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Moraes-Cardoso I, Benet S, Carabelli J, Perez-Zsolt D, Mendoza A, Rivero A, Alemany A, Descalzo V, Alarcón-Soto Y, Grifoni A, Sette A, Moltó J, Marc A, Marks M, Mitjà O, Brander C, Paredes R, Izquierdo-Useros N, Carrillo J, Suñer C, Olvera A, Mothe B. Immune responses associated with mpox viral clearance in men with and without HIV in Spain: a multisite, observational, prospective cohort study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024:S2666-5247(24)00074-0. [PMID: 38857615 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the emergence of the global mpox outbreak in May, 2022, more than 90 000 cases have been diagnosed across 110 countries, disproportionately affecting people with HIV. The durability of mpox-specific immunity is unclear and reinfections have been reported. We aimed to compare mpox immune responses up to 6 months after diagnosis in participants with and without HIV and assess their effect on disease severity and viral clearance dynamics. METHODS This study was embedded within a prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study of viral clearance dynamics among people with mpox in Spain (MoViE). We included women and men aged 18 years or older, who had signs of mpox, and reported having symptom onset within the previous 10 days at the moment of mpox diagnosis from three sex clinics of the Barcelona metropolitan area. Samples from skin ulcers were collected weekly to estimate the time to clear monkeypox virus (MPXV) from skin lesions. Blood samples were taken at diagnosis, 29, 91, and 182 days later for immune analysis. This included quantifying IgG and IgA against three mpox antigens by ELISA, evaluating in-vitro neutralisation, and characterising mpox-specific T-cell responses using interferon γ detecting enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay and multiparametric flow cytometry. FINDINGS Of the 77 originally enrolled participants, we included 33 participants recruited between July 19, and Oct 6, 2022. Participants without HIV (19 [58%] participants) and participants with HIV (14 [42%] participants) had similar clinical severity and time to MPXV clearance in skin lesions. Participants with HIV had a CD4+ T-cell count median of 777 cells per μL (IQR 484-1533), and 11 (78%) of 14 were virally suppressed on antiretroviral therapy. Nine (27%) of 33 participants were age 49 years or older. 15 (45%) of 33 participants were originally from Spain, and all participants were men. Early humoral responses, particularly concentrations and breadth of IgG and IgA, were associated with milder disease and faster viral clearance. Orthopoxvirus-specific T cells count was also positively correlated with MPXV clearance. Antibody titres declined more rapidly in participants with HIV, but T-cell responses against MPXV were sustained up to day 182 after diagnosis, regardless of HIV status. INTERPRETATION Higher breadth and magnitude of B-cell and T-cell responses are important in facilitating local viral clearance, limiting mpox dissemination, and reducing disease severity in individuals with preserved immune system. Antibodies appear to contribute to early viral control and T-cell responses are sustained over time, which might contribute to milder presentations during reinfection. FUNDING Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions, IrsiCaixa, and Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación e Universidades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Moraes-Cardoso
- IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Benet
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fundació Lluita contra les infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Adrià Mendoza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fundació Lluita contra les infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; BCNCheckpoint-Projecte dels Noms, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Rivero
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fundació Lluita contra les infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; BCNCheckpoint-Projecte dels Noms, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Alemany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fundació Lluita contra les infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Vicente Descalzo
- Drassanes Vall d'Hebron Centre for International Health and Infectious Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - José Moltó
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fundació Lluita contra les infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Hospital for Tropical Diseases and Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Oriol Mitjà
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fundació Lluita contra les infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain; Disease Control and Surveillance Branch, National Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea; Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain; Institución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fundació Lluita contra les infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain; Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Suñer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fundació Lluita contra les infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alex Olvera
- IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain; Biosciences Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fundació Lluita contra les infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain.
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2
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Ye T, Zhou J, Guo C, Zhang K, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhou J, Xie Y, Li E, Gong R, Zhang J, Chuai X, Chiu S. Polyvalent mpox mRNA vaccines elicit robust immune responses and confer potent protection against vaccinia virus. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114269. [PMID: 38787725 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2022 mpox outbreak led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). There is a need to develop more effective and safer mpox virus (MPXV)-specific vaccines in response to the mpox epidemic. The mRNA vaccine is a promising platform to protect against MPXV infection. In this study, we construct two bivalent MPXV mRNA vaccines, designated LBA (B6R-A29L) and LAM (A35R-M1R), and a quadrivalent mRNA vaccine, LBAAM (B6R-A35R-A29L-M1R). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these vaccines alone or in combination were evaluated in a lethal mouse model. All mRNA vaccine candidates could elicit potential antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses and provide protection against vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. The protective effect of the combination of two bivalent mRNA vaccines and the quadrivalent vaccine was superior to that of the individual bivalent mRNA vaccine. Our study provides valuable insights for the development of more efficient and safer mRNA vaccines against mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinge Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Guangzhou Henovcom Bioscience Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Guangzhou Henovcom Bioscience Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yalin Xie
- Guangzhou Henovcom Bioscience Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Entao Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rui Gong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430200, China.
| | - Jiancun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Xia Chuai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430207, China.
