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Dulam V, Katta S, Nakka VP. Stroke and Distal Organ Damage: Exploring Brain-Kidney Crosstalk. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1617-1627. [PMID: 38376748 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Stroke and kidney dysfunction represent significant public health challenges, yet the precise mechanisms connecting these conditions and their severe consequences remain unclear. Individuals experiencing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are at heightened susceptibility to experiencing repeated strokes. Similarly, a reduced glomerular filtration rate is associated with an elevated risk of suffering a stroke. Prior strokes independently contribute to mortality, end-stage kidney disease, and cardiovascular complications, underscoring the pathological connection between the brain and the kidneys. In cases of AKI, various mechanisms, such as cytokine signaling, leukocyte infiltration, and oxidative stress, establish communication between the brain and the kidneys. The bidirectional relationship between stroke and kidney pathologies involves key factors such as uremic toxins, proteinuria, inflammatory responses, decreased glomerular filtration, impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), oxidative stress, and metabolites produced by the gut microbiota. This review examines potential mechanisms of brain-kidney crosstalk underlying stroke and kidney diseases. It holds significance for comprehending multi-organ dysfunction associated with stroke and for formulating therapeutic strategies to address stroke-induced kidney dysfunction and the bidirectional pathological connection between the kidney and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Dulam
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India
| | - Sireesha Katta
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India
| | - Venkata Prasuja Nakka
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India.
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2
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Sarikaya S, Körez MK, Ovali F, Turgut E, Vatansev H, Günenc O. Investigation of serum trimethylamine-N-oxide levels in missed abortion: A prospective study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 165:997-1001. [PMID: 38055334 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between missed abortion and serum trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels. METHODS A total of 129 patients with 56 missed abortions and 73 healthy pregnancies were included in our study. Patients who had more than one pregnancy loss, had systemic disease (hypertension, diabetes, rheumatologic disease, hematologic disease, and so forth) and did not accept to participate in the study were excluded. Pregnant women who did not have a fetal heartbeat in the first 20th week of pregnancy were considered as missed abortion. Demographic characteristics of the patients were recorded. The serum TMAO levels of these patients were compared with the serum TMAO levels of healthy pregnant women with the same gestational week between the two groups. RESULTS The median (IQR) serum level of TMAO was significantly higher in woman with missed abortus compared to the healthy controls (201.5 [IQR, 129.75-345] vs 150 [IQR, 86.9-273], U = 1534, P = 0.015, rrb = 0.25 [95% CI: 0.05-0.43]). We observed a positive and significant relationship between serum TMAO levels and age of the patients (Spearman's rho = 0.272 [95% CI: 0.01-0.50], P = 0.043). However, no significant relationship was found between serum TMAO levels and BMI (Spearman's rho = 0.093 [95% CI: -0.18 to 0.35], P = 0.496). CONCLUSION In our study, we found that the serum TMAO level was higher in patients with missed abortion compared to healthy pregnancies. Serum TMAO levels measured at early gestational weeks can provide information about the course of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevcan Sarikaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Muslu Kazım Körez
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fadime Ovali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Esranur Turgut
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hüsamettin Vatansev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Günenc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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3
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Gawryś-Kopczyńska M, Szudzik M, Samborowska E, Konop M, Chabowski D, Onyszkiewicz M, Ufnal M. Spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit increased liver flavin monooxygenase expression and elevated plasma TMAO levels compared to normotensive and Ang II-dependent hypertensive rats. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1340166. [PMID: 38681141 PMCID: PMC11046708 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1340166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Flavin monooxygenases (FMOs) are enzymes responsible for the oxidation of a broad spectrum of exogenous and endogenous amines. There is increasing evidence that trimethylamine (TMA), a compound produced by gut bacteria and also recognized as an industrial pollutant, contributes to cardiovascular diseases. FMOs convert TMA into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), which is an emerging marker of cardiovascular risk. This study hypothesized that blood pressure phenotypes in rats might be associated with variations in the expression of FMOs. Methods: The expression of FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5 was evaluated in the kidneys, liver, lungs, small intestine, and large intestine of normotensive male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and two distinct hypertensive rat models: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and WKY rats with angiotensin II-induced hypertension (WKY-ANG). Plasma concentrations of TMA and TMAO were measured at baseline and after intravenous administration of TMA using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: We found that the expression of FMOs in WKY, SHR, and WKY-ANG rats was in the descending order of FMO3 > FMO1 >> FMO5. The highest expression of FMOs was observed in the liver. Notably, SHRs exhibited a significantly elevated expression of FMO3 in the liver compared to WKY and WKY-ANG rats. Additionally, the plasma TMAO/TMA ratio was significantly higher in SHRs than in WKY rats. Conclusion: SHRs demonstrate enhanced expression of FMO3 and a higher plasma TMAO/TMA ratio. The variability in the expression of FMOs and the metabolism of amines might contribute to the hypertensive phenotype observed in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gawryś-Kopczyńska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Konop
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Chabowski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Onyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Zhao X, Zhao H, Chen R, Li J, Zhou J, Li N, Yan S, Liu C, Zhou P, Chen Y, Song L, Yan H. A Combined Measure of the Triglyceride Glucose Index and Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Risk Stratification of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients with High-Risk Plaque Features Defined by Optical Coherence Tomography: A Substudy of the OCTAMI Registry Study. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2024; 20:141-155. [PMID: 38567028 PMCID: PMC10986628 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s443742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim An elevated triglyceride-glucose (TyG) level is associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with CAD. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has mechanistic links to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) pathogenesis and is correlated with adverse outcomes. However, the incremental prognostic value of TMAO and TyG in the cohort of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined high-risk ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients is unknown. Methods We studied 274 consecutive aged ≥18 years patients with evidence of STEMI and detected on pre-intervention OCT imaging of culprit lesions between March 2017 and March 2019. Outcomes There were 22 (22.68%), 27 (27.84%), 26 (26.80%), and 22 (22.68%) patients in groups A-D, respectively. The baseline characteristics according to the level of TMAO and TyG showed that patients with higher level in both indicators were more likely to have higher triglycerides (p < 0.001), fasting glucose (p < 0.001) and higher incidence of diabetes (p = 0.008). The group with TMAO > median and TyG ≤ median was associated with higher rates of MACEs significantly (p = 0.009) in fully adjusted analyses. During a median follow-up of 2.027 years, 20 (20.6%) patients experienced MACEs. To evaluate the diagnostic value of the TyG index combined with TMAO, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting MACEs after full adjustment was 0.815 (95% confidence interval, 0.723-0.887; sensitivity, 85.00%; specificity, 72.73%; cut-off level, 0.577). Among the group of patients with TMAO > median and TyG ≤ median, there was a significantly higher incidence of MACEs (p=0.033). A similar tendency was found in the cohort with hyperlipidemia (p=0.016) and diabetes mellitus (p=0.036). Conclusion This study demonstrated the usefulness of combined measures of the TyG index and TMAO in enhancing risk stratification in STEMI patients with OCT-defined high-risk plaque characteristics. Trial Registration This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03593928.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, BeiJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, BeiJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Runzhen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, BeiJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, BeiJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, BeiJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, BeiJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaodi Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, ShenZhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, BeiJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, BeiJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, BeiJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, BeiJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, ShenZhen, People’s Republic of China
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Salvadori M, Rosso G. Update on the gut microbiome in health and diseases. World J Methodol 2024; 14:89196. [PMID: 38577200 PMCID: PMC10989414 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The Human Microbiome Project, Earth Microbiome Project, and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association, host genetic linkages, and pathogen identification. The microbiome is the sum of the microbes, their genetic information, and their ecological niche. This study will describe how millions of bacteria in the gut affect the human body in health and disease. The gut microbiome changes in relation with age, with an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Host and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome are diet, drugs, age, smoking, exercise, and host genetics. In addition, changes in the gut microbiome may affect the local gut immune system and systemic immune system. In this study, we discuss how the microbiome may affect the metabolism of healthy subjects or may affect the pathogenesis of metabolism-generating metabolic diseases. Due to the high number of publications on the argument, from a methodologically point of view, we decided to select the best papers published in referred journals in the last 3 years. Then we selected the previously published papers. The major goals of our study were to elucidate which microbiome and by which pathways are related to healthy and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Salvadori
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50139, Tuscany, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rosso
- Division of Nephrology, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence 50143, Toscana, Italy
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Xie H, Yang N, Yu C, Lu L. Uremic toxins mediate kidney diseases: the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:38. [PMID: 38491448 PMCID: PMC10943832 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was originally identified as an environmental sensor that responds to pollutants. Subsequent research has revealed that AhR recognizes multiple exogenous and endogenous molecules, including uremic toxins retained in the body due to the decline in renal function. Therefore, AhR is also considered to be a uremic toxin receptor. As a ligand-activated transcriptional factor, the activation of AhR is involved in cell differentiation and senescence, lipid metabolism and fibrogenesis. The accumulation of uremic toxins in the body is hazardous to all tissues and organs. The identification of the endogenous uremic toxin receptor opens the door to investigating the precise role and molecular mechanism of tissue and organ damage induced by uremic toxins. This review focuses on summarizing recent findings on the role of AhR activation induced by uremic toxins in chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and acute kidney injury. Furthermore, potential clinical approaches to mitigate the effects of uremic toxins are explored herein, such as enhancing uremic toxin clearance through dialysis, reducing uremic toxin production through dietary interventions or microbial manipulation, and manipulating metabolic pathways induced by uremic toxins through controlling AhR signaling. This information may also shed light on the mechanism of uremic toxin-induced injury to other organs, and provide insights into clinical approaches to manipulate the accumulated uremic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ninghao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Limin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Tang WHW, Nemet I, Li XS, Wu Y, Haghikia A, Witkowski M, Koeth RA, Demuth I, König M, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Bäckhed F, Fischbach MA, Deb A, Landmesser U, Hazen SL. Prognostic value of gut microbe-generated metabolite phenylacetylglutamine in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2024; 26:233-241. [PMID: 38124458 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) is a phenylalanine-derived metabolite produced by gut microbiota with mechanistic links to heart failure (HF)-relevant phenotypes. We sought to investigate the prognostic value of PAGln in patients with stable HF. METHODS AND RESULTS Fasting plasma PAGln levels were measured by stable-isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in patients with stable HF from two large cohorts. All-cause mortality was assessed at 5-year follow-up in the Cleveland cohort, and HF, hospitalization, or mortality were assessed at 3-year follow-up in the Berlin cohort. Within the Cleveland cohort, median PAGln levels were 4.2 (interquartile range [IQR] 2.4-6.9) μM. Highest quartile of PAGln was associated with 3.09-fold increased mortality risk compared to lowest quartile. Following adjustments for traditional risk factors, as well as race, estimated glomerular filtration rate, amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, left ventricular ejection fraction, ischaemic aetiology, and HF drug treatment, elevated PAGln levels remained predictive of 5-year mortality in quartile comparisons (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval, CI] for Q4 vs Q1: 1.64 [1.07-2.53]). In the Berlin cohort, a similar distribution of PAGln levels was observed (median 3.2 [IQR 2.0-4.8] μM), and PAGln levels were associated with a 1.92-fold increase in 3-year HF hospitalization or all-cause mortality risk (adjusted HR [95% CI] for Q4 vs Q1: 1.92 [1.02-3.61]). Prognostic value of PAGln appears to be independent of trimethylamine N-oxide levels. CONCLUSION High levels of PAGln are associated with adverse outcomes independent of traditional cardiac risk factors and cardio-renal risk markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Wilson Tang
