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Rana G, Dhiman P, Kumar A, Chauhan A, Sharma G. Recent advances in photocatalytic removal of antiviral drugs by Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33876-9. [PMID: 38837030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The possible impact of antivirals on ecosystems and the emergence of antiviral resistance are the reasons for concern about their environmental release. Consequently, there has been a significant increase in curiosity regarding their presence in both organic and synthetic systems in recent years. The primary objective of this review is to address the void of information regarding the global presence of antiviral drugs in both wastewater and natural water sources. Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants is an eco-friendly, cost-effective method that effectively addresses environmental degradation. The development of efficient photocatalysts remains a significant issue in accelerating the degradation of pollutants, especially when employing solar light. Thus, the development of Z-scheme and S-scheme semiconductor heterojunctions has emerged as a viable method to improve light absorption and enhance the redox capability of photocatalysts. The principles of Z-scheme and S-scheme are reviewed extensively. The degradation route and occurrence of antiviral are discussed briefly. Finally, a short preview of the degradation of antiviral using Z-scheme and S-scheme is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Rana
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India.
| | - Pooja Dhiman
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Ankush Chauhan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India
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Dai H, Wang C, Yu W, Han J. Tracing COVID-19 drugs in the environment: Are we focusing on the right environmental compartment? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 339:122732. [PMID: 37838316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to over 770 million confirmed cases, straining public healthcare systems and necessitating extensive and prolonged use of synthetic chemical drugs around the globe for medical treatment and symptom relief. Concerns have arisen regarding the massive release of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their metabolites into the environment, particularly through domestic sewage. While discussions surrounding this issue have primarily centered on their discharge into aquatic environments, particularly through treated effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), one often overlooked aspect is the terrestrial environment as a significant receptor of pharmaceutical-laden waste. This occurs through the disposal of sewage sludge, for instance, by applying biosolids to land or non-compliant disposal of sewage sludge, in addition to the routine disposal of expired and unused medications in municipal solid wastes. In this article, we surveyed sixteen approved pharmaceuticals for treating COVID-19 and bacterial co-infections, along with their primary metabolites. For this, we delved into their physiochemical properties, ecological toxicities, environmental persistence, and fate within municipal WWTPs. Emphasis was given on lipophilic substances with log Kow >3.0, which are more likely to be found in sewage sludge at significant factions (25.2%-75.0%) of their inputs in raw sewage and subsequently enter the terrestrial environment through land application of biosolids, e.g., 43% in the United States and as high as 96% in Ireland or non-compliant practices of sewage sludge disposal in developing communities, such as open dumping and land application without prior anaerobic digestion. The available evidence underscores the importance of adequately treating and disposing of sewage sludge before its final disposal or land application in an epidemic or pandemic scenario, as mismanaged sewage sludge could be a significant vector for releasing pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites into the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dai
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqi Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangyang Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
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Ala U, Bajardi P, Giacobini M, Bertolotti L. Potential Impact of Environmental Pollution by Human Antivirals on Avian Influenza Virus Evolution. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071127. [PMID: 37048383 PMCID: PMC10093092 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral (AV) drugs are the main line of defense against pandemic influenza. However, different administration policies are applied in countries with different stocks of AV drugs. These policies lead to different occurrences of drug metabolites in the aquatic environment, altering animal behavior with evolutionary consequences on viruses. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of environmental pollution by human antivirals, such as oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), on the evolutionary rate of avian influenza. We used NA, HA, NP, and MP viral segments from two groups of neighboring countries sharing migratory routes of wild birds and characterized by different AV stockpiles. BEAST analyses were performed using the uncorrelated lognormal clock evolutionary model and the Bayesian skyline tree prior model. The ratios between the rate of evolution of the NA gene and the HA, NP, and MP segments were considered. The two groups of countries were compared by analyzing the differences in the ratio distributions. Our analyses highlighted a possible different behavior in the evolution of H5N1 2.3 clade viral strains when OC environmental pollution is present. In conclusion, the widespread consumption of antivirals and their presence in wastewater could influence the selective pressure on viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Paolo Bajardi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Rakrai W, Tabtimsai C, Kaewtong C, Wanno B. Theoretical investigation of the complexation, structural, and electronic properties of complexes between oseltamivir drug and cucurbit[n = 6–9]urils. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen WY, Wu YT, Lin HC, Ieong MI, Lee BH. Impact of long-term parental exposure to Tamiflu metabolites on the development medaka offspring (Oryzias latipes). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114146. [PMID: 32062464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of the antiviral drug, Tamiflu®, little is known about the long-term toxic effects of drug or its metabolites in an aquatic ecosystem. This study integrated epidemiological and ecotoxicological methods to determine environmentally relevant concentrations of Tamiflu. A model based on the species medaka (Oryzias latipes) was then used to determine the health status and reproductivity of adults exposed to the drug as well as the embryonic development of offspring. The proposed ecotoxicological model was also used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the toxicodynamic parameters related to egg production, hatchability, and development. Our results revealed that at an environmentally relevant exposure, Tamiflu and its metabolites had no adverse effects on growth, survival, or fecundity of adult medaka. Nonetheless, we observed a reduction in hatchability under exposure to 300 μg L-1 and a reduction in body length under exposure exceeding 90 μg L-1. Under exposure to 300 μg L-1, the estimated spawning time to reach 50% of the maximum percentage of cumulative egg production (ET50) far exceeded that of the control group (without exposure to Tamiflu). We also observed a ∼ 3-fold decrease in maximum egg hatching (Emax). Based on an integrated epidemiological and ecotoxicological model, predictions of environmental concentrations of Tamiflu and its metabolites revealed that the influenza subtypes associated with increases in environmental concentrations: A(H3N2) > A(H1N1) > type B (in order of their effects). We also determined that A(H3N2) posed a potential risk to hatchability and development. Note however, the environmental concentrations of Tamiflu and its metabolites in most countries are lower than the effect concentrations derived in this study, indicating no hazards for aquatic environments. We recommend the use of hatchability and embryonic development as indicators in assessing the effects of long-term parental exposure to Tamiflu metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ting Wu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chieh Lin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ian Ieong
