AMPK--sensing energy while talking to other signaling pathways

Spaceflight alters protein levels and gene expression associated with stress response and metabolic characteristics in human cardiac spheroids

Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) possess tremendous advantage for cardiac regeneration. However, cell survival is challenging upon cell transplantation. Since microgravity can profoundly affect cellular properties, we investigated the effect of spaceflight on hiPSC-CMs. Cardiac spheroids derived from hiPSCs were transported to the International Space Station (ISS) via the SpaceX Crew-8 mission and cultured under space microgravity for 8 days. Beating cardiac spheroids were observed on the ISS and upon successful experimentation by the astronauts in space, the live cultures were returned to Earth. These cells had normal displacement (an indicator of contraction) and Ca2+ transient parameters in 3D live cell imaging. Proteomic analysis revealed that spaceflight upregulated many proteins involved in metabolism (n = 90), cellular component of mitochondrion (n = 62) and regulation of proliferation (n = 10). Specific metabolic pathways enriched by spaceflight included glutathione metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, and pyruvate metabolism. In addition, the top upregulated proteins in spaceflight samples included those involved in cellular stress response, cell survival, and metabolism. Transcriptomic profiles indicated that spaceflight upregulated genes associated with cardiomyocyte development, and cellular components of cardiac structure and mitochondrion. Furthermore, spaceflight upregulated genes in metabolic pathways associated with cell survival such as glycerophospholipid metabolism and glycerolipid metabolism. These findings indicate that short-term exposure of 3D hiPSC-CMs to the space environment led to significant changes in protein levels and gene expression involved in cell survival and metabolism.

The Hepatic Axis Fructose-Methylglyoxal-AMPK: Starring or Secondary Role in Chronic Metabolic Disease?

Biochemical alterations linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) may be brought on by the Western diet. Based on research conducted over the past decade, fructose is one of the main culprits. Over 80% of ingested fructose is metabolized by the liver at first pass, where it stimulates de novo lipogenesis (DNL) to drive hepatic triglyceride (TG) synthesis, which contributes to MASLD, hepatic insulin resistance (IR), and dyslipidemia. Fructose reduction produces quick and significant amelioration in these metabolic disturbances. We hereby propose potential overarching processes that can link these pathways to signaling disruption by the critical metabolic sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We proffer that when large amounts of fructose and glucose enter the liver, triose fluxes may be sufficient to produce transient increases in methylglyoxal (MG), allowing steady-state concentrations between its production and catabolism by glyoxalases to be high enough to modify AMPK-sensitive functional amino acid residues. These reactions would transiently interfere with AMPK activation by both AMP and aldolase. Such a sequence of events would boost the well-documented lipogenic impact of fructose. Given that MG adducts are irreversible, modified AMPK molecules would be less effective in metabolite sensing until they were replaced by synthesis. If proven, this mechanism provides another avenue of possibilities to tackle the problem of fructose in our diet. We additionally discuss potential multimodal treatments and future research avenues for this apparent hepatic AMPK malfunction.

Metabolaging: a new geroscience perspective linking aging pathologies and metabolic dysfunction

With age, our metabolic systems undergo significant alterations, which can lead to a cascade of adverse effects that are implicated in both metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, and in the body's ability to respond to acute stress and trauma. To elucidate the metabolic imbalances arising from aging, we introduce the concept of "metabolaging." This framework encompasses the broad spectrum of metabolic disruptions associated with the hallmarks of aging, including the functional decline of key metabolically active organs, like the adipose tissue. By examining how these organs interact with essential nutrient-sensing pathways, "metabolaging" provides a more comprehensive view of the systemic metabolic imbalances that occur with age. This concept extends to understanding how age-related metabolic disturbances can influence the response to acute stressors, like burn injuries, highlighting the interplay between metabolic dysfunction and the ability to handle severe physiological challenges. Finally, we propose potential interventions that hold promise in mitigating the effects of metabolaging and its downstream consequences.

Scorpion venom peptides enhance immunity and survival in Litopenaeus vannamei through antibacterial action against Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Introduction

Scorpion venom-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising candidates for combating bacterial infections owing to their potent activity and unique mechanisms of action. This study focuses on three 13-amino-acid peptides-BmKn1, BmKn2, and BmKn2-7-derived from the venom of Mesobuthus martensii. The aim is to elucidate their structural features, antibacterial efficacy, and immunomodulatory effects in Litopenaeus vannamei infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP).

Methods

The peptides were synthesized and comprehensively characterized for their amphipathic α-helical structures, net charges, and hydrophobicity. Their antibacterial mechanisms were investigated using a series of assays, including membrane permeability (inner/outer membrane disruption), membrane depolarization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) quantification, and ATPase activity measurement. In vivo challenge experiments were conducted to evaluate survival rates in L. vannamei infected with VP. Additionally, immune enzyme activities (phenoloxidase [PO], complement component 3 [C3]) and inflammatory/antimicrobial gene expression levels (TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, ALF, Crus) were analyzed. Furthermore, intestinal transcriptome profiling was performed to identify the activated immune pathways.

Results

All peptides exhibited membrane-targeting activity: BmKn2-7 showed superior outer membrane penetration and depolarization, while BmKn1 was more effective in inner membrane disruption and ROS induction. In vivo, all peptides significantly improved survival rates in VP-infected shrimp (P < 0.01), with BmKn2-7 ≈ BmKn1 > BmKn2 in efficacy. Immune modulation was evident through increased PO and C3 activity (P < 0.05) and reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial genes (P < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis revealed BmKn2-7 activated PPAR, AMPK, and FoxO signaling pathways.

Discussion

The amphipathic α-helical structure of these peptides is fundamental to their membrane-disruptive activity. The enhanced outer membrane targeting of BmKn2-7 likely correlates with structural modifications that optimize hydrophobicity and charge distribution. The differential efficacy in immune regulation, such as BmKn2-7's broad pathway activation versus BmKn1's selective ROS induction, indicates structure-dependent functional divergence. These findings highlight the potential of tailored scorpion venom peptides as dual-action agents against bacterial infections and immune dysregulation.

Systems Pharmacology to Explore the Potential Mechanism of Ginseng Against Heart Failure

The aim of this study is to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism underlying the effects of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (ginseng) in heart failure (HF), providing a theoretical foundation for its clinical application. The potential mechanism of ginseng in the context of HF was investigated using systems pharmacology that combined network pharmacology, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) analysis, molecular docking, and experimental verification. Network pharmacology was employed to identify drug-disease targets. Core gene targets were subsequently subjected to enrichment analysis by integrating network pharmacology with GEO. Molecular docking was utilized to predict the binding affinities between identified targets and ginseng compounds. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of ginseng was validated in an isoproterenol (ISO)-induced rat model of HF. The modulation of key signaling pathways by ginseng was confirmed through Western blot analysis. A total of 154 potential targets of ginseng in the treatment of HF were identified through network pharmacology analysis. The analysis of GSE71613 revealed that the PI3K-Akt pathway, reactive oxygen species, oxidative phosphorylation, MAPK signaling, and Ras signaling pathways are predominantly associated with patients with HF. By integrating the findings from network pharmacology and GEO analysis, ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb3 were identified as the potential components in ginseng, while FN1 and PRKAA2 were recognized as key targets involved in the PI3K-AKT and AMPK pathways, respectively. Molecular docking analysis revealed a strong affinity between the potential components and the identified core targets. In vivo experiments indicated that the extract of ginseng (EPG) significantly ameliorated ISO-induced cardiac dysfunction by improving cardiac parameters such as cardiac left ventricular internal systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end systolic volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction, while also reducing malondialdehyde production. In addition, EPG was found to enhance superoxide dismutase activity and ATP levels, while concurrently reducing the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The extract also reduced myocardial oxygen consumption, inflammatory cell infiltration, and the number of damaged myocardial fibers. Moreover, EPG was observed to upregulate the expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-AMPK, and Bcl-2, while downregulating the expression of p-NFκB, TGF-β, and Bax. The therapeutic effects of ginseng on HF are primarily mediated through the PI3K-Akt and AMPK pathways. Ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb3 have been identified as potential therapeutic agents for HF.