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ina Nemet
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xinmin S Li
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arash Haghikia
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Witkowski
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert A Koeth
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ilja Demuth
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian König
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Ghaffari MH, Daniel JB, Sadri H, Schuchardt S, Martín-Tereso J, Sauerwein H. Longitudinal characterization of the metabolome of dairy cows transitioning from one lactation to the next: Investigations in blood serum. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1263-1285. [PMID: 37777004 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize changes in the serum metabolome and various indicators of oxidative balance in dairy cows starting 2 wk before dry-off and continuing until wk 16 of lactation. Twelve Holstein dairy cows (body weight 745 ± 71 kg, body condition score 3.43 ± 0.66; mean ± SD) were housed in a tiestall barn from 10 wk before to 16 wk after parturition. Cows were dried off 6 wk before the expected calving date (mean dry period length = 42 d). From 8 wk before calving to 16 wk after calving, blood samples were taken weekly to study redox metabolism by determining antioxidant capacity, measured as the ferric-reducing ability of plasma, reactive oxidative metabolites, oxidative stress index, oxidative damage of lipids, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and glutathione peroxidase activity. According to these results, dairy cows had the lowest serum antioxidant capacity and greater levels of oxidative stress during the dry-off period and the early postpartum period. For metabolomics, a subset of serum samples including wk -7 (before dry-off), -5 (after dry-off), -1, 1, 5, 10, and 15 relative to calving were used. A targeted metabolomics approach was performed using liquid chromatography and flow injection with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using the MxP Quant 500 kit (Biocrates Life Sciences AG). A total of 240 metabolites in serum were used in the final data analysis. Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation by days of sampling, indicating a remarkable shift in metabolic phenotype between the dry period and late and early lactation. Changes in many non-lipid metabolites associated with one-carbon metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the urea cycle, and AA catabolism were observed in the study, with changes in AA serum concentrations likely related to factors such as energy and nitrogen balance, digestive efficiency, and changing diets. The study confirmed an extensive remodeling of the serum lipidome in peripartum dairy cows, highlighting the importance of changes in acylcarnitine (acylCN), phosphatidylcholines (PC), and triacylglycerols (TG), as they play a crucial role in lipid metabolism. Results showed that short-chain acylCN increased after dry-off and decreased thereafter, whereas lipid-derived acylCN increased around parturition, suggesting that more fatty acids could enter mitochondria. Phospholipids and sphingolipids in serum showed changes during lactation. In particular, concentrations of sphingomyelins, PC, and lysoPC decreased around calving but increased in mid- and late lactation. In contrast, concentrations of TG remained consistently low after parturition. The serum concentrations of bile acids fluctuated during the dry period and lactation, with glycocholic acid, cholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, and taurocholic acid showing the greatest concentrations. These changes are likely due to the interplay of diet, liver function, and the ability of the gut microbiota to convert primary to secondary bile acids. Overall, these descriptive results may aid in hypothesis generation and in the design and interpretation of future metabolite-based studies in dairy cows. Furthermore, they contribute to our understanding of the physiological ranges in serum metabolites relative to the lactation cycle of the dairy cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - J B Daniel
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
| | - H Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - S Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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9
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Shi H, Yuan X, Wu F, Li X, Fan W, Yang X, Liu G. Genetic support of the causal association between gut microbiota and peripheral artery disease: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:762-778. [PMID: 38198148 PMCID: PMC10817407 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causal relationship between gut microbiota and peripheral artery disease (PAD) is still not clear. In this research, we employed the Mendelian randomization (MR) technique to explore the potential causal connection between 211 gut microbiota species and PAD. We also investigated whether the causal effects operate in both directions. METHODS We used Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) summary statistics data from the MiBioGen and FinnGen consortia to conduct a two-sample MR analysis to explore the causal link between gut microbiota and PAD. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the robustness of the MR results. In addition to that, reverse MR analysis was performed to examine the inverse causal relationship. RESULTS The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method provided evidence supporting a causal relationship between 9 specific gut microbiota taxa and PAD. The study findings indicated that family Family XI (OR=1.11, CI 1.00-1.24, P=0.048), genus Lachnoclostridium (OR=1.24, 1.02-1.50, P=0.033), and genus Lachnospiraceae UCG001 (OR=1.17, 1.01-1.35, P=0.031) are risk factors associated with PAD. class Actinobacteria (OR=0.84, 0.72-0.99, P=0.034), family Acidaminococcaceae (OR=0.80, 0.66-0.98, P=0.029), genus Coprococcus2 (OR=0.79, 0.64-0.98, P=0.029), genus Ruminococcaceae UCG004 (OR=0.84, 0.72-0.99, P=0.032), genus Ruminococcaceae UCG010 (OR=0.74, 0.58-0.96, P=0.022), and order NB1n (OR=0.88, 0.79-0.98, P=0.02) may be associated with the risk factors of PAD. Moreover, our analysis did not uncover any evidence of a reverse causal relationship between PAD and the nine specific gut microbiota taxa investigated. CONCLUSIONS Our MR research has confirmed the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and PAD while also identifying specific gut bacterial communities associated with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuo Shi
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijing Fan
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guobin Liu
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guangming Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
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10
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Lagoumintzis G, Patrinos GP. Triangulating nutrigenomics, metabolomics and microbiomics toward personalized nutrition and healthy living. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:109. [PMID: 38062537 PMCID: PMC10704648 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique physiological and genetic characteristics of individuals influence their reactions to different dietary constituents and nutrients. This notion is the foundation of personalized nutrition. The field of nutrigenetics has witnessed significant progress in understanding the impact of genetic variants on macronutrient and micronutrient levels and the individual's responsiveness to dietary intake. These variants hold significant value in facilitating the development of personalized nutritional interventions, thereby enabling the effective translation from conventional dietary guidelines to genome-guided nutrition. Nevertheless, certain obstacles could impede the extensive implementation of individualized nutrition, which is still in its infancy, such as the polygenic nature of nutrition-related pathologies. Consequently, many disorders are susceptible to the collective influence of multiple genes and environmental interplay, wherein each gene exerts a moderate to modest effect. Furthermore, it is widely accepted that diseases emerge because of the intricate interplay between genetic predisposition and external environmental influences. In the context of this specific paradigm, the utilization of advanced "omic" technologies, including epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiome analysis, in conjunction with comprehensive phenotyping, has the potential to unveil hitherto undisclosed hereditary elements and interactions between genes and the environment. This review aims to provide up-to-date information regarding the fundamentals of personalized nutrition, specifically emphasizing the complex triangulation interplay among microbiota, dietary metabolites, and genes. Furthermore, it highlights the intestinal microbiota's unique makeup, its influence on nutrigenomics, and the tailoring of dietary suggestions. Finally, this article provides an overview of genotyping versus microbiomics, focusing on investigating the potential applications of this knowledge in the context of tailored dietary plans that aim to improve human well-being and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lagoumintzis
- Division of Pharmacology and Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - George P Patrinos
- Division of Pharmacology and Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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11
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Feng X, Deng M, Zhang L, Pan Q. Impact of gut microbiota and associated mechanisms on postprandial glucose levels in patients with diabetes. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:363-371. [PMID: 38130636 PMCID: PMC10732577 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are serious medical and global burdens, often manifesting as postprandial hyperglycemia. In recent years, considerable research attention has focused on relationships between the gut microbiota and circulating postprandial glucose (PPG). Different population studies have suggested that PPG is closely related to the gut microbiota which may impact PPG via short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Studies now show that gut microbiota models can predict PPG, with individualized nutrition intervention strategies used to regulate gut microbiota and improve glucose metabolism to facilitate the precision treatment of diabetes. However, few studies have been conducted in patients with diabetes. Therefore, little is known about the relationships between the gut microbiota and PPG in this cohort. Thus, more research is required to identify key gut microbiota and associated metabolites and pathways impacting PPG to provide potential therapeutic targets for PPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Mingqun Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
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12
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Shanmugham M, Devasia AG, Chin YL, Cheong KH, Ong ES, Bellanger S, Ramasamy A, Leo CH. Time-dependent specific molecular signatures of inflammation and remodelling are associated with trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20303. [PMID: 37985702 PMCID: PMC10661905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a critical initiating factor contributing to cardiovascular diseases, involving the gut microbiome-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). This study aims to clarify the time-dependent molecular pathways by which TMAO mediates endothelial dysfunction through transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were also evaluated. TMAO treatment for either 24H or 48H induces reduced cell viability and enhanced oxidative stress. Interestingly, the molecular signatures were distinct between the two time-points. Specifically, few Gene Ontology biological processes (BPs) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were modulated after a short (24H) compared to a long (48H) treatment. However, the KEGG signalling pathways namely "tumour necrosis factor (TNF)" and "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" were downregulated at 24H but activated at 48H. In addition, at 48H, BPs linked to inflammatory phenotypes were activated (confirming KEGG results), while BPs linked to extracellular matrix (ECM) structural organisation, endothelial cell proliferation, and collagen metabolism were repressed. Lastly, metabolic profiling showed that arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, and palmitic acid were enriched at 48H. This study demonstrates that TMAO induces distinct time-dependent molecular signatures involving inflammation and remodelling pathways, while pathways such as oxidative stress are also modulated, but in a non-time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyammai Shanmugham
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Republic of Singapore
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Arun George Devasia
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Republic of Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yu Ling Chin
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kang Hao Cheong
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Republic of Singapore
| | - Eng Shi Ong
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sophie Bellanger
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chen Huei Leo
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Republic of Singapore.