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Heng Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Nannou C, Ofrydopoulou A, Evgenidou E, Heath D, Heath E, Lambropoulou D. Antiviral drugs in aquatic environment and wastewater treatment plants: A review on occurrence, fate, removal and ecotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134322. [PMID: 31678880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The environmental release of antiviral drugs is of considerable concern due to potential ecosystem alterations and the development of antiviral resistance. As a result, interest on their occurrence and fate in natural and engineered systems has grown substantially in recent years. The main scope of this review is to fill the void of information on the knowledge on the worldwide occurrence of antiviral drugs in wastewaters and natural waters and correlate their levels with their environmental fate. According to the conducted literature survey, few monitoring data exists for several European countries, such as Germany, France, and the UK. Lesser data are available for Asia, where approximately 80% of the studies focus on Japan. Several articles study the occurrence of mostly antiretroantivirals in sub-Saharan African countries, while there is a lack of data for other developing regions of the world, including the rest of Africa, South America, and the biggest part of Asia. An importantly smaller number of studies exists for North America, while no studies exist for Oceania. The against innfluenza drug oseltamivir along with its active carboxy metabolite is found to be the most studied antiviral drug. The distribution of antiviral drugs across all geographic regions varies from low ng L-1 to high μg L-1 levels, in some cases, even in surface waters. This overarching review reveals that monitoring of antiviral drugs is necessary, and some of those compounds may require toxicological attention, in the light of either spatial and temporal high concentration or potential antiviral resistance. Based on the information provided herein, the need for a better understanding of the water quality hazards posed by antiviral drugs existence in wastewater outputs and freshwater ecosystems is demosntrated. Finally, the future challenges concerning the occurrence, fate, and potential ecotoxicological risk to organisms posed by antiviral drug residues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Ofrydopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Dallarés S, Montemurro N, Pérez S, Rodríguez-Sanchez N, Solé M. Preliminary results on the uptake and biochemical response to water-exposure of Tamiflu® (oseltamivir phosphate) in two marine bivalves. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:75-85. [PMID: 30669952 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1562393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tamiflu® (oseltamivir phosphate, OST) is an antiviral drug used for the pandemic treatment of avian influenza but few data are available regarding its toxicity. It should be noted that acute adverse responses are not likely to occur due to low environmental presence of this drug. Nonetheless, water concentration levels of this compound may reach the µg/L range under influenza episodes. Bivalves are reliable sentinels of chemical exposure due to their low metabolism; however, biotransformation of drugs does occur in these aquatic invertebrates. Two species of bivalves, namely mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and clams Ruditapes philippinarum, were exposed for 48 h to 100 µg/L OST. Hemolymph from control and treated bivalves was withdrawn and the presence of OST and its metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (OST-C) determined by LC-MS/MS. Gills and digestive gland were excised from control and exposed bivalves and carboxylesterase (CE) activities measured using different substrates. In addition, antioxidant defences and lipid peroxidation levels were determined. Higher metabolism of OST seemed to occur in mussels, since both OST and OST-C were found in hemolymph, whereas in clams only the parent compound was detected. In contrast, biomarker responses were more evident in exposed clams which indicate that this species may be considered as more sensitive to OST exposure. CE-related activities successfully reflected OST exposure, with substrates 1-naphthyl acetate (1NA) and 1-naphthyl butyrate (1NB) displaying the highest sensitivity in the two bivalve species. Data thus indicate the usefulness of CE-related activities as biomarkers for OST exposure in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dallarés
- a Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- b Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- b Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Montserrat Solé
- a Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC) , Barcelona , Spain
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Azuma T, Ishida M, Hisamatsu K, Yunoki A, Otomo K, Kunitou M, Shimizu M, Hosomaru K, Mikata S, Mino Y. Fate of new three anti-influenza drugs and one prodrug in the water environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:550-557. [PMID: 27898328 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the environmental fate of new three anti-influenza drugs, favipiravir (FAV), peramivir (PER), and laninamivir (LAN), and an active prodrug of LAN, laninamivir octanoate (LANO), in comparison with four conventional drugs, oseltamivir (OS), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), amantadine (AMN), and zanamivir (ZAN) by photodegradation, biodegradation, and sorption to river sediments. In addition, we conducted 9-month survey of urban rivers in the Yodo River basin from 2015 to 2016 (including the influenza season) to investigate the current status of occurrence of these drugs in the river environment. The results clearly showed that FAV and LAN rapidly disappeared through photodegradation (half-lives 1 and 8 h, respectively), followed by LANO which gradually disappeared through biodegradation (half-life, 2 days). The remained PER and conventional drugs were, however, persistent and transported from upstream to downstream sites. Rates of their sorption to river sediments were negligibly small. Detected levels remained were in the range from N.D. to 89 ng/L for the river waters and from N.D. to 906 ng/L in sewage effluent. However, all of the remained drugs were effectively removed by ozonation after chlorination at a sewage treatment plant. These findings suggest the importance of introducing ozonation for reduction of pollution loads in rivers, helping to keep river environments safe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of the removal effects of natural sunlight, biodegradation, and sorption to river sediments on FAV, PER, LAN, LANO, and a conventional drug, AMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Mao Ishida
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kanae Hisamatsu
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ayami Yunoki
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kana Otomo
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mari Kunitou
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mai Shimizu
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kaori Hosomaru
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shiori Mikata
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Mino
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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A new ion selective electrode method for determination of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu) and its pharmaceutical applications. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Gillman A. Risk of resistant avian influenza A virus in wild waterfowl as a result of environmental release of oseltamivir. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:32870. [PMID: 27733236 PMCID: PMC5061866 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.32870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir is the best available anti-influenza drug and has therefore been stockpiled worldwide in large quantities as part of influenza pandemic preparedness planning. The active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) is stable and is not removed by conventional sewage treatment. Active OC has been detected in river water at concentrations up to 0.86 µg/L. Although the natural reservoir hosts of influenza A virus (IAV) are wild waterfowl that reside in aquatic environments, the ecologic risks associated with environmental OC release and its potential to generate resistant viral variants among wild birds has largely been unknown. However, in recent years a number of in vivo mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) studies have been conducted regarding the potential of avian IAVs to become resistant to OC in natural reservoir birds if these are drug exposed. Development of resistance to OC was observed both in Group 1 (N1) and Group 2 (N2, N9) neuraminidase subtypes, when infected ducks were exposed to OC at concentrations between 0.95 and 12 µg/L in their water. All resistant variants maintained replication and transmission between ducks during drug exposure. In an A(H1N1)/H274Y virus, the OC resistance mutation persisted without selective drug pressure, demonstrating the potential of an IAV with a permissive genetic background to acquire and maintain OC resistance, potentially allowing circulation of the resistant variant among wild birds. The experimental studies have improved the appreciation of the risks associated with the environmental release of OC related to resistance development of avian IAVs among wild birds. Combined with knowledge of efficient methods for improved sewage treatment, the observations warrant implementation of novel efficient wastewater treatment methods, rational use of anti-influenza drugs, and improved surveillance of IAV resistance in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gillman
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
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Wang WL, Wu QY, Wang ZM, Niu LX, Wang C, Sun MC, Hu HY. Adsorption removal of antiviral drug oseltamivir and its metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate by carbon nanotubes: Effects of carbon nanotube properties and media. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 162:326-33. [PMID: 26265601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This investigation evaluated the adsorption behavior of the antiviral drugs of oseltamivir (OE) and its metabolites (i.e., oseltamivir carboxylate (OC)) on three types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) including single-walled CNT (SWCNT), multi-walled CNT (MWCNT), and carboxylated SWCNT (SWCNT-COOH). CNTs can efficiently remove more than 90% of the OE and OC from aqueous solution when the initial concentration was lower than 10(-4) mmol/L. The Polanyi-Manes model depicted the adsorption isotherms of OE and OC on CNTs better than the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The properties of OE/OC and the characteristics of CNTs, particularly the oxygen functional groups (e.g., SWCNT-COOH) played important roles during the adsorption processes. OE showed a higher adsorption affinity than OC. By comparing the different adsorbates adsorption on each CNT and each adsorbate adsorption on different CNTs, the adsorption mechanisms of hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction, van der Waals force, and H-bonding were proposed as the contributing factors for OE and OC adsorption on CNTs. Particularly, for verifying the contribution of electrostatic interaction, the changes of adsorption partition efficiency (Kd) of OE and OC on CNTs were evaluated by varying pH from 2 to 11 and the importance of isoelectric point (pHIEP) of CNTs on OE and OC adsorption was addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Zheng-Ming Wang
