1
|
Cooley BJ, Occelli Hanbury-Brown CV, Choi EA, Heller WA, Lim AW, Lawrence AJ, Haber PS, McNally GP, Millan EZ. FGF21 analogue PF-05231023 on alcohol consumption and neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 2025:10.1038/s41386-025-02133-z. [PMID: 40419727 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-025-02133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2025] [Revised: 05/12/2025] [Accepted: 05/13/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver-derived hormone known to suppress alcohol consumption in mice and non-human primates. However, the role of FGF21 in modulating environmental and behavioural factors driving alcohol consumption-such as cue-driven responses and effortful actions to obtain alcohol-and its effects on neural activity related to consumption, remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the impact of PF-05231023, a long-acting FGF21 analogue, across multiple dimensions of alcohol consumption and motivation and examined consumption-related activity in the nucleus accumbens. PF-05231023 reduced alcohol intake and preference in a dose- and sex-specific manner; diminished approach behaviours following an alcohol but not sucrose cue; and decreased lever-pressing under a progressive-ratio schedule, both alone and when combined with the Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist Exendin-4; it did not reduce lever-pressing for sucrose in alcohol-naïve mice. Additionally, PF-05231023 altered the microstructure of alcohol consumption by shortening drinking bouts and increased the recruitment of nucleus accumbens (Acb) neurons associated with bout termination as determined by micro-endoscopy of GCaMP7f. These findings demonstrate that PF-05231023 broadly suppresses alcohol-motivated behaviours without impacting natural reward and that targeting FGF21 signaling in combination with GLP-1 agonists may enhance therapeutic efficacy. Mechanistically, the observed reductions in alcohol consumption following PF-05231023 may involve diminished alcohol palatability and modulation of neuronal activity from distinct subsets of Acb neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart J Cooley
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Eun A Choi
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Alyssa W Lim
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Edith Collins Centre, Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - E Zayra Millan
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rose JP, Morgan DA, Sullivan AI, Fu X, Inigo-Vollmer M, Burgess SC, Meyerholz DK, Rahmouni K, Potthoff MJ. FGF21 reverses MASH through coordinated actions on the CNS and liver. Cell Metab 2025:S1550-4131(25)00252-9. [PMID: 40367940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2025] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/16/2025]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and its progressive form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), represent a growing public health burden with limited therapeutic options. Recent studies have revealed that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)-based analogs can significantly improve MASH, but the mechanisms for this effect are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the beneficial metabolic effects of FGF21 to reverse MASH are mediated through distinct mechanisms to independently lower hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Specifically, FGF21 signaling directly to glutamatergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) stimulates hepatic triglyceride reduction and reversal of fibrosis, whereas FGF21 signaling directly to hepatocytes is necessary and sufficient to reduce hepatic cholesterol levels in mice. Mechanistically, we show that FGF21 acts in the CNS to increase sympathetic nerve activity to the liver, which suppresses hepatic de novo lipogenesis. These results provide critical insights into a promising pharmacological target to treat MASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse P Rose
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrew I Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Melissa Inigo-Vollmer
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mia S, Siokatas G, Sidiropoulou R, Hoffman M, Fragkiadakis K, Markopoulou E, Elesawy MI, Roy R, Blair S, Kuwabara Y, Rapushi E, Chaudhuri D, Makarewich CA, Gao E, Koch WJ, Schilling JD, Molkentin JD, Marketou M, Drosatos K. Hepato-cardiac interorgan communication controls cardiac hypertrophy via combined endocrine-autocrine FGF21 signaling. Cell Rep Med 2025:102125. [PMID: 40339570 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 01/13/2025] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a hormone produced mainly by the liver but also other organs, including the heart. Although FGF21 analogs are used for treating obesity and metabolic syndrome in humans, preclinical and clinical studies have elicited mixed results about whether prolonged FGF21 signaling is protective or detrimental for cardiac function. Based on our findings, showing elevated serum and cardiac FGF21 levels in humans with increased left ventricular afterload, we explore the involvement of FGF21 in cardiac hypertrophy. Our mouse studies reveal interorgan liver-heart crosstalk, which is controlled by an initial hepatic FGF21 release followed by the induction of cardiomyocyte (CM) FGF21 expression. Tissue-specific genetic ablation or anti-sense oligonucleotide-based inhibition of FGF21 shows that, in response to pressure overload, CM FGF21 upregulation is a critical event that is stimulated by liver-derived FGF21 and drives cardiac hypertrophy likely by interfering with cardioprotective oxytocin signaling. Conclusively, the hepato-cardiac FGF21-based signaling axis governs cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sobuj Mia
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Center, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Georgios Siokatas
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Center, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rafailia Sidiropoulou
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Center, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Hoffman
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Eftychia Markopoulou
