes. The present study provided exciting insights into establishing novel therapies against age-dependent cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Cao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, People’s Republic of China ,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China,These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Zhu Dong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, People’s Republic of China,These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Dongpeng Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, 510235, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, People’s Republic of China,Corresponding author: Xiaowu Wang. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, People’s Republic of China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China. Tel/Fax: +86-02062782788;
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Brown AC. Optogenetics Sheds Light on Brown and Beige Adipocytes. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR SIGNALING 2023; 4:178-186. [PMID: 37946877 PMCID: PMC10635576 DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Excessive food intake leads to lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue, triggering inflammation, cellular stress, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. In contrast, the dynamic energy expenditure and heat generation of brown and beige adipose tissue, driven by specialized mitochondria, render it an appealing candidate for therapeutic strategies aimed at addressing metabolic disorders. This review examines the therapeutic potential of brown and beige adipocytes for obesity and metabolic disorders, focusing on recent studies that employ optogenetics for thermogenesis control in these cells. The findings delve into the mechanisms underlying UCP1-dependent and UCP1-independent thermogenesis and how optogenetic approaches can be used to precisely modulate energy expenditure and induce thermogenesis. The convergence of adipocyte biology and optogenetics presents an exciting frontier in combating metabolic disorders and advancing our understanding of cellular regulation and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Clifford Brown
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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10
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Chang CF, Gunawan AL, Liparulo I, Zushin PJH, Bertholet AM, Kirichok Y, Stahl A. CoQ Regulates Brown Adipose Tissue Respiration and Uncoupling Protein 1 Expression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:14. [PMID: 36670876 PMCID: PMC9854525 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, aka ubiquinone) is a key component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and membrane-incorporated antioxidant. CoQ10 deficiencies encompass a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical phenotypes and can be caused by hereditary mutations in the biosynthesis pathway or result from pharmacological interventions such as HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors, and statins, which are widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia and prevent cardiovascular disease. How CoQ deficiency affects individual tissues and cell types, particularly mitochondrial-rich ones such as brown adipose tissue (BAT), has remained poorly understood. Here we show that pharmacological and genetic models of BAT CoQ deficiency show altered respiration that can only in part be explained by classical roles of CoQ in the respiration chain. Instead, we found that CoQ strongly impacts brown and beige adipocyte respiration via the regulation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression. CoQ deficiency in BAT robustly decreases UCP1 protein levels and uncoupled respiration unexpectedly, resulting in increased inner mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased ADP/ATP ratios. Suppressed UCP1 expression was also observed in a BAT-specific in vivo model of CoQ deficiency and resulted in enhanced cold sensitivity. These findings demonstrate an as yet unappreciated role of CoQ in the transcriptional regulation of key thermogenic genes and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Chang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Amanda L. Gunawan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irene Liparulo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter-James H. Zushin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ambre M. Bertholet
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuriy Kirichok
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Colas C, Mouchiroud M, Al Dow M, Kolnohuz A, Gélinas Y, Caron A, Laplante M. DEPTOR loss impairs brown adipocyte development in vitro but has limited impacts in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 67:101660. [PMID: 36535626 PMCID: PMC9827061 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth and metabolism. In mice, activation of mTOR controls cold adaptation by promoting the recruitment and the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). DEP-domain containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) interacts with mTOR to modulate its activity. Whether DEPTOR levels are modulated by cold in BAT and whether this protein regulates brown adipocyte development and thermogenic activation has never been tested. METHODS DEPTOR levels were measured in mouse tissues upon cold exposure and in brown preadipocytes following the induction of adipogenesis. Lentiviruses expressing short-hairpin RNA were used to repress DEPTOR expression in brown preadipocytes in vitro. Conditional deletion of DEPTOR in brown preadipocytes and in mature brown fat cells was achieved by crossing DEPTOR floxed mice with either Myf5-Cre or Ucp1-CreERT2 mice. These animals were exposed to cold and extensively phenotyped. RESULTS DEPTOR is highly expressed in BAT and its levels are induced by chronic cold exposure, a condition that triggers BAT expansion and activation. Supporting a role for DEPTOR in brown fat cell recruitment, we found that DEPTOR is induced during brown adipocyte development and that its depletion impairs adipogenesis in vitro. This adipogenic lesion was associated with defects in both Akt activation and the expression of key adipogenic regulators. Conditional deletion of DEPTOR in brown preadipocytes or mature brown fat cells did not impact BAT recruitment and thermogenesis in mice but slightly reduced the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes. CONCLUSIONS DEPTOR is highly expressed in BAT and its levels are dynamically regulated during brown fat cell development and upon cold exposure. Although DEPTOR depletion severely represses brown fat adipogenesis in vitro, its deletion is dispensable for BAT development, recruitment, and thermogenic activation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Colas
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3
| | - Mathilde Mouchiroud
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3
| | - Manal Al Dow
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3
| | - Alona Kolnohuz
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3
| | - Yves Gélinas
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V0A6
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3; Département de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V0A6.
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12
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Wang B, Steinberg GR. Environmental toxicants, brown adipose tissue, and potential links to obesity and metabolic disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 67:102314. [PMID: 36334331 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rates of human obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have risen faster than anticipated and cannot solely be explained by excessive caloric intake or physical inactivity. Importantly, this effect is also observed in many other domesticated and non-domesticated mammals, which has led to the hypothesis that synthetic environmental pollutants may be contributing to disease development. While the impact of these chemicals on appetite and adipogenesis has been extensively studied, their potential role in reducing energy expenditure is less studied. An important component of whole-body energy expenditure is adaptive and diet-induced thermogenesis in human brown adipose tissue (BAT). This review summarizes recent evidence that environmental pollutants such as the pesticide chlorpyrifos inhibit BAT function, diet-induced thermogenesis and the potential signaling pathways mediating these effects. Lastly, we discuss the importance of housing experimental mice at thermoneutrality, rather than room temperature, to maximize the translation of findings to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Canada
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13
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Reyad-ul-Ferdous M, Song Y. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor Curcumin upregulates mitochondrial uncoupling protein1 (UCP1) and mitochondrial function in brown adipocytes, in-Silico study and screening natural drug library. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Reyad-ul-Ferdous M, Song Y. Baicalein modulates mitochondrial function by upregulating mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) expression in brown adipocytes, cytotoxicity, and computational studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1963-1973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Lee SY, Oh HR, Kim YH, Bae SH, Lee Y, Lee YS, Lee BC, Cheon GJ, Kang KW, Youn H. Cerenkov luminescence imaging of interscapular brown adipose tissue using a TSPO-targeting PET probe in the UCP1 ThermoMouse. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:6380-6394. [PMID: 36168637 PMCID: PMC9475450 DOI: 10.7150/thno.74828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) has been widely used as an imaging technique to measure interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) activity. However, it is challenging to obtain iBAT-specific images using [18F]FDG-PET because increased uptake of [18F]FDG is observed in tumors, muscle, and inflamed tissues. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the mitochondrial membrane, a well-known molecular marker of BAT, has been proposed as a useful BAT imaging marker. Recently, the UCP1 ThermoMouse was developed as a reporter mouse for monitoring UCP1 expression and investigating BAT activation. In addition, Translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO) located in the outer mitochondrial membrane is also overexpressed in BAT, suggesting that TSPO-targeting PET has potential for iBAT imaging. However, there are no studies monitoring BAT using TSPO-targeting PET probes in the UCP1 ThermoMouse. Moreover, the non-invasive Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) using Cerenkov radiation from the PET probe has been proposed as an alternative option for PET as it is less expensive and user-friendly. Therefore, we selected [18F]fm-PBR28-d2 as a TSPO-targeting PET probe for iBAT imaging to evaluate the usefulness of CLI in the UCP1 ThermoMouse. Methods: UCP1 ThermoMouse was used to monitor UCP1 expression. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to measure the level of protein expression. [18F]fm-PBR28-d2 and [18F]FDG were used as radioactive probes for iBAT imaging. PET images were acquired with SimPET, and optical images were acquired with IVIS 100. Results: UCP1 ThermoMouse showed that UCP1 and TSPO expressions were correlated in iBAT. In both PET and CLI, the TSPO-targeting probe [18F]fm-PBR28-d2 was superior to [18F]FDG for acquiring iBAT images. The high molar activity of the probe was essential for CLI and PET imaging. We tested the feasibility of TSPO-targeting probe under cold exposure by imaging with TSPO-PET/CLI. Both signals of iBAT were clearly increased after cold stimulation. Under prolonged isoflurane anesthesia, TSPO-targeting images showed higher signals from iBAT in the short-term than in long-term groups. Conclusion: We demonstrated that TSPO-PET/CLI reflected UCP1 expression in iBAT imaging better than [18F]FDG-PET/CLI under the various conditions. Considering convenience and cost, TSPO-CLI could be used as an alternative TSPO-PET technique for iBAT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Rim Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Bae
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Lee
- Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Radiation Medicine Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Jeong Cheon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Youn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Bioactive Compounds and Adipocyte Browning Phenomenon. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3039-3052. [PMID: 35877434 PMCID: PMC9320013 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity have become worldwide health issues in most countries. Current strategies aimed to prevent or reduce overweight and obesity have mainly focused on the genes and molecular mechanisms that give the functional characteristics to different types of adipose tissue. The Browning phenomenon in adipocytes consists of phenotypic and metabolic changes within white adipose tissue (WAT) activated by thermogenic mechanisms similar to that occurring in brown adipose tissue (BAT); this phenomenon has assumed great relevance due to its therapeutic potential against overweight and obesity. In addition, the study of inflammation in the development of overweight and obesity has also been included as a relevant factor, such as the pro-inflammatory mechanisms promoted by M1-type macrophages in adipose tissue. Studies carried out in this area are mainly performed by using the 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cell line, testing different bioactive compound sources such as plants and foods; nevertheless, it is necessary to standardize protocols used in vitro as well to properly scale them to animal models and clinical tests in order to have a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in overweight and obesity.