- Environmental Management Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Li-Xia Niu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ming-Chao Sun
- Environmental Management Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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12
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Azuma T, Nakada N, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Prediction, risk and control of anti-influenza drugs in the Yodo River Basin, Japan during seasonal and pandemic influenza using the transmission model for infectious disease. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 521-522:68-74. [PMID: 25828414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the risk of producing an anti-influenza drug-resistant virus from wildfowl, it is important to estimate the concentrations of anti-influenza drugs in river water during an influenza pandemic and to evaluate the concentrations that keep river basins safe. We first created a newly designed infectious disease transmission model based on the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model. This model was then applied to replicate the transitional changes of three representative anti-influenza drugs, oseltamivir (OS), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), and zanamivir (ZAN), in the urban area of the Yodo River system, which is one of the major basins in Japan with a population of 12 million; this region contains nearly 10% of the country's flu cases during the seasonal influenza outbreaks between 1999 and 2010. The results showed high correlations between the estimated number of influenza cases and the concentrations of the three investigated anti-influenza drugs with the reported values. We then extended the application of the model to estimate the concentration level of these anti-influenza drugs during the several influenza pandemics. The maximum estimated concentrations for OS, OC, and ZAN were known to be 260-450ng/L, 1500-2600ng/L and 40-70ng/L, respectively, at the peak of the influenza pandemic. These results suggest that it is possible that a drug-resistant influenza virus can originate from wild mallard when there is a large-scale influenza pandemic. However, ozonation before discharge at sewage treatment plants is known to significantly reduce the release of such drugs into the aquatic environment to reduce the risk of a drug-resistant virus outbreak. It was also suggested that further environmental risk could be reduced by decreasing these concentrations further in river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
| | - Norihide Nakada
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
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Azuma T, Ishiuchi H, Inoyama T, Teranishi Y, Yamaoka M, Sato T, Yamashita N, Tanaka H, Mino Y. Detection of peramivir and laninamivir, new anti-influenza drugs, in sewage effluent and river waters in Japan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131412. [PMID: 26110817 PMCID: PMC4482326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report of the detection of two new anti-influenza drugs, peramivir (PER) and laninamivir (LAN), in Japanese sewage effluent and river waters. Over about 1 year from October 2013 to July 2014, including the influenza prevalence season in January and February 2014, we monitored for five anti-influenza drugs—oseltamivir (OS), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), zanamivir (ZAN), PER, and LAN—in river waters and in sewage effluent flowing into urban rivers of the Yodo River system in Japan. The dynamic profiles of these anti-influenza drugs were synchronized well with that of the numbers of influenza patients treated with the drugs. The highest levels in sewage effluents and river waters were, respectively, 82 and 41 ng/L (OS), 347 and 125 ng/L (OC), 110 and 35 ng/L (ZAN), 64 and 11 ng/L (PER), and 21 and 9 ng/L (LAN). However, application of ozone treatment before discharge from sewage treatment plants was effective in reducing the levels of these anti-influenza drugs in effluent. The effectiveness of the ozone treatment and the drug dependent difference in susceptibility against ozone were further evidenced by ozonation of a STP effluent in a batch reactor. These findings should help to promote further environmental risk assessment of the generation of drug-resistant influenza viruses in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirotaka Ishiuchi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Inoyama
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Teranishi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misato Yamaoka
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaji Sato
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Mino
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Published sequences do not support transfer of oseltamivir resistance mutations from avian to human influenza A virus strains. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:162. [PMID: 25887656 PMCID: PMC4387679 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate ester, OE) is a widely used antiviral active against influenza A virus. Its active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), is chemically stable and secreted into wastewater treatment plants. OC contamination of natural habitats of waterfowl might induce OC resistance in influenza viruses persistently infecting waterfowl, and lead to transfer of OC-resistance from avian to human influenza. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether such has occurred. Methods A genomics approach including phylogenetic analysis and probability calculations for homologous recombination was applied on altogether 19,755 neuraminidase (N1 and N2) genes from virus sampled in humans and birds, with and without resistance mutations. Results No evidence for transfer of OE resistance mutations from avian to human N genes was obtained, and events suggesting recombination between human and avian influenza virus variants could not be traced in the sequence material studied. Conclusions The results indicate that resistance in influenza viruses infecting humans is due to the selection pressure posed by the global OE administration in humans rather than transfer from avian influenza A virus strains carrying mutations induced by environmental exposure to OC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0860-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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15
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Singer AC, Järhult JD, Grabic R, Khan GA, Lindberg RH, Fedorova G, Fick J, Bowes MJ, Olsen B, Söderström H. Intra- and inter-pandemic variations of antiviral, antibiotics and decongestants in wastewater treatment plants and receiving rivers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108621. [PMID: 25254643 PMCID: PMC4177917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of eleven antibiotics (trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, cefotaxime, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin), three decongestants (naphazoline, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline) and the antiviral drug oseltamivir's active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), were measured weekly at 21 locations within the River Thames catchment in England during the month of November 2009, the autumnal peak of the influenza A[H1N1]pdm09 pandemic. The aim was to quantify the pharmaceutical response to the pandemic and compare this to drug use during the late pandemic (March 2010) and the inter-pandemic periods (May 2011). A large and small wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were sampled in November 2009 to understand the differential fate of the analytes in the two WWTPs prior to their entry in the receiving river and to estimate drug users using a wastewater epidemiology approach. Mean hourly OC concentrations in the small and large WWTP's influent were 208 and 350 ng/L (max, 2070 and 550 ng/L, respectively). Erythromycin was the most concentrated antibiotic measured in Benson and Oxford WWTPs influent (max=6,870 and 2,930 ng/L, respectively). Napthazoline and oxymetazoline were the most frequently detected and concentrated decongestant in the Benson WWTP influent (1650 and 67 ng/L) and effluent (696 and 307 ng/L), respectively, but were below detection in the Oxford WWTP. OC was found in 73% of November 2009's weekly river samples (max=193 ng/L), but only in 5% and 0% of the late- and inter-pandemic river samples, respectively. The mean river concentration of each antibiotic during the pandemic largely fell between 17-74 ng/L, with clarithromycin (max=292 ng/L) and erythromycin (max=448 ng/L) yielding the highest single measure. In general, the concentration and frequency of detecting antibiotics in the river increased during the pandemic. OC was uniquely well-suited for the wastewater epidemiology approach owing to its nature as a prodrug, recalcitrance and temporally- and spatially-resolved prescription statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Singer
- Natural Environment Research Council, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roman Grabic
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Ganna Fedorova
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J. Bowes
- Natural Environment Research Council, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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16