Thermogenic adipose tissues: Promising therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases

The ongoing increase in the prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and dyslipidemia warrants discovery of novel therapeutic options for these metabolic diseases. Obesity is characterized by white adipose tissue expansion due to chronic positive energy balance as a result of excessive energy intake and/or reduced energy expenditure. Despite various efforts to prevent or reduce obesity including lifestyle and behavioral interventions, surgical weight reduction approaches and pharmacological methods, there has been limited success in significantly reducing obesity prevalence. Recent research has shown that thermogenic adipocyte (brown and beige) activation or formation, respectively, could potentially act as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate obesity and its related disorders. This can be achieved through the ability of these thermogenic cells to enhance energy expenditure and regulate circulating levels of glucose and lipids. Thus, unraveling the molecular mechanisms behind the formation and activation of brown and beige adipocytes holds the potential for probable therapeutic paths to combat obesity. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update on the development and regulation of different adipose tissue types. We also emphasize recent interventions in harnessing therapeutic potential of thermogenic adipocytes by bioactive compounds and new pharmacological anti-obesity agents.

Disease-modifying pharmacological treatments of type 1 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms, target checkpoints, and possible combinatorial treatments

After a century of extensive scientific investigations, there is still no curative or disease-modifying treatment available that can provide long-lasting remission for patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Although T1D has historically been regarded as a classic autoimmune disorder targeting and destroying pancreatic islet β-cells, significant research has recently demonstrated that β-cells themselves also play a substantial role in the disease's progression, which could explain some of the unfavorable clinical outcomes. We offer a thorough review of scientific and clinical insights pertaining to molecular mechanisms behind pathogenesis and the different therapeutic interventions in T1D covering over 20 possible pharmaceutical intervention treatments. The interventions are categorized as immune therapies, treatments targeting islet endocrine dysfunctions, medications with dual modes of action in immune and islet endocrine cells, and combination treatments with a broader spectrum of activity. We suggest that these collective findings can provide a valuable platform to discover new combinatorial synergies in search of the curative disease-modifying intervention for T1D. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This research delves into the underlying causes of T1D and identifies critical mechanisms governing β-cell function in both healthy and diseased states. Thus, we identify specific pathways that could be manipulated by existing or new pharmacological interventions. These interventions fall into several categories: (1) immunomodifying therapies individually targeting immune cell processes, (2) interventions targeting β-cells, (3) compounds that act simultaneously on both immune cell and β-cell pathways, and (4) combinations of compounds simultaneously targeting immune and β-cell pathways.

Acute metformin intake on exercise performance in healthy participants during functional fitness training

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to assess whether prior intake of metformin enhances performance in the FRAN workout, a popular Functional Fitness Training protocol.

METHODS

Fourteen men (mean±SD: 24.2±3.5 years; height: 173.3±7.8 cm; weight: 78.3±14.1 kg; body mass index: 25.9±3.0 kg/m2) participated. During the first visit, anthropometric measurements were taken, and participants performed the FRAN workout. After 72-96 hours, a retest was conducted to establish test-retest reliability. In the third and fourth visits, participants completed the FRAN workout under two conditions: metformin and placebo, using a crossover, counterbalanced, and double-blind design. The FRAN workout consisted of barbell thrusters (43.2 kg) and bodyweight butterfly pull-ups, performed in 21, 15, and 9 repetitions across three rounds.

RESULTS

Significant differences were observed in partial times between rounds (F=28.91; P<0.01), but no significant differences were found between metformin and placebo conditions (F=0.08; P=0.77) or interaction effects (F=0.87; P=0.42). Similarly, total time differed significantly between rounds (F=158.04; P<0.01), with no significant differences between conditions (F=0.02; P=0.88) or interaction effects (F=0.30; P=0.73).

CONCLUSIONS

Acute metformin intake did not enhance FRAN workout performance, nor did it affect heart rate or perceived exertion. Coaches and athletes should consider that metformin's impact on exercise performance appears nonexistent, and its use in this context might not provide the desired ergogenic effect.

Dietary Tannic Acid Improves Hepatic Health and Capacity to Deal with Temperature Fluctuation in the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)

To assess the impact of tannic acid (TA) on the hepatic health of the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, the individuals were fed diets containing 0 (CG), 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g/kg TA diets for 60 days (0 hps). Afterwards, the turtles were challenged with 15 °C cold stress for 24 h (24 hps) and then recovered to 28 °C for 24 h (48 hps). The results indicated that 4 g/kg TA has a significant toxic effect on the turtles after 60-day administration. The hepatic T-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and T-AOC activities in the TA2 were increased at 0 hps and 24 hps (p < 0.05) compared with CG. Similarly, Sod1, Sod2, Cat, Gsh-px3, and Gsh-px4 mRNA levels in the TA2 were higher than in the other four groups at 0 hps and 24 hps (p < 0.05). The histology data showed that 4 g/kg TA induced injuries in liver at 0 hps and after temperature fluctuation, whereas the 2 g/kg TA effectively attenuated the hepatic injuries. A total of 202 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the CG vs. TA2 and 115 DEMs in the LTCG vs. LTTA2 were separately detected by the metabolome. The cephalosporin C, protoporphyrin, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 2-acetamidoethylphosphonat, verbasosid, and norcocain, were obvious DEMs in the CG vs. TA2. Furthermore, valienone 7-phosphate, 5-HETE, pregnanetriolone, 4-keto-anhydrotetracyclin, dephospho-CoA, and lysoPC(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/0:0) were top DEMs in the LTCG vs. LTTA2. The "adipocytokine signaling pathway" and "AMPK signaling pathway" were the key pathways enriched in the CG vs. TA2, while "fatty acid biosynthesis", "steroid biosynthesis", and "linoleic acid metabolism" were most abundant in the LTCG vs. LTTA2. Generally, this research indicated that 2 g/kg TA could protect hepatic health from temperature fluctuations by improving antioxidant capacity, reducing histological injuries, and regulating lipid-related signaling pathways.

Resveratrol-Enhanced Human Neural Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Mitigate MPP+-Induced Neurotoxicity Through Activation of AMPK and Nrf2 Pathways and Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in SH-SY5Y Cells

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are recognized as critical pathological mechanisms driving neurodegeneration in PD. Exosome (Exo)-based therapies, particularly those derived from human neural stem cells (hNSCs), offer promising neuroprotective effects due to their ability to transfer bioactive molecules that modulate cellular processes. Resveratrol (RES), a polyphenolic compound with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has been shown to enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cell (SC)-derived Exos. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of RES-treated hNSCs-derived Exos (RES-hNSCs-Exos) on SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a neurotoxin commonly used to model Parkinsonian neurotoxicity. Treating SH-SY5Y cells with MPP+ led to significant reductions in cell viability, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and the activation of inflammatory pathways. Treatment with RES-hNSCs-Exos rescued SH-SY5Y cells from MPP+-induced toxicity by improving cell viability, enhancing ATP production, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The findings also demonstrated the increased expression of essential genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, such as PGC1α, NRF1, and Tfam, indicating improved mitochondrial function in the presence of RES-hNSCs-Exos. Further analysis revealed that these protective effects were mediated by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Nrf2 signaling pathways, which promoted mitochondrial health and reduced oxidative stress. Moreover, RES-hNSCs-Exos treatment suppressed neuroinflammation by downregulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In conclusion, the results suggest that RES-hNSCs-Exos exhibit potent neuroprotective effects against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity by enhancing mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting neuroinflammation. These findings highlight the potential of hNSCs-Exos as a novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases like PD, with RES as a valuable enhancer of Exos efficacy.

Maternal obesity alters histone modifications mediated by the interaction between EZH2 and AMPK, impairing neural differentiation in the developing embryonic brain cortex

Neurodevelopmental disorders have complex origins that manifest early during embryonic growth and are associated with intricate gene regulation dynamics. A perturbed metabolic environment such as hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia, particularly due to maternal obesity, poses a threat to the optimal development of the embryonic central nervous system. Accumulating evidence suggests that these metabolic irregularities during pregnancy may alter neurogenesis pathways, thereby predisposing the developing fetus to neurodevelopmental disorders. One primary mechanism through which such disruptions may occur involves changes in histone modifications resulting from fluctuations in the expression of histone-modifying enzymes or the availability of their substrates. Herein, we have used a rat model of maternal obesity induced by a high-fat diet before and during gestation to investigate the cellular and molecular repercussions of maternal obesity on embryonic cortical neurogenesis. Maternal obesity impairs neurogenesis by reducing cell proliferation, increasing neuronal marker expression, and shifting development toward astrogliogenesis. Differentially expressed genes revealed disruptions in key developmental signaling pathways and reduced AKT phosphorylation, particularly at E14.5. These changes were associated with epigenetic alterations, mainly the differential expression and phosphorylation of EZH2 and subsequent changes in global histone modifications. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed reduced H3K27me3 at genes upregulated due to maternal obesity, which could have resulted from reduced expression and increased phosphorylation of EZH2 at Thr311. Interestingly, EZH2 also showed increased O-GlcNAcylation in high-fat diet embryos along with increased association with AMPK-Thr172 in accordance with previous studies showing that Ampk catalyzes EZH2-Thr311p. These results suggest that an epigenetic gene regulatory mechanism mediated by Ampk and Ezh2 interactions resulted in reduced H3K27me3 and derepression of key developmental genes, which could have led to cell fate changes observed in the developing embryo brain cortex due to maternal obesity.

