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Peng H, Pan M, Zhou Z, Chen C, Xing X, Cheng S, Zhang S, Zheng H, Qian K. The impact of preanalytical variables on the analysis of cell-free DNA from blood and urine samples. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1385041. [PMID: 38784382 PMCID: PMC11111958 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1385041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA), a burgeoning class of molecular biomarkers, has been extensively studied across a variety of biomedical fields. As a key component of liquid biopsy, cfDNA testing is gaining prominence in disease detection and management due to the convenience of sample collection and the abundant wealth of genetic information it provides. However, the broader clinical application of cfDNA is currently impeded by a lack of standardization in the preanalytical procedures for cfDNA analysis. A number of fundamental challenges, including the selection of appropriate preanalytical procedures, prevention of short cfDNA fragment loss, and the validation of various cfDNA measurement methods, remain unaddressed. These existing hurdles lead to difficulties in comparing results and ensuring repeatability, thereby undermining the reliability of cfDNA analysis in clinical settings. This review discusses the crucial preanalytical factors that influence cfDNA analysis outcomes, including sample collection, transportation, temporary storage, processing, extraction, quality control, and long-term storage. The review provides clarification on achievable consensus and offers an analysis of the current issues with the goal of standardizing preanalytical procedures for cfDNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Peng
- Department of Biological Repositories, Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Pan
- Taihe Skills Training Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Zongning Zhou
- Department of Biological Repositories, Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Congbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing Xing
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Shaoping Cheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Zheng
- Department of Urology, Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyu Qian
- Department of Biological Repositories, Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Urology, Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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2
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Nonkes L, Yaz Aydın G, Van't Hof M, Demir AY. Impact of different preservation methods on urinary red blood cell counts. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:e99-e101. [PMID: 37883021 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Nonkes
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Gizem Yaz Aydın
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Van't Hof
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Ayşe Y Demir
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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Bocato MZ, Fernandes Quero R, Alexandre Weil A, Aparecida Cesila C, Adewuyi Adeyemi J, Barbosa F. A new adsorptive 3D-printed sampling device for simultaneous determination of 63 urinary organic acids by LC-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342185. [PMID: 38220312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection and quantification of urinary metabolites play an important role in disease diagnosis. In most cases, urinary analyses are done with liquid urine samples, which must be quickly transported to the laboratory to avoid metabolites degradation that is associated with temperature fluctuations. Consequently, dried sampling devices have emerged to minimize analyte degradation. However, most commercial dried sampling devices are expensive, aggregate low volumes, and need better analytical sensitivity. Therefore, a new dry urine sampling device that is inexpensive, suitable for domestic sampling operation, and efficient for quantifying metabolites without requiring high-resolution instruments is proposed in the present study. RESULTS The newly designed dry urine sampling device was produced by 3D printing that efficiently determines 63 urinary organic acids using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The system's efficiency was demonstrated with analytical figures of merit, such as precision, accuracy, and stability of analytes after the sampling and storing of ordinary urine samples. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.01 to 0.42 ng mL-1. Precision and accuracy tests showed relative standard deviations of less than 15 %. The urine stability in the sampling device was high within seven days without any significant degradation of the metabolites. The method was applied to the analysis of 10 human urine samples and compared to a conventional method without the use of the sampling device. The results showed no statistically significant differences, demonstrating the method's efficiency. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed 3-D printing device was developed with fast, low-cost manufacturing features and can be manufactured with different volumetric capacities, adaptable to the needs of each user. Furthermore, it is innovative because this is the first sampling device that is effective for the simultaneous storage and preservation of several important urinary metabolites. Thus, it is anticipated that its application would contribute significantly to the identification of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Zuccherato Bocato
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Reload Health Devices Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Reverson Fernandes Quero
- Reload Health Devices Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cibele Aparecida Cesila
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Joseph Adewuyi Adeyemi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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4