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17
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Ye R, Yan C, Zhou H, Zhang C, Huang Y, Dong M, Zhang H, Lin J, Jiang X, Yuan S, Chen L, Jiang R, Cheng Z, Zheng K, Yu A, Zhang Q, Quan LH, Jin W. Brown adipose tissue activation by ginsenoside compound K treatment ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4563-4574. [PMID: 35751868 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common metabolic and endocrine disease affecting women of reproductive age. Due to its complex etiology, there is no effective cure for PCOS currently. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is significantly decreased in PCOS patients and BAT activation has beneficial effects on PCOS animal models. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside compound K (CK) on an animal model of PCOS and its mechanism of BAT activation EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Primary brown adipocyte, Db/Db mice and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS rats were used. The core body temperature, oxygen consumption, energy metabolism related gene and protein expression were assessed to identify the function of CK on energy metabolism. Estrous cycle, serum sex hormone, ovarian steroidogenic enzyme gene expression and ovarian morphology were evaluated following CK treatment. KEY RESULTS Our results indicated that CK treatment could significantly protect against body weight gain in Db/Db mice via BAT activation. Furthermore, we found that CK treatment could normalize hyperandrogenism, estrous cyclicity, normalize steroidogenic enzyme expression and decrease the number of cystic follicles in PCOS rats. Interestingly, as a potential endocrine intermediate, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-14 protein (CXCL14) was significantly upregulated following CK administration. In addition, exogenous CXC14 supplementation was found to reverse DHEA-induced PCOS in a phenotypically similar manner to CK treatment. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In summary, CK treatment significantly activates BAT, increases CXCL14 expression and ameliorates PCOS. These findings suggest that CK might be a potential drug candidate for PCOS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongcai Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlong Yan
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Huiqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhai Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shouli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Zheng
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anni Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Hu Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Kassotis CD, Vom Saal FS, Babin PJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Le Mentec H, Blumberg B, Mohajer N, Legrand A, Munic Kos V, Martin-Chouly C, Podechard N, Langouët S, Touma C, Barouki R, Ji Kim M, Audouze K, Choudhury M, Shree N, Bansal A, Howard S, Heindel JJ. Obesity III: Obesogen assays: Limitations, strengths, and new directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115014. [PMID: 35393121 PMCID: PMC9050906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a role for environmental contaminants in disrupting metabolic health in both humans and animals. Despite a growing need for well-understood models for evaluating adipogenic and potential obesogenic contaminants, there has been a reliance on decades-old in vitro models that have not been appropriately managed by cell line providers. There has been a quick rise in available in vitro models in the last ten years, including commercial availability of human mesenchymal stem cell and preadipocyte models; these models require more comprehensive validation but demonstrate real promise in improved translation to human metabolic health. There is also progress in developing three-dimensional and co-culture techniques that allow for the interrogation of a more physiologically relevant state. While diverse rodent models exist for evaluating putative obesogenic and/or adipogenic chemicals in a physiologically relevant context, increasing capabilities have been identified for alternative model organisms such as Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, and medaka in metabolic health testing. These models have several appreciable advantages, including most notably their size, rapid development, large brood sizes, and ease of high-resolution lipid accumulation imaging throughout the organisms. They are anticipated to expand the capabilities of metabolic health research, particularly when coupled with emerging obesogen evaluation techniques as described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Helene Le Mentec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Nicole Mohajer
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Antoine Legrand
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Normand Podechard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Charbel Touma
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Min Ji Kim
- University of Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | | | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Nitya Shree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2611, Australia
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
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19
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Ribes fasciculatum Ameliorates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity by Elevating Peripheral Thermogenic Signaling. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051649. [PMID: 35268752 PMCID: PMC8911937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ribes fasciculatum has been consumed as a food and as a traditional medicine for treating autoimmune diseases and aging in diverse countries. A previous study showed that a mixture of Ribes fasciculatum and Cornus officinalis prohibited adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and suppressed diet-induced obesity. Nevertheless, the mechanism of R. fasciculatum to regulate energy homeostasis solely through thermogenic signaling remains unclear. Thus, we investigated its effects on energy homeostasis using R. fasciculatum fed to C57BL/6 mice with a 45% high-fat diet. Chronic consumption of R. fasciculatum decreased the body weight of obese mice with increasing food intakes and improved metabolic-syndrome-related phenotypes. Therefore, we further tested its thermogenic effects. Cold chamber experiments and qPCR studies indicated that R. fasciculatum elevated thermogenic signaling pathways, demonstrated by increased body temperature and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in the white and brown adipose tissues. Afzelin is one major known compound derived from R. fasciculatum. Hence, the isolated compound afzelin was treated with preadipocytes and brown adipocytes for cell viability and luciferase assay, respectively, to further examine its thermogenic effect. The studies showed that the response of afzelin was responsible for cell viability and the increased UCP1. In conclusion, our data indicated that R. fasciculatum elevated peripheral thermogenic signaling through increased UCP1 via afzelin activation and ameliorated diet-induced obesity.