| | - Sandra Chiu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
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3
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Chandran M, Chellasamy G, Veerapandian M, Dhanasekaran B, Kumar Arumugasamy S, Govindaraju S, Yun K. Fabrication of label-free immunoprobe for monkeypox A29 detection using one-step electrodeposited molybdenum oxide-graphene quantum rods. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 660:412-422. [PMID: 38244507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the Poxviridae family of the Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) genus. Monkeypox is transmitted from animals to humans and humans to humans; therefore, the accurate and early detection of MPXV is crucial for reducing mortality. A novel graphene-based material, graphene quantum rods (GQRs) was synthesized and confirmed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this study, molybdenum oxide was electrodeposited and one-pot electrodeposition of MoO3-GQRs composite on carbon fiber paper (CFP) enabled by an antibody (Ab A29)/MoO3-GQRs immunoprobe was developed for the early diagnosis of MPXV protein (A29P). Several studies were conducted to analyze the MoO3-GQRs composite, and the prepared Ab A29/MoO3-GQRs immunoprobe selectively bound to the A29P antigen that was measured using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis and impedance spectroscopy. The antigen-antibody interaction was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. DPV analysis showed a wide linear range of detection from 0.5 nM to 1000 nM, a detection limit of 0.52 nM, and a sensitivity of 4.51 µA in PBS. The prepared immunoprobe was used to analyze A29P in serum samples without reducing electrode sensitivity. This system is promising for the clinical analysis of A29P antigen and offers several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, ease of use, accuracy, and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Chandran
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayathri Chellasamy
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Mekala Veerapandian
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Barkavi Dhanasekaran
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiva Kumar Arumugasamy
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Saravanan Govindaraju
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyusik Yun
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Stefanie S, Koldehoff M, Schenk-Westkamp P, Horn PA, Esser S, Lindemann M. T Cell Responses against Orthopoxviruses in HIV-Positive Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:131. [PMID: 38400115 PMCID: PMC10891540 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A global outbreak of predominantly sexually transmitted mpox infections, outside endemic regions, was reported in May 2022. Thereafter, risk groups were vaccinated against smallpox, a structurally related orthopoxvirus. In the current study, we analyzed T cell responses against peptides derived from orthopoxviruses in 33 HIV-positive patients after two vaccinations against smallpox and in 10 patients after mpox infection. We established an ELISpot assay, detecting either the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ or interleukin (IL)-2. After vaccination, 21 out of 33 patients (64%) showed specific IFN-γ secretion and 18 (55%) specific IL-2 secretion, defined as >3-fold higher specific value than negative control and at least 4 spots above the negative control. After mpox infection, all patients showed specific IFN-γ secretion and 7 out of 10 (70%) IL-2 secretion. In vaccinated patients, IFN-γ responses were significantly lower than in patients with mpox infection (median response 4.5 vs. 21.0 spots, p < 0.001). The same trend was observed for IL-2 responses. After mpox infection, IL-2 ELISpot results positively correlated with CD8+ T cells (p < 0.05). Thus, T cell responses were detectable in two thirds of HIV-positive patients after vaccination and were even more abundant and vigorous after mpox infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammet Stefanie
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.S.); (P.S.-W.); (S.E.)
| | - Michael Koldehoff
- Zotz Klimas, MVZ Düsseldorf, 40210 Düsseldorf, Germany;
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Pia Schenk-Westkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.S.); (P.S.-W.); (S.E.)
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Esser
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.S.); (P.S.-W.); (S.E.)
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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5
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Panda S, Morgan J, Cheng C, Saito M, Gilman RH, Ciobanu N, Crudu V, Catanzaro DG, Catanzaro A, Rodwell T, Perera JSB, Chathuranga T, Gunasena B, DeSilva AD, Peters B, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Identification of differentially recognized T cell epitopes in the spectrum of tuberculosis infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:765. [PMID: 38278794 PMCID: PMC10817963 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is still incomplete knowledge of which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens can trigger distinct T cell responses at different stages of infection. Here, a proteome-wide screen of 20,610 Mtb-derived peptides in 21 patients mid-treatment for active tuberculosis (ATB) reveals IFNγ-specific T cell responses against 137 unique epitopes. Of these, 16% are recognized by two or more participants and predominantly derived from cell wall and cell processes antigens. There is differential recognition of antigens, including TB vaccine candidate antigens, between ATB participants and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA + /-) individuals. We developed an ATB-specific peptide pool (ATB116) consisting of epitopes exclusively recognized by ATB participants. This pool can distinguish patients with pulmonary ATB from IGRA + /- individuals from various geographical locations, with a sensitivity of over 60% and a specificity exceeding 80%. This proteome-wide screen of T cell reactivity identified infection stage-specific epitopes and antigens for potential use in diagnostics and measuring Mtb-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhasini Panda
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morgan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Cheng
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nelly Ciobanu
- Phthisiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Valeriu Crudu
- Phthisiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Donald G Catanzaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Antonino Catanzaro
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Rodwell
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Judy S B Perera
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Teshan Chathuranga
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Bandu Gunasena
- National Hospital for Respiratory Diseases, Welisara, Sri Lanka
| | - Aruna D DeSilva
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Li M, Guo Y, Deng Y, Gao W, Huang B, Yao W, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Huang M, Liu M, Li L, Guo P, Tian J, Wang X, Lin Y, Gan J, Guo Y, Hu Y, Zhang J, Yang X, Shang B, Yang M, Han Y, Wang Y, Cong P, Li M, Chu Q, Zhang D, Wang Q, Zhang T, Wu G, Tan W, Gao GF, Liu J. Long-lasting humoral and cellular memory immunity to vaccinia virus Tiantan provides pre-existing immunity against mpox virus in Chinese population. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113609. [PMID: 38159277 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating immune memory to vaccinia virus and pre-existing immunity to mpox virus (MPXV) among the population is crucial for the global response to this ongoing mpox epidemic. Blood was sampled from vaccinees inoculated with vaccinia virus Tiantan (VTT) strain born before 1981 and unvaccinated control subjects born since 1982. After at least 40 years of the inoculation, 60% or 5% VTT vaccinees possess neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to VTT or MPXV, with at least 50% having T cell memory to VTT protein antigens. Notably, 46.7% vaccinees show pre-existing T cell responses to MPXV. Broad pre-existing CD8+ T cell reactivities to MPXV are detected not only against conserved epitopes but also against variant epitopes between VTT and MPXV. Persistent NAbs and T cell memory to VTT among vaccinees, along with pre-existing T cells to MPXV among both vaccinees and the unvaccinated population, indicate a particular immune barrier to mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yao Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenhui Gao
- Chaoyang District for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Weiyong Yao
- Dongba Community Healthcare Service Center, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yingze Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Dongba Community Healthcare Service Center, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Mengkun Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Maoshun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Peipei Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jinmin Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ying Lin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jinxian Gan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yuechao Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Bingli Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yang Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yalan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peilei Cong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mengzhe Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiaohong Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Danni Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - George F Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