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Piraner O, Button J, Ward CD, Valentin-Blasini L. Investigation of select radionuclides stability in urine under various conditions for liquid scintillation counting (LSC). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2024; 333:2115-2120. [PMID: 38737916 PMCID: PMC11085014 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-024-09433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC) gross alpha/beta screening is a valuable tool for providing rapid laboratory response for the analysis of human clinical urine samples during a large-scale radiation incident event. Verification of method performance, as required for clinical laboratory testing, is accomplished by the evaluation of routine, periodic measurements of radioactive spiked samples for quality control, performance testing, and accuracy checks. Radionuclide stability of alpha and beta emitters in urine for LSC analysis is an important consideration. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate optimal preparations and storage conditions of samples used for method verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Piraner
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-5, 30341-3717 Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Button
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-5, 30341-3717 Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Cynthia D. Ward
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-5, 30341-3717 Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-5, 30341-3717 Atlanta, GA, Georgia
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5
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Göktaş EF, Kabil E. Stability of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in urine and solution: effects of degradation on analytical assessment. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:407-419. [PMID: 37125899 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Knowledge of optimal storage conditions of drugs is crucial for properly interpreting analytical assessments. Materials & methods: The current study aimed to investigate the stability of some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using a validated method by gas chromatography (GC)-MS. For this propose, long-term, short-term and solution stability were investigated. Results: The analytes remained stable in the sample, similar to the working solution. The most affected substance over time in both matrix and working solution was phenylbutazone. The freeze-thaw cycle affected flunixin and carprofen, but diclofenac and vedaprofen changed only in the third cycle. In short-term stability, high-temperature conditions changed carprofen. Conclusion: The present study is a comprehensive assay for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug stability and can be used as a reference for results assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Funda Göktaş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, 34890, Türkiye
| | - Erol Kabil
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, 34890, Türkiye
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Li YX, Li Y, Bao SY, Xue N, Ding XQ, Fang Y. The application of new complex indicators in the detection of urine. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:45. [PMID: 36849937 PMCID: PMC9972632 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis and assessment of hematuria is crucial for the early detection of chronic kidney disease(CKD). As instability of urinary RBC count (URBC) often results with clinical uncertainty, therefore new urinary indexes are demanded to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of hematuria. In this study, we aimed to investigate the benefit of applying new complex indicators based on random urine red blood cell counts confirmed in hematuric kidney diseases. METHODS All patients enrolled underwent renal biopsy, and their clinical information was collected. Urinary and blood biomedical indexes were implemented with red blood cell counts to derive complex indicators. Patients were divided into two groups (hematuria-dominant renal histologic lesions and non-hematuria-dominant renal histologic lesions) based on their renal pathological manifestations. The target index was determined by comparing the predictive capabilities of the candidate parameters for hematuric kidney diseases. Hematuria stratification was divided into four categories based on the scale of complex indicators and distributional features. The practicality of the new complex indicators was demonstrated by fitting candidate parameters to models comprising demographic information. RESULTS A total of 1,066 cases (678 hematuria-dominant renal histologic lesions) were included in this study, with a mean age of 44.9 ± 15 years. In differentiating hematuria-dominant renal histologic lesion from the non-hematuria-dominant renal histologic lesion, the AUC value of "The ratio of the random URBC to 24-h albumin excretion" was 0.76, higher than the standard approach of Lg (URBC) [AUC = 0.744] (95% Confidence interval (CI) 0.712 ~ 0.776). The odds ratio of hematuria-dominant renal histologic lesion (Type I) increased from Q2 (3.81, 95% CI 2.66 ~ 5.50) to Q4 (14.17, 95% CI 9.09 ~ 22.72). The predictive model, composed of stratification of new composite indexes, basic demographic characteristics, and biochemical parameters, performed best with AUC value of 0.869 (95% CI 0.856-0.905). CONCLUSION The new urinary complex indicators improved the diagnostic accuracy of hematuria and may serve as a useful parameter for screening hematuric kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Key laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney Disease, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Kidney Disease and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Key laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Si-Yu Bao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Key laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ning Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney Disease, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Kidney Disease and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Key laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney Disease, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Kidney Disease and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Key laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney Disease, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Kidney Disease and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Key laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Oyaert M, Maghari S, Speeckaert M, Delanghe J. Improving clinical performance of urine sediment analysis by implementation of intelligent verification criteria. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1772-1779. [PMID: 36069776 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Urinary test strip and sediment analysis integrated with intelligent verification criteria can help to select samples that need manual review. This study aimed to evaluate the improvement in the diagnostic performance of combined urinary test strip and urinary sediment analysis using intelligent verification criteria on the latest generation automated test strip and urinary fluoresce flow cytometry (UFFC) analysers. METHODS Urine test strip and sediment analysis were performed using the Sysmex UC-3500 and UF-5000 (Kobe, Japan) on 828 urinary samples at the clinical laboratory of the Ghent University Hospital. The results were compared to manual microscopy using phase-contrast microscopy as a reference. After the application of the intelligent verification criteria, we determined whether the diagnostic performance of urine sediment analysis could be improved. RESULTS Application of intelligent verification criteria resulted in an increase in specificity from 88.5 to 96.8% and from 88.2 to 94.9% for red blood cells and white blood cells, respectively. Implementing review rules for renal tubular epithelial cells and pathological casts increased the specificity from 66.7 to 74.2% and from 96.2 to 100.0%, respectively; and improved the diagnostic performance of urinary crystals and atypical cells. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of review rules improved the diagnostic performance of UFFC, thereby increasing the reliability and quality of urine sediment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Oyaert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sena Maghari
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Cadamuro J, Decho C, Frans G, Auer S, von Meyer A, Kniewallner KM, Drerup M, Heinrich E, Keppel MH, Mrazek C, Felder TK, Oberkofler H, Haschke-Becher E, Kipman U, Salek T, Vermeersch P. Acidification of 24-hour urine in urolithiasis risk testing: An obsolete relic? Clin Chim Acta 2022; 532:1-9. [PMID: 35597305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recommendations on the optimal preservation of 24 h urine for the metabolic work-up in urolithiasis patients are very heterogeneous. In case two such tests with different storage condition recommendations are being analysed, multiple collections would be needed, challenging especially elderly and very young patients. We therefore aimed to evaluate the stability of urine constituents under different storage conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS We collected urine samples from ten healthy volunteers and prepared aliquots to be stored either at room temperature or 4 °C. Some aliquots were preserved using hydrochloric acid prior to storage, some thereafter, some using the BD Urine preservation tube and some were not preserved at all. Storage duration was 0, 24, 48 or 72 h. In all samples calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, creatinine, oxalate, citrate and uric acid were measured and compared to the according reference sample. RESULTS We could not find any significant deviation for any of the analytes and preanalytical treatment conditions compared to the associated reference sample. CONCLUSION Preservation of 24 h urine for the metabolic evaluation in stone formers might not be necessary for sample storage up to 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Cadamuro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Cosima Decho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Glynis Frans
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Auer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander von Meyer
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Medical Microbiology, Medizet, München-Klinik, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin M Kniewallner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TreCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Drerup
- Department of Urology, Barmherzige Brüder Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elmar Heinrich
- Department of Urology, Barmherzige Brüder Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin H Keppel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cornelia Mrazek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas K Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hannes Oberkofler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Tomas Salek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Tomas Bata Hospital in Zlín, Havlíčkovo nábřeží 600, 76275 Zlín, The Czech Republic
| | - Pieter Vermeersch
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven Belgium