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13
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Oktaviono YH, Lamara AD, Tri Saputra PB, Arnindita JN, Pasahari D, Saputra ME, Made Adnya Suasti N. The roles of trimethylamine-N-oxide in atherosclerosis and its potential therapeutic aspect: A literature review. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2023; 23:936-948. [PMID: 37337893 PMCID: PMC10655873 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2023.8893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Current research supports the evidence that the gut microbiome (GM), which consist of gut microbiota and their biologically active metabolites, is associated with atherosclerosis development. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite produced by the GM through trimethylamine (TMA) oxidation, significantly enhances the formation and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. TMAO promotes inflammation and oxidative stress in endothelial cells, leading to vascular dysfunction and plaque formation. Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB), iodomethylcholine (IMC) and fluoromethylcholine (FMC) have been recognized for their ability to reduce plasma TMAO by inhibiting trimethylamine lyase, a bacterial enzyme involved in the choline cleavage anaerobic process, thus reducing TMA formation. Conversely, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and trigonelline inhibit TMA oxidation by inhibiting flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3), resulting in reduced plasma TMAO. The combined use of inhibitors of choline trimethylamine lyase and flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 could provide novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention by stabilizing existing atherosclerotic plaques. This review aims to present the current evidence of the roles of TMA/TMAO in atherosclerosis as well as its potential therapeutic prevention aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Her Oktaviono
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, General Hospital Dr. Soetomo, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ariikah Dyah Lamara
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, General Hospital Dr. Soetomo, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Pandit Bagus Tri Saputra
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, General Hospital Dr. Soetomo, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Diar Pasahari
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mahendra Eko Saputra
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, General Hospital Dr. Soetomo, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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14
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Kumbhare SV, Pedroso I, Ugalde JA, Márquez-Miranda V, Sinha R, Almonacid DE. Drug and gut microbe relationships: Moving beyond antibiotics. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103797. [PMID: 37806386 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of drug-microbe relationships has evolved from viewing microbes as mere drug producers to a dynamic, modifiable system where they can serve as drugs or targets of precision pharmacology. This review highlights recent findings on the gut microbiome, particularly focusing on four aspects of research: (i) drugs for bugs, covering recent strategies for targeting gut pathogens; (ii) bugs as drugs, including probiotics; (iii) drugs from bugs, including postbiotics; and (iv) bugs and drugs, discussing additional types of drug-microbe interactions. This review provides a perspective on future translational research, including efficient companion diagnostics in pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan A Ugalde
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Márquez-Miranda
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Evans M, Dai L, Avesani CM, Kublickiene K, Stenvinkel P. The dietary source of trimethylamine N-oxide and clinical outcomes: an unexpected liaison. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1804-1812. [PMID: 37915930 PMCID: PMC10616480 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The profile of gut microbiota can vary according to host genetic and dietary characteristics, and be influenced by disease state and environmental stressors. The uremic dysbiosis results in a loss of biodiversity and overgrowth of microorganisms that may cause elevation of metabolic solutes such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), inducing pathogenic effects on its host. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), TMAO levels are elevated because of a decreased clearance and an increased production from the uremic gut dysbiosis with a disrupted intestinal barrier and elevated enzymatic hepatic activity. Dietary precursors of TMAO are abundant in animal-derived foods such as red meat, egg yolk and other full-fat dietary products. TMAO is also found naturally in fish and certain types of seafood, with the TMAO content highly variable according to the depth of the sea where the fish is caught, as well as processing and storage. Although evidence points towards TMAO as being an important link to vascular damage and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, the evidence in CKD patients has not been consistent. In this review we discuss the potential dietary sources of TMAO and its actions on the intestinal microbiome as an explanation for the divergent results. We further highlight the potential of a healthy diet as one feasible therapeutic opportunity to prevent gut dysbiosis and reduce uremic toxin levels in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Evans
- Renal Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lu Dai
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carla Maria Avesani
- Renal Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Renal Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Renal Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Dwidar M, Buffa JA, Wang Z, Santos A, Tittle AN, Fu X, Hajjar AM, DiDonato JA, Hazen SL. Assembling the anaerobic gamma-butyrobetaine to TMA metabolic pathway in Escherichia fergusonii and confirming its role in TMA production from dietary L-carnitine in murine models. mBio 2023; 14:e0093723. [PMID: 37737636 PMCID: PMC10653785 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00937-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The key atherosclerotic TMAO originates from the initial gut microbial conversion of L-carnitine and other dietary compounds into TMA. Developing therapeutic strategies to block gut microbial TMA production needs a detailed understanding of the different production mechanisms and their relative contributions. Recently, we identified a two-step anaerobic pathway for TMA production from L-carnitine through initial conversion by some microbes into the intermediate γBB which is then metabolized by other microbes into TMA. Investigational studies of this pathway, however, are limited by the lack of single microbes harboring the whole pathway. Here, we engineered E. fergusonii strain to harbor the whole two-step pathway and optimized the expression through cloning a specific chaperone from the original host. Inoculating germ-free mice with this recombinant E. fergusonii is enough to raise serum TMAO to pathophysiological levels upon L-carnitine feeding. This engineered microbe will facilitate future studies investigating the contribution of this pathway to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dwidar
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Buffa
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Akeem Santos
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron N. Tittle
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Adeline M. Hajjar
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph A. DiDonato
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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17
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Davies A, Wenzl FA, Li XS, Winzap P, Obeid S, Klingenberg R, Mach F, Räber L, Muller O, Matter CM, Laaksonen R, Wang Z, Hazen SL, Lüscher TF. Short and medium chain acylcarnitines as markers of outcome in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with acute coronary syndromes. Int J Cardiol 2023; 389:131261. [PMID: 37574027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnitine metabolism produces numerous molecular species of short-, medium-, and long-chain acylcarnitines, which play important roles in energy homeostasis and fatty acid transport in the myocardium. Given that disturbances in the carnitine metabolism are linked to cardiometabolic disease, we studied the relationship of circulating acylcarnitines with outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and evaluated differences in circulating levels of these metabolites between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. METHODS Harnessing a prospective multicentre cohort study (SPUM-ACS; NCT01000701), we measured plasma levels of acylcarnitines, carnitine, and carnitine metabolites to assess their relationship with adjudicated major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, clinically indicated revascularization, or death of any cause. The SPUM-ACS study enrolled patients presenting with ACS to Swiss University Hospitals between 2009 and 2012. Acetylcarnitine, octanoylcarnitine, proprionylcarnitine, butyrylcarnitine, pentanoylcarnitine, hexanoylcarnitine, carnitine, γ-butyrobetaine, and trimethylamine N-oxide were measured in plasma using stable isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography with online electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 1683 patients with ACS were included in the study. All measured metabolites except γ-butyrobetaine and carnitine were higher in diabetic subject (n = 294) than in non-diabetic subjects (n = 1389). On univariate analysis, all metabolites, apart from octenoylcarnitine, were significantly associated with MACE at 1 year. After multivariable adjustment for established risk factors, acetylcarnitine remained an independent predictor of MACE at 1-year (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1, adjusted hazard ratio 2.06; 95% confidence interval 1.12-3.80, P = 0.020). CONCLUSION Circulating levels of acetylcarnitine independently predict residual cardiovascular risk in patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Davies
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Florian A Wenzl
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xinmin S Li
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patric Winzap
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Slayman Obeid
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Aarau Cantonal Hospital, Aarau, Switzerland; Herzklinik Kreuzlingen, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Roland Klingenberg
- Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Campus of the Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - François Mach
- Department of Cardiology, Hopital Universitaire de Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Räber
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Muller
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Matter
- University Heart Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Zora Biosciences Oy, Espoo, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK; Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK; School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK.