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20
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Kawarasaki S, Matsuo K, Kuwata H, Zhou L, Kwon J, Ni Z, Takahashi H, Nomura W, Kenmotsu H, Inoue K, Kawada T, Goto T. Screening of flavor compounds using Ucp1-luciferase reporter beige adipocytes identified 5-methylquinoxaline as a novel UCP1-inducing compoundsss. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:380-389. [PMID: 34935880 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown or beige adipocytes is a mitochondrial protein that is expected to enhance whole-body energy expenditure. For the high-throughput screening of UCP1 transcriptional activity regulator, we established a murine inguinal white adipose tissue-derived Ucp1-luciferase reporter preadipocyte line. Using this reporter preadipocyte line, 654 flavor compounds were screened, and a novel Ucp1 expression-inducing compound, 5-methylquinoxaline, was identified. Adipocytes treated with 5-methylquinoxaline showed increased Ucp1 mRNA expression levels and enhanced oxygen consumption. 5-methylquinoxaline induced Ucp1 expression through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), and 5-methylquinoxaline-induced PGC1α activation seemed to be partially regulated by its phosphorylation or deacetylation. Thus, our Ucp1-luciferase reporter preadipocyte line is a useful tool for screening of Ucp1 inductive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawarasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kuwata
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lanxi Zhou
- Ogawa & Co. Ltd., Chidori 15-7, 279-0032, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jungin Kwon
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Zheng Ni
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Lee GH, Peng C, Jeong SY, Park SA, Lee HY, Hoang TH, Kim J, Chae HJ. Ginger extract controls mTOR-SREBP1-ER stress-mitochondria dysfunction through AMPK activation in obesity model. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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22
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Zhu J, Wang J, Wang X, Gao M, Guo B, Gao M, Liu J, Yu Y, Wang L, Kong W, An Y, Liu Z, Sun X, Huang Z, Zhou H, Zhang N, Zheng R, Xie Z. Prediction of drug efficacy from transcriptional profiles with deep learning. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:1444-1452. [PMID: 34140681 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery focused on target proteins has been a successful strategy, but many diseases and biological processes lack obvious targets to enable such approaches. Here, to overcome this challenge, we describe a deep learning-based efficacy prediction system (DLEPS) that identifies drug candidates using a change in the gene expression profile in the diseased state as input. DLEPS was trained using chemically induced changes in transcriptional profiles from the L1000 project. We found that the changes in transcriptional profiles for previously unexamined molecules were predicted with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.74. We examined three disorders and experimentally tested the top drug candidates in mouse disease models. Validation showed that perillen, chikusetsusaponin IV and trametinib confer disease-relevant impacts against obesity, hyperuricemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, respectively. DLEPS can generate insights into pathogenic mechanisms, and we demonstrate that the MEK-ERK signaling pathway is a target for developing agents against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Our findings suggest that DLEPS is an effective tool for drug repurposing and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxiang Wang
- Beijing & Qingdao Langu Pharmaceutical R&D Platform, Beijing Gigaceuticals Tech. Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjing Gao
- Beijing & Qingdao Langu Pharmaceutical R&D Platform, Beijing Gigaceuticals Tech. Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Gao
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiu Yu
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weikaixin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongpan An
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zurui Liu
- Beijing & Qingdao Langu Pharmaceutical R&D Platform, Beijing Gigaceuticals Tech. Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xinpei Sun
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhengwei Xie
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Beijing & Qingdao Langu Pharmaceutical R&D Platform, Beijing Gigaceuticals Tech. Co. Ltd., Beijing, China.
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23
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Development of CIDEA reporter mouse model and its application for screening thermogenic drugs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18429. [PMID: 34531447 PMCID: PMC8445935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector A (CIDEA) is a lipid droplet-associated protein and is a known marker of the thermogenic capacity of brown/beige adipocytes. To monitor the expression of CIDEA in live mice in a non-invasive manner, we generated CIDEA reporter mice expressing multicistronic mRNAs encoding CIDEA, luciferase 2, and tdTomato proteins under the control of the Cidea promoter. The expression level of endogenous CIDEA protein in adipose tissue was not affected by the expression of polycistronic reporters. The two CIDEA reporters, luciferase 2 and tdTomato, correctly reflected CIDEA protein levels. Importantly, luciferase activity was induced by cold exposure and the treatment with β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL316,243 in interscapular and inguinal adipose tissue, which was detectable by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. We further evaluated the effects of candidate brown adipogenic agents using this CIDEA reporter system and demonstrated a positive correlation between drug-induced luciferase activity and thermogenic gene expression levels both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, we established a dual CIDEA reporter mouse model in which fluorescence and luminescence signals correctly reflect CIDEA expression, and therefore, suggested that this reporter system can be used to evaluate the thermogenic efficacy of candidate molecules.
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24
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Wang B, Tsakiridis EE, Zhang S, Llanos A, Desjardins EM, Yabut JM, Green AE, Day EA, Smith BK, Lally JSV, Wu J, Raphenya AR, Srinivasan KA, McArthur AG, Kajimura S, Patel JS, Wade MG, Morrison KM, Holloway AC, Steinberg GR. The pesticide chlorpyrifos promotes obesity by inhibiting diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5163. [PMID: 34453052 PMCID: PMC8397754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity results from a caloric imbalance between energy intake, absorption and expenditure. In both rodents and humans, diet-induced thermogenesis contributes to energy expenditure and involves the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). We hypothesize that environmental toxicants commonly used as food additives or pesticides might reduce BAT thermogenesis through suppression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and this may contribute to the development of obesity. Using a step-wise screening approach, we discover that the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos suppresses UCP1 and mitochondrial respiration in BAT at concentrations as low as 1 pM. In mice housed at thermoneutrality and fed a high-fat diet, chlorpyrifos impairs BAT mitochondrial function and diet-induced thermogenesis, promoting greater obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance. This is associated with reductions in cAMP; activation of p38MAPK and AMPK; protein kinases critical for maintaining UCP1 and mitophagy, respectively in BAT. These data indicate that the commonly used pesticide chlorpyrifos, suppresses diet-induced thermogenesis and the activation of BAT, suggesting its use may contribute to the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Evangelia E Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shuman Zhang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Llanos
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Julian M Yabut
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander E Green
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Emily A Day
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brennan K Smith
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James S V Lally
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhan Wu
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amogelang R Raphenya
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Krishna A Srinivasan
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew G McArthur
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jagdish Suresh Patel
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Michael G Wade
- Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine M Morrison
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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25
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Fujita H, Habuta M, Hattori T, Kubota S, Kumon H, Ohuchi H. UCP1 expression in the mouse adrenal gland is not upregulated by thermogenic conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 566:184-189. [PMID: 34129966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene is known to be highly expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) that functions in thermogenesis. It has been shown that UCP1 mRNA is localized to the mouse adrenal gland, but its significance remains elusive. To explore how UCP1 expression in the adrenal gland is regulated, we generated a reporter knock-in mouse in which the GFP gene was inserted into the UCP1 locus using CRISPR-Cas9 system. Firstly, we confirmed by Western blot analysis UCP1-driven GFP protein expression in interscapular BAT of the knock-in mice kept at 4 °C. Immunohistochemistry showed that GFP protein was detected in the adrenal gland of the knock-in mice. More intense GFP expression was observed in the adrenal medulla than in the cortex of the reporter mice irrespectively of cold exposure. Immunohistochemistry using anti-UCP1 antibody, as well as Western blot analysis verified UCP1 protein expression in the wild-type adrenal medulla. These results suggest that the mouse adrenal gland is a novel organ expressing UCP1 protein and its expression is not upregulated by cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Fujita
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Munenori Habuta
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kumon
- Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-targeted Therapy, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Niimi University, Niimi, Okayama, 718-8585, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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26