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Wardenaar F, Ortega-Santos CP, Vento K, Olzinski S, Olig J, Kavouras S, Johnston C. Reliability of Three Urine Specific Gravity Meters Measuring Brix and Urine Solutions at Different Temperatures. J Athl Train 2021; 56:389-395. [PMID: 33788928 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0142.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The measurement of urine specific gravity should be performed at room temperature (20 °C) but sample temperature is not always taken in consideration. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of sample temperature on the measurement accuracy of a digital (DIG) and optical (MAN) refractometer and a hydrometer (HYD). DESIGN Quantitative comparison between measurement outcomes for a reference solution (sucrose, degrees Brix) and fresh collected urine samples. SAMPLES Experiment 1 used a 24 Brix (°Bx) samples and experiment 2 used 33 fresh urine samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Urine specific gravity (USG). RESULTS Experiment 1 showed DIG and MAN did not differ from reference, but HYD reported lower or inconsistent values compared to Bx, while highly correlating with Bx solutions (r: > 0.89). The overall diagnostic ability of elevated USG (≥ 1.020; ≥ 1.025; ≥ 1.030) was high for all tools (AUC > 0.92). Misclassification of samples increased from 0 to 2 at 1.020 to 1 to 3 samples at cutoff 1.025 and 1.030 USG. Bland-Altman analysis showed DIG 5 °C underreports slightly without reporting bias (r: -0.344, P = 0.13); all other plots for DIG, MAN, and HYD showed considerably larger underreporting at higher concentrations (r ranging from -0.21 to -0.97 with P > .02) at all temperatures. The outcomes of experiment 2 using DIG 20°C as standard, showed only negligible differences between DIG and MAN at all temperatures, but larger differences using HYD. CONCLUSIONS All tools showed reporting bias when compared to °Bx solutions which can impact classification of low and high urine concentration at higher USG cutoff values, especially at a sample temperature of 37 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaila Vento
- College of Health Solutions Arizona State University, Phoenix
| | | | - Jason Olig
- College of Health Solutions Arizona State University, Phoenix
| | | | - Carol Johnston
- College of Health Solutions Arizona State University, Phoenix
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Bacârea A, Fekete GL, Grigorescu BL, Bacârea VC. Discrepancy in results between dipstick urinalysis and urine sediment microscopy. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:538. [PMID: 33815611 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancement of urine test automation and the large-scale application of quality management policies, the source of the most crucial errors has become the pre-analytical phase. This study is an attempt to compare the results obtained from the examination of urine strips with those obtained by microscopic examination of urinary sediment, highlighting discordant results. This observational study was conducted between February and August 2019 in a private medical laboratory in Mureş County, and 2,600 urine samples were analyzed. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value for leukocytes, nitrites and red blood cells, taking as reference the microscopic examination of urine summary screening. Urine samples were collected from patients who presented to the laboratory. The 2,600 urine samples were analyzed using strips with 10 parameters: glucose, protein, bilirubin, urobilinogen, pH, specific density, red blood cells, nitrite, and leukocytes, and then using the microscope to examine the urinary sediment. We identified a small percentage (1.92%) of inconsistencies from the 2,600 samples of urine, between urinalysis and the microscopic examination and we identified the causes. The most common discordant results were: false-negatives for nitrite (72%), followed by false-positives results for red blood cells (22%), false-negative results for leukocytes (16%), false-negative results for red blood cells (4%) and false-positives for leukocytes (4%). The study confirmed that discrepancies appear despite the proper instruction of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Bacârea
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dermatology Clinic, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Gyula László Fekete
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Clinic, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Bianca Liana Grigorescu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dermatology Clinic, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Vladimir Constantin Bacârea
- Department of Medical Research Methodology, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
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Aulakh HK, Aulakh KS, Ryan KA, Liu CC, Acierno MJ. Investigation of the effects of storage with preservatives at room temperature or refrigeration without preservatives on urinalysis results for samples from healthy dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:726-733. [PMID: 32955395 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.7.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare urinalysis results for canine urine samples stored in preservative-containing tubes at room temperature (20°C to 25°C [68°F to 77°F]) or refrigerated at 4°C (39.2°F) in plain glass tubes with results for the same samples immediately after collection. SAMPLES Urine samples from 20 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Urine samples (1/dog) were divided into 6 aliquots (3 in preservative-containing tubes and 3 in plain glass tubes). Preservative-containing tubes were stored at room temperature and plain glass tubes were refrigerated. Urinalysis was performed 0, 24, and 72 hours after collection. Results for both storage conditions were compared with results for a reference sample (the 0-hour [immediate post-collection] aliquot in a plain glass tube) by Spearman correlation analysis with pairwise tests for selected variables. RESULTS Physical variables (urine color and turbidity with and without centrifugation) for both storage conditions had high (rs = 0.7 to 0.9) or very high (rs = 0.9 to 1.0) degrees of positive correlation with reference sample results at all time points, except for color at 24 hours. Similar results were found for all biochemical variables with storage up to 72 hours. For microscopic characteristics, correlation with reference sample results ranged from low or nonsignificant to very high under both storage conditions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that if a delay in urinalysis is expected, use of the preservative-containing tubes evaluated in this study may be a viable option for sample storage. Further research is warranted to assess direct comparability of results to those of freshly collected samples and use of these tubes to store samples from dogs with conditions affecting the urinary tract.