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18
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Chen X, Zhang H, Ren S, Ding Y, Remex NS, Bhuiyan MS, Qu J, Tang X. Gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites in cardiovascular diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2269-2284. [PMID: 37442759 PMCID: PMC10538883 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, aneurysm, thrombosis, and hypertension, are a great economic burden and threat to human health and are the major cause of death worldwide. Recently, researchers have begun to appreciate the role of microbial ecosystems within the human body in contributing to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the gut microbiota is closely associated with the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. The gut microbiota functions as an endocrine organ that secretes bioactive metabolites that participate in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis, and their dysfunction can directly influence the progression of cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the current literature demonstrating the role of the gut microbiota in the development of cardiovascular diseases. We also highlight the mechanism by which well-documented gut microbiota-derived metabolites, especially trimethylamine N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids, and phenylacetylglutamine, promote or inhibit the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of altering the gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites to improve or prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), National Health Commission of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sichong Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Yangnan Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Naznin Sultana Remex
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Md. Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Jiahua Qu
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), National Health Commission of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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19
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Mihuta MS, Paul C, Borlea A, Roi CM, Pescari D, Velea-Barta OA, Mozos I, Stoian D. Connections between serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite, and vascular biomarkers evaluating arterial stiffness and subclinical atherosclerosis in children with obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1253584. [PMID: 37850094 PMCID: PMC10577381 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1253584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Childhood obesity leads to early subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Studying biomarkers like trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), linked to cardio-metabolic disorders in adults, is crucial to prevent long-term cardiovascular issues. Methods The study involved 70 children aged 4 to 18 (50 obese, 20 normal-weight). Clinical examination included BMI, waist measurements, puberty stage, the presence of acanthosis nigricans, and irregular menstrual cycles. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by measuring the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and the arterial stiffness was evaluated through surrogate markers like the pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), and peripheral and central blood pressures. The blood biomarkers included determining the values of TMAO, HOMA-IR, and other usual biomarkers investigating metabolism. Results The study detected significantly elevated levels of TMAO in obese children compared to controls. TMAO presented positive correlations to BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio and was also observed as an independent predictor of all three parameters. Significant correlations were observed between TMAO and vascular markers such as CIMT, PWV, and peripheral BP levels. TMAO independently predicts CIMT, PWV, peripheral BP, and central SBP levels, even after adding BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, puberty development and age in the regression model. Obese children with high HOMA-IR presented a greater weight excess and significantly higher vascular markers, but TMAO levels did not differ significantly from the obese with HOMA-IR Conclusion Our study provides compelling evidence supporting the link between serum TMAO, obesity, and vascular damage in children. These findings highlight the importance of further research to unravel the underlying mechanisms of this connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Simina Mihuta
- Department of Doctoral Studies, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- Center of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Borlea
- Center of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Roi
- Department of Doctoral Studies, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- Center of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Denisa Pescari
- Department of Doctoral Studies, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Oana-Alexandra Velea-Barta
- 3rd Department of Odontotherapy and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Mozos
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dana Stoian
- Center of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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20
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Zhu J, Lyu J, Zhao R, Liu G, Wang S. Gut macrobiotic and its metabolic pathways modulate cardiovascular disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1272479. [PMID: 37822750 PMCID: PMC10562559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1272479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of microorganisms reside in the human gut, and extensive research has demonstrated the crucial role of the gut microbiota in overall health and maintaining homeostasis. The disruption of microbial populations, known as dysbiosis, can impair the host's metabolism and contribute to the development of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, a growing body of evidence indicates that metabolites produced by the gut microbiota play a significant role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. These bioactive metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), bile acids (BAs), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are implicated in conditions such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. These metabolites impact cardiovascular function through various pathways, such as altering the composition of the gut microbiota and activating specific signaling pathways. Targeting the gut microbiota and their metabolic pathways represents a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Intervention strategies, such as probiotic drug delivery and fecal transplantation, can selectively modify the composition of the gut microbiota and enhance its beneficial metabolic functions, ultimately leading to improved cardiovascular outcomes. These interventions hold the potential to reshape the gut microbial community and restore its balance, thereby promoting cardiovascular health. Harnessing the potential of these microbial metabolites through targeted interventions offers a novel avenue for tackling cardiovascular health issues. This manuscript provides an in-depth review of the recent advances in gut microbiota research and its impact on cardiovascular health and offers a promising avenue for tackling cardiovascular health issues through gut microbiome-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Wenling), Zhejiang, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Lyu
- Department of Pathology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruochi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Wenling), Zhejiang, China
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21
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Andrikopoulos P, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Chakaroun R, Myridakis A, Forslund SK, Nielsen T, Adriouch S, Holmes B, Chilloux J, Vieira-Silva S, Falony G, Salem JE, Andreelli F, Belda E, Kieswich J, Chechi K, Puig-Castellvi F, Chevalier M, Le Chatelier E, Olanipekun MT, Hoyles L, Alves R, Helft G, Isnard R, Køber L, Coelho LP, Rouault C, Gauguier D, Gøtze JP, Prifti E, Froguel P, Zucker JD, Bäckhed F, Vestergaard H, Hansen T, Oppert JM, Blüher M, Nielsen J, Raes J, Bork P, Yaqoob MM, Stumvoll M, Pedersen O, Ehrlich SD, Clément K, Dumas ME. Evidence of a causal and modifiable relationship between kidney function and circulating trimethylamine N-oxide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5843. [PMID: 37730687 PMCID: PMC10511707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The host-microbiota co-metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is linked to increased cardiovascular risk but how its circulating levels are regulated remains unclear. We applied "explainable" machine learning, univariate, multivariate and mediation analyses of fasting plasma TMAO concentration and a multitude of phenotypes in 1,741 adult Europeans of the MetaCardis study. Here we show that next to age, kidney function is the primary variable predicting circulating TMAO, with microbiota composition and diet playing minor, albeit significant, roles. Mediation analysis suggests a causal relationship between TMAO and kidney function that we corroborate in preclinical models where TMAO exposure increases kidney scarring. Consistent with our findings, patients receiving glucose-lowering drugs with reno-protective properties have significantly lower circulating TMAO when compared to propensity-score matched control individuals. Our analyses uncover a bidirectional relationship between kidney function and TMAO that can potentially be modified by reno-protective anti-diabetic drugs and suggest a clinically actionable intervention for decreasing TMAO-associated excess cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Andrikopoulos
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Section of Genomic & Environmental Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Judith Aron-Wisnewsky
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Rima Chakaroun
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Sofia K Forslund
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin and the Max-Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Trine Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Solia Adriouch
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | | | - Julien Chilloux
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Vieira-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Gwen Falony
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Joe-Elie Salem
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Fabrizio Andreelli
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eugeni Belda
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, IRD, Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, UMMISCO, F-93143, Bondy, France
| | - Julius Kieswich
- Diabetic Kidney Disease Centre, Renal Unit, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kanta Chechi
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Genomic & Environmental Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesc Puig-Castellvi
- European Genomics Institute for Diabetes, EGENODIA, INSERM U1283, CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mickael Chevalier
- European Genomics Institute for Diabetes, EGENODIA, INSERM U1283, CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Michael T Olanipekun
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Renato Alves
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerard Helft
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, INSERM, 1166, Paris, France
| | - Richard Isnard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luis Pedro Coelho
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Rouault
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- INSERM UMR 1124, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saint-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Jens Peter Gøtze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edi Prifti
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, IRD, Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, UMMISCO, F-93143, Bondy, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- European Genomics Institute for Diabetes, EGENODIA, INSERM U1283, CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Section of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jean-Daniel Zucker
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, IRD, Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, UMMISCO, F-93143, Bondy, France
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Bornholms Hospital, Rønne, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-Michel Oppert
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Yonsei Frontier Lab (YFL), Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Muhammad M Yaqoob
- Diabetic Kidney Disease Centre, Renal Unit, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Dusko Ehrlich
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France.
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Marc-Emmanuel Dumas
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Section of Genomic & Environmental Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- European Genomics Institute for Diabetes, EGENODIA, INSERM U1283, CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France.