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Mincham KT, Panchal K, Hart PH, Lucas RM, Feelisch M, Weller RB, Matthews VB, Strickland DH, Gorman S. Metabolic dysfunction induced by a high-fat diet modulates hematopoietic stem and myeloid progenitor cells in brown adipose tissue of mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:749-766. [PMID: 33866598 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) may be an important metabolic regulator of whole-body glucose. While important roles have been ascribed to macrophages in regulating metabolic functions in BAT, little is known of the roles of other immune cells subsets, particularly dendritic cells (DCs). Eating a high-fat diet may compromise the development of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs)-which give rise to DCs-in bone marrow, with less known of its effects in BAT. We have previously demonstrated that ongoing exposure to low-dose ultraviolet radiation (UVR) significantly reduced the 'whitening' effect of eating a high-fat diet upon interscapular (i) BAT of mice. Here, we examined whether this observation may be linked to changes in the phenotype of HSPCs and myeloid-derived immune cells in iBAT and bone marrow of mice using 12-colour flow cytometry. Many HSPC subsets declined in both iBAT and bone marrow with increasing metabolic dysfunction. Conversely, with rising adiposity and metabolic dysfunction, conventional DCs (cDCs) increased in both of these tissues. When compared with a low-fat diet, consumption of a high-fat diet significantly reduced proportions of myeloid, common myeloid and megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors in iBAT, and short-term hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. In mice fed the high-fat diet, exposure to low-dose UVR significantly reduced proportions of cDCs in iBAT, independently of nitric oxide release from irradiated skin [blocked using the scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO)], but did not significantly modify HSPC subsets in either tissue. Further studies are needed to determine whether changes in these cell populations contribute towards metabolic dysfunction .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Mincham
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kunjal Panchal
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard B Weller
- University of Edinburgh, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Vance B Matthews
- School of Biomedical Science - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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27
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Li X, Lu HY, Jiang XW, Yang Y, Xing B, Yao D, Wu Q, Xu ZH, Zhao QC. Cinnamomum cassia extract promotes thermogenesis during exposure to cold via activation of brown adipose tissue. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113413. [PMID: 32980484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl (Lauraceae), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, is well known to exert hot property. It is recorded as dispelling cold drug in ancient Chinese monographs, such as Synopsis of golden chamber published in Han dynasty. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015), Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl (Cinnamon) has the functions of dispersing cold, relieving pain, warming meridians and promoting blood circulation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Cinnamon extract (CE) on cold endurance and the mechanism of thermogenesis activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The improving effect of hypothermia were evaluated with body temperature by infrared camera and multi-thermo thermometer. In vivo, the thermogenic effect was observed with energy metabolism and substrate utilization. The activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was evaluated with the histomorphology and expression of thermogenic protein. In vitro, the uncoupling effect on mitochondrial was evaluated with Seahorse and fluorescent staining. The mechanism of thermogenesis was explored in brown adipocyte. RESULTS The body temperature and energy expenditure were significantly increased by CE administration in cold environment. In morphology, lipid droplets were reduced and the number of mitochondrial was increased. CE significantly increased the non-shivering thermogenesis via upregulating the expression of thermogenic protein. In vitro, the uncoupling effect was obviously along with the decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production. It was confirmed that the thermogenesis effect was induced via lipolysis and energy metabolism. In addition, CE also alleviated myocardium injury in the morphology in cold environment. Moreover, the major constituent was identified as (1) coumarin, (2) cinnamic acid, (3) cinnamaldehyde and (4) 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of improving cold tolerance was related to lipolysis and activation of BAT. Meanwhile, we provided a kind of potential prevention methods for cold injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
| | - Hong-Yuan Lu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Xiao-Wen Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Bo Xing
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Dong Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Zi-Hua Xu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
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28
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Galmozzi A, Kok BP, Saez E. Isolation and Differentiation of Primary White and Brown Preadipocytes from Newborn Mice. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33554974 DOI: 10.3791/62005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms underlying adipocyte differentiation and function has greatly benefited from the use of immortalized white preadipocyte cell lines. These cultured cell lines, however, have limitations. They do not fully capture the diverse functional spectrum of the heterogenous adipocyte populations that are now known to exist within white adipose depots. To provide a more physiologically relevant model to study the complexity of white adipose tissue, a protocol has been developed and optimized to enable simultaneous isolation of primary white and brown adipocyte progenitors from newborn mice, their rapid expansion in culture, and their differentiation in vitro into mature, fully functional adipocytes. The primary advantage of isolating primary cells from newborn, rather than adult mice, is that the adipose depots are actively developing and are, therefore, a rich source of proliferating preadipocytes. Primary preadipocytes isolated using this protocol differentiate rapidly upon reaching confluence and become fully mature in 4-5 days, a temporal window that accurately reflects the appearance of developed fat pads in newborn mice. Primary cultures prepared using this strategy can be expanded and studied with high reproducibility, making them suitable for genetic and phenotypic screens and enabling the study of the cell-autonomous adipocyte phenotypes of genetic mouse models. This protocol offers a simple, rapid, and inexpensive approach to study the complexity of adipose tissue in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA;
| | - Bernard P Kok
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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29
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Makwana K, Chodavarapu H, Morones N, Chi J, Barr W, Novinbakht E, Wang Y, Nguyen PT, Jovanovic P, Cohen P, Riera CE. Sensory neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide α regulate adaptive thermogenesis and diet-induced obesity. Mol Metab 2021; 45:101161. [PMID: 33412345 PMCID: PMC7820934 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Heat-sensory neurons from the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) play a pivotal role in detecting the cutaneous temperature and transmission of external signals to the brain, ensuring the maintenance of thermoregulation. However, whether these thermoreceptor neurons contribute to adaptive thermogenesis remains elusive. It is also unknown whether these neurons play a role in obesity and energy metabolism. Methods We used genetic ablation of heat-sensing neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide α (CGRPα) to assess whole-body energy expenditure, weight gain, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity in normal chow and high-fat diet-fed mice. Exvivo lipolysis and transcriptional characterization were combined with adipose tissue-clearing methods to visualize and probe the role of sensory nerves in adipose tissue. Adaptive thermogenesis was explored using infrared imaging of intrascapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT), tail, and core temperature upon various stimuli including diet, external temperature, and the cooling agent icilin. Results In this report, we show that genetic ablation of heat-sensing CGRPα neurons promotes resistance to weight gain upon high-fat diet (HFD) feeding and increases energy expenditure in mice. Mechanistically, we found that loss of CGRPα-expressing sensory neurons was associated with reduced lipid deposition in adipose tissue, enhanced expression of fatty acid oxidation genes, higher exvivo lipolysis in primary white adipocytes, and increased mitochondrial respiration from iBAT. Remarkably, mice lacking CGRPα sensory neurons manifested increased tail cutaneous vasoconstriction at room temperature. This exacerbated cold perception was not associated with reduced core temperature, suggesting that heat production and heat conservation mechanisms were engaged. Specific denervation of CGRPα neurons in intrascapular BAT did not contribute to the increased metabolic rate observed upon global sensory denervation. Conclusions Taken together, these findings highlight an important role of cutaneous thermoreceptors in regulating energy metabolism by triggering counter-regulatory responses involving energy dissipation processes including lipid fuel utilization and cutaneous vasodilation. Removal of sensory spinal neurons expressing CGRPα mitigates diet-induced obesity. CGRPα afferents antagonize adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Loss of CGRPα afferents leads to enhanced cold perception and vasoconstriction. Specific adipose denervation of CGRPα afferents does not modulate energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Makwana
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harshita Chodavarapu
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Morones
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jingyi Chi
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Barr
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward Novinbakht
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yidan Wang
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tuan Nguyen
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Predrag Jovanovic
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Celine E Riera
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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30
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Shinde AB, Song A, Wang QA. Brown Adipose Tissue Heterogeneity, Energy Metabolism, and Beyond. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:651763. [PMID: 33953697 PMCID: PMC8092391 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.651763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocyte in brown adipose tissue (BAT) specializes in expending energy through non-shivering thermogenesis, a process that produces heat either by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) dependent uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration or by UCP1 independent mechanisms. Apart from this, there is ample evidence suggesting that BAT has an endocrine function. Studies in rodents point toward its vital roles in glucose and lipid homeostasis, making it an important therapeutic target for treating metabolic disorders related to morbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The rediscovery of thermogenically active BAT depots in humans by several independent research groups in the last decade has revitalized interest in BAT as an even more promising therapeutic intervention. Over the last few years, there has been overwhelming interest in understanding brown adipocyte's developmental lineages and how brown adipocyte uniquely utilizes energy beyond UCP1 mediated uncoupling respiration. These new discoveries would be leveraged for designing novel therapeutic interventions for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Babaji Shinde
