Hydroxyl-containing porous organic framework coated stir bar sorption extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector for analysis of triazole fungicides in grape and cabbage samples

Electric field-assisted synthesis of molecularly imprinted microelectrode for specific extraction of triazoles before quantification with HPLC

Selective isolation and extraction is significant in the accurate monitoring of triazoles residuals in complex samples. In this connection, electric field reinforced solid-phase microextraction (ER-SPME) based on molecularly imprinted microelectrode (MIM) was developed for the specific capture of triazoles in environmental water and fruit juice samples prior to HPLC quantification. Using triadimenol (TRN) and acrylic acid as template and functional monomer, respectively, in-situ polymerization technique under the assistance of electric field was employed to conveniently prepare MIM. Results uncovered that the application of electric field during the polymerization procedure favored the improvement of specific recognition performance of MIM. In addition, the exertion of electric field at adsorption and desorption steps reinforced the extraction performance and shortened extraction duration. Chemical interactions played the key role in the adsorption and the extraction process belonged to single-layer adsorption. Selective adsorption behaviors and specific capture mechanism under electric field of MIM@ER-SPME towards TRN and its structural analogues were investigated in detail. After optimization of MIM@ER-SPME parameters, sensitive and reliable method for the monitoring of triazoles residuals in water and fruit juice samples was established. The achieved limits of detection (LODs) for water and juice samples were 0.011-0.022 μg/L and 0.014-0.097 μg/L, respectively. In comparison with documentary techniques, the established method exhibited satisfactory anti-interference performance, low LODs, high cost-effectiveness, superior reproducibility and low consumption of organic solvent in selective capture and determination of trace triazoles in actual samples.

Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE)-HPLC-Tandem MS-Based Method for Multi-Residue Determination of Pesticides in Drinking Water

Pesticide residues in water contamination represent a significant public and political issue due to their harmful effects on the environment, biodiversity, and human health, even at low concentrations. Pesticides are chemically heterogeneous, covering a wide range of LogK o/w values. Therefore, developing sensitive methods to detect a broad spectrum of hazardous chemicals in aqueous matrices is challenging. Gas and liquid chromatography/high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/HPLC-MS) are established tools but typically require pre-concentration steps. Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is a green, simple, automatable, and HPLC-compatible technique. This study presents a multi-residue method for determining 131 pesticides in mineral water using SBSE followed by HPLC-tandem MS. The selected pesticides, from various chemical classes, were evaluated in fortified ultra-pure and mineral water samples. The method demonstrated excellent sensitivity, with lower limits of quantification ranging from 20 to 50 ng/L for all analytes, enabling detection at trace levels. Selectivity was high (SEL% <20%), and reproducibility was confirmed with RSD% values below 20%. Intra- and interday precision tests revealed RSD% values from 0.23% to 19.81%. Trueness was validated with BIAS% below 20% at all concentrations. Uncertainty values were acceptable, with U% ranging from 1.44% to 49.24%. This SBSE-HPLC-tandem MS method is a robust, efficient, and reliable alternative to traditional approaches for routine monitoring of pesticide residues in drinking water, with quantification limits below regulatory requirements. It offers a suitable tool for public health applications, ensuring reliable pesticide detection in complex water matrices.

Triazoles in the environment: An update on sample pretreatment and analysis methods

Triazoles, due to their high bactericidal performance, have been widely used in the agricultural, clinical, and chemical industry. However, triazoles have been proven to cause endocrine-toxic and organ impairment in humans as a potentially toxic substance. Besides, because of the improper use and difficulty of degradation, triazoles pesticide residues left in the environment could pose a threat to the environment. Therefore, the rapid, reliable, accurate, and high-sensitivity triazoles analysis methods are significantly essential to effectively monitor their presence in various samples and safeguard human health. This review aims to summarize and update the progress of the pretreatment and analytical methods of triazole fungicides in environmental samples from 2012 to 2024. Common pretreatment methods used to extract and purify targets include simple steps (e.g., protein precipitation and coated blade spray), liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, and various microextraction methods such as liquid-phase microextraction and solid-phase microextraction, among others. Detection methods mainly include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, supercritical fluid chromatography, sensing methods, and capillary electrophoresis. In addition, we elaborate and compare the advantages and disadvantages of different pretreatment and analytical methods, and their development prospects are discussed.