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
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22
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Hemmati M, Kashanipoor S, Mazaheri P, Alibabaei F, Babaeizad A, Asli S, Mohammadi S, Gorgin AH, Ghods K, Yousefi B, Eslami M. Importance of gut microbiota metabolites in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Life Sci 2023; 329:121947. [PMID: 37463653 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the most common cause of death worldwide and has become a public health concern. The proven notable risk factors for CVD are atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and some genetic defects. However, research has shown a correlation between metabolic health, gut microbiota, and dietary risk factors. The gut microbiota makes an important contribution to human functional metabolic pathways by contributing enzymes that are not encoded by the human genome, for instance, the breakdown of polysaccharides, polyphenols and vitamins synthesis. TMAO and SCFAs, human gut microbiota compounds, have respective immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory effects. Choline and l-carnitine are abundant in high-fat diets and are transformed into TMA by gut bacteria. The liver's phase of metabolism then changes TMA into TMAO. In turn, TMAO promotes the activation of macrophages, damages vascular endothelium, and results in CVD-however, dysbiosis decreases SCFAs and bile acids, which raises intestinal permeability. Congestion in the portal vein, a drop in cardiac output, a reduction in intestinal perfusion, and intestinal leakage are all caused by heart failure. These factors induce systemic inflammation by increasing intestinal leakage. By raising CRP and pro-inflammatory reactions, human gut dysbiosis and elevated TMAO levels promote the development of arterial plaque, hasten the beginning of atherosclerosis, and raise the risk of CAD. A healthy symbiosis between the gut microbiota and host is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet, therefore which are crucial for maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier, growing mucosa, reducing inflammation, and controlling blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hemmati
- Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Payman Mazaheri
- Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Farnaz Alibabaei
- Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Babaeizad
- Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Shima Asli
- Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sina Mohammadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Amir Hosein Gorgin
- Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghods
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Majid Eslami
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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23
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Jing J, Guo J, Dai R, Zhu C, Zhang Z. Targeting gut microbiota and immune crosstalk: potential mechanisms of natural products in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1252907. [PMID: 37719851 PMCID: PMC10504665 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1252907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory reaction that primarily affects large and medium-sized arteries. It is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The pathogenesis of AS involves specific structural and functional alterations in various populations of vascular cells at different stages of the disease. The immune response is involved throughout the entire developmental stage of AS, and targeting immune cells presents a promising avenue for its treatment. Over the past 2 decades, studies have shown that gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide, have a significant impact on the progression of AS. Interestingly, it has also been reported that there are complex mechanisms of action between GM and their metabolites, immune responses, and natural products that can have an impact on AS. GM and its metabolites regulate the functional expression of immune cells and have potential impacts on AS. Natural products have a wide range of health properties, and researchers are increasingly focusing on their role in AS. Now, there is compelling evidence that natural products provide an alternative approach to improving immune function in the AS microenvironment by modulating the GM. Natural product metabolites such as resveratrol, berberine, curcumin, and quercetin may improve the intestinal microenvironment by modulating the relative abundance of GM, which in turn influences the accumulation of GM metabolites. Natural products can delay the progression of AS by regulating the metabolism of GM, inhibiting the migration of monocytes and macrophages, promoting the polarization of the M2 phenotype of macrophages, down-regulating the level of inflammatory factors, regulating the balance of Treg/Th17, and inhibiting the formation of foam cells. Based on the above, we describe recent advances in the use of natural products that target GM and immune cells crosstalk to treat AS, which may bring some insights to guide the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Jing
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Dai
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaojun Zhu
- Institute of TCM Ulcers, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Surgical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Institute of TCM Ulcers, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Surgical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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24
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Guiducci L, Nicolini G, Forini F. Dietary Patterns, Gut Microbiota Remodeling, and Cardiometabolic Disease. Metabolites 2023; 13:760. [PMID: 37367916 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, collectively known as cardiometabolic disease (CMD), are high morbidity and mortality pathologies associated with lower quality of life and increasing health-care costs. The influence of the gut microbiota (GM) in dictating the interpersonal variability in CMD susceptibility, progression and treatment response is beginning to be deciphered, as is the mutualistic relation established between the GM and diet. In particular, dietary factors emerge as pivotal determinants shaping the architecture and function of resident microorganisms in the human gut. In turn, intestinal microbes influence the absorption, metabolism, and storage of ingested nutrients, with potentially profound effects on host physiology. Herein, we present an updated overview on major effects of dietary components on the GM, highlighting the beneficial and detrimental consequences of diet-microbiota crosstalk in the setting of CMD. We also discuss the promises and challenges of integrating microbiome data in dietary planning aimed at restraining CMD onset and progression with a more personalized nutritional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Guiducci
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Forini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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25
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Shao C, Su Y, Meng D, Li Y, Dong Y, Hao H, Ye H. Comprehensive metabolomic profiling of nutrients in fish and shrimp. Food Chem 2023; 407:135037. [PMID: 36493481 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although fish and shrimp are commonly consumed in daily life and recognized as nutrient-rich species, global profiling of the endogenous nutrients in these species is lacking. Here, we optimized the sample preparation and data acquisition methods of metabolomics to comprehensively characterize the nutrients in selected fish and shrimp species and compared them with those in beef, leading to the identification of 71 differentially expressed metabolites. Of these, docosahexaenoic acid, taurine, choline and (lyso)phosphatidylcholines were found to be abundant in the examined fish species, while several nonessential amino acids were rich in the analyzed shrimp samples. Subsequently, the biological functions of the metabolites rich in shrimp were queried. Intriguingly, the examined nutrients exemplified by proline can significantly mitigate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory responses in BV2 cells and RAW264.7 cells. Collectively, our findings imply that the dietary intake of certain fish and shrimp species may benefit human health through alleviating inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shao
- Pharmacy Department, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Youyi Road No.47, Shenzhen 518000, China; School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Su
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Duanyue Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hui Ye
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China.
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26
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Kaur N, LaForce G, Mallela DP, Saha PP, Buffa J, Li XS, Sangwan N, Rothenberg K, Zhu W. Exploratory Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals the Role of Gut Microbiota in Vascular Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098091. [PMID: 37175797 PMCID: PMC10178712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of cognitive impairment and dementia. Vascular dementia (VaD), a cognitive impairment following a stroke, is common and significantly impacts the quality of life. We recently demonstrated via gut microbe transplant studies that the gut microbe-dependent trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) pathway impacts stroke severity, both infarct size and long-term cognitive outcomes. However, the molecular mechanisms that underly the role of the microbiome in VaD have not been explored in depth. To address this issue, we performed a comprehensive RNA-sequencing analysis to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes in the ischemic cerebral cortex of mouse brains at pre-stroke and post-stroke day 1 and day 3. A total of 4016, 3752 and 7861 DE genes were identified at pre-stroke and post-stroke day 1 and day 3, respectively. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated pathways of neurodegeneration in multiple diseases, chemokine signaling, calcium signaling, and IL-17 signaling as the key enriched pathways. Inflammatory response genes interleukin-1 beta (Il-1β), chemokines (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl10), chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2)), and immune system genes (S100 calcium binding protein 8 (S100a8), lipocalin-2 (Lcn2)) were among the most significantly upregulated genes. Hypocretin neuropeptide precursor (Hcrt), a neuropeptide, and transcription factors such as neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4), GATA binding protein 3 (Gata3), and paired box 7 (Pax7) were among the most significantly downregulated genes. In conclusion, our results indicate that higher plasma TMAO levels induce differential mRNA expression profiles in the ischemic brain tissue in our pre-clinical stroke model, and the predicted pathways provide the molecular basis for regulating the TMAO-enhanced neuroinflammatory response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Kaur
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Geneva LaForce
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Deepthi P Mallela
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Prasenjit Prasad Saha
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jennifer Buffa
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xinmin S Li
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Microbial Sequencing & Analytics Resource (MSAAR) Facility, Shared Laboratory Resources (SLR), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kasia Rothenberg
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Weifei Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Pellegrino A, Coppola G, Santopaolo F, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Role of Akkermansia in Human Diseases: From Causation to Therapeutic Properties. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081815. [PMID: 37111034 PMCID: PMC10142179 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of host metabolism and immune response, and its impairment has been implicated in many gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Current evidence shows the well-documented role of A. muciniphila in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier, modulating the host immune response, and improving several metabolic pathways, making it a key element in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. In this scenario, A. muciniphila is the most promising next-generation probiotic and one of the first microbial species suitable for specific clinical use when compared with traditional probiotics. Further studies are needed to provide more accurate insight into its mechanisms of action and to better elucidate its properties in several major areas, paving the way for a more integrated and personalized therapeutic approach that finally makes the most of our knowledge of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pellegrino
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Coppola
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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28
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Stonāns I, Kuzmina J, Poļaka I, Grīnberga S, Sevostjanovs E, Liepiņš E, Aleksandraviča I, Šantare D, Kiršners A, Škapars R, Pčolkins A, Tolmanis I, Sīviņš A, Leja M, Dambrova M. The Association of Circulating L-Carnitine, γ-Butyrobetaine and Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels with Gastric Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071341. [PMID: 37046558 PMCID: PMC10093028 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to evaluate the association between gastric cancer (GC) and higher concentrations of the metabolites L-carnitine, γ-butyrobetaine (GBB) and gut microbiota-mediated trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the circulation. There is evidence suggesting that higher levels of TMAO and its precursors in blood can be indicative of either a higher risk of malignancy or indeed its presence; however, GC has not been studied in this regard until now. Our study included 83 controls without high-risk stomach lesions and 105 GC cases. Blood serum L-carnitine, GBB and TMAO levels were measured by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). Although there were no significant differences between female control and GC groups, we found a significant difference in circulating levels of metabolites between the male control group and the male GC group, with median levels of L-carnitine reaching 30.22 (25.78–37.57) nmol/mL vs. 37.38 (32.73–42.61) nmol/mL (p < 0.001), GBB–0.79 (0.73–0.97) nmol/mL vs. 0.97 (0.78–1.16) nmol/mL (p < 0.05) and TMAO–2.49 (2.00–2.97) nmol/mL vs. 3.12 (2.08–5.83) nmol/mL (p < 0.05). Thus, our study demonstrated the association between higher blood levels of L-carnitine, GBB, TMAO and GC in males, but not in females. Furthermore, correlations of any two investigated metabolites were stronger in the GC groups of both genders in comparison to the control groups. Our findings reveal the potential role of L-carnitine, GBB and TMAO in GC and suggest metabolic differences between genders. In addition, the logistic regression analysis revealed that the only significant factor in terms of predicting whether the patient belonged to the control or to the GC group was the blood level of L-carnitine in males only. Hence, carnitine might be important as a biomarker or a risk factor for GC, especially in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilmārs Stonāns
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jelizaveta Kuzmina
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inese Poļaka
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
| | - Solveiga Grīnberga
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Eduards Sevostjanovs
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Edgars Liepiņš
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilona Aleksandraviča
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Daiga Šantare
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arnis Kiršners
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
| | - Roberts Škapars
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Andrejs Pčolkins
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ivars Tolmanis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
- Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Armands Sīviņš
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mārcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
- Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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Traughber CA, Iacano AJ, Neupane K, Khan MR, Opoku E, Nunn T, Prince A, Sangwan N, Hazen SL, Smith JD, Gulshan K. Impavido attenuates inflammation, reduces atherosclerosis, and alters gut microbiota in hyperlipidemic mice. iScience 2023; 26:106453. [PMID: 37020959 PMCID: PMC10067757 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Impavido (Miltefosine) is an FDA-approved drug for treating leishmaniasis and primary amebic meningoencephalitis. We have shown previously that Miltefosine increased cholesterol release and dampened Nlrp3 inflammasome assembly in macrophages. Here, we show that Miltefosine reduced LPS-induced choline uptake by macrophages, and attenuated Nlrp3 inflammasome assembly in mice. Miltefosine-fed mice showed reduced plasma IL-1β in a polymicrobial cecal slurry model of systemic inflammation. Miltefosine-fed mice showed increased reverse cholesterol transport to the plasma, liver, and feces. Hyperlipidemic apoE-/- mice fed with WTD + Miltefosine showed significantly reduced weight gain and markedly reduced atherosclerotic lesions versus mice fed with WTD. The 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis of gut microbiota showed marked alterations in the microbiota profile of Miltefosine-fed hyperlipidemic apoE-/- versus control, with the most notable changes in Romboutsia and Bacteriodes species. Taken together, these data indicate that Miltefosine causes pleiotropic effects on lipid metabolism, inflammasome activity, atherosclerosis, and the gut microbiota.