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Anying Song
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Qiong A. Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Qiong A. Wang,
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31
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Zhou H, Wang H, Yu M, Schugar RC, Qian W, Tang F, Liu W, Yang H, McDowell RE, Zhao J, Gao J, Dongre A, Carman JA, Yin M, Drazba JA, Dent R, Hine C, Chen YR, Smith JD, Fox PL, Brown JM, Li X. IL-1 induces mitochondrial translocation of IRAK2 to suppress oxidative metabolism in adipocytes. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1219-1231. [PMID: 32778760 PMCID: PMC7566776 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a common feature of obesity with elevated cytokines such as Interleukin-1 (IL-1) in circulation and tissues. Here, we report an unconventional IL-1R-MyD88-IRAK2-PHB/OPA1 signaling axis that reprograms mitochondrial metabolism in adipocytes to exacerbate obesity. IL-1 induced recruitment of IRAK2-Myddosome to mitochondria outer membrane via recognition by TOM20, followed by TIMM50-guided translocation of IRAK2 into mitochondria inner membrane to suppress oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation, thereby, attenuating energy expenditure. Adipocyte-specific MyD88 or IRAK2 deficiency reduced high fat diet (HFD)-induced weight gain, increased energy expenditure and ameliorated insulin resistance, associated with a smaller adipocyte size and increased cristae formation. IRAK2 kinase inactivation also reduced HFD-induced metabolic diseases. Mechanistically, IRAK2 suppressed respiratory super-complex formation via interaction with PHB1 and OPA1 upon stimulation of IL-1. Taken together, our results suggest that IRAK2 Myddosome functions as a critical link between inflammation and metabolism, representing a novel therapeutic target for patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Minjia Yu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wen Qian
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fangqiang Tang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ruth E McDowell
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ji Gao
- Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ashok Dongre
- Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Julie A Carman
- Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Mei Yin
- Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Judith A Drazba
- Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert Dent
- University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Hine
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yeong-Renn Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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32
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14-3-3ζ mediates an alternative, non-thermogenic mechanism in male mice to reduce heat loss and improve cold tolerance. Mol Metab 2020; 41:101052. [PMID: 32668300 PMCID: PMC7394917 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Adaptive thermogenesis, which is partly mediated by sympathetic input on brown adipose tissue (BAT), is a mechanism of heat production that confers protection against prolonged cold exposure. Various endogenous stimuli, for example, norepinephrine and FGF-21, can also promote the conversion of inguinal white adipocytes to beige adipocytes, which may represent a secondary cell type that contributes to adaptive thermogenesis. We previously identified an essential role of the molecular scaffold 14-3-3ζ in adipogenesis, but one of the earliest, identified functions of 14-3-3ζ is its regulatory effects on the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of norepinephrine. Herein, we examined whether 14-3-3ζ could influence adaptive thermogenesis via actions on BAT activation or the beiging of white adipocytes. Methods Transgenic mice over-expressing a TAP-tagged human 14-3-3ζ molecule or heterozygous mice without one allele of Ywhaz, the gene encoding 14-3-3ζ, were used to explore the contribution of 14-3-3ζ to acute (3 h) and prolonged (3 days) cold (4 °C) exposure. Metabolic caging experiments, PET-CT imaging, and laser Doppler imaging were used to determine the effect of 14-3-3ζ over-expression on thermogenic and vasoconstrictive mechanisms in response to cold. Results Transgenic over-expression of 14-3-3ζ (TAP) in male mice significantly improved tolerance to acute and prolonged cold. In response to cold, body temperatures in TAP mice did not decrease to the same extent when compared to wildtype (WT) mice, and this was associated with increased UCP1 expression in beige inguinal white tissue (iWAT) and BAT. Of note was the paradoxical finding that cold-induced changes in body temperatures of TAP mice were associated with significantly decreased energy expenditure. The marked improvements in tolerance to prolonged cold were not due to changes in sensitivity to β-adrenergic stimulation or BAT or iWAT oxidative metabolism; instead, over-expression of 14-3-3ζ significantly decreased thermal conductance and heat loss in mice via increased peripheral vasoconstriction. Conclusions Despite being associated with elevations in cold-induced UCP1 expression in brown or beige adipocytes, these findings suggest that 14-3-3ζ regulates an alternative, non-thermogenic mechanism via vasoconstriction to minimize heat loss during cold exposure. 14-3-3ζ over-expression in male mice improves tolerance to acute and prolonged cold. Increasing 14-3-3ζ expression promotes beiging of inguinal white adipose tissue. Cold-induced changes in body temperature can be dissociated from energy expenditure. 14-3-3ζ-dependent decreases in heat loss are associated with vasoconstriction.
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33
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Oguri Y, Shinoda K, Kim H, Alba DL, Bolus WR, Wang Q, Brown Z, Pradhan RN, Tajima K, Yoneshiro T, Ikeda K, Chen Y, Cheang RT, Tsujino K, Kim CR, Greiner VJ, Datta R, Yang CD, Atabai K, McManus MT, Koliwad SK, Spiegelman BM, Kajimura S. CD81 Controls Beige Fat Progenitor Cell Growth and Energy Balance via FAK Signaling. Cell 2020; 182:563-577.e20. [PMID: 32615086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissues dynamically remodel their cellular composition in response to external cues by stimulating beige adipocyte biogenesis; however, the developmental origin and pathways regulating this process remain insufficiently understood owing to adipose tissue heterogeneity. Here, we employed single-cell RNA-seq and identified a unique subset of adipocyte progenitor cells (APCs) that possessed the cell-intrinsic plasticity to give rise to beige fat. This beige APC population is proliferative and marked by cell-surface proteins, including PDGFRα, Sca1, and CD81. Notably, CD81 is not only a beige APC marker but also required for de novo beige fat biogenesis following cold exposure. CD81 forms a complex with αV/β1 and αV/β5 integrins and mediates the activation of integrin-FAK signaling in response to irisin. Importantly, CD81 loss causes diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue inflammation. These results suggest that CD81 functions as a key sensor of external inputs and controls beige APC proliferation and whole-body energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Oguri
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosaku Shinoda
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyeonwoo Kim
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana L Alba
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Reid Bolus
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary Brown
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachana N Pradhan
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Takeshi Yoneshiro
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenji Ikeda
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yong Chen
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rachel T Cheang
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Tsujino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Caroline R Kim
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanille Juliette Greiner
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ritwik Datta
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Yang
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kamran Atabai
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T McManus
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suneil K Koliwad
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Quan LH, Zhang C, Dong M, Jiang J, Xu H, Yan C, Liu X, Zhou H, Zhang H, Chen L, Zhong FL, Luo ZB, Lam SM, Shui G, Li D, Jin W. Myristoleic acid produced by enterococci reduces obesity through brown adipose tissue activation. Gut 2020; 69:1239-1247. [PMID: 31744910 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary fibre has beneficial effects on energy metabolism, and the majority of studies have focused on short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota. Ginseng has been reported to aid in body weight management, however, its mechanism of action is not yet clear. In this study, we focused on the potential modulating effect of ginseng on gut microbiota, aiming to identify specific strains and their metabolites, especially long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), which mediate the anti-obesity effects of ginseng. DESIGN Db/db mice were gavaged with ginseng extract (GE) and the effects of GE on gut microbiota were evaluated using 16S rDNA-based high throughput sequencing. To confirm the candidate fatty acids, untargeted metabolomics analyses of the serum and medium samples were performed. RESULTS We demonstrated that GE can induce Enterococcus faecalis, which can produce an unsaturated LCFA, myristoleic acid (MA). Our results indicate that E. faecalis and its metabolite MA can reduce adiposity by brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and beige fat formation. In addition, the gene of E. faecalis encoding Acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs) exhibited the biosynthetic potential to synthesise MA, as knockdown (KD) of the ACOT gene by CRISPR-dCas9 significantly reduced MA production. Furthermore, exogenous treatment with KD E. faecalis could not reproduce the beneficial effects of wild type E. faecalis, which work by augmenting the circulating MA levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that the gut microbiota-LCFA-BAT axis plays an important role in host metabolism, which may provide a strategic advantage for the next generation of anti-obesity drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hu Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Chuanhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunlong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Huiqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei-Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhao-Bo Luo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Sin-Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Donghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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35