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7
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Traut CC, Jones JL, Sanders RA, Clark LR, Hamill MM, Stavrakis G, Sop J, Beckey TP, Keller SC, Gilliams EA, Cochran WV, Laeyendecker O, Manabe YC, Mostafa HH, Thomas DL, Hansoti B, Gebo KA, Blankson JN. Orthopoxvirus-Specific T-Cell Responses in Convalescent Mpox Patients. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:54-58. [PMID: 37380166 PMCID: PMC10786252 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus-specific T-cell responses were analyzed in 10 patients who had recovered from Mpox including 7 people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). Eight participants had detectable virus-specific T-cell responses, including a PWH who was not on antiretroviral therapy and a PWH on immunosuppressive therapy. These 2 participants had robust polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell responses to peptides from the 121L vaccinia virus (VACV) protein. T-cells from 4 of 5 HLA-A2-positive participants targeted at least 1 previously described HLA-A2-restricted VACV epitope, including an epitope targeted in 2 participants. These results advance our understanding of immunity in convalescent Mpox patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Traut
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joyce L Jones
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Renata A Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura R Clark
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew M Hamill
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Georgia Stavrakis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel Sop
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler P Beckey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara C Keller
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Willa V Cochran
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David L Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bhakti Hansoti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Sisteré-Oró M, Du J, Wortmann DDJ, Filippi MD, Cañas-Ruano E, Arrieta-Aldea I, Marcos-Blanco A, Castells X, Grau S, García-Giralt N, Perez-Zsolt D, Boreika R, Izquierdo-Useros N, Güerri-Fernandez R, Meyerhans A. Pan-pox-specific T-cell responses in HIV-1-infected individuals after JYNNEOS vaccination. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29317. [PMID: 38150509 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are the individuals most affected by the current Monkeypox virus outbreak that was first announced in May 2022. Here we report Pan-pox-specific T-cell responses in a cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals after receiving the nonreplicative, attenuated smallpox vaccine JYNNEOS from Bavarian Nordic. Intradermal (i.d.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) vaccination was safe without major side effects. Dose-sparing i.d. vaccination was superior to s.c. vaccination and promoted T-cell polyfunctionality, and the expression of the gut-homing marker α4β7 integrin on lymphocytes. HIV-1-infected individuals with CD4 T-cell counts ≤500/mm3 blood required at least a booster vaccination to exhibit efficient virus-specific T-cell responses. The magnitude of the Th1 response after this booster directly correlated with the CD4 T-cell count of the vaccinees. Further studies with a larger number of participants are warranted to confirm and expand our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sisteré-Oró
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Du
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana D J Wortmann
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina D Filippi
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Xavier Castells
- Preventive Medicine Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Grau
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia García-Giralt
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Perez-Zsolt
- IrsiCaixa, AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rytis Boreika
- IrsiCaixa, AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa, AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Güerri-Fernandez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Asquith W, Hueston L, Dwyer D, Kok J, Ko D, Fennel M, Rockett R, Rai NJ, Li Y, Sriramoju S, Sutor A, O'Sullivan M. Characterizing the acute antibody response of monkeypox and MVA-BN vaccine following an Australian outbreak. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29407. [PMID: 38240403 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In response to the emergence of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) in Australia in May 2022, we developed and evaluated indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA) for MPXV and Vaccinia virus (VACV) IgG and IgM antibodies using serum samples from patients with nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)-confirmed mpox and uninfected unvaccinated controls. Additionally, 47 healthcare workers receiving two doses of the third-generation smallpox vaccine Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) undertook serial serum collection to describe the serological response to vaccination. MPXV antibodies were detected in 16/18 individuals with NAAT-confirmed mpox (sensitivity 0.89, specificity 1.00), and VACV antibodies were detected in 28/29 individuals who received two doses of MVA-BN vaccine (sensitivity 0.97, specificity 1.00). Detectable antibody in subjects historically vaccinated with early-generation vaccines against smallpox was found in 7/7 subjects, at a median of 48 years following vaccination. MPXV NAAT-positive patients with serum samples collected within the first 14 days after rash onset had detectable IgG and IgM in 9/12 and 5/12 of patients, respectively, with maintenance of IgG and disappearance of IgM titers after 60 days. While specificity was high when testing unvaccinated and uninfected subjects, significant cross-reactivity between MPXV and VACV antibodies was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Asquith
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Linda Hueston
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dominic Dwyer
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jen Kok
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danny Ko
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Fennel
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Rockett
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neela Joshi Rai
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ying Li
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shirisha Sriramoju
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allison Sutor
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew O'Sullivan
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Lu J, Xing H, Wang C, Tang M, Wu C, Ye F, Yin L, Yang Y, Tan W, Shen L. Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:458. [PMID: 38148355 PMCID: PMC10751291 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2022, a global outbreak of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) occurred in various countries across Europe and America and rapidly spread to more than 100 countries and regions. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern due to the rapid spread of the Mpox virus. Consequently, nations intensified their efforts to explore treatment strategies aimed at combating the infection and its dissemination. Nevertheless, the available therapeutic options for Mpox virus infection remain limited. So far, only a few numbers of antiviral compounds have been approved by regulatory authorities. Given the high mutability of the Mpox virus, certain mutant strains have shown resistance to existing pharmaceutical interventions. This highlights the urgent need to develop novel antiviral drugs that can combat both drug resistance and the potential threat of bioterrorism. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive literature on the pathophysiology and treatment of Mpox. To address this issue, we conducted a review covering the physiological and pathological processes of Mpox infection, summarizing the latest progress of anti-Mpox drugs. Our analysis encompasses approved drugs currently employed in clinical settings, as well as newly identified small-molecule compounds and antibody drugs displaying potential antiviral efficacy against Mpox. Furthermore, we have gained valuable insights from the process of Mpox drug development, including strategies for repurposing drugs, the discovery of drug targets driven by artificial intelligence, and preclinical drug development. The purpose of this review is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Lu
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Hui Xing
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Mengjun Tang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Changcheng Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Liang Shen
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China.