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30
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Bettiol A, Emmi G, Low L, Sofi F, Wallace GR. Microbiome in Behcet's syndrome. Clin Immunol 2023; 250:109304. [PMID: 37003591 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
This review will discuss the current understanding of the role of microbiomes in Behcet's Syndrome, their influence on immune response and disease and potential future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bettiol
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Liying Low
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Sofi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Graham R Wallace
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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31
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Shanmugham M, Bellanger S, Leo CH. Gut-Derived Metabolite, Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in Cardio-Metabolic Diseases: Detection, Mechanism, and Potential Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040504. [PMID: 37111261 PMCID: PMC10142468 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a biologically active gut microbiome-derived dietary metabolite. Recent studies have shown that high circulating plasma TMAO levels are closely associated with diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, contributing to endothelial dysfunction. There is a growing interest to understand the mechanisms underlying TMAO-induced endothelial dysfunction in cardio-metabolic diseases. Endothelial dysfunction mediated by TMAO is mainly driven by inflammation and oxidative stress, which includes: (1) activation of foam cells; (2) upregulation of cytokines and adhesion molecules; (3) increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); (4) platelet hyperreactivity; and (5) reduced vascular tone. In this review, we summarize the potential roles of TMAO in inducing endothelial dysfunction and the mechanisms leading to the pathogenesis and progression of associated disease conditions. We also discuss the potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of TMAO-induced endothelial dysfunction in cardio-metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyammai Shanmugham
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Sophie Bellanger
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Chen Huei Leo
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6434-8213
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32
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Zhang L, Yu F, Xia J. Trimethylamine N-oxide: role in cell senescence and age-related diseases. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:525-541. [PMID: 36219234 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hayflick and Moorhead first demonstrated cell senescence as the irreversible growth arrest of cells after prolonged cultivation. Telomere shortening and oxidative stress are the fundamental mechanisms that drive cell senescence. Increasing studies have shown that TMAO is closely associated with cellular aging and age-related diseases. An emerging body of evidence from animal models, especially mice, has identified that TMAO contributes to senescence from multiple pathways and appears to accelerate many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, the specific mechanism of how TMAO speeds aging is still not completely clear. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this review, we summarize some key findings in TMAO, cell senescence, and age-related diseases. We focused particular attention on the potential mechanisms for clinical transformation to find ways to interfere with the aging process. CONCLUSION TMAO can accelerate cell senescence by causing mitochondrial damage, superoxide formation, and promoting the generation of pro-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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33
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Kato I, Sun J. Microbiome and Diet in Colon Cancer Development and Treatment. Cancer J 2023; 29:89-97. [PMID: 36957979 PMCID: PMC10037538 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Diet plays critical roles in defining our immune responses, microbiome, and progression of human diseases. With recent progress in sequencing and bioinformatic techniques, increasing evidence indicates the importance of diet-microbial interactions in cancer development and therapeutic outcome. Here, we focus on the epidemiological studies on diet-bacterial interactions in the colon cancer. We also review the progress of mechanistic studies using the experimental models. Finally, we discuss the limits and future directions in the research of microbiome and diet in cancer development and therapeutic outcome. Now, it is clear that microbes can influence the efficacy of cancer therapies. These research results open new possibilities for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. However, there are still big gaps to apply these new findings to the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, 818 S Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, 820 S. Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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34
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Perler BK, Friedman ES, Wu GD. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Relationship Between Diet and Human Health. Annu Rev Physiol 2023; 85:449-468. [PMID: 36375468 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-031522-092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between diet, the gut microbiome, and host health is complex. Diets associated with health have many similarities: high fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols while being low in saturated fats, sodium, and refined carbohydrates. Over the past several decades, dietary patterns have changed significantly in Westernized nations with the increased consumption of calorically dense ultraprocessed foods low in fiber and high in saturated fats, salt, and refined carbohydrates, leading to numerous negative health consequences including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. The gut microbiota is an environmental factor that interacts with diet and may also have an impact on health outcomes, many of which involve metabolites produced by the microbiota from dietary components that can impact the host. This review focuses on our current understanding of the complex relationship between diet, the gut microbiota, and host health, with examples of how diet can support health, increase an individual's risk for disease, and be used as a therapy for specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce K Perler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Elliot S Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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35
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An Overview of the Risks of Contemporary Energy Drink Consumption and Their Active Ingredients on Cardiovascular Events. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-023-00716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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36
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Inceu AI, Neag MA, Craciun AE, Buzoianu AD. Gut Molecules in Cardiometabolic Diseases: The Mechanisms behind the Story. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043385. [PMID: 36834796 PMCID: PMC9965280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diabetes mellitus increases cardiovascular risk. Heart failure and atrial fibrillation are associated comorbidities that share the main cardiovascular risk factors. The use of incretin-based therapies promoted the idea that activation of alternative signaling pathways is effective in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and heart failure. Gut-derived molecules, gut hormones, and gut microbiota metabolites showed both positive and detrimental effects in cardiometabolic disorders. Although inflammation plays a key role in cardiometabolic disorders, additional intracellular signaling pathways are involved and could explain the observed effects. Revealing the involved molecular mechanisms could provide novel therapeutic strategies and a better understanding of the relationship between the gut, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea-Ioana Inceu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria-Adriana Neag
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Anca-Elena Craciun
- Department of Diabetes, and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca-Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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37
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Constantino-Jonapa LA, Espinoza-Palacios Y, Escalona-Montaño AR, Hernández-Ruiz P, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Amedei A, Aguirre-García MM. Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020431. [PMID: 36830968 PMCID: PMC9952918 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota and has been mainly associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in humans. There are factors that affect one's TMAO level, such as diet, drugs, age, and hormones, among others. Gut dysbiosis in the host has been studied recently as a new approach to understanding chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and Alzheimer's disease. These disease types as well as COVID-19 are known to modulate host immunity. Diabetic and obese patients have been observed to have an increase in their level of TMAO, which has a direct correlation with CVDs. This metabolite is attributed to enhancing the inflammatory pathways through cholesterol and bile acid dysregulation, promoting foam cell formation. Additionally, TMAO activates the transcription factor NF-κB, which, in turn, triggers cytokine production. The result can be an exaggerated inflammatory response capable of inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, which is responsible for various diseases. Due to the deleterious effects that this metabolite causes in its host, it is important to search for new therapeutic agents that allow a reduction in the TMAO levels of patients and that, thus, allow patients to be able to avoid a severe cardiovascular event. The present review discussed the synthesis of TMAO and its contribution to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Constantino-Jonapa
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Yoshua Espinoza-Palacios
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Alma R. Escalona-Montaño
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Paulina Hernández-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis M. Amezcua-Guerra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - María M. Aguirre-García
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5573-2911 (ext. 27316)
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38