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Developing community-based urine sampling methods to deploy biomarker technology for the assessment of dietary exposure. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:3081-3092. [PMID: 32524939 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002000097x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obtaining objective, dietary exposure information from individuals is challenging because of the complexity of food consumption patterns and the limitations of self-reporting tools (e.g., FFQ and diet diaries). This hinders research efforts to associate intakes of specific foods or eating patterns with population health outcomes. DESIGN Dietary exposure can be assessed by the measurement of food-derived chemicals in urine samples. We aimed to develop methodologies for urine collection that minimised impact on the day-to-day activities of participants but also yielded samples that were data-rich in terms of targeted biomarker measurements. SETTING Urine collection methodologies were developed within home settings. PARTICIPANTS Different cohorts of free-living volunteers. RESULTS Home collection of urine samples using vacuum transfer technology was deemed highly acceptable by volunteers. Statistical analysis of both metabolome and selected dietary exposure biomarkers in spot urine collected and stored using this method showed that they were compositionally similar to urine collected using a standard method with immediate sample freezing. Even without chemical preservatives, samples can be stored under different temperature regimes without any significant impact on the overall urine composition or concentration of forty-six exemplar dietary exposure biomarkers. Importantly, the samples could be posted directly to analytical facilities, without the need for refrigerated transport and involvement of clinical professionals. CONCLUSIONS This urine sampling methodology appears to be suitable for routine use and may provide a scalable, cost-effective means to collect urine samples and to assess diet in epidemiological studies.
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Biobanking in Molecular Biomarker Research for the Early Detection of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040776. [PMID: 32218259 PMCID: PMC7226426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although population-wide screening programs for several cancer types have been implemented in multiple countries, screening procedures are invasive, time-consuming and often perceived as a burden for patients. Molecular biomarkers measurable in non-invasively collected samples (liquid biopsies) could facilitate screening, as they could have incremental value on early diagnosis of cancer, but could also predict prognosis or monitor treatment response. Although the shift towards biomarkers from liquid biopsies for early cancer detection was initiated some time ago, there are many challenges that hamper the development of such biomarkers. One of these challenges is large-scale validation that requires large prospectively collected biobanks with liquid biopsies. Establishing those biobanks involves several considerations, such as standardization of sample collection, processing and storage within and between biobanks. In this perspective, we will elaborate on several issues that need to be contemplated in biobanking, both in general and for certain specimen types specifically, to be able to facilitate biomarker validation for early detection of cancer.
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14
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Wang X, Gu Y, Zhang S, Li G, Liu T, Wang T, Qin H, Jiang B, Zhu L, Li Y, Lei H, Li M, Zhang Q, Yang R, Fang F, Guo H. Unbiased enrichment of urine exfoliated cells on nanostructured substrates for sensitive detection of urothelial tumor cells. Cancer Med 2019; 9:290-301. [PMID: 31709750 PMCID: PMC6943141 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early detection of urothelial carcinoma (UC) by noninvasive diagnostic methods with high accuracy is still underscored. This study aimed to develop a noninvasive assay incorporating both enrichment of urine exfoliated cells and immunoassays for UC detection. Methods Polystyrene dishes were exposed to oxygen plasma and modified with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane to prepare amine‐functionalized nanostructured substrates (NS). Performance characterization of NS was evaluated by atomic force microscope and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Urine exfoliated cells were captured by NS and then immunostained to detect urinary tumor cells (UTCs), which was called UTC assay. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under ROC curve (AUC), and Youden index were used to find the cutoff value of UTC assay. ROC analysis and McNemar test were used to compare the diagnostic accuracy of UTC assay with cytology. Kappa test was used to analyze the agreement of UTC assay and cytology with pathological diagnosis. Results Nanostructured substrates had good cell binding yields of nucleated cells and tumor cells. CK20+CD45−CD11b− cells were considered as UTCs. UTC number ≥ 1 per sample could be considered as a positive result. By AUC and Kappa analysis, UTC assay showed good performance in UC detection. McNemar test demonstrated that UTC assay had a superior sensitivity even in low‐grade subgroup and a similar specificity compared to cytology in UC diagnosis. Conclusions Nanostructured substrates could be used to enrich the exfoliated cells from urine samples. UTC assay with NS has the potential to play a role in UC detection. The value of this assay still needs additional validation by large, multi‐center studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- PerMed Biomedicine Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Naval Characteristic Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyao Liu