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11
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Pritam M. Exploring the whole proteome of monkeypox virus to design B cell epitope-based oral vaccines using immunoinformatics approaches. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126498. [PMID: 37640189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In the last few months 85,536 cases and 91 deaths were reported for monkeypox disease from 110 and 71 locations from all over the world, correspondingly. The vaccines of other viruses that belong to the Poxviridae family were recommended for monkeypox. There is no licensed vaccine available for monkeypox that originated from monkeypox virus. In the present study, using the reverse vaccinology approach we have performed whole proteome analysis of monkeypox virus to screen out the potential antigenic proteins that can be used as vaccine candidates. We have also designed 12 B cell epitopes-based vaccine candidates using immunoinformatics approach. We have found a total 15 potential antigenic proteins out of which 14 antigens are novel and can be used for further vaccine development against monkeypox. We have performed the physicochemical properties, antigenic, immunogenic and allergenicity prediction of the designed vaccine candidates MPOXVs (MPOXV1-MPOXV12). Further, we have performed molecular docking, in silico immune simulation and cloning of MPOXVs. All MPOXVs are potential vaccine candidate that can potentially activate the innate, cellular, and humoral immune response. However, further experimental validation is required before moving to clinical trials. This is the first oral vaccine reported for monkeypox virus derived from monkeypox proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Pritam
- Department of Biotechnology, AMITY University Lucknow Campus, India; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, MD, USA.
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12
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Cai JP, Chu WM, Tam AR, Wang K, Han Y, Chen LL, Zhang X, Choi CYK, Cheng VCC, Chan KH, Chen Z, Hung IFN, Fong CHY, To KKW. Determination of seroprevalence and kinetics of humoral response using mpox virus A29 protein. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:168. [PMID: 37993690 PMCID: PMC10665351 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mpox virus (MPXV), previously known as monkeypox virus, has spread globally in 2022. An accurate and convenient antibody test is essential for the determination of seroprevalence and for studying immune response after natural infection or vaccination. Most seroprevalence or vaccine studies used either live MPXV (or vaccinia virus [VACV]) or inactivated MPXV (or VACV) culture lysate for serological assays, but MPXV culture can only be performed in biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) facilities. Here, we developed and evaluated an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) based on the MPXV A29 surface envelope protein. METHODS We compared the specificity of the MPXV A29, VACV A27, and VACV lysate EIA using serum specimens collected prior to the global spread of MPXV. Next, we performed these EIAs for serum specimens collected from two mpox patients and an MVA-BN vaccine recipient. We also assessed the kinetics of plasmblast and MPXV A29-specific B-cell response. RESULTS Using sera collected from different age groups in Hong Kong, we found that most individuals, including those born before 1981 who have received the smallpox vaccine, tested negative using the MPXV A29 protein. MPXV A29-specific antibody could be detected in the serum of mpox patients and an MVA-BN recipient. In a mpox patient, the frequency of plasmablast and MPXV A29-specific B cell peaked on day 8 post-symptom onset and gradually decreased. Finally, we demonstrated that antibodies against the A29 protein can be used for immunofluorescence staining of MPXV-infected cells. CONCLUSIONS MPXV A29 protein is suitable for studying the immune response against MPXV infection.
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Grants
- Consultancy Service for Enhancing Laboratory Surveillance of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Research Capability on Antimicrobial Resistance for Department of Health of the HKSAR; and donations of Richard Yu and Carol Yu, Shaw Foundation Hong Kong, Michael Seak-Kan Tong, May Tam Mak Mei Yin, Lee Wan Keung Charity Foundation Limited, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Respiratory Viral Research Foundation Limited, Hui Ming, Hui Hoy and Chow Sin Lan Charity Fund Limited, Chan Yin Chuen Memorial Charitable Foundation, Marina Man-Wai Lee, the Jessie & George Ho Charitable Foundation, Kai Chong Tong, Tse Kam Ming Laurence, Foo Oi Foundation Limited, Betty Hing-Chu Lee, and Ping Cham So.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Piao Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing-Ming Chu
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anthony Raymond Tam
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuting Han
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin-Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Charlotte Yee-Ki Choi
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vincent Chi-Chung Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Carol Ho-Yan Fong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Kupritz J, Pahwa S, Pallikkuth S. Serosurvey of Immunity to Monkeypox (Mpox) Virus Antigens in People Living with HIV in South Florida. Pathogens 2023; 12:1355. [PMID: 38003819 PMCID: PMC10675141 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox is an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) belonging to the Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) genus, which includes smallpox and vaccinia virus (VACV). A global mpox outbreak which began in May 2022 has infected more than 88,000 people. VACV-based vaccines provide protection against mpox disease but complicate the use of serological assays for disease surveillance. We tested the reactivity of serum IgG from Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN)-vaccinated (n = 12) and convalescent mpox-infected (n = 5) individuals and uninfected, non-vaccinated controls (n = 32) to MPXV/VACV proteins A27, A29, A30, A35, B16, B21, C19, D6, E8, H3, I1, and L1. Using a subset of MPXV antigen-based assays (A35, B16, E8, H3, and I1), we conducted a mpox antibody survey of serum from 214 individuals, including 117 (54.7%) people with HIV (PWH) collected between June 2022 and January 2023, excluding individuals who reported recent mpox vaccination or infection, and 32 young, pre-pandemic controls. The convalescent sera reacted strongly to most tested antigens. Vaccine sera responses were limited to A35, E8, H3, and I1. IgG antibody to E8 was markedly elevated in all vaccinated individuals. B16 IgG showed high sensitivity (100% [95% CI: 56.55-100.0%]) and specificity (91.67% [64.61-99.57%]) for distinguishing infection from MVA-BN vaccination, while E8 IgG showed 100% [75.75-100] sensitivity and 100% [79.61-100] specificity for detecting and distinguishing vaccinated individuals from controls. We identified 11/214 (5.1%) recent serum samples and 1/32 (3.1%) young, pre-pandemic controls that were seropositive for ≥2 MPXV antibodies, including 6.8% of PWH. Seropositivity was 10/129 (7.8%) among males compared to 1/85 (1.2%) among females. Our findings provide insight into the humoral immune response to mpox and demonstrate the usefulness of inexpensive, antigen-based serosurveillance in identifying asymptomatic or unreported infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.K.); (S.P.)