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Bhuiya J, Notsu Y, Kobayashi H, Shibly AZ, Sheikh AM, Okazaki R, Yamaguchi K, Nagai A, Nabika T, Abe T, Yamasaki M, Isomura M, Yano S. Neither Trimethylamine-N-Oxide nor Trimethyllysine Is Associated with Atherosclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Older Japanese Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030759. [PMID: 36771464 PMCID: PMC9921512 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite of L-carnitine and choline, is linked to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. As TMAO content is very high in fish, we raised the following question: why do Japanese people, who consume lots of fish, show a low risk of atherosclerosis? To address this question, we investigated the effects of TMAO and other L-carnitine-related metabolites on carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Participants were recruited from a small island and a mountainous region. Plasma L-carnitine, γ-butyrobetaine (γBB), TMAO, trimethyllysine (TML), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were measured using liquid or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasma L-carnitine concentration was higher in men than in women. TMAO and TML were significantly higher in the residents of the island than in the mountainous people. In multiple linear regression analyses in all participants, TML showed a significant inverse association with max-IMT and plaque score (PS), whereas TMAO did not show any associations. In women, L-carnitine was positively associated with max-IMT and PS. TMAO was correlated with both EPA and DHA levels, implying that fish is a major dietary source of TMAO in Japanese people. Our study found that plasma TMAO was not an apparent risk factor for atherosclerosis in elderly Japanese people, whereas a low level of TML might be a potential risk. L-carnitine may be a marker for atherosclerosis in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubo Bhuiya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Notsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
- Metabolizumo Project, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
- Metabolizumo Project, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Abu Zaffar Shibly
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Abdullah Md. Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Ryota Okazaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Nabika
- Metabolizumo Project, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
- Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Abe
- Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamasaki
- Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Isomura
- Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
| | - Shozo Yano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
- Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-0853-20-2312; Fax: +81-0853-20-2409
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Pruss KM, Chen H, Liu Y, Van Treuren W, Higginbottom SK, Jarman JB, Fischer CR, Mak J, Wong B, Cowan TM, Fischbach MA, Sonnenburg JL, Dodd D. Host-microbe co-metabolism via MCAD generates circulating metabolites including hippuric acid. Nat Commun 2023; 14:512. [PMID: 36720857 PMCID: PMC9889317 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota produces dozens of small molecules that circulate in blood, accumulate to comparable levels as pharmaceutical drugs, and influence host physiology. Despite the importance of these metabolites to human health and disease, the origin of most microbially-produced molecules and their fate in the host remains largely unknown. Here, we uncover a host-microbe co-metabolic pathway for generation of hippuric acid, one of the most abundant organic acids in mammalian urine. Combining stable isotope tracing with bacterial and host genetics, we demonstrate reduction of phenylalanine to phenylpropionic acid by gut bacteria; the host re-oxidizes phenylpropionic acid involving medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). Generation of germ-free male and female MCAD-/- mice enabled gnotobiotic colonization combined with untargeted metabolomics to identify additional microbial metabolites processed by MCAD in host circulation. Our findings uncover a host-microbe pathway for the abundant, non-toxic phenylalanine metabolite hippurate and identify β-oxidation via MCAD as a novel mechanism by which mammals metabolize microbiota-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kali M Pruss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haoqing Chen
- Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William Van Treuren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven K Higginbottom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John B Jarman
- Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Curt R Fischer
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Octant Bio, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Tina M Cowan
- Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Human Microbiome Studies, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dylan Dodd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Kistner S, Mack CI, Rist MJ, Krüger R, Egert B, Biniaminov N, Engelbert AK, Seifert S, Dörr C, Ferrario PG, Neumann R, Altmann S, Bub A. Acute effects of moderate vs. vigorous endurance exercise on urinary metabolites in healthy, young, physically active men-A multi-platform metabolomics approach. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1028643. [PMID: 36798943 PMCID: PMC9927024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1028643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Endurance exercise alters whole-body as well as skeletal muscle metabolism and physiology, leading to improvements in performance and health. However, biological mechanisms underlying the body's adaptations to different endurance exercise protocols are not entirely understood. Methods: We applied a multi-platform metabolomics approach to identify urinary metabolites and associated metabolic pathways that distinguish the acute metabolic response to two endurance exercise interventions at distinct intensities. In our randomized crossover study, 16 healthy, young, and physically active men performed 30 min of continuous moderate exercise (CME) and continuous vigorous exercise (CVE). Urine was collected during three post-exercise sampling phases (U01/U02/U03: until 45/105/195 min post-exercise), providing detailed temporal information on the response of the urinary metabolome to CME and CVE. Also, fasting spot urine samples were collected pre-exercise (U00) and on the following day (U04). While untargeted two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) led to the detection of 608 spectral features, 44 metabolites were identified and quantified by targeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: 104 urinary metabolites showed at least one significant difference for selected comparisons of sampling time points within or between exercise trials as well as a relevant median fold change >1.5 or <0. 6 ¯ (NMR, LC-MS) or >2.0 or <0.5 (GC×GC-MS), being classified as either exercise-responsive or intensity-dependent. Our findings indicate that CVE induced more profound alterations in the urinary metabolome than CME, especially at U01, returning to baseline within 24 h after U00. Most differences between exercise trials are likely to reflect higher energy requirements during CVE, as demonstrated by greater shifts in metabolites related to glycolysis (e.g., lactate, pyruvate), tricarboxylic acid cycle (e.g., cis-aconitate, malate), purine nucleotide breakdown (e.g., hypoxanthine), and amino acid mobilization (e.g., alanine) or degradation (e.g., 4-hydroxyphenylacetate). Discussion: To conclude, this study provided first evidence of specific urinary metabolites as potential metabolic markers of endurance exercise intensity. Future studies are needed to validate our results and to examine whether acute metabolite changes in urine might also be partly reflective of mechanisms underlying the health- or performance-enhancing effects of endurance exercise, particularly if performed at high intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Kistner
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany,*Correspondence: Sina Kistner, ; Achim Bub,
| | - Carina I. Mack
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manuela J. Rist
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Krüger
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Björn Egert
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nathalie Biniaminov
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ann Katrin Engelbert
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephanie Seifert
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Dörr
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paola G. Ferrario
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rainer Neumann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany,TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Achim Bub
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany,*Correspondence: Sina Kistner, ; Achim Bub,
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Tacconi E, Palma G, De Biase D, Luciano A, Barbieri M, de Nigris F, Bruzzese F. Microbiota Effect on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Production: From Cancer to Fitness-A Practical Preventing Recommendation and Therapies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030563. [PMID: 36771270 PMCID: PMC9920414 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a microbial metabolite derived from nutrients, such as choline, L-carnitine, ergothioneine and betaine. Recently, it has come under the spotlight for its close interactions with gut microbiota and implications for gastrointestinal cancers, cardiovascular disease, and systemic inflammation. The culprits in the origin of these pathologies may be food sources, in particular, high fat meat, offal, egg yolk, whole dairy products, and fatty fish, but intercalated between these food sources and the production of pro-inflammatory TMAO, the composition of gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating this process. The aim of this review is to explain how the gut microbiota interacts with the conversion of specific compounds into TMA and its oxidation to TMAO. We will first cover the correlation between TMAO and various pathologies such as dysbiosis, then focus on cardiovascular disease, with a particular emphasis on pro-atherogenic factors, and then on systemic inflammation and gastrointestinal cancers. Finally, we will discuss primary prevention and therapies that are or may become possible. Possible treatments include modulation of the gut microbiota species with diets, physical activity and supplements, and administration of drugs, such as metformin and aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Tacconi
- Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Antonio Luciano
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Barbieri
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena de Nigris
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Bruzzese
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Gut Microbiota-Derived TMAO: A Causal Factor Promoting Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031940. [PMID: 36768264 PMCID: PMC9916030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is the main diet-induced metabolite produced by the gut microbiota, and it is mainly eliminated through renal excretion. TMAO has been correlated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and related complications, such as cardiovascular mortality or major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Meta-analyses have postulated that high circulating TMAO levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, but the link between TMAO and CVD remains not fully consistent. The results of prospective studies vary depending on the target population and the outcome studied, and the adjustment for renal function tends to decrease or reverse the significant association between TMAO and the outcome studied, strongly suggesting that the association is substantially mediated by renal function. Importantly, one Mendelian randomization study did not find a significant association between genetically predicted higher TMAO levels and cardiometabolic disease, but another found a positive causal relationship between TMAO levels and systolic blood pressure, which-at least in part-could explain the link with renal function. The mechanisms by which TMAO can increase this risk are not clearly elucidated, but current evidence indicates that TMAO induces cholesterol metabolism alterations, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet activation. Overall, there is no fully conclusive evidence that TMAO is a causal factor of ASCVD, and, especially, whether TMAO induces or just is a marker of hypertension and renal dysfunction requires further study.