AMPK: An energy sensor for non-small cell lung cancer progression and treatment

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in China, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 85 % of the overall lung cancer cases. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of energy balance and homeostasis, and its dysregulation is a common feature in various malignancies, particularly in NSCLC with mutations in Liver kinase B1 (LKB1). Studies have shown that the AMPK signalling pathway has a dual role in NSCLC progression, both inhibiting and promoting the progression of malignant tumours. Therefore, drugs targeting the AMPK signalling pathway may hold significant promise for therapeutic application in NSCLC. This review aims to examine the manifestations and mechanisms by which AMPK and its associated signalling molecules influence NSCLC progression and treatment. Firstly, we discuss the critical importance of AMPK within the mutational context of NSCLC. Secondly, we summarise the drugs and related substances that modulate the AMPK signalling pathway in NSCLC and evaluate the evidence from preclinical studies on combination AMPK-targeted therapies to address the issue of drug resistance in NSCLC under current clinical treatments. In summary, this paper highlights the critical importance of developing AMPK-targeted drugs to enhance therapeutic efficacy in NSCLC, as well as the potential for applying these drugs in clinical therapy to overcome drug resistance.

B-Type Trimeric Procyanidins Attenuate Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis Through AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Oleic Acid-Induced HepG2 Cells and High-Fat Diet- Fed Zebrafish

NAFLD is one of the most common and rapidly increasing liver diseases. Procyanidin C1 and procyanidin C2, B-type trimeric procyanidins, show beneficial effects on regulating lipid metabolism. However, the mechanism underlying these effects remain elusive. Therefore, we investigated the anti-NAFLD effects and mechanisms of procyanidin C1 and procyanidin C2 on HFD- induced zebrafish and OA-treated HepG2 cells. Network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to predict potential targets and analyze intermolecular forces. The results demonstrated that procyanidin C1 and procyanidin C2 significantly reduce lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in both HFD-induced zebrafish and OA-treated HepG2 cell. And, treatment with procyanidin C1 and procyanidin C2 significantly enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve mitochondria function. Furthermore, procyanidin C1 and procyanidin C2 increased phosphorylated AMPKα levels and inhibited phosphorylated mTOR, along with downstream lipogenic proteins such as SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC, SCD-1 and PPARγ.

Monitoring Cellular Energy Balance in Single Cells Using Fluorescent Biosensors for AMPK

5'-Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) senses cellular metabolic status and reflects the balance between ATP production and ATP usage. This balance varies from cell to cell and changes over time, creating a need for methods that can capture cellular heterogeneity and temporal dynamics. Fluorescent biosensors for AMPK activity offer a unique approach to measure metabolic status nondestructively in single cells in real time. In this chapter, we provide a brief rationale for using live-cell biosensors to measure AMPK activity, survey the current AMPK biosensors, and discuss considerations for using this approach. We provide methodology for introducing AMPK biosensors into a cell line of choice, setting up experiments for live-cell fluorescent microscopy of AMPK activity, and calibrating the biosensors using immunoblot data.

Regulatory Role of Flavonoid Baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis on AMPK: A Review

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a ubiquitous sensor of cellular energy and nutrient status in eukaryotic cells. It serves an essential function in the modulation of energy balance and metabolism homeostasis through its regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism and protein metabolism. The dysregulation of AMPK is closely related to a series of systemic diseases, affecting multiple organs and tissues. Baicalin is a natural compound derived from the dry raw root of Scutellaria baicalensis, and it has been found to exhibit several potential pharmacological actions. These include hepatoprotective effects, anti-inflammation effects and anti-tumor effects. These biological activities are related to the regulatory effect of baicalin on the host metabolism, which is closely associated with AMPK modulation. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulatory effect of baicalin on AMPK and its upstream and downstream signaling pathways. The pharmacological properties and underlying mechanism of baicalin for regulating AMPK were summarized with regards to four aspects: regulatory effect of baicalin on AMPK in lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism, regulatory effect of baicalin on AMPK in its pharmacological effect of anti-tumor and anti-inflammation. As a natural compound, baicalin has the potential for the management of certain AMPK-related diseases.

Transgenic Cotton Expressing dsAgCYP6CY3 Significantly Delays the Growth and Development of Aphis gossypii by Inhibiting Its Glycolysis and TCA Cycle

In our previous research, we found that CYP6CY3 not only participates in the detoxification metabolism of neonicotinoid insecticides in cotton aphid but also affects their growth and development. However, how does transgenic cotton expressing dsAgCYP6CY3 affect the growth and development of cotton aphid? In this study, we combined transcriptome and metabolome to analyze how to inhibit the growth and development of cotton aphid treated with transgenic cotton expressing dsAgCYP6CY3-P1 (TG cotton). The results suggested that a total of 509 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on the DESeq method, and a total of 431 differential metabolites (DAMs) were discovered using UPLC-MS in the metabolic analysis. Additionally, multiple DEGs and DAMs of glycolytic and The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathways were significantly down-regulated. Pyruvate carboxylase (PC), citrate synthase (CS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzyme activities and pyruvate content were reduced in cotton aphid treated with TG cotton. In addition, TG cotton could significantly decrease the total sugar content from the body and honeydew in cotton aphid. The above results indicated that TG cotton inhibited glycolysis and the TCA cycle, and this inhibition is consistent with previous studies showing that cotton aphid fed on TG cotton showed significantly reduced body length and weight as well as delayed molting. These findings provide a new strategy for reducing the transmission of viruses by cotton aphid honeydew, preventing fungal growth, mitigating impacts on normal photosynthesis and improving cotton quality.

Insulin-Sensitizing Properties of Decoctions from Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Cucumis prophetarum L

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance and impaired beta-cell secretory function. Since existing treatments often present side effects based on different mechanisms, alternative therapeutic options are needed. In this scenario, the present study first evaluates the cytotoxicity of decoctions from the leaves, stems, and roots of Cucumis prophetarum L. on HepG2 and L6C5 cells. The extracts were chemically investigated by UV-Vis and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic techniques and by ultra high-performance chromatographic techniques, coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Briefly, decoctions from the leaves and stems were mainly composed of apigenin C-glycosides, while the root decoction was rich in raffinose and cucumegastigmane II. To evaluate the insulin-sensitizing properties of the extracts in insulin-resistant L6 myoblasts, an evaluation by Western blot analysis of the proteins in the insulin signaling pathway was then performed. Particularly, key proteins of insulin signaling were investigated, i.e., insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3β), which have gained considerable attention from scientists for the treatment of diabetes. Under all conditions tested, the three decoctions showed low cytotoxicity. The stem and root decoction (300 μg/mL) resulted in a significant increase in the levels of p-IRS-1 (Tyr612), GSK3β (Ser9), and p-AMPK (Thr172) compared to those of the palmitic acid-treated group, and the leaf decoction resulted an increase in the level of p-IRS-1 (Tyr612) and p-AMPK (Thr172) and a decrease in p-GSK3β (Ser9) compared to the levels for the palmitic acid-treated group. The root decoction also reduced the level of p-mToR (Ser2448). Overall, the acquired data demonstrate the effect of reducing insulin resistance induced by the investigated decoctions, opening new scenarios for the evaluation of these effects aimed at counteracting diabetes and related diseases in animal models.

A focus on c-Jun-N-terminal kinase signaling in sepsis-associated multiple organ dysfunction: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by a widespread inflammatory response to infection, inevitably leading to multiple organ dysfunctions. Extensive research, both in vivo and in vitro, has revealed key factors contributing to sepsis, such as apoptosis, inflammation, cytokine release, oxidative stress, and systemic stress. The changes observed during sepsis-induced conditions are mainly attributed to altered signal transduction pathways, which play a critical role in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. C-Jun N-terminal kinases, JNKs, and serine/threonine protein kinases in the mitogen-activated super family have gained considerable interest for their contribution to cellular events under sepsis conditions. JNK1 and JNK2 are present in various tissues like the lungs, liver, and intestine, while JNK3 is found in neurons. The JNK pathway plays a crucial role in the signal transduction of cytokines related to sepsis development, notably TNF-α and IL-1β. Activated JNK leads to apoptosis, causing tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Further, JNK activation is significant in several inflammatory conditions. Pharmacologically inhibiting JNK has been shown to prevent sepsis-associated damage across multiple organs, including the lungs, liver, intestines, heart, and kidneys. Multiple signaling pathways have been implicated in sepsis, including JNK/c-Myc, Mst1-JNK, MKK4-JNK, JNK-dependent autophagy, and Sirt1/FoxO3a. The review examines the role of JNK signaling in the development of sepsis-induced multiple-organ dysfunction through specific mechanisms. It also discusses different therapeutic approaches to target JNK. This review emphasizes the potential of JNKs as targets for the development of therapeutic agents for sepsis and the associated specific organ damage.