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da Silva Antunes R, Weiskopf D, Sidney J, Rubiro P, Peters B, Arlehamn CSL, Grifoni A, Sette A. The MegaPool Approach to Characterize Adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e934. [PMID: 37966108 PMCID: PMC10662678 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Epitopes recognized by T cells are a collection of short peptide fragments derived from specific antigens or proteins. Immunological research to study T cell responses is hindered by the extreme degree of heterogeneity of epitope targets, which are usually derived from multiple antigens; within a given antigen, hundreds of different T cell epitopes can be recognized, differing from one individual to the next because T cell epitope recognition is restricted by the epitopes' ability to bind to MHC molecules, which are extremely polymorphic in different individuals. Testing large pools encompassing hundreds of peptides is technically challenging because of logistical considerations regarding solvent-induced toxicity. To address this issue, we developed the MegaPool (MP) approach based on sequential lyophilization of large numbers of peptides that can be used in a variety of assays to measure T cell responses, including ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining, and activation-induced marker assays, and that has been validated in the study of infectious diseases, allergies, and autoimmunity. Here, we describe the procedures for generating and testing MPs, starting with peptide synthesis and lyophilization, as well as a step-by-step guide and recommendations for their handling and experimental usage. Overall, the MP approach is a powerful strategy for studying T cell responses and understanding the immune system's role in health and disease. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of peptide pools ("MegaPools") Basic Protocol 2: MegaPool testing and quantitation of antigen-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul Rubiro
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
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Mazzotta V, Matusali G, Oliva A, Maggi F, Antinori A. Progress in the evaluation of modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine against mpox. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:1214-1215. [PMID: 37475114 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mazzotta
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy.
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Alessandra Oliva
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
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Cohn H, Bloom N, Cai G, Clark JJ, Tarke A, Bermúdez-González MC, Altman DR, Lugo LA, Lobo FP, Marquez S, Chen JQ, Ren W, Qin L, Yates JL, Hunt DT, Lee WT, Crotty S, Krammer F, Grifoni A, Sette A, Simon V, Coelho CH. Mpox vaccine and infection-driven human immune signatures: an immunological analysis of an observational study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:1302-1312. [PMID: 37475115 PMCID: PMC10826035 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox virus has recently infected more than 88 000 people, raising concerns about our preparedness against this emerging viral pathogen. Licensed and approved for mpox, the JYNNEOS vaccine has fewer side-effects than previous smallpox vaccines and has shown immunogenicity against monkeypox in animal models. This study aims to elucidate human immune responses to JYNNEOS vaccination compared with mpox-induced immunity. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sera were obtained from ten individuals vaccinated with one or two doses of JYNNEOS and six individuals diagnosed with monkeypox virus infection. Samples were obtained from seven individuals before vaccination to serve as a baseline. We examined the polyclonal serum (ELISA) and single B-cell (heavy chain gene and transcriptome data) antibody repertoires and T-cell responses (activation-induced marker and intracellular cytokine staining assays) induced by the JYNNEOS vaccine versus monkeypox virus infection. FINDINGS All participants were men between the ages of 21 and 60 years, except for one woman in the group of mpox-convalescent individuals, and none had previous orthopoxvirus exposure. All mpox cases were mild. Vaccinee samples were collected 6-33 days after the first dose and 5-40 days after the second dose. Mpox-convalescent samples were collected 20-102 days after infection. In vaccine recipients, gene-level plasmablast and antibody responses were negligible and sera displayed moderate binding to recombinant orthopoxviral proteins (A29L, A35R, E8L, A30L, A27L, A33R, B18R, and L1R) and native proteins from the 2022 monkeypox outbreak strain. By contrast, recent monkeypox virus infection (within 20-102 days) induced robust serum antibody responses to monkeypox virus proteins and to native monkeypox virus proteins from a viral isolate obtained during the 2022 outbreak. JYNNEOS vaccine recipients presented robust orthopoxviral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. INTERPRETATION Infection with monkeypox virus resulted in robust B-cell and T-cell responses, whereas immunisation with JYNNEOS elicited more robust T-cell responses. These data can help to inform vaccine design and policies for preventing mpox in humans. FUNDING National Cancer Institute (National Institutes of Health), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (National Institutes of Health), and Icahn School of Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie Cohn
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel Bloom
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gianna Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan J. Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison Tarke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria C. Bermúdez-González
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
| | - Deena R. Altman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luz Amarilis Lugo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Pereira Lobo
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Susanna Marquez
- Doctoral Program in Design, Manufacture, and Management of Industrial Projects, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - PVI study group
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer L. Yates
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY
| | - Danielle T. Hunt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - William T. Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Camila H. Coelho
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Matusali G, Petruccioli E, Cimini E, Colavita F, Bettini A, Tartaglia E, Sbarra S, Meschi S, Lapa D, Francalancia M, Bordi L, Mazzotta V, Coen S, Mizzoni K, Beccacece A, Nicastri E, Pierelli L, Antinori A, Girardi E, Vaia F, Sette A, Grifoni A, Goletti D, Puro V, Maggi F. Evaluation of Cross-Immunity to the Mpox Virus Due to Historic Smallpox Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1541. [PMID: 37896943 PMCID: PMC10610801 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When the Mpox virus (MPXV) began spreading globally in 2022, it became critical to evaluate whether residual immunity from smallpox vaccination provided cross-protection. To assess the cross-immune response to MPXV, we collected serum samples (n = 97) and PBMCs (n = 30) from healthy-donors, either born before 1974 and reporting smallpox vaccination during childhood or born after 1975 and not vaccinated with Vaccinia virus (VACV)-based vaccines. We evaluated the levels of anti-MPXV IgG and neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) and the presence of a T cell response against MPXV. We found anti-MPXV IgG and Nabs in 60 (89.6%) and 40 (70.1%) vaccinated individuals, respectively. We observed a T cell response to Orthopoxviruses and MPXV peptide pools in 30% of vaccinated individuals. We thus show that a high proportion of subjects who received the smallpox vaccine 40 to 60 years ago have humoral cross-immunity, while the T-cell-specific response against MPXV was observed in a smaller group (30%) of vaccinated individuals. This study, combined with information on immunity developed during natural infection or the administration of current vaccines, will contribute to a better understanding of humoral and cellular responses against MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Elisa Petruccioli
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Farmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Aurora Bettini
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Eleonora Tartaglia
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Farmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Settimia Sbarra
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Massimo Francalancia
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Licia Bordi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Valentina Mazzotta
- HIV/AIDS Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Sabrina Coen
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Klizia Mizzoni
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessia Beccacece
- Highly Contagious Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (E.N.)