Fe3O4@gC3N4@Thiamine: a novel heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and microextraction of tebuconazole in food samples

Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional nano-sheet with electronic properties, which shows unique characteristics with high chemical and thermal stability in its structure. The functionalization of these compounds through covalent bonding is an important step towards significantly improving their properties and capabilities. To achieve this goal, a novel strategy for the covalent functionalization of Fe3O4@g-C3N4 with thiamine hydrochloride (vitamin B1) via cyanuric chloride (TCT), which is a divalent covalent linker, was presented. The efficiency of Fe3O4@gC3N4@Thiamine as a heterogeneous organic catalyst in the synthesis of spirooxindole-pyran derivatives and 2-amino-4H-pyran under solvent-free conditions was evaluated and the yields of high-purity products were presented. In addition, easy recycling and reuse for seven consecutive cycles without significant reduction in catalytic activity are other features of this catalyst. Moreover, the performance of the prepared sorbent in the microextraction technique (herein, magnetic solid phase extraction) was studied. The tebuconazole was selected as the target analyte. The target analyte was extracted and determined by HPLC-UV. Under the optimum condition, the linear range of the method (LDR) was estimated in the range of 0.2-100 μg L-1 (the coefficient of determination of 0.9962 for tebuconazole). The detection limit (LOD) of the method for tebuconazole was calculated to be 0.05 µg L-1. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was also estimated to be 0.16 µg L-1. In order to check the precision of the proposed method, the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD%) were calculated, which were in the range of 1.5- 2.8%. The method was used for the successful extraction and determination of tebuconazole in tomato, cucumber, and carrot samples.

Surfactant modified coconut husk fiber as a green alternative sorbent for micro-solid phase extraction of triazole fungicides at trace level in environmental water, soybean milk, fruit juice and alcoholic beverage samples

In this work, micro-solid phase extraction using surfactant modified biosorbent was investigated for trace level determination of triazole fungicides prior to their analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Coconut husk fiber (CHF) was selected as an effective biosorbent in the extraction process. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods were used to characterize the modified biosorbent. Various factors affecting the extraction efficiency of the proposed method were studied including the amount of coconut husk fiber biosorbent (0.1 g), kind and concentration of surfactant as a modifier (sodium dodecyl sulfate, 10 mmol L-1), kind and volume of desorption solvent (methanol, 150 μL), and extraction period (including vortex adsorption time, centrifugation adsorption time, vortex desorption time and centrifugation adsorption time approximately 10 min). Under the selected conditions, the calibration plot was found to be linear in the range of 9-300 μg L-1 with a coefficient for determination of greater than 0.99. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for the studied triazole fungicides were 3.00 and 9.00 μg L-1, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine triazole fungicides in environmental water, soybean milk, fruit juice and alcoholic beverage samples with acceptable recoveries obtained in the range of 67.0% to 105.0%.

Trace-Level Determination of Triazole Fungicides Using Effervescence-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Prior to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A simple and sensitive preconcentration method, namely, effervescence-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction based on the ternary deep eutectic solvent method, was developed for enrichment of triazole fungicide residues prior to their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection. In this method, a ternary deep eutectic solvent (as extractant) was prepared by combination of octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid. The solution was well dispersed with sodium bicarbonate (as effervescence powder) without using auxiliary devices. In order to obtain relatively high extraction efficiency, analytical parameters were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, the proposed method showed good linearity within the range of 1-1000 μg L^-1 with a coefficient for determination (R²) greater than 0.997. The low limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.3-1.0 μg L^-1. The precisions were assessed from the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention time and peak area obtained from intra- (n = 3) and inter-day (n = 5 × 5) experiments, which were greater than 1.21 and 4.79%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method provided high enrichment factors ranging from 112 to 142 folds. A matrix-match calibration method was used for analysis of real samples. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for determination of the triazole fungicide in environmental water (near agricultural area), honey, and bean samples, and it represents a promising alternative method for analysis of triazoles. The recoveries of the studied triazoles were obtained in the range of 82-106% with an RSD less than 4.89.