DON encapsulated carbon dot-vesicle conjugate in therapeutic intervention of lung adenocarcinoma by dual targeting of CD44 and SLC1A5

Lung adenocarcinoma, recognized as one of the most formidable malignancies with a dismal prognosis and low survival rates, poses a significant challenge in its treatment. This article delineates the design and development of a carbon dot-vesicle conjugate (HACD-TMAV) for efficient cytotoxicity towards lung cancer cells by target selective delivery of the glutamine inhibitor 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) within CD44-enriched A549 cancer cells. HACD-TMAV is composed of hyaluronic acid-based carbon dots (HACDs) and trimesic acid-based vesicles (TMAV), which are bound via electrostatic interactions. TMAVs are formed by positively charged trimesic acid-based amphiphiles through H-type aggregation in water. HACDs were synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal route. The blue-emitting HACD-TMAV conjugate demonstrated selective bioimaging in CD44-overexpressed A549 lung cancer cells due to specific ligand-receptor interactions between HA and CD44. HACD-TMAV exhibited notably improved DON loading efficiency compared to individual nano-vehicles. HACD-TMAV-DON exhibited remarkable (∼6.0-fold higher) cytotoxicity against CD44-overexpressing A549 cells compared to CD44- HepG2 cells and HEK 293 normal cells. Also, DON-loaded HACD-TMAV showed ∼2.0-fold higher cytotoxicity against A549 cells compared to individual carriers and ∼4.5-fold higher cytotoxicity than by DON. Furthermore, HACD-TMAV-DON induced a ∼3.5-fold reduction in the size of 3D tumor spheroids of A549 cells. The enhanced anticancer effectiveness was attributed to starvation of the A549 cells of glutamine by dual targeting of glutamine metabolism and solute linked carrier family 1 member A5 (SLC1A5) through HA-linked CD44-mediated targeted delivery of DON. This led to over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induced apoptosis of cancer cells through downregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade.

LdAMPKα2 knockdown accelerated the growth but depressed the chitin biosynthesis in Lymantria dispar larvae

AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is a crucial cellular energy sensor across all eukaryotic species. Its multiple roles in maintaining energy homeostasis, regulating cellular metabolic processes have been widely investigated in mammals. In contrast, the function of AMPK in insects has been less reported. Here, we successfully identified three AMPK subunits from Lymantria dispar (L. dispar), a Lepidoptera pest in forestry. Based on that, in particular, the role of AMPK signaling in regulating larval development, as well as chitin biosynthesis was investigated by the application of RNAi-mediated LdAMPKα2 knockdown. The results indicated that knockdown of LdAMPKα2 significantly increased the body weight of L. dispar larvae, and dramatically upregulated the expression of LdmTOR, LdS6K and LdSREBP1, the key genes in mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway. While, it significantly reduced the expression of Ld4EBP, a critical repressor of mTOR pathway. Besides, the glucose level was increased and trehalose level was decreased in L. dispar after LdAMPKα2 silencing. Furthermore, we found that the chitin content in the epidermis, as well as the expressions of four key genes in the chitin biosynthesis pathway, LdGFAT, LdPAGM, LdUAP and LdCHSA, were significantly decreased after LdAMPKα2 knockdown. Taken together, these results revealed that AMPK signaling played a pivotal role in regulating the growth and development, as well as carbohydrate metabolism and chitin biosynthesis in L. dispar larvae. The findings expand our understanding of the comprehensive regulatory role of AMPK signaling in insects.

Anti-bacterial effects, and metabolites derived from bifidobacterial fermentation of an exopolysaccharide of Cs-HK1 medicinal fungus

This study was to investigate the antibacterial effects and metabolites derived from bifidobacterial fermentation of an exopolysaccharide EPS-LM produced by a medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis, Cs-HK1. EPS-LM was a partially purified polysaccharide fraction which was mainly composed of Man, Glc and Gal at 7.31:12.95:1.00 mol ratio with a maximum molecular weight of 360 kDa. After fermentation of EPS-LM in two bifidobacterial cultures, B. breve and B. longum, the culture digesta showed significant antibacterial activities, inhibiting the proliferation and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli. Based on untargeted metabolomic profiling of the digesta, the levels of short chain fatty acids, carboxylic acids, benzenoids and their derivatives were all increased significantly (p < 0.01), which probably contributed to the enhanced antibacterial activity by EPS-LM. Since EPS-LM was only slightly consumed for the bifidobacterial growth, it mainly stimulated the biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites in the bifidobacterial cells. The results also suggested that EPS-LM polysaccharide may have a regulatory function on the bifidobacterial metabolism leading to production of antibacterial metabolites, which may be of significance for further exploration.

Orchestrating AMPK/mTOR signaling to initiate melittin-induced mitophagy: A neuroprotective strategy against Parkinson's disease

Apitherapy has a long history in treating Parkinson's disease (PD) in humans, with evidence suggesting that bee venom (BV) can mitigate Parkinson's symptoms. Central to BV's effects is melittin (MLT), a principal peptide whose neuroprotective mechanisms in PD are not fully understood. The study investigated the effects of MLT on an experimental PD model in mice and dopaminergic neuron cells, induced by MPTP or MPP+. We concentrate on the autophagic response elicited by MLT during PD pathogenesis. The findings showed that MLT was shown to protect against MPP+/MPTP cytotoxicity and preserve tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels, indicating neuronal safeguarding. Remarkably, MLT instigated mitophagy, enhancing mitochondrial homeostasis in MPP+-exposed SH-SY5Y cells. Further, MLT's promotion of mitophagy was confirmed to be AMPK/mTOR signaling-dependent. Validation using Bafilomycin A1, an autophagy inhibitor, confirmed MLT's neuroprotective role, with autophagy inhibition negating MLT's benefits and reducing TH preservation. These findings illuminate MLT's therapeutic potential, particularly its modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD pathology. Our research advances the understanding of MLT's mechanistic action, emphasizing its role in mitochondrial autophagy and AMPK/mTOR signaling, offering a novel perspective beyond the symptomatic relief associated with BV.

Energy and endoplasmic reticulum stress induction by gold(III) dithiocarbamate and 2-deoxyglucose synergistically trigger cell death in breast cancer

The elusiveness of triple-negative breast cancer from targeted therapy has redirected focus towards exploiting the metabolic shortcomings of these highly metastatic subtypes of breast cancer. Cueing from the metabolic heterogeneity of TNBC and the exposition of the dual dependence of some TNBCs on OXPHOS and glycolysis for ATP, we herein report the efficacy of cotreatment of TNBCs with an OXPHOS inhibitor, 2a and 2DG, a potent glycolysis inhibitor. 2a-2DG cotreatment inhibited TNBC cell proliferation with IC50 of ∼5 to 36 times lower than that of 2a alone and over 5000 times lower than IC50 of 2DG alone. 2a-2DG cotreatment suppressed mitochondrial ATP production and significantly induced AMPK activation. Mechanistic studies revealed the distinct yet synergistic contributions of 2a and 2DG to the antiproliferative effect of the cotreatment. While 2a induced apoptotic cell death, 2DG sensitized TNBCs to the antiproliferative effects of 2a via endoplasmic reticulum stress induction. Strikingly, the combination of 2a-2DG ablated SUM159 tumors in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. This study highlights the synergistic effect of a gold-based complex with 2DG and the potential benefit of multi-metabolic pathways targeting as an effective therapeutic strategy against TNBCs.