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixiang Qin
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- PerMed Biomedicine Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Li
- PerMed Biomedicine Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Haozhi Lei
- PerMed Biomedicine Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- PerMed Biomedicine Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Kavuru V, Vu T, Karageorge L, Choudhury D, Senger R, Robertson J. Dipstick analysis of urine chemistry: benefits and limitations of dry chemistry-based assays. Postgrad Med 2019; 132:225-233. [PMID: 31609156 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1679540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Urinalysis is a commonly utilized laboratory test, and analysis of urine has been studied and used since ancient times. Urine contains a wide array of metabolites that can provide information regarding the current physiologic state of the body and clinical manifestations of disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanics of the dry chemistry component of the urine dipstick such as the reaction principles underlying various assays and potential effects of collection and storage on results. Additionally, we discuss the benefits and limitations of the urine dipstick as it pertains to its use as a low-cost tool in point-of-care settings and the reasoning for a lack of its use as a broad screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kavuru
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Tommy Vu
- Biological Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Devasmita Choudhury
- Department of Nephrology, Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salem, USA
| | - Ryan Senger
- Biological Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John Robertson
- Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salem, VA, USA.,Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, College of Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA, USA
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16
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Velasco-Bejarano B, Mercado K, Camacho E, Rodríguez L, Gómez-Pliego R, Méndez EA. Development of in-house materials for the verification of specific gravity measurements: Homogeneity, stability, and proficiency studies. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1302-1307. [PMID: 31243893 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We developed and evaluated the properties of in-house urine reference materials for the verification of laboratory refractometers, which are frequently used in clinical chemistry and doping testing laboratories. Urine was gathered from 26 healthy volunteers (16 male 30 ± 5 years old and 10 female 29 ± 4 years old), from which two urine batches were obtained: one with a low specific gravity (1.012± 0.003) and the other with a high specific gravity (1.027 ± 0.003). Homogeneity studies were conducted over 20 consecutive days. For short-term stability studies, aliquots of both urine batches were stored at -20 ± 2°C; 3 ± 2°C; 20 ± 2°C; 45 ± 2°C for 0, 2, 7, 14 and 35 days, under both light and dark conditions. Similarly, another study was conducted to measure the long-term stability of urine at -20 ± 2°C, over a 24-month evaluation period. Our data showed that the urine was homogeneous and stable at -20 ± 2°C, 3 ± 2°C, 20 ± 2°C, and 45 ± 2°C under both light and dark conditions. In all cases, the urine was evaluated by specific gravity and no statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were recorded. Additionally, a proficiency test was conducted in collaboration with 15 ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratories, and z-scores and performance factors were evaluated. These data indicate that this material could be used for the verification of refractometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Velasco-Bejarano
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje-CONADE, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14060, Mexico.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Sección de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, C.P. 54740, Mexico
| | - Karina Mercado
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje-CONADE, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14060, Mexico
| | - Evangelina Camacho
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje-CONADE, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14060, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje-CONADE, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14060, Mexico
| | - Raquel Gómez-Pliego
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Sección de Ciencias de la Salud Humana, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, C.P. 54740, Mexico
| | - Eradio A Méndez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje-CONADE, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14060, Mexico
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17
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Abstract
Urine is a major repository of biometabolites, some proteins, and DNA. Within the past few decades, it has become increasingly apparent that certain infectious, neoplastic, and congenital diseases can be investigated using urine samples for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. In this chapter, a number of pertinent urine analytes and methods of banking urine samples for future analyses are discussed.