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Shong KE, Oh CM, Namkung J, Park S, Kim H. Serotonin Regulates De Novo Lipogenesis in Adipose Tissues through Serotonin Receptor 2A. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:470-479. [PMID: 32615731 PMCID: PMC7386107 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.2.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is defined as excessive fat mass and is a major cause of many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Increasing energy expenditure and regulating adipose tissue metabolism are important targets for the treatment of obesity. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan [5-HT]) is a monoamine metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Here, we demonstrated that 5-HT in mature adipocytes regulated energy expenditure and lipid metabolism. METHODS Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme during 5-HT synthesis in non-neural peripheral tissues. We generated adipose tissue-specific Tph1 knockout (Tph1 FKO) mice and adipose tissue-specific serotonin receptor 2A KO (Htr2a FKO) mice and analyzed their phenotypes during high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity. RESULTS Tph1 FKO mice fed HFD exhibited reduced lipid accumulation, increased thermogenesis, and resistance to obesity. In addition, Htr2a FKO mice fed HFD showed reduced lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue and resistance to obesity. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the inhibition of serotonin signaling might be an effective strategy in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Eun Shong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Chang-Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju,
Korea
| | - Jun Namkung
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju,
Korea
| | - Sangkyu Park
- Department of Precision Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju,
Korea
| | - Hail Kim
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon,
Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon,
Korea
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36
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Wei G, Sun H, Liu JL, Dong K, Liu J, Zhang M. Indirubin, a small molecular deriving from connectivity map (CMAP) screening, ameliorates obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction by enhancing brown adipose thermogenesis and white adipose browning. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:21. [PMID: 32190098 PMCID: PMC7076951 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity occurs when the body’s energy intake is constantly greater than its energy consumption and the pharmacological enhancing the activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and (or) browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has been considered promising strategies to treat obesity. Methods In this study, we took a multi-pronged approach to screen UCP1 activators, including in silico predictions, in vitro assays, as well as in vivo experiments. Results Base on Connectivity MAP (CMAP) screening, we obtained multiple drugs that possess a remarkably correlating gene expression pattern to that of enhancing activity in BAT and (or) sWAT signature. Particularly, we focused on a previously unreported drug-indirubin, a compound obtained from the Indigo plant, which is now mainly used for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In the current study, our results shown that indirubin could enhance the BAT activity, as evidenced by up-regulated Ucp1 expression and enhanced mitochondrial respiratory function in vitro cellular model. Furthermore, indirubin treatment restrained high-fat diet (HFD)-induced body weight gain, improved glucose homeostasis and ameliorated hepatic steatosis which were associated with the increase of energy expenditure in the mice model. Moreover, we revealed that indirubin treatment increased BAT activity by promoting thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in BAT and induced browning of subcutaneous inguinal white adipose tissue (sWAT) of mice under HFD. Besides, our results indicated that indirubin induced UCP1 expression in brown adipocytes, at least in part, via activation of PKA and p38MAPK signaling pathways. Conclusions Our results clearly show that as an effective BAT (as well as beige cells) activator, indirubin may have a protective effect on the prevention and treatment of obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- 2Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100 Henan Province People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Dong
- 3Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003 People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- 4Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030 People's Republic of China
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Dhamrait GK, Panchal K, Fleury NJ, Abel TN, Ancliffe MK, Crew RC, Croft K, Fernandez BO, Minnion M, Hart PH, Lucas RM, Mark PJ, Feelisch M, Weller RB, Matthews V, Gorman S. Characterising nitric oxide-mediated metabolic benefits of low-dose ultraviolet radiation in the mouse: a focus on brown adipose tissue. Diabetologia 2020; 63:179-193. [PMID: 31713010 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Exposure to sunlight has the potential to suppress metabolic dysfunction and obesity. We previously demonstrated that regular exposure to low-doses of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reduced weight gain and signs of diabetes in male mice fed a high-fat diet, in part via release of nitric oxide from skin. Here, we explore further mechanistic pathways through which low-dose UVR exerts these beneficial effects. METHODS We fed mice with a luciferase-tagged Ucp1 gene (which encodes uncoupling protein-1 [UCP-1]), referred to here as the Ucp1 luciferase transgenic mouse ('Thermomouse') a high-fat diet and examined the effects of repeated exposure to low-dose UVR on weight gain and development of metabolic dysfunction as well as UCP-1-dependent thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT). RESULTS Repeated exposure to low-dose UVR suppressed the development of glucose intolerance and hepatic lipid accumulation via dermal release of nitric oxide while also reducing circulating IL-6 (compared with mice fed a high-fat diet only). Dietary nitrate supplementation did not mimic the effects of low-dose UVR. A single low dose of UVR increased UCP-1 expression (by more than twofold) in iBAT of mice fed a low-fat diet, 24 h after exposure. However, in mice fed a high-fat diet, there was no effect of UVR on UCP-1 expression in iBAT (compared with mock-treated mice) when measured at regular intervals over 12 weeks. More extensive circadian studies did not identify any substantial shifts in UCP-1 expression in mice exposed to low-dose UVR, although skin temperature at the interscapular site was reduced in UVR-exposed mice. The appearance of cells with a white adipocyte phenotype ('whitening') in iBAT induced by consuming the high-fat diet was suppressed by exposure to low-dose UVR in a nitric oxide-dependent fashion. Significant shifts in the expression of important core gene regulators of BAT function (Dio2, increased more than twofold), fatty acid transport (increased Fatp2 [also known as Slc27a2]), lipolysis (decreased Atgl [also known as Pnpla2]), lipogenesis (decreased Fasn) and inflammation (decreased Tnf), and proportions of macrophages (increased twofold) were observed in iBAT of mice exposed to low-dose UVR. These effects were independent of nitric oxide released from skin. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that non-burning (low-dose) UVR suppresses the BAT 'whitening', steatotic and pro-diabetic effects of consuming a high-fat diet through skin release of nitric oxide, with some metabolic and immune pathways in iBAT regulated by UVR independently of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursimran K Dhamrait
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Kunjal Panchal
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Naomi J Fleury
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Tamara N Abel
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Mathew K Ancliffe
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Rachael C Crew
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Biomedical Science - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Magdalena Minnion
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard B Weller
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vance Matthews
- School of Biomedical Science - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia.
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Abstract
The transport of materials across membranes is a vital process for all aspects of cellular function, including growth, metabolism, and communication. Protein transporters are the molecular gates that control this movement and serve as key points of regulation for these processes, thus representing an attractive class of therapeutic targets. With more than 400 members, the solute carrier (SLC) membrane transport proteins are the largest family of transporters, yet, they are pharmacologically underexploited relative to other protein families and many of the available chemical tools possess suboptimal selectivity and efficacy. Fortuitously, there is increased interest in elucidating the physiological roles of SLCs as well as growing recognition of their therapeutic potential. This Perspective provides an overview of the SLC superfamily, including their biochemical and functional features, as well as their roles in various human diseases. In particular, we explore efforts and associated challenges toward drugging SLCs, as well as highlight opportunities for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Leandro Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Appaso Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Christopher G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Wu Y, Cheng Z, Bai Y, Ma X. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Maternal Dietary Protein and Amino Acids Affecting Growth and Development of Offspring. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:727-735. [PMID: 30678627 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190125110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients can regulate metabolic activities of living organisms through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA regulation. Since the nutrients required for early embryos and postpartum lactation are derived in whole or in part from maternal and lactating nutrition, the maternal nutritional level affects the growth and development of fetus and creates a profound relationship between disease development and early environmental exposure in the offspring's later life. Protein is one of the most important biological macromolecules, involved in almost every process of life, such as information transmission, energy processing and material metabolism. Maternal protein intake levels may affect the integrity of the fetal genome and alter DNA methylation and gene expression. Most amino acids are supplied to the fetus from the maternal circulation through active transport of placenta. Some amino acids, such as methionine, as dietary methyl donor, play an important role in DNA methylation and body's one-carbon metabolism. The purpose of this review is to describe effects of maternal dietary protein and amino acid intake on fetal and neonatal growth and development through epigenetic mechanisms, with examples in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhibin Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunan 650201, China