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mahmoud I Elesawy
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Divison of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajika Roy
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott Blair
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yasuhide Kuwabara
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Erjola Rapushi
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Center, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dipayan Chaudhuri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Catherine A Makarewich
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel D Schilling
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Divison of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria Marketou
- Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Center, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chu Y, Yang S, Chen X. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2025; 269:108844. [PMID: 40113178 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2025.108844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2025] [Revised: 02/08/2025] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has emerged as a significant hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, with its prevalence increasing globally alongside the epidemics of obesity and diabetes. MAFLD represents a continuum of liver damage, spanning from uncomplicated steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). This condition can advance to more severe outcomes, including fibrosis and cirrhosis. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a family of four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFR1-4) that interact with both paracrine and endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). This interaction activates the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase residues, thereby triggering downstream signaling pathways, including RAS-MAPK, JAK-STAT, PI3K-AKT, and PLCγ. In the context of MAFLD, paracrine FGF-FGFR signaling is predominantly biased toward the development of liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis. In contrast, endocrine FGF-FGFR signaling is primarily biased toward regulating the metabolism of bile acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and phosphate, as well as maintaining the overall balance of energy metabolism in the body. The interplay between these biased signaling pathways significantly influences the progression of MAFLD. This review explores the critical functions of FGFR signaling in MAFLD from three perspectives: first, it examines the primary roles of FGFRs relative to their structure; second, it summarizes FGFR signaling in hepatic lipid metabolism, elucidating mechanisms underlying the occurrence and progression of MAFLD; finally, it highlights recent advancements in drug development aimed at targeting FGFR signaling for the treatment of MAFLD and its associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Su Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wong SW, Yang YY, Chen H, Xie L, Shen XZ, Zhang NP, Wu J. New advances in novel pharmacotherapeutic candidates for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) between 2022 and 2024. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2025; 46:1145-1155. [PMID: 39870846 PMCID: PMC12032127 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2025]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) covers a broad spectrum of profile from simple fatty liver, evolving to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), to hepatic fibrosis, further progressing to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MASLD has become a prevalent disease with 25% in average over the world. MASH is an active stage, and requires pharmacological intervention when there is necroptotic damage with fibrotic progression. Although there is an increased understanding of MASH pathogenesis and newly approved resmetirom, given its complexity and heterogeneous pathophysiology, there is a strong necessity to develop more drug candidates with better therapeutic efficacy and well-tolerated safety profile. With an increased list of pharmaceutical candidates in the pipeline, it is anticipated to witness successful approval of more potential candidates in this fast-evolving field, thereby offering different categories of medications for selective patient populations. In this review, we update the advances in MASH pharmacotherapeutics that have completed phase II or III clinical trials with potential application in clinical practice during the latest 2 years, focusing on effectiveness and safety issues. The overview of fast-evolving status of pharmacotherapeutic candidates for MASH treatment confers deep insights into the key issues, such as molecular targets, endpoint selection and validation, clinical trial design and execution, interaction with drug administration authority, real-world data feedback and further adjustment in clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wei Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong-Yu Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xi-Zhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ning-Ping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khalil SM, de Souza MHG, de Oliveira FD, Sato EDBDS, Meine GC. Efficacy and safety of aldafermin for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2025; 49:102579. [PMID: 40147589 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2025.102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2025] [Revised: 03/13/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Aldafermin in treating patients with biopsy-confirmed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Aldafermin to placebo for treating patients with MASH up to December 8, 2024. The risk ratios (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were pooled for binary outcomes using a random-effects model. Additionally, we conducted subgroup analysis by fibrosis stage and Aldafermin dosage, and meta-regression analysis assuming the dosage of Aldafermin as a covariate. RESULTS We included 4 RCTs, encompassing 491 patients. Compared to placebo, Aldafermin had a higher probability of MASH resolution without worsening of fibrosis (RR 3.04; 95 %CI 1.12-8.28), composite of fibrosis improvement and MASH resolution (RR 5.86; 95 %CI 1.15-29.94), and reduction ≥30 % in hepatic fat fraction by MRI-PDFF (RR 3.14; 95 %CI 1.44-6.85). There were no significant differences in fibrosis improvement ≥1 stage without worsening of MASH (RR 1.48; 95 %CI 0.93-2.35), and overall AEs (RR 1.02; 95 %CI 0.95-1.11) between the groups. Subgroup analysis by fibrosis stage and Aldafermin dosage showed consistent results, and meta-regression analysis by dosage showed a dose-dependent improvement for the outcome of ≥30 % reduction in hepatic fat fraction by MRI-PDFF. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Aldafermin improved MASH resolution without worsening fibrosis, enhanced the composite of fibrosis improvement and MASH resolution, reduced hepatic fat fraction by MRI-PDFF, and was safe for treating patients with biopsy-confirmed MASH compared to placebo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gilmara Coelho Meine
- Division of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine Department, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen G, Chen L, Li X, Mohammadi M. FGF-based drug discovery: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2025; 24:335-357. [PMID: 39875570 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-01125-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family comprises 15 paracrine-acting and 3 endocrine-acting polypeptides, which govern a multitude of processes in human development, metabolism and tissue homeostasis. Therapeutic endocrine FGFs have recently advanced in clinical trials, with FGF19 and FGF21-based therapies on the cusp of approval for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis and metabolic syndrome-associated steatohepatitis, respectively. By contrast, while paracrine FGFs were once thought to be promising drug candidates for wound healing, burns, tissue repair and ischaemic ailments based on their potent mitogenic and angiogenic properties, repeated failures in clinical trials have led to the widespread perception that the development of paracrine FGF-based drugs is not feasible. However, the observation that paracrine FGFs can exert FGF hormone-like metabolic activities has restored interest in these FGFs. The recent structural elucidation of the FGF cell surface signalling machinery and the formulation of a new threshold model for FGF signalling specificity have paved the way for therapeutically harnessing paracrine FGFs for the treatment of a range of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Institute of Cell Growth Factor, Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Accili D, Deng Z, Liu Q. Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2025:10.1038/s41574-025-01114-y. [PMID: 40247011 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-025-01114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/19/2025]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is an integral pathophysiological feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we review established and emerging cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance, their complex integrative features and their relevance to disease progression. While recognizing the heterogeneity of the elusive fundamental disruptions that cause insulin resistance, we endorse the view that effector mechanisms impinge on insulin receptor signalling and its relationship with plasma levels of insulin. We focus on hyperinsulinaemia and its consequences: acutely impaired but persistent insulin action, with reduced ability to lower glucose levels but preserved lipid synthesis and lipoprotein secretion. We emphasize the role of insulin sensitization as a therapeutic goal in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Zhaobing Deng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qingli Liu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cadena Sandoval M, Haeusler RA. Bile acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2025; 21:203-213. [PMID: 39757322 PMCID: PMC12053743 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2025]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia that is insufficient to maintain normal glucose metabolism. Changes in insulin signalling and insulin levels are thought to directly explain many of the metabolic abnormalities that occur in diabetes mellitus, such as impaired glucose disposal. However, molecules that are directly affected by abnormal insulin signalling might subsequently go on to cause secondary metabolic effects that contribute to the pathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the past several years, evidence has linked insulin resistance with the concentration, composition and distribution of bile acids. As bile acids are known to regulate glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and energy balance, these findings suggest that bile acids are potential mediators of metabolic distress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this Review, we highlight advances in our understanding of the complex regulation of bile acids during insulin resistance, as well as how bile acids contribute to metabolic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cadena Sandoval
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Digestive and Liver Disease Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Columbia Digestive and Liver Disease Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zangerolamo L, Carvalho M, Solon C, Sidarta-Oliveira D, Soares GM, Marmentini C, Boschero AC, Tseng YH, Velloso LA, Barbosa HCL. Central FGF19 signaling enhances energy homeostasis and adipose tissue thermogenesis through sympathetic activation in obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2025; 328:E524-E542. [PMID: 40059865 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2025] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling in the brain is associated with body weight loss, reduced food intake, and improved glycemic control in obese mice through unclear mechanisms. Here, we investigated the effects of central FGF19 administration on peripheral tissues, focusing on adipose tissue and its contributions to body weight loss. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of the adult murine hypothalamus, we found that FGF19 has the potential to target multiple cell populations, including astrocytes-tanycytes, microglia, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Central delivery of FGF19 decreased body weight gain and ameliorated glucose-insulin homeostasis in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. These results were accompanied by increased energy expenditure and reduced peripheric inflammation. Notably, these effects were attributable to the increased activity of thermogenic adipocytes, as upregulated thermogenic markers in brown and inguinal adipose tissue and improved cold tolerance were induced by central FGF19. However, under blunted sympathetic activity, the described effects were abolished. Moreover, cold exposure induced upregulation of FGF19 receptors and coreceptors specifically in the hypothalamus, suggesting a critical metabolic adaptation for thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. Our findings indicate that central FGF19 signaling improves energy homeostasis in DIO mice, at least in part, by stimulating sympathetic activity and adipose tissue thermogenesis. These findings highlight FGF19's potential as a therapeutic target for obesity and metabolic disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although most studies associate central fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) with reduced food intake, our findings highlight its role in enhancing thermogenesis in white and brown adipose tissues through sympathetic activation. Central FGF19 not only regulates feeding but also drives peripheral adaptations critical for energy homeostasis and body weight control under obesogenic conditions. These insights underscore the significance of top-down mechanisms in FGF19 action and its therapeutic potential for combating obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Marina Carvalho
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Sidarta-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M Soares
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carine Marmentini
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Boschero
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C L Barbosa
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Li Z, Wang S, Chen Y. Distinct Fgf21 Expression Patterns in Various Tissues in Response to Different Dietary Regimens Using a Reporter Mouse Model. Nutrients 2025; 17:1179. [PMID: 40218937 PMCID: PMC11990235 DOI: 10.3390/nu17071179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2025] [Revised: 03/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a secreted protein, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and energy homeostasis. Nevertheless, the expression pattern of Fgf21 across diverse tissues and its responsiveness to various dietary regimens remain incompletely understood. Methods: In this study, we developed a Fgf21-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter mouse model to explore the expression of endogenous Fgf21 in different tissues under four dietary conditions: normal chow, low-protein diet, fasting, and fasting-refeeding. Results: A low-protein diet was found to induce Fgf21 expression in both the liver and skeletal muscle. Notably, Fgf21 was predominantly expressed in the periportal region of the liver. In the pancreas, Fgf21 exhibited a patchy expression pattern in the exocrine portion, but was absent in the endocrine part, regardless of the dietary regimens. Regarding the spleen, fasting triggered the expression of Fgf21, which was mainly localized in the red pulp area. Moreover, under fasting conditions, Fgf21 showed a scattered expression pattern in the small intestine. Conclusions: The Fgf21-EGFP reporter mouse model serves as a valuable tool for dissecting the expression of endogenous Fgf21 in different tissues under various dietary and stress conditions. Further investigations using this model may contribute to uncovering the hitherto unrecognized functions of locally produced FGF21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cazac-Panaite GD, Lăcătușu CM, Grigorescu ED, Foșălău AB, Onofriescu A, Mihai BM. Innovative Drugs First Implemented in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity and Their Effects on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH)-Related Fibrosis and Cirrhosis. J Clin Med 2025; 14:1042. [PMID: 40004572 PMCID: PMC11857078 DOI: 10.3390/jcm14041042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2025] [Revised: 01/30/2025] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a progressive liver disease frequently associated with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, has the potential to progress symptomatically to liver cirrhosis and, in some cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. Hence, an urgent need arises to identify and approve new therapeutic options to improve patient outcomes. Research efforts have focused on either developing dedicated molecules or repurposing drugs already approved for other conditions, such as metabolic diseases. Among the latter, antidiabetic and anti-obesity agents have received the most extensive attention, with pivotal trial results anticipated shortly. However, the primary focus underlying successful regulatory approvals is demonstrating a substantial efficacy in improving liver fibrosis and preventing or ameliorating cirrhosis, the key advanced outcomes within MASLD progression. Besides liver steatosis, the ideal therapeutic candidate should reduce inflammation and fibrosis effectively. Although some agents have shown promise in lowering MASLD-related parameters, evidence of their impact on fibrosis and cirrhosis remains limited. This review aims to evaluate whether antidiabetic and anti-obesity drugs can be safely and effectively used in MASLD-related advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis in patients with T2DM. Our paper discusses the molecules closest to regulatory approval and the expectation that they can address the unmet needs of this increasingly prevalent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana-Diana Cazac-Panaite
- Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-D.C.-P.); (E.-D.G.); (A.-B.F.); (A.O.); (B.-M.M.)
- Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
| | - Cristina-Mihaela Lăcătușu
- Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-D.C.-P.); (E.-D.G.); (A.-B.F.); (A.O.); (B.-M.M.)
- Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
| | - Elena-Daniela Grigorescu
- Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-D.C.-P.); (E.-D.G.); (A.-B.F.); (A.O.); (B.-M.M.)
- Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
| | - Adina-Bianca Foșălău
- Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-D.C.-P.); (E.-D.G.); (A.-B.F.); (A.O.); (B.-M.M.)
- Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
| | - Alina Onofriescu
- Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-D.C.-P.); (E.-D.G.); (A.-B.F.); (A.O.); (B.-M.M.)
- Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Mircea Mihai
- Unit of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-D.C.-P.); (E.-D.G.); (A.-B.F.); (A.O.); (B.-M.M.)
- Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Azahaf S, Spit KA, de Blok CJM, Nanayakkara PWB. Increased FGF-19 levels following explantation in women with breast implant illness. Sci Rep 2025; 15:3652. [PMID: 39880914 PMCID: PMC11779942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-88013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2025] [Indexed: 01/31/2025] Open
Abstract
Breast Implant Illness (BII) is characterized by a cluster of systemic and local symptoms affecting a subset of women with silicone breast implants. While symptom improvement is frequently observed following implant removal, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, and the absence of reliable biomarkers complicates clinical decision-making. Here, we investigate inflammatory protein profiles in 43 women with BII, comparing pre- and post-explantation levels using the Olink Target 96 Inflammation panel and Meso Scale Discovery technology for absolute quantification. Sixteen inflammatory proteins, including MCP-1, CD8A, and CCL11, were elevated post-explantation, with FGF-19 showing the most pronounced increase (64%). FGF-19 levels increased from a median of 136 pg/mL to 195 pg/mL (p = 0.001), comparable to levels in women with silicone breast implants but no BII. We propose that explantation may alleviate FGF-19 signaling disruption, restoring its metabolic benefits. These findings suggest FGF-19 as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic marker for BII, warranting further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Azahaf
- Section General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K A Spit
- Section General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C J M de Blok
- Section General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P W B Nanayakkara
- Section General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu Z, Xu S, Liu X, Cheng L, Liu X, Xie X, Zhou D, Wang D, Chen J, Deng X, Zhang L, He R, Li Y, Cheng M, Yang L, Hou X, Bai T. Deficiency of Epithelial PIEZO1 Alleviates Liver Steatosis Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice. Int J Biol Sci 2025; 21:745-757. [PMID: 39781454 PMCID: PMC11705646 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025] Open
Abstract
PIEZO1 has been found to play a vital role in regulating intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) function and maintaining intestinal barrier in recent years. Therefore, IEC PIEZO1 might exert a significant impact on liver metabolism through the gut-liver axis, but there is no research on this topic currently. Classic high-fat diet (HFD) model and mice with IEC-specific deficiency of PIEZO1 (Piezo1 ΔIEC) were used to explore the problem. IEC PIEZO1 deletion significantly alleviated liver steatosis, without change on glucose tolerance and energy expenditure. Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19) was downregulated in IEC and portal vein of Piezo1 ΔIEC mice, which was associated with phenotypic change. After supplementary of exogenous FGF19, the effect of improving liver steatosis brought by PIEZO1 deletion was blocked. Notably, PIEZO1 depletion-induced FGF15 reduction was not dependent on classic bile acids (BAs) - farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathway, but attributed to impaired retinol metabolism and lower content of retinoic acid (RA). Subsequently, addition of RA but not retinol benefited inducing FGF15 production in ileal organoid from Piezo1 ΔIEC mice. Altogether, IEC PIEZO1 represents a promising target for therapy of hepatic steatosis via the gut-liver axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyue Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xinghuang Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaotian Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Dongke Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ruohang He
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengmeng Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Boisclair YR, Giesy SL. Endocrine adaptations to demanding physiological states in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01377-8. [PMID: 39647618 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/10/2024]
Abstract