Efficient analyses of triazole fungicides in water, honey and soy milk samples by popping candy-generated CO2 and sugaring-out-assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction prior to HPLC determinations

An enrichment method, namely popping candy-generated CO₂ and sugaring-out-assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction (PGS-SUPRA), was investigated for the determination of triazole fungicide residues in water, honey and soy milk samples. The extraction process was carried out by adding popping candies into a centrifuge tube. Consequently, rapid dispersion and mass transfer of extractants can be achieved without using dispersants and auxiliary devices, and therefore, the extraction efficiency increased. The extraction parameters affecting the efficiency of the developed method were investigated. The presented method was then analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Under the selected condition, the wide linearity of triazole fungicides after preconcentration by the proposed microextraction method ranged from 30 to 1000 μg L^-1 for triadimefon and from 90 to 1000 μg L^-1 for myclobutanil, tebuconazole and hexaconazole, with a coefficient for determination (R ²) greater than 0.992. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 10-30 μg L^-1 and 30-90 μg L^-1, respectively. The precisions were assessed from the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention time and peak area obtained from intra- (n = 3) and inter-day (n = 3 × 5) experiments, and were greater than 1.66% and 13.52%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method provided high enhancement factors (EnFs) ranging from 14 to 51 folds. This technique has been prosperously applied for the extraction of fungicide residues in water, honey and soy milk samples with a recovery within the range of 60-114%. Overall, the developed method was found to be advantageous as compared with other sample preparation methods.

A Schiff base networks coated stir bar for sorptive extraction of pyrethroid pesticide residues in tobacco

Schiff base networks (SNWs) were introduced as a new stir bar coating, and a method of SNWs- coated stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) was developed for determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in tobacco. The prepared amorphous SNWs polymer from melamine and 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde riches in triazine rings, hydroxyl groups and amino groups, and the SNWs/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stir bar prepared by sol-gel method can extract weakly polar pyrethroid pesticides through hydrophobic, π-π and hydrogen bonding. The SNWs/PDMS stir bar exhibited high extraction efficiency toward pyrethroid pesticides (70-76%) and good mechanical stability with reused time more than 50 times. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the limits of detection were 0.20 - 0.66 µg/L with relative standard deviation varying in the range of 2.3-8.2%, which meets the requirements of trace analysis of pesticide residues in the tobacco industry. The method was applied to the determination of six pyrethroid pesticides in cigarette samples, and the recovery for the spiked samples ranged from 82 to 117%, showing a great applicability for the analysis of pesticide residues in real samples with a complex sample matrix.

Review of extraction and detection techniques for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits to evaluate food safety and make legislative decisions: Challenges and anticipations

Fruits are vital parts of the human diet because they include necessary nutrients that the body needs. Pesticide use has increased dramatically in recent years to combat fruit pests across the world. Pesticide usage during production, on the other hand, frequently results in undesirable residues in fruits after harvest. Consumers are concerned about pesticide residues since most of the fruits are directly consumed and even recommended for the patients as dietary supplements. As a result of this worry, pesticide residues in fruits are being randomly monitored to re-assess the food safety situation and make informed legislative decisions. To assess the degree of pesticide residues in fruits, a simple and quick analytical procedure is usually required. As a result, pesticide residue detection (using various analytical techniques: GC, LC and Biosensors) becomes critical, and regulatory directives are formed to regulate their amounts via the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). Over the previous two decades, a variety of extraction techniques and analytical methodologies for xenobiotic's efficient extraction, identification, confirmation and quantification have been developed, ranging from traditional to advanced. The goal of this review is to give readers an overview of the evolution of numerous extraction and detection methods for pesticide residue analysis in fruits. The objective is to assist analysts in better understanding how the ever-changing regulatory landscape might drive the need for new analytical methodologies to be developed in order to comply with current standards and safeguard consumers.