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Orozovic G, Orozovic K, Järhult JD, Olsen B. Study of oseltamivir and zanamivir resistance-related mutations in influenza viruses isolated from wild mallards in Sweden. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89306. [PMID: 24558492 PMCID: PMC3928424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) is a growing problem in battle against influenza A virus. However, little is known about the resistance of viruses isolated from dabbling ducks, the natural reservoir of the influenza virus. To our knowledge, no low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus resistant to NAIs has been detected. The aim of this study was to investigate mallard isolates of influenza A virus previously identified to carry oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) or zanamivir (ZA) resistance-related mutations. In this work, 21 viruses belonging to the N1, N3, N6 and N9 subtypes were analyzed using a colorimetric NA inhibition assay. The results of assay showed no NAIs-resistant phenotype for any of the viruses. The R118K mutation was the most recurrent, as it was observed in all subtypes except for N6. IC50 values confirmed the differences in sensitivity to OC or ZA observed in the N1 and N2 groups of NAs. Furthermore, both wild types (WTs) in the N6 and one WT in the N9 subtype were less sensitive to ZA than were genotypically related mutants with R152K and R118K change in the respective subtypes. This may indicate that these and probably even other NAIs resistance-related mutations found in our virus collection were not induced by NAIs residuals in the environment and that the impact of such mutations in an avian influenza could be dependent on subtype, strain and host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Orozovic
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Kanita Orozovic
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Peng X, Wang C, Zhang K, Wang Z, Huang Q, Yu Y, Ou W. Profile and behavior of antiviral drugs in aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:755-61. [PMID: 23973541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and behavior of six antiviral pharmaceuticals (acyclovir, ganciclovir, oseltamivir, ribavirin, stavudine and zidovudine) and one active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate were investigated in wastewater, landfill leachate, river water, reservoir and well water in the vicinity of municipal landfills in the Pearl River Delta, China. Acyclovir was the only antiviral detected in the wastewater at 177-406 (mean=238) and 114-205 (mean=154) ng L(-1) in the influent and final effluent, respectively. Aerobic biodegradation appeared to be the main process for the elimination of acyclovir in the wastewater. Acyclovir was also the only antiviral quantitatively detected in the Pearl River and its tributaries, with a maximum concentration up to 113 ng L(-1). Treated wastewater was a major source of acyclovir in the rivers. The highest concentration of acyclovir was observed in winter in the river water and the dilution effect by precipitation was suggested to be the dominant factor impacting the seasonal pattern of acyclovir in the rivers. No antivirals were quantitatively detected in the well water whereas acyclovir was frequently detected in the reservoirs at a maximal concentration of 33.6 ng L(-1) in the vicinity of the municipal landfills. However, source identification and fate of acyclovir in the reservoirs pend on further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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18
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Azuma T, Nakada N, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Mass balance of anti-influenza drugs discharged into the Yodo River system, Japan, under an influenza outbreak. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1672-7. [PMID: 23871592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In February 2011, at the peak of an influenza outbreak, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the mass balances of four anti-influenza drugs-oseltamivir (OS), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), amantadine (AMN), and zanamivir (ZAN)-in the urban area of the Yodo River system. This area includes three main river catchments (the Katsura, Uji, and Kidzu Rivers) and is home to 12 million people, about 10% of Japan's population. Water was sampled at six main rivers and 13 tributary sites and eight sewage treatment plants (STPs). We concluded that the STP effluents were the major sources of the anti-influenza drug load in the Yodo River system (68-94% of total mass fluxes). Extended measurement throughout the Yodo River system further showed only small fluctuations of the ratio of OS to OC from 0.2 to 0.3, suggesting that OS and its metabolite are environmentally stable. The results also clearly showed the importance of reducing the levels of anti-influenza drugs in the water environment by reducing their emission at STPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
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19
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Application of electrolysis for inactivation of an antiviral drug that is one of possible selection pressure to drug-resistant influenza viruses. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:154-60. [PMID: 23994466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of antiviral drugs has led to concern that the release of the chemicals in surface water due to expanded medical use could induce drug-resistant mutant viruses in zoonosis. Many researchers have noted that the appearance of an oseltamivir (Tamiflu(®))-resistant avian influenza mutant virus, which may spread to humans, could be induced by oseltamivir contamination of surface water. Although past studies have reported electrolysis as a possible method for degradation of antineoplastics and antibacterials in water, the validity of the method for treatment of antiviral drugs is unknown. In this study, electrolysis was used to degrade an antiviral prodrug, oseltamivir, and a stable active form, oseltamivir carboxylate, and the degradation process was monitored with HPLC-UV and the neuraminidase inhibitory assay. HPLC-UV-detectable oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate were decomposed by electrolysis within 60 min, and inhibitory activity of neuraminidase decreased below the detection limit of the assay used. Cytotoxic and genotoxic activity were not detected in electrolyzed fluid. These results indicate that electrolysis is a possible treatment for inactivation of the antiviral drug oseltamivir.
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20
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Compliance to oseltamivir among two populations in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom affected by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, November 2009--a waste water epidemiology study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60221. [PMID: 23613721 PMCID: PMC3626736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral provision remains the focus of many pandemic preparedness plans, however, there is considerable uncertainty regarding antiviral compliance rates. Here we employ a waste water epidemiology approach to estimate oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) compliance. Oseltamivir carboxylate (oseltamivir's active metabolite) was recovered from two waste water treatment plant (WWTP) catchments within the United Kingdom at the peak of the autumnal wave of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. Predictions of oseltamivir consumption from detected levels were compared with two sources of national government statistics to derive compliance rates. Scenario and sensitivity analysis indicated between 3-4 and 120-154 people were using oseltamivir during the study period in the two WWTP catchments and a compliance rate between 45-60%. With approximately half the collected antivirals going unused, there is a clear need to alter public health messages to improve compliance. We argue that a near real-time understanding of drug compliance at the scale of the waste water treatment plant (hundreds to millions of people) can potentially help public health messages become more timely, targeted, and demographically sensitive, while potentially leading to less mis- and un-used antiviral, less wastage and ultimately a more robust and efficacious pandemic preparedness plan.
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21
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Effect of oseltamivir carboxylate consumption on emergence of drug-resistant H5N2 avian influenza virus in Mallard ducks. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:2171-81. [PMID: 23459475 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02126-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) has been detected in environmental waters at various levels during recent influenza seasons in humans, reflecting levels of usage and stability of this drug. In consideration of the role of waterfowl as hosts for influenza viruses that may contribute to human infections, we evaluated the effect of consumption of low doses of OC on development of oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus mutants in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected with two different low-pathogenic (LP) H5N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV). We detected development of virus variants carrying a known molecular marker of oseltamivir resistance (neuraminidase E119V) in 4 out of 6 mallards infected with A/Mallard/Minnesota/182742/1998 (H5N2) and exposed to 1,000 ng/liter OC. The mutation first appeared as a minor population on days 5 to 6 and was the dominant genotype on days 6 to 8. Oseltamivir-resistant mutations were not detected in virus from ducks not exposed to the drug or in ducks infected with a second strain of virus and similarly exposed to OC. Virus isolates carrying the E119V mutation displayed in vitro replication kinetics similar to those of the wild-type virus, but in vivo, the E119V virus rapidly reverted back to wild type in the absence of OC, and only the wild-type parental strain was transmitted to contact ducks. These results indicate that consumption by wild waterfowl of OC in drinking water may promote selection of the E119V resistance mutation in some strains of H5N2 AIV that could contribute to viruses infecting human populations.