Highly productive ruminants rely on hormonally driven adaptations to prioritize the use of limiting nutrients during the demanding phases of the pregnancy-lactation cycle. Glucose, the predominant oxidative fuel of fetal life and the absolute precursor of mammary lactose synthesis, illustrates the need and benefit of such adaptations. Endocrine mechanisms such as insulin resistance and/or hypoinsulinemia favor the diversion of maternal glucose to the placenta or mammary gland where uptake is independent of insulin. Research in dairy cows in the 1980s and 1990s identified growth hormone as a peripherally acting signal opposing the effects of insulin. The following decades have seen the discovery of a new generation of signals secreted almost exclusively by adipose tissue, skeletal muscle or liver, dynamically regulated by metabolic challenges, and engaged in cross-organ communication. The understanding of these signals in the coordination of metabolism in ruminants has been limited by the availability of assays to measure their circulating concentrations and materials to perform functional studies. Nevertheless, emerging data point to their importance during demanding physiological states in ruminants, including early lactation in dairy cows and late pregnancy in sheep. Examples include modulation of insulin action by liver-derived fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and regulation of energy allocation among tissues by the action of the adipose-derived hormone leptin via its ability to control the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Recent studies investigating the regulation and action of FGF21 and leptin in dairy cows and sheep will be used to illustrate the potential of recently discovered signals to coordinate metabolism during physiologically demanding states such as early lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y R Boisclair
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.
| | - S L Giesy
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bazhan N, Kazantseva A, Dubinina A, Balybina N, Jakovleva T, Makarova E. Age of Cafeteria Diet Onset Influences Obesity Phenotype in Mice in a Sex-Specific Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:12436. [PMID: 39596499 PMCID: PMC11595127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252212436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2024] [Revised: 11/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of sex and the age of obesogenic diet initiation on the obesity phenotypes at a later age. C57Bl mice started the Cafeteria Diet (CafD, with increased fat and carbohydrates, ad libitum, from 7 weeks of age (7CafD, pre-puberty) or 17 weeks of age (7CafD, post-puberty) while control C57Bl mice were fed regular chow. At 27 weeks of age, 7CafD males (n = 9) compared to 17CafD males (n = 7) had lower body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT) relative weight, and plasma cholesterol levels, and a higher expression of thermogenic genes in WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT), and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and insulin signalling genes in muscles. The 7CafD females (n = 8), compared to 17CafD females (n = 6), had higher plasma triglyceride levels and hepatic glycogen content, but lower insulin sensitivity and hepatic expression of FAO and insulin signalling genes. The 7CafD females, compared to 7CafD males, had more WAT, and a reduced expression of FAO genes in muscles and thermogenic genes in WAT. The 17CafD females, compared to 17CafD males, had lower plasma leptin and insulin levels, and higher insulin sensitivity and expression of insulin signalling genes in the liver and muscles. Thus, the initiation of the obesogenic diet before puberty led to a more adaptive metabolic phenotypes in males, and after puberty, in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Bazhan
- The Laboratory of Physiological Genetics, The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.K.); (A.D.); (N.B.); (T.J.); (E.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meroni M, Dongiovanni P, Tiano F, Piciotti R, Alisi A, Panera N. β-Klotho as novel therapeutic target in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A narrative review. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 180:117608. [PMID: 39490050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) represents the most frequent cause of hepatic disorder, and its progressive form defined as Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH) contributes to the development of fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Today effective therapeutic strategies addressing MASH-related comorbidities, inflammation, and fibrosis are needed. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 and 21 and their fibroblast growth factor receptor/β-Klotho (KLB) complexes have recently emerged as promising druggable targets for MASLD. However, less is known regarding the causative association between KLB activity and advanced stages of liver disease. In the present narrative review, we aimed to provide an up-to-date picture of the role of the KLB co-receptor in MASLD development and progression. We performed a detailed analysis of recently published preclinical and clinical data to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying KLB function and to correlate the presence of inherited or acquired KLB aberrancies with the predisposition towards MASLD. Moreover, we described ongoing clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic approaches targeting FGF19-21/FGFR/KLB in patients with MASLD and discussed the challenges related to their use. We furtherly described that KLB exhibits protective effects against metabolic disorders by acting in an FGF-dependent and independent manner thus triggering the hypothesis that KLB soluble forms may play a critical role in preserving liver health. Therefore, targeting KLB may provide promising strategies for treating MASLD, as supported by experimental evidence and ongoing clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marica Meroni