Carbon aerogels derived from waste paper for pipette-tip solid-phase extraction of triazole fungicides in tomato, apple and pear

In order to develop environmentally friendly, economical and facile preparation method of carbon aerogels (CAs), the waste printing paper as the raw material was combined with graphene oxide and carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes to produce CAs (ρ = 44 mg cm^-3). The CAs with different composition were investigated, the addition of graphene oxide led to the reduction of adsorption sites and the reduction of extraction performance. But the carbon nanotubes made CAs have a better pore structure. The CAs as adsorbent were loaded into a pipette-tip for solid-phase extraction of hexaconazole and diniconazole. Coupled with gas chromatography, an analytical method was established under the optimized conditions. The limits of detection were between 0.08 and 0.32 mg kg^-1, the linear ranges were 0.96-200.0 mg kg^-1 and 0.24-200.0 mg kg^-1. The relative recoveries were in the range of 81.0-119%. The results indicated that the method had potential application for the determination of triazole fungicides.

Modified Peanut Shell as an Eco-Friendly Biosorbent for Effective Extraction of Triazole Fungicide Residues in Surface Water and Honey Samples before Their Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

An eco-friendly sample preparation method that is based on the use of a modified peanut shell as an efficient biosorbent for the extraction of triazole residues before their analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography was reported. The four triazole fungicides were separated on a Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with a mobile phase of 50% (v/v) acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min^-1 and detection wavelength set at 220 nm. Peanut shells modified by didodecyldimethylammonium bromide were selected as an effective biosorbent material in the microextraction method. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the biosorbent. The effect of dominant parameters on the proposed microextraction method including the amount of sorbent, kind and concentration of surfactant, sodium hydroxide concentration, kind and amount of salt, sample volume, adsorption time, kind and volume desorption solvent, and desorption time was studied. Under the optimum condition, a good analytical performance for the proposed microextraction method was obtained with a wide linear range within the range of 9-1000 μg L^-1, and low limits of detection (0.03 μg L^-1 for all analytes) were obtained. Enrichment factors were achieved within the range of 30-51. The intra and interday precision values were evaluated in terms of percentage relative standard deviations (%RSD) and were less than 0.09 and 5.34% for the retention time and peak area, respectively. The proposed microextraction methods were used for extraction and analysis of triazole fungicides in water and honey samples. The recoveries in a satisfactory range of 70.0-118.8% were obtained.

Simultaneous Preconcentration of Triazole Fungicide Residues Using In-Situ Coacervative Extraction Based on a Double-Solvent Supramolecular System Prior to High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis

An in situ coacervative extraction (IS-CAE) based on a double-solvent supramolecular system coupled to liquid–liquid microextraction is investigated for extraction and enrichment of triazole fungicides. The formation of a double-solvent supramolecular system was generated by in situ formation and used as an extraction solvent for the coacervative extraction method. No disperser solvent was required. This new double-solvent supramolecular system has a higher extraction ability than any of its components alone. The different factors that could affect the extraction capability were studied and optimized, including the type of double extractant and its volume, salt addition, vortex time, and centrifugation time. Under optimum extraction conditions, this method provides high enrichment factors (EFs) of 73–318 with low limits of detection (LODs) of 0.3–1 μg L⁻¹ and limits of quantitation (LOQs) of 1–3 μg L⁻¹. In addition, the proposed method was prosperously applied for the determination of triazole fungicides in water, fruit juice, and soy milk samples.