| | - Yueyu Bai
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,Animal Health Supervision of Henan province, Breeding Animal Genetic Performance Measurement Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China.,Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75230, United States
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Abstract
Butein is a plant flavonoid chalcone, with presumed anti-adipogenic properties. It was reported to impair preadipocyte differentiation, limit adipose tissue (AT) development and enhance white AT browning in rodents. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that these effects of butein may occur via reduction of ADAMTS5 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motifs 5) expression. Murine 3T3-L1 or 3T3-F442A preadipocytes were differentiated into mature adipocytes in the presence of butein or vehicle. At regular time intervals RNA was collected for gene expression studies. Male hemizygous mice for Tg(Ucp1-luc2,-tdTomato)1Kajim (ThermoMouse) were exposed to butein or vehicle, after which ATs were analyzed for Adamts5 and uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp-1) mRNA level changes. During preadipocyte differentiation, butein (25 – 50 mM) did not affect Adamts5 or Ucp-1 expression. Oil Red O analysis and monitoring of differentiation markers failed to demonstrate effects of butein on the differentiation extent. Furthermore, butein administration to the ThermoMouse (10 or 20 mg/kg, 4 days) or to the C57BL6/Rj mice (20 mg/kg, 4 weeks) did not enhance Adamts5 or Ucp-1 expression. Thus, we could not demonstrate marked effects of butein on the preadipocyte differentiation extent or AT development and browning, nor on Adamts5 or Ucp-1 gene expression during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Hemmeryckx
- Department Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Vranckx
- Department Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dries Bauters
- Department Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H. Roger Lijnen
- Department Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Scroyen
- Department Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Fukuda A, Honda S, Fujioka N, Sekiguchi Y, Mizuno S, Miwa Y, Sugiyama F, Hayashi Y, Nishimura K, Hisatake K. Non-invasive in vivo imaging of UCP1 expression in live mice via near-infrared fluorescent protein iRFP720. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225213. [PMID: 31730675 PMCID: PMC6857924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a mitochondrial protein that is expressed in both brown and beige adipocytes. UCP1 uncouples the mitochondrial electron transport chain from ATP synthesis to produce heat via non-shivering thermogenesis. Due to their ability to dissipate energy as heat and ameliorate metabolic disorders, UCP1-expressing adipocytes are considered as a potential target for anti-obesity treatment. To monitor the expression of UCP1 in live mice in a non-invasive manner, we generated the Ucp1-iRFP720 knock-in (Ucp1-iRFP720 KI) mice, in which the gene encoding a near-infrared fluorescent protein iRFP720 is inserted into the Ucp1 gene locus. Using the heterozygous Ucp1-iRFP720 KI mice, we observed robust iRFP fluorescence in the interscapular region where brown adipose tissue is located. Moreover, the iRFP fluorescence was clearly observable in inguinal white adipose tissues in live mice administered with β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL316,243. We also found that the homozygous Ucp1-iRFP720 KI mice, which are deficient in UCP1, displayed prominent iRFP fluorescence in the inguinal regions at the standard housing temperature. Consistent with this, the mice exhibited expanded populations of beige-like adipocytes in inguinal white adipose tissue, in which the Ucp1 promoter was dramatically activated. Thus, the Ucp1-iRFP720 KI mice provide a convenient model for non-invasive in vivo imaging of UCP1 expression in both brown and beige adipocytes in live mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Fukuda
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shiho Honda
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Norie Fujioka
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Animal Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miwa
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Animal Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ken Nishimura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koji Hisatake
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Liu P, Huang S, Ling S, Xu S, Wang F, Zhang W, Zhou R, He L, Xia X, Yao Z, Fan Y, Wang N, Hu C, Zhao X, Tucker HO, Wang J, Guo X. Foxp1 controls brown/beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis through regulating β3-AR desensitization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5070. [PMID: 31699980 PMCID: PMC6838312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling is a pathway controlling adaptive thermogenesis in brown or beige adipocytes. Here we investigate the biological roles of the transcription factor Foxp1 in brown/beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis. Adipose-specific deletion of Foxp1 leads to an increase of brown adipose activity and browning program of white adipose tissues. The Foxp1-deficient mice show an augmented energy expenditure and are protected from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Consistently, overexpression of Foxp1 in adipocytes impairs adaptive thermogenesis and promotes diet-induced obesity. A robust change in abundance of the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) is observed in brown/beige adipocytes from both lines of mice. Molecularly, Foxp1 directly represses β3-AR transcription and regulates its desensitization behavior. Taken together, our findings reveal Foxp1 as a master transcriptional repressor of brown/beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis, and provide an important clue for its targeting and treatment of obesity. Beta3-adrenergic receptor (b3-AR) signaling in response to cold activates adipose tissue thermogenesis. Here the authors identify the transcription factor FoxP1 as a direct negative regulator of b3-AR expression and show that loss of FoxP1 leads to enhanced development of thermogenic adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Sixia Huang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shifeng Ling
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fuhua Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rujiang Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuechun Xia
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhengju Yao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Congxia Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haley O Tucker
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xizhi Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China. .,Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Brown Adipocyte and Splenocyte Co-Culture Maintains Regulatory T Cell Subset in Intermittent Hypobaric Conditions. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:539-548. [PMID: 31624708 PMCID: PMC6778593 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brown adipocytes have thermogenic characteristics in neonates and elicit anti-inflammatory responses. We postulated that thermogenic brown adipocytes produce distinctive intercellular effects in a hypobaric state. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between brown adipocyte and regulatory T cell (Treg) expression under intermittent hypobaric conditions. Methods Brown and white adipocytes were harvested from the interscapular and flank areas of C57BL6 mice, respectively. Adipocytes were cultured with syngeneic splenocytes after isolation and differentiation. Intermittent hypobaric conditions were generated using cyclic negative pressure application for 48 h in both groups of adipocytes. Expression levels of Tregs (CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T cells), cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)] co-inhibitory ligand were examined. Results Splenocytes, cultured with brown and white adipocytes, exhibited comparable Treg expression in a normobaric state. Under hypobaric conditions, brown adipocytes maintained a subset of Tregs. However, a decrease in Tregs was found in the white adipocyte group. TNF-α levels increased in both groups under hypobaric conditions. In the brown adipocyte group, anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression increased significantly; meanwhile, IL-10 expression decreased in the white adipocyte group. PD-L1 levels increased more significantly in brown adipocytes than in white adipocytes under hypobaric conditions. Conclusion Both brown and white adipocytes support Treg expression when they are cultured with splenocytes. Of note, brown adipocytes maintained Treg expression in intermittent hypobaric conditions. Anti-inflammatory cytokines and co-inhibitory ligands mediate the immunomodulatory effects of brown adipocytes under altered atmospheric conditions. Brown adipocytes showed the feasibility as a source of adjustment in physical stresses.
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He P, Hou B, Li Y, Xu C, Ma P, Lam SM, Gil V, Yang X, Yang X, Zhang L, Shui G, Song J, Qiang G, Liew CW, Du G. Lipid Profiling Reveals Browning Heterogeneity of White Adipose Tissue by Β3-Adrenergic Stimulation. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090444. [PMID: 31484405 PMCID: PMC6770315 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: White adipose tissue (WAT) browning confers beneficial effects on metabolic diseases. However, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is not as susceptible to browning as subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Aim: Interpreting the heterogeneity of VAT and SAT in brown remodeling and provide promising lipid targets to promote WAT browning. Methods: We first investigated the effects of β3-adrenergic stimulation by CL316,243 on systemic metabolism. Then, high-coverage targeted lipidomics approach with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was utilized to provide extensive detection of lipid metabolites in VAT and SAT. Results: CL316,243 notably ameliorated the systemic metabolism and induced brown remodeling of SAT but browning resistance of VAT. Comprehensive lipidomics analysis revealed browning heterogeneity of VAT and SAT with more dramatic alteration of lipid classes and species in VAT rather than SAT, though VAT is resistant to browning. Adrenergic stimulation differentially affected glycerides content in VAT and SAT and boosted the abundance of more glycerophospholipids species in VAT than in SAT. Besides, CL316,243 increased sphingolipids in VAT without changes in SAT, meanwhile, elevated cardiolipin species more prominently in VAT than in SAT. Conclusions: We demonstrated the browning heterogeneity of WAT and identified potential lipid biomarkers which may provide lipid targets for overcoming VAT browning resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Biyu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanliang Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chunyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Peng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xinyu Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junke Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China.