TREM2 aggravates sepsis by inhibiting fatty acid oxidation via the SHP1/BTK axis

Impaired fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and the therapeutic benefits of FAO restoration have been revealed in sepsis. However, the regulatory factors contributing to FAO dysfunction during sepsis remain inadequately clarified. In this study, we identified a subset of lipid-associated macrophages characterized by high expression of trigger receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and demonstrated that TREM2 acted as a suppressor of FAO to increase the susceptibility to sepsis. TREM2 expression was markedly upregulated in sepsis patients and correlated with the severity of sepsis. Knockout of TREM2 in macrophages improved the survival rate and reduced inflammation and organ injuries of sepsis mice. Notably, TREM2-deficient mice exhibited decreased triglyceride accumulation and an enhanced FAO rate. Further observations showed that the blockade of FAO substantially abolished the alleviated symptoms observed in TREM2-knockout mice. Mechanically, we demonstrated that TREM2 interacted with the phosphatase SHP1 to inhibit bruton tyrosine kinase-mediated (BTK-mediated) FAO in sepsis. Our findings expand the understanding of FAO dysfunction in sepsis and reveal TREM2 as a critical regulator of FAO that may provide a promising target for the clinical treatment of sepsis.

Suppression of neuronal AMPKβ2 isoform impairs recognition memory and synaptic plasticity

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an αβγ heterotrimer protein kinase that functions as a molecular sensor to maintain energy homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests a role of AMPK signaling in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and cognitive function; however, isoform-specific roles of AMPK in the central nervous system (CNS) remain elusive. Regulation of the AMPK activities has focused on the manipulation of the α or γ subunit. Meanwhile, accumulating evidence indicates that the β subunit is critical for sensing nutrients such as fatty acids and glycogen to control AMPK activity. Here, we generated transgenic mice with conditional suppression of either AMPKβ1 or β2 in neurons and characterized potential isoform-specific roles of AMPKβ in cognitive function and underlying mechanisms. We found that AMPKβ2 (but not β1) suppression resulted in impaired recognition memory, reduced hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and altered structure of hippocampal postsynaptic densities and dendritic spines. Our study implicates a role for the AMPKβ2 isoform in the regulation of synaptic and cognitive function.

Multi-omics analysis reveals phenylalanine enhance mitochondrial function and hypoxic endurance via LKB1/AMPK activation

Many studies have focused on the effects of small molecules, such as amino acids, on metabolism under hypoxia. Recent findings have indicated that phenylalanine levels were markedly elevated in adaptation to chronic hypoxia. This raises the possibility that phenylalanine treatment could markedly improve the hypoxic endurance. However, the importance of hypoxia-regulated phenylalanine is still unclear. This study investigates the role of phenylalanine in hypoxia adaptation using a hypoxic zebrafish model and multi-omics analysis. We found that phenylalanine-related metabolic pathways are significantly up-regulated under hypoxia, contributing to enhanced hypoxic endurance. Phenylalanine treatment reduced ROS levels, improved mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in hypoxic cells. Western blotting revealed increased phenylalanine uptake via L-type amino transporters (LAT1), activating the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. This activation up-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, while down-regulating uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), thereby improving mitochondrial function under hypoxia. This is the first comprehensive multi-omics analysis to demonstrate phenylalanine's crucial role in hypoxia adaptation, providing insights for the development of anti-hypoxic drugs.

AMPK agonism optimizes the in vivo persistence and anti-leukemia efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cells

BACKGROUND

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CART) therapy has seen great clinical success. However, up to 50% of leukemia patients relapse and long-term survivor data indicate that CART cell persistence is key to enforcing relapse-free survival. Unfortunately, ex vivo expansion protocols often drive metabolic and functional exhaustion, reducing in vivo efficacy. Preclinical models have demonstrated that redirecting metabolism ex vivo can improve in vivo T cell function and we hypothesized that exposure to an agonist targeting the metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), would create CARTs capable of both efficient leukemia clearance and increased in vivo persistence.

METHODS

CART cells were generated from healthy human via lentiviral transduction. Following activation, cells were exposed to either Compound 991 or DMSO for 96 hours, followed by a 48-hour washout. During and after agonist treatment, T cells were harvested for metabolic and functional assessments. To test in vivo efficacy, immunodeficient mice were injected with luciferase+ NALM6 leukemia cells, followed one week later by either 991- or DMSO-expanded CARTs. Leukemia burden and anti-leukemia efficacy was assessed via radiance imaging and overall survival.

RESULTS

Human T cells expanded in Compound 991 activated AMPK without limiting cellular expansion and gained both mitochondrial density and improved handling of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, receipt of 991-exposed CARTs significantly improved in vivo leukemia clearance, prolonged recipient survival, and increased CD4+ T cell yields at early times post-injection. Ex vivo, 991 agonist treatment mimicked nutrient starvation, increased autophagic flux, and promoted generation of mitochondrially-protective metabolites.

DISCUSSION

Ex vivo expansion processes are necessary to generate sufficient cell numbers, but often promote sustained activation and differentiation, negatively impacting in vivo persistence and function. Here, we demonstrate that promoting AMPK activity during CART expansion metabolically reprograms cells without limiting T cell yield, enhances in vivo anti-leukemia efficacy, and improves CD4+ in vivo persistence. Importantly, AMPK agonism achieves these results without further modifying the expansion media, changing the CART construct, or genetically altering the cells. Altogether, these data highlight AMPK agonism as a potent and readily translatable approach to improve the metabolic profile and overall efficacy of cancer-targeting T cells.

Phytochemicals regulate cancer metabolism through modulation of the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Due to the complex pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cancer progression and metastasis, current therapeutic approaches lack efficacy and have significant adverse effects. Therefore, it is essential to establish novel strategies for combating cancer. Phytochemicals, which possess multiple biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, anti-angiogenesis, and antimetastatic properties, can regulate cancer progression and interfere in various stages of cancer development by suppressing various signaling pathways.

METHODS

The current systematic and comprehensive review was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria, using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct, until the end of December 2023. After excluding unrelated articles, 111 related articles were included in this systematic review.

RESULTS

In this current review, the major signaling pathways of cancer metabolism are highlighted with the promising anticancer role of phytochemicals. This was through their ability to regulate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. The AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism via targeting energy homeostasis and mitochondria biogenesis, glucose oxidation, and fatty acid oxidation, thereby generating ATP for cell growth. As a result, targeting this signaling pathway may represent a novel approach to cancer treatment. Accordingly, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpene/terpenoids, and miscellaneous phytochemicals have been introduced as promising anticancer agents by regulating the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Novel delivery systems of phytochemicals targeting the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in combating cancer are also highlighted in this review.

Pip5k1γ promotes anabolism of nucleus pulposus cells and intervertebral disc homeostasis by activating CaMKII-Ampk pathway in aged mice

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) represents a significant global health challenge, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the role of type 1 phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (Pip5k1) in intervertebral disc (IVD) homeostasis and disease. All three Pip5k1 isoforms, namely Pip5k1α, Pip5k1β, and Pip5k1γ, were detectable in mouse and human IVD tissues, with Pip5k1γ displaying a highest expression in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. The expression of Pip5k1γ was significantly down-regulated in the NP cells of aged mice and patients with severe DDD. To determine whether Pip5k1γ expression is required for disc homeostasis, we generated a Pip5k1γfl/fl; AggrecanCreERT2 mouse model for the conditional knockout of the Pip5k1γ gene in aggrecan-expressing IVD cells. Our findings revealed that the conditional deletion of Pip5k1γ did not affect the disc structure or cellular composition in 5-month-old adult mice. However, in aged (15-month-old) mice, this deletion led to several severe degenerative disc defects, including decreased NP cellularity, spontaneous fibrosis and cleft formation, and a loss of the boundary between NP and annulus fibrosus. At the molecular level, the absence of Pip5k1γ reduced the anabolism of NP cells without markedly affecting their catabolic or anti-catabolic activities. Moreover, the loss of Pip5k1γ significantly dampened the activation of the protective Ampk pathway in NP cells, thereby accelerating NP cell senescence. Notably, Pip5k1γ deficiency blunted the effectiveness of metformin, a potent Ampk activator, in activating the Ampk pathway and mitigating lumbar spine instability (LSI)-induced disc lesions in mice. Overall, our study unveils a novel role for Pip5k1γ in promoting anabolism and maintaining disc homeostasis, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for DDD.

LncRNAs are involved in regulating ageing and age-related disease through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signalling pathway

A long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is longer than 200 bp. It regulates various biological processes mainly by interacting with DNA, RNA, or protein in multiple kinds of biological processes. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated during nutrient starvation, especially glucose starvation and oxygen deficiency (hypoxia), and exposure to toxins that inhibit mitochondrial respiratory chain complex function. AMPK is an energy switch in organisms that controls cell growth and multiple cellular processes, including lipid and glucose metabolism, thereby maintaining intracellular energy homeostasis by activating catabolism and inhibiting anabolism. The AMPK signalling pathway consists of AMPK and its upstream and downstream targets. AMPK upstream targets include proteins such as the transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), liver kinase B1 (LKB1), and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase β (CaMKKβ), and its downstream targets include proteins such as the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), and silencing information regulatory 1 (SIRT1). In general, proteins function relatively independently and cooperate. In this article, a review of the currently known lncRNAs involved in the AMPK signalling pathway is presented and insights into the regulatory mechanisms involved in human ageing and age-related diseases are provided.