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22
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Azuma T, Nakada N, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Synchronous dynamics of observed and predicted values of anti-influenza drugs in environmental waters during a seasonal influenza outbreak. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12873-12881. [PMID: 23106220 DOI: 10.1021/es303203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent dynamics in the concentrations of four anti-influenza drugs (oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate, zanamivir, and amantadine) in environmental waters collected from the Yodo River basin, Japan, were monitored for the first time over a 1 year period (July 2010 to June 2011). The clear, convex dynamic profiles of oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate, and zanamivir during a 3 month seasonal influenza outbreak (January to March 2011) were synchronized well with that of the numbers of influenza patients treated with the drugs. The highest levels in sewage treatment plants (STPs) and river waters were, respectively, 177 and 60 ng/L (oseltamivir), 827 and 288 ng/L (oseltamivir carboxylate), and 30 and 15 ng/L (zanamivir). Fixed levels of amantadine were detectable year-round (100-200 ng/L in the STPs and 10-30 ng/L in river waters). The predicted convex profiles of oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate, and zanamivir in both STPs and river waters were significantly correlated (0.714 < R < 0.932) with the observed values. The profiles were predicted successfully by simple mathematical principles, taking the number of influenza patients, quantities of Tamiflu and Relenza used, dilution by drainwaters passing through STPs, removal rates at STPs, dilution rates in river effluents, and attenuation rates in rivers into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
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23
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Hassan SSM, EL-Nashar RM, El-Tantawy ASM. A New Validated Potentiometric Method for Batch and Continuous Quality Control Monitoring of Oseltamivir Phosphate (Taminil) in Drug Formulations and Biological Fluids. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Accinelli C, Saccà ML, Mencarelli M, Vicari A. Application of bioplastic moving bed biofilm carriers for the removal of synthetic pollutants from wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 120:180-186. [PMID: 22797083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this series of laboratory experiments, the feasibility of using moving bed biofilm carriers (MBBC) manufactured from existing bioplastic-based products for the removal of bisphenol A, oseltamivir, and atrazine from wastewater was evaluated. After 10-d incubation, cumulative evolution of (14)CO(2) from control (no MBBC) wastewater spiked with (14)C-labeled bisphenol A, oseltamivir or atrazine, accounted for approximately 18%, 7% and 3.5% of the total added radioactivity, respectively. When wastewater samples were incubated with freely moving carriers, greater removal of the three chemicals was observed. More specifically, cumulative (14)CO(2) evolution of the three xenobiotics increased of 34%, 49%, and 66%, with respect to the control, respectively. Removal efficiency of MBBC was significantly increased by inoculating these bioplastic carriers with bioremediation bacterial strains. Results from this study suggest that the concept behind the moving bed biofilm reactor technology can also be extended to biodegradable carriers inoculated with bioremediation microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Accinelli
- Department of Agro-Environmental Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy.
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25
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Abstract
AbstractPharmaceutical compounds have been detected in the environment and potentially arise from the discharge of excreted and improperly disposed medication from sewage treatment facilities. In order to minimize environmental exposure of pharmaceutical residues, a potential technique to remove pharmaceuticals from water is the use of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) involving titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis. To evaluate the extent UV/TiO2 processes have been studied for pharmaceutical degradation, a literature search using the keywords ‘titanium dioxide’, ‘photocatalysis’, ‘advanced oxidation processes’, ‘pharmaceuticals’ and ‘degradation’ were used in the ISI Web of Knowledge TM, Scopus TM and ScienceDirect TM databases up to and including articles published on 23 November 2011. The degradation rates of pharmaceuticals under UV/TiO2 treatment were dependent on type and amount of TiO2 loading, pharmaceutical concentration, the presence of electron acceptors and pH. Complete mineralization under particular experimental conditions were reported for some pharmaceuticals; however, some experiments reported evolution of toxic intermediates during the photocatalytic process. It is concluded that the UV/TiO2 system is potentially a feasible wastewater treatment process, but careful consideration of the treatment time, the loading and the type of TiO2 (doped vs. undoped) used for a particular pharmaceutical is necessary for a successful application (198 words).
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26
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Mestankova H, Schirmer K, Escher BI, von Gunten U, Canonica S. Removal of the antiviral agent oseltamivir and its biological activity by oxidative processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 161:30-35. [PMID: 22230064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral agent oseltamivir acid (OA, the active metabolite of Tamiflu(®)) may occur at high concentrations in wastewater during pandemic influenza events. To eliminate OA and its antiviral activity from wastewater, ozonation and advanced oxidation processes were investigated. For circumneutral pH, kinetic measurements yielded second-order rate constants of 1.7 ± 0.1 × 10(5) and 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) for the reaction of OA with ozone and hydroxyl radical, respectively. During the degradation of OA by both oxidants, the antiviral activity of the treated aqueous solutions was measured by inhibition of neuraminidase activity of two different viral strains. A transient, moderate (two-fold) increase in antiviral activity was observed in solutions treated up to a level of 50% OA transformation, while for higher degrees of transformation the activity corresponded to that caused exclusively by OA. OA was efficiently removed by ozonation in a wastewater treatment plant effluent, suggesting that ozonation can be applied to remove OA from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Mestankova
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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27
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Susceptibility of avian influenza viruses of the N6 subtype to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir. Antiviral Res 2012; 93:322-9. [PMID: 22252168 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses are a source of genetic material that can be transmitted to humans through direct introduction or reassortment. Although there is a wealth of information concerning global monitoring for antiviral resistance among human viruses of the N1 and N2 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes, information concerning avian viruses of these and other NA subtypes is limited. We undertook a surveillance study to investigate the antiviral susceptibility of avian influenza N6 NA viruses, the predominant subtype among wild waterfowl. We evaluated 73 viruses from North American ducks and shorebirds for susceptibility to the NA inhibitor oseltamivir in a fluorescence-based NA enzyme inhibition assay. Most (90%) had mean IC(50) values ranging from <0.01 to 5.0nM; 10% were from 5.1 to 50.0nM; and none were >50.0nM. Susceptibility to oseltamivir remained stable among all isolates collected over approximately three decades (P⩽0.74). Two isolates with I222V NA substitution had moderately reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir in vitro (IC(50), 30.0 and 40.0nM). One field sample was a mixed population containing an avian paramyxovirus (APMV) and H4N6 influenza virus, as revealed by electron microscopy and hemagglutination inhibition assays with a panel of anti-APMV antisera. This highlights the importance of awareness and careful examination of non-influenza pathogens in field samples from avian sources. This study showed that oseltamivir-resistant N6 NA avian influenza viruses are rare, and must be tested both phenotypically and genotypically to confirm resistance.