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Highly Contagious Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (E.N.)
| | - Luca Pierelli
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Antinori
- HIV/AIDS Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Scientific Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Vaia
- General Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.S.); (A.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.S.); (A.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (S.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Puro
- Risk Management Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (S.C.); (K.M.); (F.M.)
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Otter AD, Jones S, Hicks B, Bailey D, Callaby H, Houlihan C, Rampling T, Gordon NC, Selman H, Satheshkumar PS, Townsend M, Mehta R, Pond M, Jones R, Wright D, Oeser C, Tonge S, Linley E, Hemingway G, Coleman T, Millward S, Lloyd A, Damon I, Brooks T, Vipond R, Rowe C, Hallis B. Monkeypox virus-infected individuals mount comparable humoral immune responses as Smallpox-vaccinated individuals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5948. [PMID: 37741831 PMCID: PMC10517934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In early 2022, a cluster of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection (mpox) cases were identified within the UK with no prior travel history to MPXV-endemic regions. Subsequently, case numbers exceeding 80,000 were reported worldwide, primarily affecting gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). Public health agencies worldwide have offered the IMVANEX Smallpox vaccination to these individuals at high-risk to provide protection and limit the spread of MPXV. We have developed a comprehensive array of ELISAs to study poxvirus-induced antibodies, utilising 24 MPXV and 3 Vaccinia virus (VACV) recombinant antigens. Panels of serum samples from individuals with differing Smallpox-vaccine doses and those with prior MPXV infection were tested on these assays, where we observed that one dose of Smallpox vaccination induces a low number of antibodies to a limited number of MPXV antigens but increasing with further vaccination doses. MPXV infection induced similar antibody responses to diverse poxvirus antigens observed in Smallpox-vaccinated individuals. We identify MPXV A27 as a serological marker of MPXV-infection, whilst MPXV M1 (VACV L1) is likely IMVANEX-specific. Here, we demonstrate analogous humoral antigen recognition between both MPXV-infected or Smallpox-vaccinated individuals, with binding to diverse yet core set of poxvirus antigens, providing opportunities for future vaccine (e.g., mRNA) and therapeutic (e.g., mAbs) design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Otter
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK.
| | - Scott Jones
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Bethany Hicks
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Daniel Bailey
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Helen Callaby
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Catherine Houlihan
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tommy Rampling
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals BRC, London, UK
| | - Nicola Claire Gordon
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Hannah Selman
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | - Michael Townsend
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ravi Mehta
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Marcus Pond
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachael Jones
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Deborah Wright
- Research and Development, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Clarissa Oeser
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Simon Tonge
- Seroepidemiology Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester, UK
| | - Ezra Linley
- Seroepidemiology Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester, UK
| | - Georgia Hemingway
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Tom Coleman
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Sebastian Millward
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Aaron Lloyd
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Inger Damon
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tim Brooks
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Richard Vipond
- Research and Development, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Cathy Rowe
- Emerging Pathogen Serology group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- Research and Development, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
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Malik S, Ahmed A, Ahsan O, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Overview of Viral Pathology, Immune Response, and Antiviral Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1345. [PMID: 37631913 PMCID: PMC10459537 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The years 2022-2023 witnessed a monkeypox virus (mpox) outbreak in some countries worldwide, where it exists in an endemic form. However, the number of infectious cases is continuously on the rise, and there has been an unexpected, drastic increase in cases that result from sustained transmission in non-endemic regions of the world. Under this scenario, it is pertinent for the world to be aware of healthcare threats to mpox infection. This review aimed to compile advanced data regarding the different aspects of mpox disease. METHODS A comprehensive strategy for the compilation of recent data was adopted to add data regarding mpox, biology, viral pathology, immune response, and brief details on the antiviral strategies under trial; the search was limited to 2016-2023. The aim is to make the scientific community aware of diverse aspects of mpox. RESULTS Consequently, detailed insights have been drawn with regard to the nature, epidemiology, etiology, and biological nature of mpox. Additionally, its host interaction and viral infectious cycle and immune interventions have been briefly elaborated. This comprehensively drawn literature review delivers brief insights into the biological nature, immune responses, and clinical developments in the form of therapeutics against mpox. This study will help scientists understand the biological nature and responses in hosts, which will further help clinicians with therapeutic handling, diagnosis, and treatment options. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide updated information on mpox's pathology, immune responses, and antiviral strategies. Moreover, it will also help the public to become educated on the healthcare-associated threat and take timely mitigation measures against expected mpox outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Amna Ahmed
- Department of Oncology, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore 54550, Pakistan;
| | - Omar Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
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20
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Adamo S, Gao Y, Sekine T, Mily A, Wu J, Storgärd E, Westergren V, Filén F, Treutiger CJ, Sandberg JK, Sällberg M, Bergman P, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Ljunggren HG, Price DA, Ekström AM, Sette A, Grifoni A, Buggert M. Memory profiles distinguish cross-reactive and virus-specific T cell immunity to mpox. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:928-936.e4. [PMID: 37236191 PMCID: PMC10211501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mpox represents a persistent health concern with varying disease severity. Reinfections with mpox virus (MPXV) are rare, possibly indicating effective memory responses to MPXV or related poxviruses, notably vaccinia virus (VACV) from smallpox vaccination. We assessed cross-reactive and virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in healthy individuals and mpox convalescent donors. Cross-reactive T cells were most frequently observed in healthy donors over 45 years. Notably, long-lived memory CD8+ T cells targeting conserved VACV/MPXV epitopes were identified in older individuals more than four decades after VACV exposure and exhibited stem-like characteristics, defined by T cell factor-1 (TCF-1) expression. In mpox convalescent donors, MPXV-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were more prevalent than in controls, demonstrating enhanced functionality and skewing toward effector phenotypes, which correlated with milder disease. Collectively, we report robust effector memory MPXV-specific T cell responses in mild mpox and long-lived TCF-1+ VACV/MPXV-specific CD8+ T cells decades after smallpox vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adamo
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Akhirunnesa Mily
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Jinghua Wu
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Storgärd
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm 11861, Sweden
| | - Victor Westergren
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm 11861, Sweden
| | - Finn Filén
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm 11861, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Treutiger
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm 11861, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Matti Sällberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4ER, UK
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4ER, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4ER, UK
| | - Anna-Mia Ekström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm 11861, Sweden; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden.