Porous organic framework as coating for stir bar sorptive extraction of carbamate pesticides from corn and potato samples

Three porous organic frameworks (POFs) were synthesized by the reaction between phloroglucinol and 1,4-phthalaldehyde, 4,4'-biphenyldialdehyde or tris-(4-formylphenyl) amine; the products are named as POF-a, POF-b and POF-c, respectively. They were used to prepare POFs coated stir bars respectively for the extraction of four carbamate pesticides (CMPs). POF-c coated stir bar exhibited better adsorption performance than POF-a/b coated stir bar and commercial stir bars, probably due to the stronger conjugated structure and hydrophobicity of POF-c, and resultant hydrophobic, π-π and hydrogen bonding interactions between them. The adsorption mechanism for target CMPs was verified by characterization techniques and molecular dynamics simulation. A method of POF-c coated stir bar sorptive extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-variable wavelength ultraviolet detector was developed for the analysis of four CMPs in corn and potato samples. Under the optimal conditions, LODs of the method were between 0.017 and 0.048 μg/L, and the linear range for four CMPs was 0.1/0.2-200 μg/L.

Recent progress in organic-inorganic hybrid materials as absorbents in sample pretreatment for pesticide detection

Sample pretreatment is essential for trace analysis of pesticides in complex food and environment matrices. Recently, organic-inorganic hybrid materials have gained increasing attention in pesticide extraction and preconcentration. This review highlighted the common organic-inorganic hybrid materials used as absorbents in sample pretreatment for pesticide detection. Furthermore, the preparation and characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid materials were summarized. To obtain a deep understanding of adsorption toward target analytes, the adsorption mechanism and absorption evaluation were discussed. Finally, the applications of organic-inorganic hybrid materials in sample pretreatment techniques and perspectives in the future are also discussed.

Modern Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides in Grapes: A Review

Currently, research on the determination of pesticides in food products is very popular. Information obtained from research conducted so far mainly concerns the development of a methodology to determine the content of pesticides in food products. However, they do not describe the content of the pesticide used in viticulture in the resulting product. Over the past decade, this study has examined analytical methodologies for assessing pesticide residues in grapes. Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Springer databases were searched for relevant publications. The phrases “pesticides” and “grapes” and their combinations were used to search for articles. The titles and annotations of the extracted articles have been read and studied to ensure that they meet the review criteria. The selected articles were used to compile a systematic review based on scientific research and reliable sources. The need to study the detection of pesticide residues in grapes using advanced analytical methods is confirmed by our systematic review. This review also highlights modern methods of sample preparation, such as QuEChERS, SPME, PLE, dLLME, and ADLL-ME, as well as the most used methods of separation and identification of pesticides in grapes. An overview of the countries where residual grape pesticide amounts are most studied is presented, along with the data on commonly used pesticides to control pests and diseases in grape cultivation. Finally, future possibilities and trends in the analysis of pesticide residues in grapes are discussed by various analytical methods.

An In Situ Formation of Ionic Liquid for Enrichment of Triazole Fungicides in Food Applications Followed by HPLC Determination

An in situ formation of ionic liquid was used for preconcentration of four triazole fungicides in food samples. The microextraction method was used for the first time in the literature for preconcentration of triazole fungicides. In the developed method, tributylhexadecylphosphonium bromide ([P₄₄₄₁₂]Br) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF₆) were used for the formation of hydrophobic ionic liquid. After centrifugation, the fine microdroplets were produced in one step, providing the extraction step in a quick and environmentally friendly manner. The functional group of the hydrophobic ionic liquid was investigated using FT-IR. Various extraction parameters were studied and optimized. In the extraction method, 0.01 g of [P₄₄₄₁₂]Br and 0.01 g of KPF₆, centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 10 min were used. The optimized technique provided a good linear range (90-1000 μg L^-1) and high extraction recovery, with a low limit of detection (30-50 μg L^-1). Methods for the proposed in situ formation of ionic liquid were successfully applied to honey, fruit juice, and egg matrices. The recoveries were obtained in a satisfactory range of 62-112%. The results confirmed the suitability of the proposed microextraction method for selective extraction and quantification of triazole fungicides.