Effects of long-term metformin administration associated with high-intensity interval training on physical performance, glycogen concentration, GLUT-4 content, and NMR-based metabolomics in healthy rats

The aim was to investigate the long-term effects of metformin ingestion on high-intensity interval training on performance, glycogen concentration (GC), GLUT-4 content, and metabolomics outcomes in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into baseline, metformin (500 mg daily), and control groups. Training consisted of 4 sets of 10 jumps with 30 s of passive recovery per day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. The intensity equivalent was 50% of body mass (BM) in the first four weeks and 70% of BM in the last four weeks. The animals were submitted to a weekly jump test until exhaustion at 50% of BM. Serum and tissues were collected at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks for biochemical and metabolomics analysis. The number of jumps increased in the Control group without a significant difference between groups at 4 and 8 weeks. GLUT4 was lower in the gastrocnemius muscle in the Metformin at the fourth week compared to Control (P=0.03) and compared to Metformin (P=0.02) and Control (P=0.01) at eight weeks. Hepatic and soleus GC were not altered by metformin. Gastrocnemius GC was lower after 8 weeks in the Metformin group compared to Control (P=0.01). Significantly lower levels of pyruvate and phenylalanine and higher levels of ethanol, formate, betaine, very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and creatine were found in the Metformin compared to the Control. Although chronic administration of metformin decreased food intake and negatively influenced the synthesis of muscle glycogen, it did not significantly change physical performance compared to the Control.

Pathophysiology of Severe Burn Injuries: New Therapeutic Opportunities From a Systems Perspective

Severe burn injury elicits a profound stress response with the potential for high morbidity and mortality. If polytrauma is present, patient outcomes appear to be worse. Sex-based comparisons indicate females have worse outcomes than males. There are few effective drug therapies to treat burn shock and secondary injury progression. The lack of effective drugs appears to arise from the current treat-as-you-go approach rather than a more integrated systems approach. In this review, we present a brief history of burns research and discuss its pathophysiology from a systems' perspective. The severe burn injury phenotype appears to develop from a rapid and relentless barrage of damage-associated molecular patterns, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and neural afferent signals, which leads to a state of hyperinflammation, immune dysfunction, coagulopathy, hypermetabolism, and intense pain. We propose that if the central nervous system control of cardiovascular function and endothelial-glycocalyx-mitochondrial coupling can be restored early, these secondary injury processes may be minimized. The therapeutic goal is to switch the injury phenotype to a healing phenotype by reducing fluid leak and maintaining tissue O2 perfusion. Currently, no systems-based therapies exist to treat severe burns. We have been developing a small-volume fluid therapy comprising adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium (ALM) to treat hemorrhagic shock, traumatic brain injury, and sepsis. Our early studies indicate that the ALM therapy holds some promise in supporting cardiovascular and pulmonary functions following severe burns. Future research will investigate the ability of ALM therapy to treat severe burns with polytrauma and sex disparities, and potential translation to humans.

Isoform-specific effects of neuronal inhibition of AMPK catalytic subunit on LTD impairments in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Synaptic dysfunction is highly correlated with cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common dementia syndrome in the elderly. Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are two primary forms of synaptic plasticity with opposite direction of synaptic efficiency change. Both LTD and LTD are considered to mediate the cellular process of learning and memory. Substantial studies demonstrate AD-associated deficiency of both LTP and LTD. Meanwhile, the molecular signaling mechanisms underlying impairment of synaptic plasticity, particularly LTD, are poorly understood. By taking advantage of the novel transgenic mouse models recently developed in our lab, here we aimed to investigate the roles of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central molecular senor that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, in regulation of LTD phenotypes in AD. We found that brain-specific suppression of the AMPKα1 isoform (but not AMPKα2 isoform) was able to alleviate mGluR-LTD deficits in APP/PS1 AD mouse model. Moreover, suppression of either AMPKα isoform failed to alleviate AD-related NMDAR-dependent LTD deficits. Taken together with our recent studies on roles of AMPK signaling in AD pathophysiology, the data indicate isoform-specific roles of AMPK in mediating AD-associated synaptic and cognitive impairments.

Low-dose hexavalent chromium induces mitophagy in rat liver via the AMPK-related PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a hazardous metallic compound commonly used in industrial processes. The liver, responsible for metabolism and detoxification, is the main target organ of Cr(VI). Toxicity experiments were performed to investigate the impacts of low-dose exposure to Cr(VI) on rat livers. It was revealed that exposure of 0.05 mg/kg potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and 0.25 mg/kg K2Cr2O7 notably increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the expressions of P-AMPK, P-ULK, PINK1, P-Parkin, and LC3II/LC3I, and significantly reduced SOD activity and P-mTOR and P62 expression levels in liver. Electron microscopy showed that CR(VI) exposure significantly increased mitophagy and the destruction of mitochondrial structure. This study simulates the respiratory exposure mode of CR(VI) workers through intratracheal instillation of CR(VI) in rats. It confirms that autophagy in hepatocytes is induced by low concentrations of CR(VI) and suggest that the liver damage caused by CR(VI) may be associated with the AMPK-related PINK/Parkin signaling pathway.

A phosphatase-like nanomaterial promotes autophagy and reprograms macrophages for cancer immunotherapy

Macrophages are plastic and play a key role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In cancer progression, macrophages also take part in all processes, from initiation to progression, to final tumor metastasis. Although energy deprivation and autophagy are widely used for cancer therapy, most of these strategies do not target macrophages, resulting in undesired effects and unsatisfactory outcomes for cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we developed a lanthanum nickel oxide (LNO) nanozyme with phosphatase-like activity for ATP hydrolysis. Meanwhile, the autophagy of macrophages induced by LNO promotes the polarization of macrophages from M2-like macrophages (M2) to M1-like macrophages (M1) and reduces tumor-associated macrophages in tumor-bearing mice, exhibiting the capability of killing tumor-associated macrophages and antitumor effects in vivo. Furthermore, pre-coating the surface of LNO with a myeloid cell membrane significantly enhanced antitumor immunity. Our findings demonstrate that phosphatase-like nanozyme LNO can specifically induce macrophage autophagy, which improves therapeutic efficacy and offers valuable strategies for cancer immunotherapy.

The role of AMPKα subunit in Alzheimer's disease: In-depth analysis and future prospects

The AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) subunit is the catalytic subunit in the AMPK complex, playing a crucial role in AMPK activation. It has two isoforms: AMPKα1 and AMPKα2. Emerging evidence suggests that the AMPKα subunit exhibits subtype-specific effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review discusses the role of the AMPKα subunit in the pathogenesis of AD, including its impact on β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology, Tau pathology, metabolic disorders, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammasome and pyroptosis. Additionally, it reviews the distinct roles of its isoforms, AMPKα1 and AMPKα2, in AD, which may provide more precise targets for future drug development in AD.

Energy Metabolism and Metformin: Effects on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplantation

Metformin (MTF) is the only biguanide included in the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines; representing a widespread drug in the management of diabetes mellitus. With its accessibility and affordability being one of its biggest assets, it has become the target of interest for many trying to find alternative treatments for varied pathologies. Over time, an increasing body of evidence has shown additional roles of MTF, with unexpected interactions of benefit in other diseases. Metformin (MTF) holds significant promise in mitigating ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), particularly in the realm of organ transplantation. As acceptance criteria for organ transplants expand, IRI during the preservation phase remain a major concern within the transplant community, prompting a keen interest in MTF's effects. Emerging evidence suggests that administering MTF during reperfusion may activate the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway. This pathway is pivotal in alleviating IRI in transplant recipients, potentially leading to improved outcomes such as reduced rates of organ rejection. This review aims to contextualize MTF historically, explore its current uses, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics, and link these aspects to the pathophysiology of IRI to illuminate its potential future role in transplantation. A comprehensive survey of the current literature highlights MTF's potential to recondition and protect against IRI by attenuating free radical damage, activating AMP-activated protein kinase to preserve cellular energy and promote repair, as well as directly reducing inflammation and enhancing microcirculation.