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21
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Sammartino JC, Cassaniti I, Ferrari A, Piralla A, Bergami F, Arena FA, Paolucci S, Rovida F, Lilleri D, Percivalle E, Baldanti F. Characterization of immune response against monkeypox virus in cohorts of infected patients, historic and newly vaccinated subjects. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28778. [PMID: 37212258 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic disease endemic in the rainforest countries of Central and West Africa. Understanding the immune response in zoonosis is fundamental to prevent and contrast viral spreading. MPXV is a close relative of Variola (smallpox) virus and vaccination with vaccinia virus gives approximatively 85% of protection against MPXV. With the emergence of the recent MPXV outbreak, JYNNEOS vaccine has been proposed to individuals at high-risk of exposure. Comparative data on MPXV immune response in vaccinated or infected subjects are still limited. Here we set-up an immunofluorescence method for the evaluation of humoral response elicited by natural infection and healthy vaccinated subjects, including historically smallpox-vaccinated individuals and newly vaccinated subjects. Neutralization assay was also included, and in vaccinated subjects, cell-mediated response was evaluated. We observed that the natural infection produces a strong immune response that can control the disease. In naïve subjects, a second dose boosts the serological response to levels similar to those of the MPXV patients. Last, smallpox-vaccinated controls retain a degree of protection, even after years from vaccination, most visible in the t-cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josè Camilla Sammartino
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostics and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferrari
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Bergami
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Adua Arena
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Paolucci
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Rovida
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostics and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostics and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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22
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Roper RL, Garzino-Demo A, Del Rio C, Bréchot C, Gallo R, Hall W, Esparza J, Reitz M, Schinazi RF, Parrington M, Tartaglia J, Koopmans M, Osorio J, Nitsche A, Huan TB, LeDuc J, Gessain A, Weaver S, Mahalingam S, Abimiku A, Vahlne A, Segales J, Wang L, Isaacs SN, Osterhaus A, Scheuermann RH, McFadden G. Monkeypox (Mpox) requires continued surveillance, vaccines, therapeutics and mitigating strategies. Vaccine 2023; 41:3171-3177. [PMID: 37088603 PMCID: PMC10120921 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The widespread outbreak of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) recognized in 2022 poses new challenges for public healthcare systems worldwide. With more than 86,000 people infected, there is concern that MPXV may become endemic outside of its original geographical area leading to repeated human spillover infections or continue to be spread person-to-person. Fortunately, classical public health measures (e.g., isolation, contact tracing and quarantine) and vaccination have blunted the spread of the virus, but cases are continuing to be reported in 28 countries in March 2023. We describe here the vaccines and drugs available for the prevention and treatment of MPXV infections. However, although their efficacy against monkeypox (mpox) has been established in animal models, little is known about their efficacy in the current outbreak setting. The continuing opportunity for transmission raises concerns about the potential for evolution of the virus and for expansion beyond the current risk groups. The priorities for action are clear: 1) more data on the efficacy of vaccines and drugs in infected humans must be gathered; 2) global collaborations are necessary to ensure that government authorities work with the private sector in developed and low and middle income countries (LMICs) to provide the availability of treatments and vaccines, especially in historically endemic/enzootic areas; 3) diagnostic and surveillance capacity must be increased to identify areas and populations where the virus is present and may seed resurgence; 4) those at high risk of severe outcomes (e.g., immunocompromised, untreated HIV, pregnant women, and inflammatory skin conditions) must be informed of the risk of infection and be protected from community transmission of MPXV; 5) engagement with the hardest hit communities in a non-stigmatizing way is needed to increase the understanding and acceptance of public health measures; and 6) repositories of monkeypox clinical samples, including blood, fluids, tissues and lesion material must be established for researchers. This MPXV outbreak is a warning that pandemic preparedness plans need additional coordination and resources. We must prepare for continuing transmission, resurgence, and repeated spillovers of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Roper
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, USA.