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Huguenard CJC, Cseresznye A, Darcey T, Nkiliza A, Evans JE, Hazen SL, Mullan M, Crawford F, Abdullah L. Age and APOE affect L-carnitine system metabolites in the brain in the APOE-TR model. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1059017. [PMID: 36688151 PMCID: PMC9853982 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1059017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With age the apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele (involved in lipid homeostasis) is associated with perturbation of bioenergetics pathways in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We therefore hypothesized that in aging mice APOE genotype would affect the L-carnitine system (central to lipid bioenergetics), in the brain and in the periphery. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, levels of L-carnitine and associated metabolites: γ-butyrobetaine (GBB), crotonobetaine, as well as acylcarnitines, were evaluated at 10-, 25-, and 50-weeks, in the brain and the periphery, in a targeted replacement mouse model of human APOE (APOE-TR). Aged APOE-TR mice were also orally administered 125 mg/kg of L-carnitine daily for 7 days followed by evaluation of brain, liver, and plasma L-carnitine system metabolites. Compared to E4-TR, an age-dependent increase among E2- and E3-TR mice was detected for medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (MCA and LCA, respectively) within the cerebrovasculature and brain parenchyma. While following L-carnitine oral challenge, E4-TR mice had higher increases in the L-carnitine metabolites, GBB and crotonobetaine in the brain and a reduction of plasma to brain total acylcarnitine ratios compared to other genotypes. These studies suggest that with aging, the presence of the E4 allele may contribute to alterations in the L-carnitine bioenergetic system and to the generation of L-carnitine metabolites that could have detrimental effects on the vascular system. Collectively the E4 allele and aging may therefore contribute to AD pathogenesis through aging-related lipid bioenergetics as well as cerebrovascular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. C. Huguenard
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Cseresznye
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Teresa Darcey
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Aurore Nkiliza
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - James E. Evans
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael Mullan
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Laila Abdullah
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
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Diab A, Dastmalchi LN, Gulati M, Michos ED. A Heart-Healthy Diet for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Where Are We Now? Vasc Health Risk Manag 2023; 19:237-253. [PMID: 37113563 PMCID: PMC10128075 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s379874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of Review The relationship between cardiovascular health and diet is evolving. Lifestyle modifications including diet changes are the primary approach in managing cardiometabolic risk factors. Thus, understanding different diets and their impact on cardiovascular health is important in guiding primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Yet, there are many barriers and limitations to adopting a heart healthy diet. Recent Findings Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and lean protein sources, with minimization/avoidance of processed foods, trans-fats, and sugar sweetened beverages, are recommended by prevention guidelines. The Mediterranean, DASH, and plant-based diets have all proven cardioprotective in varying degrees and are endorsed by professional healthcare societies, while other emerging diets such as the ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting require more long-term study. The effects of diet on the gut microbiome and on cardiovascular health have opened a new path for precision medicine to improve cardiometabolic risk factors. The effects of certain dietary metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide, on cardiometabolic risk factors, along with the changes in the gut microbiome diversity and gene pathways in relation to CVD management, are being explored. Summary In this review, we provide a comprehensive up-to-date overview on established and emerging diets in cardiovascular health. We discuss the effectiveness of various diets and most importantly the approaches to nutritional counseling where traditional and non-traditional approaches are being practiced, helping patients adopt heart healthy diets. We address the limitations to adopting a heart healthy diet regarding food insecurity, poor access, and socioeconomic burden. Lastly, we discuss the need for a multidisciplinary team-based approach, including the role of a nutrition specialist, in implementing culturally-tailored dietary recommendations. Understanding the limitations and finding ways to overcome the barriers in implementing heart-healthy diets will take us miles in the path to CVD prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Diab
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Nedda Dastmalchi
- Division of Cardiology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Martha Gulati
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, LA, USA
| | - Erin D Michos
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Erin D Michos, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Blalock 524-B, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA, Tel +410-502-6813, Email
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Salazar J, Morillo V, Suárez MK, Castro A, Ramírez P, Rojas M, Añez R, D’Marco L, Chacín-González M, Bermudez V. Role of Gut Microbiome in Atherosclerosis: Molecular and Therapeutic Aspects. Curr Cardiol Rev 2023; 19:e020223213408. [PMID: 36733248 PMCID: PMC10494273 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x19666230202164524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most relevant and prevalent cardiovascular diseases of our time. It is one of the pathological entities that increases the morbidity and mortality index in the adult population. Pathophysiological connections have been observed between atherosclerosis and the gut microbiome (GM), represented by a group of microorganisms that are present in the gut. These microorganisms are vital for metabolic homeostasis in humans. Recently, direct and indirect mechanisms through which GM can affect the development of atherosclerosis have been studied. This has led to research into the possible modulation of GM and metabolites as a new target in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. The goal of this review is to analyze the physiopathological mechanisms linking GM and atherosclerosis that have been described so far. We also aim to summarize the recent studies that propose GM as a potential target in atherosclerosis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Valery Morillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - María K Suárez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Ana Castro
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Paola Ramírez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Roberto Añez
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
| | - Luis D’Marco
- Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, 46115, Spain
| | | | - Valmore Bermudez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Zhen J, Zhou Z, He M, Han HX, Lv EH, Wen PB, Liu X, Wang YT, Cai XC, Tian JQ, Zhang MY, Xiao L, Kang XX. The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1085041. [PMID: 36824355 PMCID: PMC9941174 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1085041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are exceedingly high worldwide. Researchers have found that the occurrence and development of CVDs are closely related to intestinal microecology. Imbalances in intestinal microecology caused by changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota will eventually alter intestinal metabolites, thus transforming the host physiological state from healthy mode to pathological mode. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is produced from the metabolism of dietary choline and L-carnitine by intestinal microbiota, and many studies have shown that this important product inhibits cholesterol metabolism, induces platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and promotes atherosclerosis. TMAO is directly or indirectly involved in the pathogenesis of CVDs and is an important risk factor affecting the occurrence and even prognosis of CVDs. This review presents the biological and chemical characteristics of TMAO, and the process of TMAO produced by gut microbiota. In particular, the review focuses on summarizing how the increase of gut microbial metabolite TMAO affects CVDs including atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, and other CVD-related diseases. Understanding the mechanism of how increases in TMAO promotes CVDs will potentially facilitate the identification and development of targeted therapy for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhen
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng He
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Xiang Han
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - En-Hui Lv
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng-Bo Wen
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Ting Wang
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun-Chao Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Qi Tian
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Ying Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Xing-Xing Kang, ; Lei Xiao,
| | - Xing-Xing Kang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Xing-Xing Kang, ; Lei Xiao,
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Zhang Q, Zhang L, Chen C, Li P, Lu B. The gut microbiota-artery axis: A bridge between dietary lipids and atherosclerosis? Prog Lipid Res 2023; 89:101209. [PMID: 36473673 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is one of the major leading global causes of death. Growing evidence has demonstrated that gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites play a pivotal role in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis (AS), now known as GM-artery axis. There are interactions between dietary lipids and GM, which ultimately affect GM and its metabolites. Given these two aspects, the GM-artery axis may play a mediating role between dietary lipids and AS. Diets rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs), industrial trans fatty acids (TFAs), and cholesterol can increase the levels of atherogenic microbes and metabolites, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), ruminant TFAs, and phytosterols (PS) can increase the levels of antiatherogenic microbes and metabolites. Actually, dietary phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been demonstrated to affect AS via the GM-artery axis. Therefore, that GM-artery axis acts as a communication bridge between dietary lipids and AS. Herein, we will describe the molecular mechanism of GM-artery axis in AS and discuss the complex interactions between dietary lipids and GM. In particular, we will highlight the evidence and potential mechanisms of dietary lipids affecting AS via GM-artery axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjun Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wubhan, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wubhan, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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48
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Zysset-Burri DC, Morandi S, Herzog EL, Berger LE, Zinkernagel MS. The role of the gut microbiome in eye diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 92:101117. [PMID: 36075807 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms and their genetic entities colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. When in balanced composition, the gut microbiome is in symbiotic interaction with its host and maintains intestinal homeostasis. It is involved in essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, inhibition of pathogens and regulation of immune function. Through translocation of microbes and their metabolites along the epithelial barrier, microbial dysbiosis induces systemic inflammation that may lead to tissue destruction and promote the onset of various diseases. Using whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing, several studies have shown that the composition and associated functional capacities of the gut microbiome are associated with age-related macular degeneration, retinal artery occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy and uveitis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the gut microbiome in eye diseases, with a focus on interactions between the microbiome, specific microbial-derived metabolites and the immune system. We explain how these interactions may be involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration, retinal artery occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy and uveitis and guide the development of new therapeutic approaches by microbiome-altering interventions for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Zysset-Burri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sophia Morandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Elio L Herzog
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Lieselotte E Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin S Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland.
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49
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Gao L, Xia X, Shuai Y, Zhang H, Jin W, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Gut microbiota, a hidden protagonist of traditional Chinese medicine for acute ischemic stroke. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1164150. [PMID: 37124192 PMCID: PMC10133705 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1164150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is one of the leading diseases causing death and disability worldwide, and treatment options remain very limited. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used for thousands of years to treat ischemic stroke and has been proven to have significant efficacy, but its mechanism of action is still unclear. As research related to the brain-gut-microbe axis progresses, there is increasing evidence that the gut microbiota plays an important role during AIS. The interaction between TCM and the gut microbiota has been suggested as a possible key link to the therapeutic effects of TCM. We have compiled and reviewed recent studies on the relationship between AIS, TCM, and gut microbiota, with the expectation of providing more ideas to elucidate the mechanism of action of TCM in the treatment of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiuwen Xia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinqi Shuai
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang, ; Xiaoyun Zhang,
| | - Yi Zhang
- Geriatric Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang, ; Xiaoyun Zhang,
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50
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Dietary Methionine Restriction Alleviates Choline-Induced Tri-Methylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) Elevation by Manipulating Gut Microbiota in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010206. [PMID: 36615863 PMCID: PMC9823801 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction (MR) has been shown to decrease plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels in high-fat diet mice; however, the specific mechanism used is unknown. We speculated that the underlying mechanism is related with the gut microbiota, and this study aimed to confirm the hypothesis. In this study, we initially carried out an in vitro fermentation experiment and found that MR could reduce the ability of gut microbiota found in the contents of healthy mice and the feces of healthy humans to produce trimethylamine (TMA). Subsequently, mice were fed a normal diet (CON, 0.20% choline + 0.86% methionine), high-choline diet (H-CHO, 1.20% choline + 0.86% methionine), or high-choline + methionine-restricted diet (H-CHO+MR, 1.20% choline + 0.17% methionine) for 3 months. Our results revealed that MR decreased plasma TMA and TMAO levels in H-CHO-diet-fed mice without changing hepatic FMO3 gene expression and enzyme activity, significantly decreased TMA levels and expression of choline TMA-lyase (CutC) and its activator CutD, and decreased CutC activity in the intestine. Moreover, MR significantly decreased the abundance of TMA-producing bacteria, including Escherichia-Shigella (Proteobacteria phylum) and Anaerococcus (Firmicutes phylum), and significantly increased the abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and SCFA levels. Furthermore, both MR and sodium butyrate supplementation significantly inhibited bacterial growth, down-regulated CutC gene expression levels in TMA-producing bacteria, including Escherichia fergusonii ATCC 35469 and Anaerococcus hydrogenalis DSM 7454 and decreased TMA production from bacterial growth under in vitro anaerobic fermentation conditions. In conclusion, dietary MR alleviates choline-induced TMAO elevation by manipulating gut microbiota in mice and may be a promising approach to reducing circulating TMAO levels and TMAO-induced atherosclerosis.
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