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18
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Yun BH, Bellamri M, Rosenquist TA, Turesky RJ. Method for Biomonitoring DNA Adducts in Exfoliated Urinary Cells by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9943-9950. [PMID: 30001485 PMCID: PMC6237078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking contributes to about 50% of the bladder-cancer (BC) cases in the United States. Some aromatic amines in tobacco smoke are bladder carcinogens; however, other causal agents of BC are uncertain. Exfoliated urinary cells (EUCs) are a promising noninvasive biospecimen to screen for DNA adducts of chemicals that damage the bladder genome, although the analysis of DNA adducts in EUCs is technically challenging because of the low number of EUCs and limiting quantity of cellular DNA. Moreover, EUCs and their DNA adducts must remain viable during the time of collection and storage of urine to develop robust screening methods. We employed RT4 cells, a well-differentiated transitional epithelial bladder cell line, as a cell-model system in urine to investigate cell viability and the chemical stability of DNA adducts of two prototypical bladder carcinogens: 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), an aromatic amine found in tobacco smoke, and aristolochic acid I (AA-I), a nitrophenanthrene found in Aristolochia herbaceous plants used for medicinal purposes worldwide. The cell viability of RT4 cells pretreated with 4-ABP or AA-I in urine exceeded 80%, and the major DNA adducts of 4-ABP and AA-I, quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, were stable for 24 h. Thereafter, we successfully screened EUCs of mice treated with AA-I to measure DNA adducts of AA-I, which were still detected 25 days following treatment with the carcinogen. EUCs are promising biospecimens that can be employed for the screening of DNA adducts of environmental and dietary genotoxicants that may contribute to the development of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas A. Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Jin H, Wang R, Liu Z, Jia Q, Wu Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhang X. Some Methodological Characteristics of Alzheimer-Associated Urine Neuronal Thread Protein Detected by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:255-262. [PMID: 29614662 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Jin
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of nephropathy, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Jia
- Department of nephropathy, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchuan Wu
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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20
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Szigyarto CAK, Spitali P. Biomarkers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: current findings. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 8:1-13. [PMID: 30050384 PMCID: PMC6053903 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s121099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous biomarkers have been unveiled in the rapidly evolving biomarker discovery field, with an aim to improve the clinical management of disorders. In rare diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, this endeavor has created a wealth of knowledge that, if effectively exploited, will benefit affected individuals, with respect to health care, therapy, improved quality of life and increased life expectancy. The most promising findings and molecular biomarkers are inspected in this review, with an aim to provide an overview of currently known biomarkers and the technological developments used. Biomarkers as cells, genetic variations, miRNAs, proteins, lipids and/or metabolites indicative of disease severity, progression and treatment response have the potential to improve development and approval of therapies, clinical management of DMD and patients’ life quality. We highlight the complexity of translating research results to clinical use, emphasizing the need for biomarkers, fit for purpose and describe the challenges associated with qualifying biomarkers for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Al-Khalili Szigyarto
- Division of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, .,Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Pietro Spitali
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands,
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21
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Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM. Preanalytics in urinalysis. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1346-1350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Ekşioğlu MK, Madenci ÖÇ, Yücel N, Elçi A, Turhan B, Orhan G, Orçun A. The effectiveness of BD Vacutainer® Plus Urinalysis Preservative Tubes in preservation of urine for chemical strip analysis and particle counting. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2016; 26:224-32. [PMID: 27346967 PMCID: PMC4910281 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2016.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of urine collected in preservative tubes for chemistry strip analyses and particle counting to determine whether the transport of urine samples with all of their constituents is possible. MATERIALS AND METHODS 275 pathologic urine specimens were included. Each urine sample was evaluated after 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours of storage in BD Vacutainer(®) Plus Urinalysis Preservative (BD UAP) tubes and compared with refrigeration at 4 °C. All analyses were peformed on H-800 and FUS-200 automatic modular urine analyzers (Dirui Industry, Changchun, China). The kappa coefficients (κ), false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) rates were evaluated. κ > 0.8 was accepted as good agreement. RESULTS Haemoglobin (Hb), leucocyte esterase (LE), and protein (Pro) analyses should be performed within 4 hours, whereas glucose (Glc) was stable until the end of 48 hours in both storage conditions. Nitrite (Nit) was well preserved in BD UAP tubes for 24 hours but was stable only up to 8 hours at 4 °C. Bilirubin (Bil) had very high FN rates even at 4 hours in both conditions. The particle counting showed high FN rates for white blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC), whereas squamous epithelial cells (EC) were stable up to 8 hours in both conditions. CONCLUSIONS Preanalytical requirements for both urine chemical strip analyses and particle counting in a unique sample were not met in either condition. Thus, the transfer of urine samples for centralization of urinalysis is not yet feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kaymak Ekşioğlu
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Çakır Madenci
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihal Yücel
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Elçi
- Department of Biochemistry, Public Health Laboratory 3, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Turhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Public Health Laboratory 3, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gani Orhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Public Health Laboratory 3, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asuman Orçun
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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