Reduced adipocyte glutaminase activity promotes energy expenditure and metabolic health

Glutamine and glutamate are interconverted by several enzymes and alterations in this metabolic cycle are linked to cardiometabolic traits. Herein, we show that obesity-associated insulin resistance is characterized by decreased plasma and white adipose tissue glutamine-to-glutamate ratios. We couple these stoichiometric changes to perturbed fat cell glutaminase and glutamine synthase messenger RNA and protein abundance, which together promote glutaminolysis. In human white adipocytes, reductions in glutaminase activity promote aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative capacity via increases in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α abundance, lactate levels and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling. Systemic glutaminase inhibition in male and female mice, or genetically in adipocytes of male mice, triggers the activation of thermogenic gene programs in inguinal adipocytes. Consequently, the knockout mice display higher energy expenditure and improved glucose tolerance compared to control littermates, even under high-fat diet conditions. Altogether, our findings highlight white adipocyte glutamine turnover as an important determinant of energy expenditure and metabolic health.

Insulin signaling and mitochondrial phenotype of skeletal muscle are programmed in utero by maternal diabetes

Maternal diabetes may influence glucose metabolism in adult offspring, an area with limited research on underlying mechanisms. Our study explored the impact of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy on insulin resistance development. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats from control and diabetic mothers were mated, and their female offspring were monitored for 150 days. The rats were euthanized for blood and muscle samples. Maternal diabetes led to heightened insulin levels, increased HOMA-IR, elevated triglycerides, and a raised TyG index in adult offspring. Muscle samples showed a decreased protein expression of AMPK, PI3K, MAPK, DRP1, and MFF. These changes induced intergenerational metabolic programming in female pups, resulting in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance by day 150. Findings highlight the offspring's adaptation to maternal hyperglycemia, involving insulin resistance, metabolic alterations, the downregulation of insulin signaling sensors, and disturbed mitochondrial morphology. Maintaining maternal glycemic control emerges as crucial in mitigating diabetes-associated disorders in adult offspring.

Sch9S6K controls DNA repair and DNA damage response efficiency in aging cells

Survival from UV-induced DNA lesions relies on nucleotide excision repair (NER) and the Mec1ATR DNA damage response (DDR). We study DDR and NER in aging cells and find that old cells struggle to repair DNA and activate Mec1ATR. We employ pharmacological and genetic approaches to rescue DDR and NER during aging. Conditions activating Snf1AMPK rescue DDR functionality, but not NER, while inhibition of the TORC1-Sch9S6K axis restores NER and enhances DDR by tuning PP2A activity, specifically in aging cells. Age-related repair deficiency depends on Snf1AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of Sch9S6K on Ser160 and Ser163. PP2A activity in old cells is detrimental for DDR and influences NER by modulating Snf1AMPK and Sch9S6K. Hence, the DDR and repair pathways in aging cells are influenced by the metabolic tuning of opposing AMPK and TORC1 networks and by PP2A activity. Specific Sch9S6K phospho-isoforms control DDR and NER efficiency, specifically during aging.

Shear Stress-Induced AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Modulation in Endothelial Cells: Its Role in Metabolic Adaptions and Cardiovascular Disease

Endothelial cells (ECs) line the inner surface of all blood vessels and form a barrier that facilitates the controlled transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the circulatory system to surrounding tissues. Exposed to both laminar and turbulent blood flow, ECs are continuously subject to differential mechanical stimulation. It has been well established that the shear stress associated with laminar flow (LF) is atheroprotective, while shear stress in areas with turbulent flow (TF) correlates with EC dysfunction. Moreover, ECs show metabolic adaptions to physiological changes, such as metabolic shifts from quiescence to a proliferative state during angiogenesis. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is at the center of these phenomena. AMPK has a central role as a metabolic sensor in several cell types. Moreover, in ECs, AMPK is mechanosensitive, linking mechanosensation with metabolic adaptions. Finally, recent studies indicate that AMPK dysregulation is at the center of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and that pharmacological targeting of AMPK is a promising and novel strategy to treat CVDs such as atherosclerosis or ischemic injury. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge relevant to this topic, with a focus on shear stress-induced AMPK modulation and its consequences for vascular health and disease.

Pin1 Exacerbates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Enhancing Its Activity through Binding to ACC1

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological syndrome characterized by diffuse hepatocellular steatosis due to fatty deposits in hepatocytes, excluding alcohol and other known liver injury factors. However, there are no specific drugs for the clinical treatment of NAFLD. Therefore, research on the pathogenesis of NAFLD at the cellular and molecular levels is a promising approach to finding therapeutic targets and developing targeted drugs for NAFLD. Pin1 is highly expressed during adipogenesis and contributes to adipose differentiation, but its specific mechanism of action in NAFLD is unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of Pin1 in promoting the development of NAFLD and its potential mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. First, Pin1 was verified in the NAFLD model in vitro using MCD diet-fed mice by Western Blot, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays. In the in vitro study, we used the oleic acid (OA) stimulation-induced lipid accumulation model and examined the lipid accumulation in each group of cells by oil red O staining as well as BODIPY staining. The results showed that knockdown of Pin1 inhibited lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in an in vitro lipid accumulation model and improved lipid indices and liver injury levels. Moreover, in vivo, WT and Pin1-KO mice were fed a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet for 4 weeks to induce the NAFLD model. The effects of Pin1 on lipid accumulation, hepatic fibrosis, and oxidative stress were evaluated by biochemical analysis, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, histological analysis, IHC, RT-qPCR and Western blot assays. The results indicate that Pin1 knockdown significantly alleviated hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation in MCD-induced NAFLD mice, improved glucose tolerance and alleviated insulin resistance in mice. Further studies showed that the AMPK/ACC1 signalling pathway might take part in the process by which Pin1 regulates NAFLD, as evidenced by the inhibition of the AMPK/ACC1 pathway. In addition, immunofluorescence (IF), coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and GST pull-down experiments also showed that Pin1 interacts directly with ACC1 and inhibits ACC1 phosphorylation levels. Our study suggests that Pin1 promotes NAFLD progression by inhibiting the activation of the AMPK/ACC1 signalling pathway, and it is possible that this effect is achieved by Pin1 interacting with ACC1 and inhibiting the phosphorylation of ACC1.

Rotenone activates the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway to induce autophagy and apoptosis in rat thoracic aortic endothelial cells

BACKGROUND

The specific mechanism by which rotenone impacts thoracic aortic autophagy and apoptosis is unknown. We aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of rotenone on autophagy and apoptosis in rat thoracic aortic endothelial cells (RTAEC) via activation of the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of rotenone on autophagy and apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells.

METHODS

In vivo, 60 male SD rats were randomly selected and divided into 5 groups: control (Con), DMSO, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg groups, respectively. After 28 days of treatment, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in each group were observed using HE and transmission electron microscopy; Autophagy, apoptosis, and LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 pathway-related proteins were detected by Western blot; Apoptosis levels in the thoracic aorta were detected by TUNEL. In vitro, RTAEC were cultured and divided into control (Con), DMSO, 20, 100, 500, and 1000 nM groups. After 24 h of intervention, autophagy, apoptosis, and LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 pathway-related factors were detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR; Flow cytometry to detect apoptosis levels; Autophagy was inhibited with 3-MA and CQ to detect apoptosis levels, and changes in autophagy, apoptosis, and downstream factors were detected by the AMPK inhibitor CC intervention.

RESULTS

Gavage in SD rats for 28 days, some degree of damage was observed in the thoracic aorta and heart of the rotenone group, as well as the appearance of autophagic vesicles was observed in the thoracic aorta. TUNEL analysis revealed higher apoptosis in the rotenone group's thoracic aorta; RTAEC cultured in vitro, after 24 h of rotenone intervention, showed increased ROS production and significantly decreased ATP production. The flow cytometry data suggested an increase in the number of apoptotic RTAEC. The thoracic aorta and RTAEC in the rotenone group displayed elevated levels of autophagy and apoptosis, and the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 pathway proteins were activated and expressed at higher levels. Apoptosis and autophagy were both suppressed by the autophagy inhibitors 3-MA and CQ. The AMPK inhibitor CC reduced autophagy and apoptosis in RTAEC and suppressed the production of the AMPK downstream factors ULK1 and P-ULK1.

CONCLUSIONS

Rotenone may promote autophagy in the thoracic aorta and RTAEC by activating the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis.