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca Tiano
- Research Unit of Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Piciotti
- Research Unit of Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nadia Panera
- Research Unit of Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Inia JA, Attema J, de Ruiter C, Menke AL, Caspers MPM, Verschuren L, Wilson M, Arlantico A, Brightbill HD, Jukema JW, van den Hoek AM, Princen HMG, Chen MZ, Morrison MC. Therapeutic effects of FGF21 mimetic bFKB1 on MASH and atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e70087. [PMID: 39463193 PMCID: PMC11580715 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202401397r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising target for treatment of obesity-associated diseases including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and atherosclerosis. We evaluated the effects of the bispecific anti-FGF21-β klotho (KLB) agonist antibody bFKB1 in a preclinical model of MASH and atherosclerosis. Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-).Leiden mice received a high-fat diet for 20 weeks, followed by treatment with an isotype control antibody or bFKB1 for 12 weeks. Effects on plasma risk markers and (histo)pathology of liver, adipose tissue, and heart were evaluated alongside hepatic transcriptomics analysis. bFKB1 lowered body weight (-21%) and adipose tissue mass (-22%) without reducing food intake. The treatment also improved plasma insulin (-80%), cholesterol (-48%), triglycerides (-76%), alanine transaminase (ALT: -79%), and liver weight (-43%). Hepatic steatosis and inflammation were strongly reduced (macrovesicular steatosis -34%; microvesicular steatosis -100%; inflammation -74%) and while the total amount of fibrosis was not affected, bFKB1 did decrease new collagen formation (-49%). Correspondingly, hepatic transcriptomics and pathway analysis revealed the mechanistic background underlying these histological improvements, demonstrating broad inactivation of inflammatory and profibrotic transcriptional programs by bFKB1. In epididymal white adipose tissue, bFKB1 reduced adipocyte size (-16%) and inflammation (-52%) and induced browning, signified by increased uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) protein expression (8.5-fold increase). In the vasculature, bFKB1 had anti-atherogenic effects, lowering total atherosclerotic lesion area (-38%). bFKB1 has strong beneficial metabolic effects associated with a reduction in hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Analysis of new collagen formation and profibrotic transcriptional programs indicate that bFKB1 treatment may have antifibrotic potential in a longer treatment duration as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Inia
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchThe Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)LeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of CardiologyLeiden University Medical Centre (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLUMCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Joline Attema
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchThe Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Christa de Ruiter
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchThe Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Aswin L. Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchThe Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems BiologyTNOLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of CardiologyLeiden University Medical Centre (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLUMCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Anita M. van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchThe Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Hans M. G. Princen
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchThe Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Mark Z. Chen