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28
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Exposure of the main italian river basin to pharmaceuticals. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:989270. [PMID: 21941542 PMCID: PMC3175726 DOI: 10.1155/2011/989270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study give a preliminary survey of pharmaceutical contamination and accumulation in surface waters and sediments along the river Po basin (74,000 km2, the largest in Italy), a strategic region for the Italian economy: it collects sewage from a vast industrialized area of Italy (Autorità di Baciono del fiume Po, 2006, 2009). 10 pharmaceuticals (atenolol, propanolol, metoprolol, nimesulide, furosemide, carbamazepine, ranitidine, metronidazole, paracetamol, and atorvastatin) from several therapeutic classes were searched in 54 sampling points along the river Po from the source to the delta, and at the mouth of its major effluents. In water samples were found pharmaceuticals in the range of 0.38–0.001 μg/L, except for furosemide (max conc. 0.605 μg/L), paracetamol (max conc. 3.59 μg/L), metoprolol (never detected) and for atenolol (not analysed). In sediment samples, only paracetamol was not detected, while the others were generally found in the range of 0.4–0.02 μg/kg ww with high concentrations for atenolol (max conc. 284 μg/kg ww) and furosemide (max conc. 98.4 μg/kg ww). The findings confirm also STPs as point sources of contamination. Despite of the much evidence for the adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment, the observed low levels cannot be considered to pose a serious risk to human health; further studies are necessary for a comprehensive risk assessment.
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Järhult JD, Muradrasoli S, Wahlgren J, Söderström H, Orozovic G, Gunnarsson G, Bröjer C, Latorre-Margalef N, Fick J, Grabic R, Lennerstrand J, Waldenström J, Lundkvist A, Olsen B. Environmental levels of the antiviral oseltamivir induce development of resistance mutation H274Y in influenza A/H1N1 virus in mallards. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24742. [PMID: 21931841 PMCID: PMC3171471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) is the most widely used drug against influenza infections and is extensively stockpiled worldwide as part of pandemic preparedness plans. However, resistance is a growing problem and in 2008–2009, seasonal human influenza A/H1N1 virus strains in most parts of the world carried the mutation H274Y in the neuraminidase gene which causes resistance to the drug. The active metabolite of oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), is poorly degraded in sewage treatment plants and surface water and has been detected in aquatic environments where the natural influenza reservoir, dabbling ducks, can be exposed to the substance. To assess if resistance can develop under these circumstances, we infected mallards with influenza A/H1N1 virus and exposed the birds to 80 ng/L, 1 µg/L and 80 µg/L of OC through their sole water source. By sequencing the neuraminidase gene from fecal samples, we found that H274Y occurred at 1 µg/L of OC and rapidly dominated the viral population at 80 µg/L. IC50 for OC was increased from 2–4 nM in wild-type viruses to 400–700 nM in H274Y mutants as measured by a neuraminidase inhibition assay. This is consistent with the decrease in sensitivity to OC that has been noted among human clinical isolates carrying H274Y. Environmental OC levels have been measured to 58–293 ng/L during seasonal outbreaks and are expected to reach µg/L-levels during pandemics. Thus, resistance could be induced in influenza viruses circulating among wild ducks. As influenza viruses can cross species barriers, oseltamivir resistance could spread to human-adapted strains with pandemic potential disabling oseltamivir, a cornerstone in pandemic preparedness planning. We propose surveillance in wild birds as a measure to understand the resistance situation in nature and to monitor it over time. Strategies to lower environmental levels of OC include improved sewage treatment and, more importantly, a prudent use of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef D Järhult
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Singer AC, Colizza V, Schmitt H, Andrews J, Balcan D, Huang WE, Keller VDJ, Vespignani A, Williams RJ. Assessing the ecotoxicologic hazards of a pandemic influenza medical response. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1084-90. [PMID: 21367688 PMCID: PMC3237342 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global public health community has closely monitored the unfolding of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic to best mitigate its impact on society. However, little attention has been given to the impact of this response on the environment. Antivirals and antibiotics prescribed to treat influenza are excreted into wastewater in a biologically active form, which presents a new and potentially significant ecotoxicologic challenge to microorganisms responsible for wastewater nutrient removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and receiving rivers. OBJECTIVES We assessed the ecotoxicologic risks of a pandemic influenza medical response. METHODS To evaluate this risk, we coupled a global spatially structured epidemic model that simulates the quantities of antivirals and antibiotics used during an influenza pandemic of varying severity and a water quality model applied to the Thames catchment to determine predicted environmental concentrations. An additional model was then used to assess the effects of antibiotics on microorganisms in WWTPs and rivers. RESULTS Consistent with expectations, our model projected a mild pandemic to exhibit a negligible ecotoxicologic hazard. In a moderate and severe pandemic, we projected WWTP toxicity to vary between 0-14% and 5-32% potentially affected fraction (PAF), respectively, and river toxicity to vary between 0-14% and 0-30% PAF, respectively, where PAF is the fraction of microbial species predicted to be growth inhibited (lower and upper 95% reference range). CONCLUSIONS The current medical response to pandemic influenza might result in the discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater into receiving rivers, thereby increasing the risk of eutrophication and contamination of drinking water abstraction points. Widespread drugs in the environment could hasten the generation of drug resistance. Our results highlight the need for empirical data on the effects of antibiotics and antiviral medications on WWTPs and freshwater ecotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Singer
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
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31
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Gonçalves C, Pérez S, Osorio V, Petrovic M, Alpendurada MF, Barceló D. Photofate of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and oseltamivir carboxylate under natural and simulated solar irradiation: kinetics, identification of the transformation products, and environmental occurrence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4307-4314. [PMID: 21495632 DOI: 10.1021/es1032629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work the photodegradation pathways and rates of oseltamivir ester (OE) and oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) were studied under artificial and natural solar irradiation with the goal of assessing the potential of photolysis as a removal mechanism in aquatic environments. The structures of the photoproducts of OE, elucidated by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS), were proposed to originate from hydration of the cyclohexene ring (TP330), ester hydrolysis (TP284), a combination thereof (TP302), intramolecular cyclization involving the ester (TP312), and cleavage of the ethylpropoxy side chain (TP226). The only photoproduct detected in case of OC was postulated to correspond to the hydration of the α,β-unsaturated acid (TP302). Under simulated solar irradiation the degradation rate of OC was approximately 10 times slower than that of OE, with half-lives ranging from 48 h in ultrapure water to 12 h in surface water from Sant Joan Despi, Llobregat river. The photodegradation under natural solar irradiation during the season of pandemic Influenza peak incidence was about 150 days for OC and 15 days for OE. In general, the photoproducts proved to be more resistant toward further photodegradation than the parent antivirals. In a monitoring survey of surface waters from the Ebro river (NE Spain), OC and OE were detected along with the photoproducts TP330 and 312.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto/RuaAníbal Cunha, 164/4050-047 Porto, Portugal
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Escher BI, Fenner K. Recent advances in environmental risk assessment of transformation products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:3835-47. [PMID: 21473617 DOI: 10.1021/es1030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
When micropollutants degrade in the environment, they may form persistent and toxic transformation products, which should be accounted for in the environmental risk assessment of the parent compounds. Transformation products have become a topic of interest not only with regard to their formation in the environment, but also during advanced water treatment processes, where disinfection byproducts can form from benign precursors. In addition, environmental risk assessment of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals requires inclusion of human metabolites as most pharmaceuticals are not excreted into wastewater in their original form, but are extensively metabolized. All three areas have developed their independent approaches to assess the risk associated with transformation product formation including hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard assessment including dose-response characterization, and risk characterization. This review provides an overview and defines a link among those areas, emphasizing commonalities and encouraging a common approach. We distinguish among approaches to assess transformation products of individual pollutants that are undergoing a particular transformation process, e.g., biotransformation or (photo)oxidation, and approaches with the goal of prioritizing transformation products in terms of their contribution to environmental risk. We classify existing approaches for transformation product assessment in degradation studies as exposure- or effect-driven. In the exposure-driven approach, transformation products are identified and quantified by chemical analysis followed by effect assessment. In the effect-driven approach, a reaction mixture undergoes toxicity testing. If the decrease in toxicity parallels the decrease of parent compound concentration, the transformation products are considered to be irrelevant, and only when toxicity increases or the decrease is not proportional to the parent compound concentration are the TPs identified. For prioritization of transformation products in terms of their contribution to overall environmental risk, we integrate existing research into a coherent model-based, risk-driven framework. In the proposed framework, read-across from data of the parent compound to the transformation products is emphasized, but limitations to this approach are also discussed. Most prominently, we demonstrate how effect data for parent compounds can be used in combination with analysis of toxicophore structures and bioconcentration potential to facilitate transformation product effect assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia.