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Department of Molecular, Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Del Rio
- Emory Center for AIDS Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Robert Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William Hall
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases at University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - José Esparza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marvin Reitz
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Osorio
- Global Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, German Reference Laboratory for Poxviruses, Seestrasse 10, 13353, Germany
| | - Tan Boon Huan
- DSO National Laboratories, Respiratory and Infectious Disease Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - James LeDuc
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Scott Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Alash'le Abimiku
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Joaquim Segales
- Unitat Mixta d'investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) and Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinàriaia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Linfa Wang
- Programme for Research in Epidemic Preparedness and Response (PREPARE), and Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases at Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Stuart N Isaacs
- Division of Infectious Diseases Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Center of Infection Medicine and Zoonosis Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard H Scheuermann
- Department of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, USA
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23
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Panda S, Morgan J, Cheng C, Saito M, Gilman RH, Ciobanu N, Crudu V, Catanzaro DG, Catanzaro A, Rodwell T, Perera JS, Chathuranga T, Gunasena B, DeSilva AD, Peters B, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Identification of differentially recognized T cell epitopes in the spectrum of Mtb infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.12.536550. [PMID: 37090558 PMCID: PMC10120689 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious agent. Identifying dominant epitopes and comparing their reactivity in different tuberculosis (TB) infection states can help design diagnostics and vaccines. We performed a proteome-wide screen of 20,610 Mtb derived peptides in 21 Active TB (ATB) patients 3-4 months post-diagnosis of pulmonary TB (mid-treatment) using an IFNγ and IL-17 Fluorospot assay. Responses were mediated exclusively by IFNγ and identified a total of 137 unique epitopes, with each patient recognizing, on average, 8 individual epitopes and 22 epitopes (16%) recognized by 2 or more participants. Responses were predominantly directed against antigens part of the cell wall and cell processes category. Testing 517 peptides spanning TB vaccine candidates and ESAT-6 and CFP10 antigens also revealed differential recognition between ATB participants mid-treatment and healthy IGRA+ participants of several vaccine antigens. An ATB-specific peptide pool consisting of epitopes exclusively recognized by participants mid-treatment, allowed distinguishing participants with active pulmonary TB from healthy interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)+/- participants from diverse geographical locations. Analysis of longitudinal samples indicated decreased reactivity during treatment for pulmonary TB. Together, these results show that a proteome-wide screen of T cell reactivity identifies epitopes and antigens that are differentially recognized depending on the Mtb infection stage. These have potential use in developing diagnostics and vaccine candidates and measuring correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhasini Panda
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morgan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Cheng
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nelly Ciobanu
- Phthisiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Valeriu Crudu
- Phthisiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Donald G Catanzaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Antonino Catanzaro
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Rodwell
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Judy S.B. Perera
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Teshan Chathuranga
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Bandu Gunasena
- National Hospital for Respiratory Diseases, Welisara, Sri Lanka
| | - Aruna D. DeSilva
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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24
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Zhang RR, Wang ZJ, Zhu YL, Tang W, Zhou C, Zhao SQ, Wu M, Ming T, Deng YQ, Chen Q, Jin NY, Ye Q, Li X, Qin CF. Rational development of multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates against mpox. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2192815. [PMID: 36947428 PMCID: PMC10071941 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2192815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The re-emerging mpox (formerly monkeypox) virus (MPXV), a member of Orthopoxvirus genus together with variola virus (VARV) and vaccinia virus (VACV), has led to public health emergency of international concern since July, 2022. Inspired by the unprecedent success of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines, the development of a safe and effective mRNA vaccine against MPXV is of high priority. Based on our established lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA vaccine platform, we rationally constructed and prepared a panel of multicomponent MPXV vaccine candidates encoding different combinations of viral antigens including M1R, E8L, A29L, A35R and B6R. In vitro and in vivo characterization demonstrated that two immunizations of all mRNA vaccine candidates elicit a robust antibody response as well as antigen specific Th1-biased cellular response in mice. Importantly, the penta- and tetra-component vaccine candidates AR-MPXV5 and AR-MPXV4a showed superior capability of inducing neutralizing antibodies as well as of protecting from VACV challenge in mice. Our study provides critical insights to understand the protection mechanism of MPXV infection and direct evidence supporting further clinical development of these multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zheng-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yi-Long Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Suo-Qun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tao Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ning-Yi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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25
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Cohn H, Bloom N, Cai G, Clark J, Tarke A, Bermúdez-González MC, Altman D, Lugo LA, Lobo FP, Marquez S, Chen JQ, Ren W, Qin L, Crotty S, Krammer F, Grifoni A, Sette A, Simon V, Coelho CH. Mpox vaccine and infection-driven human immune signatures. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.07.23286701. [PMID: 36945651 PMCID: PMC10029032 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.23286701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) outbreaks outside endemic areas peaked in July 2022, infecting > 85,000 people and raising concerns about our preparedness against this emerging viral pathogen. Licensed and approved for mpox, the JYNNEOS vaccine has fewer side effects than previous smallpox vaccines and demonstrated efficacy against mpox infection in humans. Comparing JYNNEOS vaccine- and mpox-induced immunity is imperative to evaluate JYNNEOS' immunogenicity and inform vaccine administration and design. Methods We examined the polyclonal serum (ELISA) and single B cell (heavy chain gene and transcriptome data) antibody repertoires and T cells (AIM and ICS assays) induced by the JYNNEOS vaccine as well as mpox infection. Findings Gene-level plasmablast and antibody responses were negligible and JYNNEOS vaccinee sera displayed minimal binding to recombinant mpox proteins and native proteins from the 2022 outbreak strain. In contrast, recent mpox infection (within 20-102 days) induced robust serum antibody responses to A29L, A35R, A33R, B18R, and A30L, and to native mpox proteins, compared to vaccinees. JYNNEOS vaccine recipients presented comparable CD4 and CD8 T cell responses against orthopox peptides to those observed after mpox infection. Interpretation JYNNEOS immunization does not elicit a robust B cell response, and its immunogenicity may be mediated by T cells. Funding Research reported in this publication was supported, in part, by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U54CA267776, U19AI168631(VS), as well as institutional funds from the Icahn School of Medicine.
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26
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Abstract
In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Grifoni et al. provide reassuring evidence that the majority of epitopes induced by vaccinia virus vaccines are conserved in monkeypox virus and can elicit memory T cell responses, while also providing an extensive list of potential T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle Wellington
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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