Exploring carbon source related localization and phosphorylation in the Snf1/Mig1 network using population and single cell-based approaches

The AMPK/SNF1 pathway governs energy balance in eukaryotic cells, notably influencing glucose de-repression. In S. cerevisiae, Snf1 is phosphorylated and hence activated upon glucose depletion. This activation is required but is not sufficient for mediating glucose de-repression, indicating further glucose-dependent regulation mechanisms. Employing fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in conjunction with non-linear mixed effects modelling, we explore the spatial dynamics of Snf1 as well as the relationship between Snf1 phosphorylation and its target Mig1 controlled by hexose sugars. Our results suggest that inactivation of Snf1 modulates Mig1 localization and that the kinetic of Snf1 localization to the nucleus is modulated by the presence of non-fermentable carbon sources. Our data offer insight into the true complexity of regulation of this central signaling pathway in orchestrating cellular responses to fluctuating environmental cues. These insights not only expand our understanding of glucose homeostasis but also pave the way for further studies evaluating the importance of Snf1 localization in relation to its phosphorylation state and regulation of downstream targets.

Guanidinoacetic acid ameliorates hepatic steatosis and inflammation and promotes white adipose tissue browning in middle-aged mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative that plays a critical role in energy metabolism. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has emerged supporting the importance of GAA in metabolic dysfunction. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effects of GAA on hepatic and adipose tissue metabolism, as well as systemic inflammatory responses in obese middle-aged mice models and attempted to explore the underlying mechanism. We found that dietary supplementation of GAA inhibited inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) hypertrophy in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. In addition, GAA supplementation observably decreased the levels of some systemic inflammatory factors, including IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Intriguingly, GAA supplementation ameliorated hepatic steatosis and lipid deposition in HFD-fed mice, which was revealed by decreased levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, PPARγ, SREBP-1c, FASN, ACC, FABP1, and APOB and increased levels of HDL-C in the liver. Moreover, GAA supplementation increased the expression of browning markers and mitochondrial-related genes in the iWAT. Further investigation showed that dietary GAA promoted the browning of the iWAT via activating the AMPK/Sirt1 signaling pathway and might be associated with futile creatine cycling in obese mice. These results indicate that GAA has the potential to be used as an effective ingredient in dietary interventions and thus may play an important role in ameliorating and preventing HFD-induced obesity and related metabolic diseases.

Mitochondrial Kinase Signaling for Cardioprotection

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is reduced by cardioprotective adaptations such as local or remote ischemic conditioning. The cardioprotective stimuli activate signaling cascades, which converge on mitochondria and maintain the function of the organelles, which is critical for cell survival. The signaling cascades include not only extracellular molecules that activate sarcolemmal receptor-dependent or -independent protein kinases that signal at the plasma membrane or in the cytosol, but also involve kinases, which are located to or within mitochondria, phosphorylate mitochondrial target proteins, and thereby modify, e.g., respiration, the generation of reactive oxygen species, calcium handling, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, or apoptosis. In the present review, we give a personal and opinionated overview of selected protein kinases, localized to/within myocardial mitochondria, and summarize the available data on their role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and protection from it. We highlight the regulation of mitochondrial function by these mitochondrial protein kinases.

Context-dependent modification of PFKFB3 in hematopoietic stem cells promotes anaerobic glycolysis and ensures stress hematopoiesis

Metabolic pathways are plastic and rapidly change in response to stress or perturbation. Current metabolic profiling techniques require lysis of many cells, complicating the tracking of metabolic changes over time after stress in rare cells such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, we aimed to identify the key metabolic enzymes that define differences in glycolytic metabolism between steady-state and stress conditions in murine HSCs and elucidate their regulatory mechanisms. Through quantitative 13C metabolic flux analysis of glucose metabolism using high-sensitivity glucose tracing and mathematical modeling, we found that HSCs activate the glycolytic rate-limiting enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) during proliferation and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibition. Real-time measurement of ATP levels in single HSCs demonstrated that proliferative stress or OXPHOS inhibition led to accelerated glycolysis via increased activity of PFKFB3, the enzyme regulating an allosteric PFK activator, within seconds to meet ATP requirements. Furthermore, varying stresses differentially activated PFKFB3 via PRMT1-dependent methylation during proliferative stress and via AMPK-dependent phosphorylation during OXPHOS inhibition. Overexpression of Pfkfb3 induced HSC proliferation and promoted differentiated cell production, whereas inhibition or loss of Pfkfb3 suppressed them. This study reveals the flexible and multilayered regulation of HSC glycolytic metabolism to sustain hematopoiesis under stress and provides techniques to better understand the physiological metabolism of rare hematopoietic cells.

Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity Induces Progressive Changes in Myocardial Metabolism and Mitochondrial Quality Control: Novel Therapeutic Target

Background

Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) debilitates quality of life in cancer survivors. Serial characterizations are lacking of the molecular processes occurring with AIC.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to characterize AIC progression in a mouse model from early (subclinical) to advanced heart failure stages, with an emphasis on cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial structure and function.

Methods

CD1 mice received 5 weekly intraperitoneal doxorubicin injections (5 mg/kg) and were followed by serial echocardiography for 15 weeks. At 1, 9, and 15 weeks after the doxorubicin injections, mice underwent fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, and hearts were extracted for microscopy and molecular analysis.

Results

Cardiac atrophy was evident at 1 week post-doxorubicin (left ventricular [LV] mass 117 ± 26 mg vs 97 ± 25 mg at baseline and 1 week, respectively; P < 0.001). Cardiac mass nadir was observed at week 3 post-doxorubicin (79 ± 16 mg; P = 0.002 vs baseline), remaining unchanged thereafter. Histology confirmed significantly reduced cardiomyocyte area (167 ± 19 μm2 in doxorubicin-treated mice vs 211 ± 26 μm2 in controls; P = 0.004). LV ejection fraction declined from week 6 post-doxorubicin (49% ± 9% vs 61% ± 9% at baseline; P < 0.001) until the end of follow-up at 15 weeks (43% ± 8%; P < 0.001 vs baseline). At 1 week post-doxorubicin, when LV ejection fraction remained normal, reduced cardiac metabolism was evident from down-regulated markers of fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis. Metabolic impairment continued to the end of follow-up in parallel with reduced mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production. A transient early up-regulation of nutrient-sensing and mitophagy markers were observed, which was associated with mitochondrial enlargement. Later stages, when mitophagy was exhausted, were characterized by overt mitochondrial fragmentation.

Conclusions

Cardiac atrophy, global hypometabolism, early transient-enhanced mitophagy, biogenesis, and nutrient sensing constitute candidate targets for AIC prevention.

Targeting Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism in Cancer with Pharmacological Inhibitors

Metabolic plasticity is recognised as a hallmark of cancer cells, enabling adaptation to microenvironmental changes throughout tumour progression. A dysregulated lipid metabolism plays a pivotal role in promoting oncogenesis. Oncogenic signalling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, Hippo, and NF-kB, intersect with the lipid metabolism to drive tumour progression. Furthermore, altered lipid signalling in the tumour microenvironment contributes to immune dysfunction, exacerbating oncogenesis. This review examines the role of lipid metabolism in tumour initiation, invasion, metastasis, and cancer stem cell maintenance. We highlight cybernetic networks in lipid metabolism to uncover avenues for cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics.

PRKAA2, MTOR, and TFEB in the regulation of lysosomal damage response and autophagy

Lysosomes function as critical signaling hubs that govern essential enzyme complexes. LGALS proteins (LGALS3, LGALS8, and LGALS9) are integral to the endomembrane damage response. If ESCRT fails to rectify damage, LGALS-mediated ubiquitination occurs, recruiting autophagy receptors (CALCOCO2, TRIM16, and SQSTM1) and VCP/p97 complex containing UBXN6, PLAA, and YOD1, initiating selective autophagy. Lysosome replenishment through biogenesis is regulated by TFEB. LGALS3 interacts with TFRC and TRIM16, aiding ESCRT-mediated repair and autophagy-mediated removal of damaged lysosomes. LGALS8 inhibits MTOR and activates TFEB for ATG and lysosomal gene transcription. LGALS9 inhibits USP9X, activates PRKAA2, MAP3K7, ubiquitination, and autophagy. Conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes (CASM) initiates damage repair mediated by ATP6V1A, ATG16L1, ATG12, ATG5, ATG3, and TECPR1. ATG8ylation or CASM activates the MERIT system (ESCRT-mediated repair, autophagy-mediated clearance, MCOLN1 activation, Ca2+ release, RRAG-GTPase regulation, MTOR modulation, TFEB activation, and activation of GTPase IRGM). Annexins ANAX1 and ANAX2 aid damage repair. Stress granules stabilize damaged membranes, recruiting FLCN-FNIP1/2, G3BP1, and NUFIP1 to inhibit MTOR and activate TFEB. Lysosomes coordinate the synergistic response to endomembrane damage and are vital for innate and adaptive immunity. Future research should unveil the collaborative actions of ATG proteins, LGALSs, TRIMs, autophagy receptors, and lysosomal proteins in lysosomal damage response.