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Orozovic G, Orozovic K, Lennerstrand J, Olsen B. Detection of resistance mutations to antivirals oseltamivir and zanamivir in avian influenza A viruses isolated from wild birds. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16028. [PMID: 21253602 PMCID: PMC3017088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are the first-line of defense against potentially fatal variants of influenza A pandemic strains. However, if resistant virus strains start to arise easily or at a high frequency, a new anti-influenza strategy will be necessary. This study aimed to investigate if and to what extent NA inhibitor–resistant mutants exist in the wild population of influenza A viruses that inhabit wild birds. NA sequences of all NA subtypes available from 5490 avian, 379 swine and 122 environmental isolates were extracted from NCBI databases. In addition, a dataset containing 230 virus isolates from mallard collected at Ottenby Bird Observatory (Öland, Sweden) was analyzed. Isolated NA RNA fragments from Ottenby were transformed to cDNA by RT-PCR, which was followed by sequencing. The analysis of genotypic profiles for NAs from both data sets in regard to antiviral resistance mutations was performed using bioinformatics tools. All 6221 sequences were scanned for oseltamivir- (I117V, E119V, D198N, I222V, H274Y, R292K, N294S and I314V) and zanamivir-related mutations (V116A, R118K, E119G/A/D, Q136K, D151E, R152K, R224K, E276D, R292K and R371K). Of the sequences from the avian NCBI dataset, 132 (2.4%) carried at least one, or in two cases even two and three, NA inhibitor resistance mutations. Swine and environmental isolates from the same data set had 18 (4.75%) and one (0.82%) mutant, respectively, with at least one mutation. The Ottenby sequences carried at least one mutation in 15 cases (6.52%). Therefore, resistant strains were more frequently found in Ottenby samples than in NCBI data sets. However, it is still uncertain if these mutations are the result of natural variations in the viruses or if they are induced by the selective pressure of xenobiotics (e.g., oseltamivir, zanamivir).
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Orozovic
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
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Slater FR, Singer AC, Turner S, Barr JJ, Bond PL. Pandemic pharmaceutical dosing effects on wastewater treatment: no adaptation of activated sludge bacteria to degrade the antiviral drug Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) and loss of nutrient removal performance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 315:17-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Caracciolo AB, Grenni P, Saccà ML. Effect of the antiviral drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu) on the bacterial community structure of a surface water ecosystem analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 85:443-446. [PMID: 20957346 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral drug Tamiflu has received particular attention because of its recommended use against the influenza A H5N1 and H1N1 viruses. Given its resistance to degradation and its hydrophilicity the active metabolite, Oseltamivir Carboxylate (OC), is expected to enter the aquatic ecosystem from sewage treatment plants. In the present paper the bacterial community of surface water samples, treated with OC (1.5 mg L⁻¹), was characterized by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in microcosm experiments. The α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteria increased in OC-treated versus non-treated water samples during the incubation period, suggesting these bacterial groups had an active role in OC degradation.
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Al-Rajab AJ, Sabourin L, Chapman R, Lapen DR, Topp E. Fate of the antiretroviral drug tenofovir in agricultural soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5559-5564. [PMID: 20800877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tenofovir (9-(R)-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-adenine) is an antiretroviral drug widely used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Tenofovir is extensively and rapidly excreted unchanged in the urine. In the expectation that tenofovir could potentially reach agricultural lands through the application of municipal biosolids or wastewater, and in the absence of any environmental fate data, we evaluated its persistence in selected agricultural soils. Less than 10% of [adenine-8-(14)C]-tenofovir added to soils varying widely in texture (sand, loam, clay loam) was mineralized in a 2-month incubation under laboratory conditions. Tenofovir was less readily extractable from clay soils than from a loam or a sandy loam soil. Radioactive residues of tenofovir were removed from the soil extractable fraction with DT(50)s ranging from 24±2 to 67+22days (first order kinetic model) or 44+9 to 127+55days (zero order model). No extractable transformation products were detectable by HPLC. Tenofovir mineralization in the loam soil increased with temperature (range 4°C to 30°C), and did not occur in autoclaved soil, suggesting a microbial basis. Mineralization rates increased with soil moisture content, ranging from air-dried to saturated. In summary, tenofovir was relatively persistent in soils, there were no extractable transformation products detected, and the response of [adenine-8-(14)C]-tenofovir mineralization to soil temperature and heat sterilization indicated that the molecule was biodegraded by aerobic microorganisms. Sorption isotherms with dewatered biosolids suggested that tenofovir residues could potentially partition into the particulate fraction during sewage treatment.
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Ghosh GC, Nakada N, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Occurrence and fate of oseltamivir carboxylate (Tamiflu) and amantadine in sewage treatment plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:13-17. [PMID: 20692015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and fate of the two antiviral drugs oseltamivir carboxylate (OC)-the active metabolite of Tamiflu-and amantadine (AMT) at three sewage treatment plants (STPs) during the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 influenza seasons in Japan. Both compounds were detected in all samples analyzed. The concentrations in raw influents at the STPs ranged from 140 to 460 ng L(-1) OC and from 184 to 538 ng L(-1) AMT. Primary treatment gave no substantial removal of the drugs (OC, 2-9%; AMT, 7-17%). Biological nutrient-removal-based secondary treatment (anoxic-oxic-anoxic-oxic and anaerobic-anoxic-oxic) removed 20-37% of OC, whereas extended-aeration-based conventional activated sludge treatment removed <20%. STPs using primary plus biological secondary treatment removed <50% of the drugs. The incorporation of tertiary treatment by ozonation removed >90%. Ozonation after secondary treatment in STPs will be necessary during an influenza pandemic to reduce the risks associated with the widespread use of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Chandra Ghosh
- Research Centre for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
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Accinelli C, Saccà ML, Batisson I, Fick J, Mencarelli M, Grabic R. Removal of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and other selected pharmaceuticals from wastewater using a granular bioplastic formulation entrapping propagules of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:436-43. [PMID: 20673959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of the ligninolytic fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to degrade a wide variety of environmentally persistent xenobiotics has been largely reported in the literature. Beside other factors, one barrier to a wider use of this bioremediation fungus is the availability of effective formulations that ensure easy preparation, handling and application. In this series of laboratory experiments, we evaluated the efficiency of a granular bioplastic formulation entrapping propagules of P. chrysosporium for removal of four selected pharmaceuticals from wastewater samples. Addition of inoculated granules to samples of the wastewater treatment plant of Bologna significantly increased the removal of the antiviral drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu), and the antibiotics, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazol, and ciprofloxacin. Similar effects were also observed in effluent water. Oseltamivir was the most persistent of the four active substances. After 30d of incubation, approximately two times more oseltamivir was removed in bioremediated wastewater than controls. The highest removal efficiency of the bioplastic formulation was observed with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Microbiological DNA-based analysis showed that the bioplastic matrix supported the growth of P. chrysosporium, thus facilitating its adaptation to unusual environment such as wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Accinelli
- Department of Agro-Environmental Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy.