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Zhang JK, Miao J, Chen ZQ, Duan SZ, Zhang X, Ji WJ, Niu JM, Yuan F, Zhou X, Li YM, Zhang Z. β3-Adrenergic Activation Improves Maternal and Offspring Perinatal Outcomes in Diet-Induced Prepregnancy Obesity in Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1482-1493. [PMID: 31328894 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prepregnancy obesity is an epidemic disorder that seriously threatens both maternal and offspring health. This study investigated the effects of β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) activation on the perinatal outcomes in a diet-induced prepregnancy obese (PPO) murine model. METHODS Four-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were fed high-fat diet or chow diet for 16 weeks to yield PPO mice and chow-fed (CF) lean mice, respectively. After successful mating with CF males, the PPO and CF mice were both randomly divided into vehicle control- or CL316,243 (a highly selective β3-AR agonist)-treated groups. On gestational day 7, subcutaneous infusion of CL316,243 or saline vehicle (1 mg/kg/d) was provided using osmotic pumps. The perinatal outcomes, adipose tissue morphology, and metabolic and inflammatory markers were examined. RESULTS Chronic β3-AR agonist infusion induced brown adipose tissue activation and white adipose tissue browning and countered obesity-induced alterations in lipid profiles, insulin resistance, and systemic and local inflammatory states. Moreover, β3-AR activation was associated with improved placental perfusion and offspring outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide proof-of-principle evidence that pharmacological β3-AR activation may be of therapeutic potential in preventing prepregnancy-obesity-associated adverse maternal and offspring perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kai Zhang
- Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Miao
- Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Zu-Qin Chen
- Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
- Department of MRI, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Si-Zhang Duan
- Logistics University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Jie Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Min Niu
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of MRI, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Ming Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Kawarasaki S, Kuwata H, Sawazaki H, Sakamoto T, Nitta T, Kim CS, Jheng HF, Takahashi H, Nomura W, Ara T, Takahashi N, Tomita K, Yu R, Kawada T, Goto T. A new mouse model for noninvasive fluorescence-based monitoring of mitochondrial UCP1 expression. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1201-1212. [PMID: 31074834 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is well known for its thermogenic function in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Since UCP1 expends energy on thermogenesis, UCP1 activation has been considered an approach to ameliorate obesity. As a tool for uncovering yet unknown mechanisms of UCP1 activation, we generated a transgenic mouse model in which UCP1 expression levels are reflected in fluorescence derived from monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1). In these UCP1-mRFP1 BAC transgenic mice, fluorescence intensity mimics the change in UCP1 expression levels evoked through physiological or pharmacological stimulation. This transgenic mouse model will be useful in the search for bioactive compounds with the ability to induce UCP1 and for revealing undiscovered mechanisms of BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawarasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kuwata
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Honami Sawazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nitta
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Chuu-Sook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ara
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Koichi Tomita
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate school of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
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Yang L, Li X, Tang H, Gao Z, Zhang K, Sun K. A Unique Role of Carboxylesterase 3 (Ces3) in β-Adrenergic Signaling-Stimulated Thermogenesis. Diabetes 2019; 68:1178-1196. [PMID: 30862682 PMCID: PMC6610024 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase 3 (Ces3) is a hydrolase with a wide range of activities in liver and adipose tissue. In this study, we identified Ces3 as a major lipid droplet surface-targeting protein in adipose tissue upon cold exposure by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. To investigate the function of Ces3 in the β-adrenergic signaling-activated adipocytes, we applied WWL229, a specific Ces3 inhibitor, or genetic inhibition by siRNA to Ces3 on isoproterenol (ISO)-treated 3T3-L1 and brown adipocyte cells. We found that blockage of Ces3 by WWL229 or siRNA dramatically attenuated the ISO-induced lipolytic effect in the cells. Furthermore, Ces3 inhibition led to impaired mitochondrial function measured by Seahorse. Interestingly, Ces3 inhibition attenuated an ISO-induced thermogenic program in adipocytes by downregulating Ucp1 and Pgc1α genes via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. We further confirmed the effects of Ces3 inhibition in vivo by showing that the thermogenesis in adipose tissues was significantly attenuated in WWL229-treated or adipose tissue-specific Ces3 heterozygous knockout (Adn-Cre-Ces3flx/wt) mice. As a result, the mice exhibited dramatically impaired ability to defend their body temperature in coldness. In conclusion, our study highlights a lipolytic signaling induced by Ces3 as a unique process to regulate thermogenesis in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Hui Tang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Zhanguo Gao
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Kangling Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Kai Sun
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
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Feng Z, Wei Y, Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Liu X, Su L, Liang N, Yin H, Ding Q. Identification of a rhodanine derivative BML-260 as a potent stimulator of UCP1 expression. Theranostics 2019; 9:3501-3514. [PMID: 31281493 PMCID: PMC6587176 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of proper agents to increase or activate UCP1+ cells in adipose tissues remains a potent therapeutic strategy to combat obesity. Screening systems for UCP1 activators have been previously established and allow for unbiased discovery of effective compound(s). Methods: A previously established Ucp1-2A-GFP reporter system was applied to a chemical library containing 33 phosphatase inhibitors. Compounds that can significantly activate UCP1 expression were further tested in vivo in mouse adipose tissues. Possible underlying mechanism was explored via RNA profiling, CMAP analysis, CRISPR targeting as well as inhibitor treatments. Results: We identified BML-260, a known potent inhibitor of the dual-specific phosphatase JSP-1, that significantly increased UCP1 expression in both brown and white adipocytes. BML-260 treatment also activated oxidative phosphorylation genes, increased mitochondrial activity as well as heat generation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that effect of BML-260 on adipocytes was partly through activated CREB, STAT3 and PPAR signaling pathways, and was unexpectedly JSP-1 independent. Conclusion: The rhodanine derivate BML-260 was previously identified to be a JSP-1 inhibitor, and thus was proposed to treat inflammatory and proliferative disorders associated with dysfunctional JNK signaling. This work provides evidences that BML-260 can also exert a JSP-1-independent effect in activating UCP1 and thermogenesis in adipocytes, and be potentially applied to treat obesity.
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Yin N, Zhang H, Ye R, Dong M, Lin J, Zhou H, Huang Y, Chen L, Jiang X, Nagaoka K, Zhang C, Jin W. Fluvastatin Sodium Ameliorates Obesity through Brown Fat Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071622. [PMID: 30939798 PMCID: PMC6479292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), an organ that burns energy through uncoupling thermogenesis, is a promising therapeutic target for obesity. However, there are still no safe anti-obesity drugs that target BAT in the market. In the current study, we performed large scale screening of 636 compounds which were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to find drugs that could significantly increase uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mRNA expression by real-time PCR. Among those UCP1 activators, most of them were antibiotics or carcinogenic compounds. We paid particular attention to fluvastatin sodium (FS), because as an inhibitor of the cellular hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, FS has already been approved for treatment of hypercholesteremia. We found that in the cellular levels, FS treatment significantly increased UCP1 expression and BAT activity in human brown adipocytes. Consistently, the expression of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes was significantly increased upon FS treatment without differences in adipogenic gene expression. Furthermore, FS treatment resisted to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced body weight gain by activating BAT in the mice model. In addition, administration of FS significantly increased energy expenditure, improved glucose homeostasis and ameliorated hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, we reveal that FS induced browning in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) known to have a beneficial effect on energy metabolism. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that as an effective BAT activator, FS may have great potential for treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Rongcai Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Huiqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Chuanhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Small molecules for fat combustion: targeting obesity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:220-236. [PMID: 30976490 PMCID: PMC6438825 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in an alarming rate worldwide, which causes higher risks of some diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Current therapeutic approaches, either pancreatic lipase inhibitors or appetite suppressors, are generally of limited effectiveness. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige cells dissipate fatty acids as heat to maintain body temperature, termed non-shivering thermogenesis; the activity and mass of BAT and beige cells are negatively correlated with overweight and obesity. The existence of BAT and beige cells in human adults provides an effective weight reduction therapy, a process likely to be amenable to pharmacological intervention. Herein, we combed through the physiology of thermogenesis and the role of BAT and beige cells in combating with obesity. We summarized the thermogenic regulators identified in the past decades, targeting G protein-coupled receptors, transient receptor potential channels, nuclear receptors and miscellaneous pathways. Advances in clinical trials were also presented. The main purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge from the biological importance of thermogenesis in energy homeostasis to the representative thermogenic regulators for treating obesity. Thermogenic regulators might have a large potential for further investigations to be developed as lead compounds in fighting obesity.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- ALDH9, aldehyde dehydrogenase 9
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BA, bile acids
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BMP8b, bone morphogenetic protein 8b
- Beige cells
- Brown adipose tissue
- C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α
- CLA, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid
- CRABP-II, cellular RA binding protein type II
- CRE, cAMP response element
- Cidea, cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor α-like effector A
- Dio2, iodothyronine deiodinase type 2
- ERE, estrogen response element
- ERs, estrogen receptors
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptors
- HFD, high fat diet
- LXR, liver X receptors
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- Obesity
- PDEs, phosphodiesterases
- PET-CT, positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPARs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
- PPREs, peroxisome proliferator response elements
- PRDM16, PR domain containing 16
- PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- RA, retinoic acid
- RAR, RA receptor
- RARE, RA response element
- RMR, resting metabolic rate
- RXR, retinoid X receptor
- SIRT1, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1
- SNS, sympathetic nervous system
- TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A
- TMEM26, transmembrane protein 26
- TRPs, transient receptor potential cation channels
- Thermogenesis
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- Uncoupling protein 1
- VDR, vitamin D receptor
- VDRE, VDR response elements
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- β3-AR, β3-adrenergic receptor
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