Weak anion-exchange mixed-mode materials to selectively extract acidic compounds by stir bar sorptive extraction from environmental waters

In this study, the first example of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based magnet coated with weak anion exchange (WAX) monolith as novel support for stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is presented. Firstly, the PTFE magnets were properly modified and vinylized in order to immobilize polymer monoliths onto its surface. Then, a glycidyl methacrylate monolith was prepared and modified with ethylenediamine (EDA) to create weak anion exchanger via ring opening reaction of epoxy groups. The prepared covalently immobilized EDA-modified monoliths onto PTFE magnet exhibited good stability and reusability. Application of resulting material as stir bar for SBSE was investigated for a series of acidic compounds that includes acesulfame, saccharin, diclofenac or ibuprofen, among others as target compounds. Firstly, the SBSE conditions were optimized to promote the WAX interactions with the target compounds achieving recoveries from 37 to 75% and enable the selective extraction of these compounds as it provided values of% matrix effect from 17 to -13% when they were determined by SBSE followed by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. The analytical methodology, was then validated and applied for the determination of the target solutes in environmental water samples, which were found at concentration up to 2500 ng L^-1 in river waters.

Imine-linked covalent organic frameworks coated stir bar sorptive extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from environmental water followed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection

In this study, spherical imine-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were fabricated from 2,5-dimethoxybenzene-1,4-dialdehyde (DMTP) and 1,3,5-tris (4-aminophenyl) benzene (TAPB) and named as TAPB-DMTP-COFs. The resulting powders were coated onto bare glass bars via physical-adhesion to obtain TAPB-DMTP-COFs coated stir bars. The self-made stir bars exhibited higher extraction efficiency (74-85%) and faster dynamics (50 min) towards non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) over ethylene glycol-Silicone (42-68%, 180 min) and polydimethylsiloxane (3-61%, 180 min) coated stir bars. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), zeta potential and water contact angle were employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption mechanism between the coating and analytes. The results displayed that methoxy group worked as an adsorption site helping the adsorption of interest NSAIDs onto the TAPB-DMTP-COFs coating and hydrogen bonds formed between the O atoms and the analytes. Additionally, the adsorption mechanisms possibly also involved π-π interaction and hydrophobic interaction. Moreover, TAPB-DMTP-COFs coated stir bars exhibited good stability and could be reused more than 60 times. Subsequently, a method by combining TAPB-DMTP-COFs coated stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) with liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet detector (UV) was established for the determination of four NSAIDs in environmental waters. Under the optimized conditions, the established method showed a wide linear range of 0.2/1-500 μg/L for interest NSAIDs, the limits of detection varied from 0.039 to 0.312 μg/L. Yangtze River water, East Lake water and Spring water were subjected to the proposed method, the recoveries in spiked samples were 84.7-104%, 81.2-101% and 82.6-97.6%, respectively.

Magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction of triazole and triazine pesticides from vegetable samples using a hydrophilic-lipophilic sorbent based on maltodextrin- and β-cyclodextrin-functionalized graphene oxide

Maltodextrin- and β-cyclodextrin-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide (mGO/β-CD/MD), a novel hydrophilic-lipophilic composite, was successfully fabricated and used for the co-extraction of triazines and triazoles from vegetable samples before HPLC-UV analysis. mGO/β-CD/MD was synthesized by chemical bonding of β-CD and MD to the surface of mGO, using epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a linker. The successful synthesis of mGO/β-CD/MD was confirmed by characterization tests, including attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analyses. The hydrophobic cavity of β-CD and a large number of hydroxyl groups on the MD structure contributed to the co-extraction of mentioned pesticides with a wide range of polarity. Under the optimized condition (sorbent amount, 30 mg; desorption time, 10 min; desorption solvent volume, 300 μL; desorption solvent, methanol/acetonitrile (1:1) containing 5% (v/v) acetic acid; extraction time, 20 min; and pH of sample solution, 7.0), good linearity within the range 1.0-1000 μg L^-1 (r² ≥ 0.992) was achieved. Extraction efficiencies were in the range 66.4-95.3%, and the limits of detection were 0.01-0.08 μg L^-1. Relative recoveries for spiked samples were obtained in the range 88.4-112.0%, indicating that the matrix effect was insignificant, and good precisions (intra- and inter-day) were also achieved (RSDs < 9.0%, n = 3). The results confirmed that the developed method was efficient for the determination  of trace amounts of pesticides in potato, tomato, and corn samples.