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Prasse C, Schlüsener MP, Schulz R, Ternes TA. Antiviral drugs in wastewater and surface waters: a new pharmaceutical class of environmental relevance? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:1728-35. [PMID: 20108960 DOI: 10.1021/es903216p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed for the determination of nine antiviral drugs (acyclovir, abacavir, lamivudine, nevirapine oseltamivir, penciclovir, ribavirin, stavudine, zidovudine) and one active metabolite (oseltamivir carboxylate) in raw and treated wastewater as well as in surface water using LC/ESI tandem MS detection. Relative recoveries exceeded 80% and limits of quantification ranged between 0.2 and 10 ng L(-1). Matrix effects were compensated by the use of stable isotope labeled surrogate standards and optimized chromatographic separation on a Hydro-RP column. All antiviral drugs, except ribavirin, were detected in raw wastewater. A significant reduction in concentrations was observed for acyclovir, lamivudine, and abacavir in treated wastewater indicating a substantial removal, while nevirapine, zidovudine and oseltamivir were found in similar concentrations in raw and treated wastewater. Concentrations in river waters were in the lower ng L(-1)-range, with a maximum of 190 and 170 ng L(-1) for acyclovir and zidovudine, respectively in the Hessian Ried. Estimated total compound loads in the Ruhr river ranged between <0.1 and 16.5 g d(-1) while for the Rhine river values between 370 and 1800 g d(-1) were determined. The ratios of oseltamivir to oseltamivir carboxylate were approximately a factor of 10 higher for the Rhine than for the other rivers and streams indicating a significant contribution from other sources such as discharges from manufacturing facilities.
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Escher BI, Bramaz N, Lienert J, Neuwoehner J, Straub JO. Mixture toxicity of the antiviral drug Tamiflu((R)) (oseltamivir ethylester) and its active metabolite oseltamivir acid. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 96:194-202. [PMID: 19939473 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tamiflu (oseltamivir ethylester) is an antiviral agent for the treatment of influenza A and B. The pro-drug Tamiflu is converted in the human body to the pharmacologically active metabolite, oseltamivir acid, with a yield of 75%. Oseltamivir acid is indirectly photodegradable and slowly biodegradable in sewage works and sediment/water systems. A previous environmental risk assessment has concluded that there is no bioaccumulation potential of either of the compounds. However, little was known about the ecotoxicity of the metabolite. Ester hydrolysis typically reduces the hydrophobicity and thus the toxicity of a compound. In this case, a zwitterionic, but overall neutral species is formed from the charged parent compound. If the speciation and predicted partitioning into biological membranes is considered, the metabolite may have a relevant contribution to the overall toxicity. These theoretical considerations triggered a study to investigate the toxicity of oseltamivir acid (OA), alone and in binary mixtures with its parent compound oseltamivir ethylester (OE). OE and OA were found to be baseline toxicants in the bioluminescence inhibition test with Vibrio fischeri. Their mixture effect lay between predictions for concentration addition and independent action for the mixture ratio excreted in urine and nine additional mixture ratios of OE and OA. In contrast, OE was an order of magnitude more toxic than OA towards algae, with a more pronounced effect when the direct inhibition of photosystem II was used as toxicity endpoint opposed to the 24h growth rate endpoint. The binary mixtures in this assay yielded experimental mixture effects that agreed with predictions for independent action. This is consistent with the finding that OE exhibits slightly enhanced toxicity, while OA acts as baseline toxicant. Therefore, with respect to mixture classification, the two compounds can be considered as acting according to different modes of toxic action, although there are indications that the difference is a toxicokinetic effect, not a true difference of mechanism of toxicity. The general mixture results illustrate the need to consider the role of metabolites in the risk assessment of pharmaceuticals. However, in the concentration ratio of parent to metabolite excreted by humans, the experimental results confirm that the active metabolite does not significantly contribute to the risk quotient of the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, Australia.
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Ghosh GC, Nakada N, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Oseltamivir carboxylate, the active metabolite of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu), detected in sewage discharge and river water in Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:103-7. [PMID: 20056566 PMCID: PMC2831951 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oseltamivir phosphate (OP; Tamiflu) is a prodrug of the anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) and has been developed for the treatment and prevention of both A and B strains of influenza. The recent increase in OP resistance in influenza A virus (H1N1; commonly called "swine flu") has raised questions about the widespread use of Tamiflu in seasonal epidemics and the potential ecotoxicologic risk associated with its use in the event of a pandemic. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to develop an analytical method for quantitative determination of OC in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent and receiving river water, and to investigate the occurrence of OC in STP effluent and river water in Japan during a seasonal flu outbreak. METHODS We developed an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Using this method, we analyzed samples from three sampling campaigns conducted during the 2008-2009 flu season in Kyoto City, Japan. RESULTS The highest concentration of OC detected in STP discharge was 293.3 ng/L from a conventional activated-sludge-based STP; however, we detected only 37.9 ng/L from an advanced STP with ozonation as a tertiary treatment. In the receiving river water samples, we detected 6.6-190.2 ng/L OC, during the peak of the flu season. CONCLUSION OC is present in STP effluent and river water only during the flu season. Ozonation as tertiary treatment in STP will substantially reduce the OC load in STP effluent during an influenza epidemic or pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal C Ghosh
- Research Centre for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
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Söderström H, Järhult JD, Olsen B, Lindberg RH, Tanaka H, Fick J. Detection of the antiviral drug oseltamivir in aquatic environments. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6064. [PMID: 19557131 PMCID: PMC2699036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) is the most important antiviral drug available and a cornerstone in the defence against a future influenza pandemic. Recent publications have shown that the active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), is not degraded in sewage treatment plants and is also persistent in aquatic environments. This implies that OC will be present in aquatic environments in areas where oseltamivir is prescribed to patients for therapeutic use. The country where oseltamivir is used most is Japan, where it is used to treat seasonal flu. We measured the levels of OC in water samples from the Yodo River system in the Kyoto and Osaka prefectures, Japan, taken before and during the flu-season 2007/8. No OC was detected before the flu-season but 2–58 ng L−1 was detected in the samples taken during the flu season. This study shows, for the first time, that low levels of oseltamivir can be found in the aquatic environment. Therefore the natural reservoir of influenza virus, dabbling ducks, is exposed to oseltamivir, which could promote the evolution of viral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Kalmar University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center of Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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