- Translational ImmunologyGenentech Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Martine C. Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchThe Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)LeidenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li T, Chiang JYL. Bile Acid Signaling in Metabolic and Inflammatory Diseases and Drug Development. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:1221-1253. [PMID: 38977324 PMCID: PMC11549937 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.124.000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol catabolism. Hepatic bile acid synthesis accounts for a major fraction of daily cholesterol turnover in humans. Biliary secretion of bile acids generates bile flow and facilitates biliary secretion of lipids, endogenous metabolites, and xenobiotics. In intestine, bile acids facilitate the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Through activation of nuclear receptors and G protein-coupled receptors and interaction with gut microbiome, bile acids critically regulate host metabolism and innate and adaptive immunity and are involved in the pathogenesis of cholestasis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, type-2 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Bile acids and their derivatives have been developed as potential therapeutic agents for treating chronic metabolic and inflammatory liver diseases and gastrointestinal disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Bile acids facilitate biliary cholesterol solubilization and dietary lipid absorption, regulate host metabolism and immunity, and modulate gut microbiome. Targeting bile acid metabolism and signaling holds promise for treating metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cao H, Xiao J, Baylink DJ, Nguyen V, Shim N, Lee J, Mallari DJR, Wasnik S, Mirshahidi S, Chen CS, Abdel-Azim H, Reeves ME, Xu Y. Development of a Competitive Nutrient-Based T-Cell Immunotherapy Designed to Block the Adaptive Warburg Effect in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2250. [PMID: 39457563 PMCID: PMC11504511 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: T-cell-based adoptive cell therapies have emerged at the forefront of cancer immunotherapies; however, failed long-term survival and inevitable exhaustion of transplanted T lymphocytes in vivo limits clinical efficacy. Leukemia blasts possess enhanced glycolysis (Warburg effect), exploiting their microenvironment to deprive nutrients (e.g., glucose) from T cells, leading to T-cell dysfunction and leukemia progression. Methods: Thus, we explored whether genetic reprogramming of T-cell metabolism could improve their survival and empower T cells with a competitive glucose-uptake advantage against blasts and inhibit their uncontrolled proliferation. Results: Here, we discovered that high-glucose concentration reduced the T-cell expression of glucose transporter GLUT1 (SLC2A1) and TFAM (mitochondrion transcription factor A), an essential transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to their impaired expansion ex vivo. To overcome the glucose-induced genetic deficiency in metabolism, we engineered T cells with lentiviral overexpression of SLC2A1 and/or TFAM transgene. Multi-omics analyses revealed that metabolic reprogramming promoted T-cell proliferation by increasing IL-2 release and reducing exhaustion. Moreover, the engineered T cells competitively deprived glucose from allogenic blasts and lessened leukemia burden in vitro. Conclusions: Our findings propose a novel T-cell immunotherapy that utilizes a dual strategy of starving blasts and cytotoxicity for preventing uncontrolled leukemia proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Cao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jeffrey Xiao
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - David J. Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Nathan Shim
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jae Lee
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Dave J. R. Mallari
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Samiksha Wasnik
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Saied Mirshahidi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Division of Transplant and Cell Therapy, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Mark E. Reeves
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sullivan AI, Jensen-Cody SO, Claflin KE, Vorhies KE, Flippo KH, Potthoff MJ. Characterization of FGF21 Sites of Production and Signaling in Mice. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae120. [PMID: 39253796 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is an endocrine hormone that signals to multiple tissues to regulate metabolism. FGF21 and another endocrine FGF, FGF15/19, signal to target tissues by binding to the co-receptor β-klotho (KLB), which then facilitates the interaction of these different FGFs with their preferred FGF receptor. KLB is expressed in multiple metabolic tissues, but the specific cell types and spatial distribution of these cells are not known. Furthermore, while circulating FGF21 is primarily produced by the liver, recent publications have indicated that brain-derived FGF21 impacts memory and learning. Here we use reporter mice to comprehensively assess KLB and FGF21 expression throughout the body. These data provide an important resource for guiding future studies to identify important peripheral and central targets of FGFs and to determine the significance of nonhepatic FGF21 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sharon O Jensen-Cody
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kristin E Claflin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kai E Vorhies
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kyle H Flippo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Carvalho MBD, Jorge GMCP, Zanardo LW, Hamada LM, Izabel LDS, Santoro S, Magdalon J. The role of FGF19 in metabolic regulation: insights from preclinical models to clinical trials. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 327:E279-E289. [PMID: 39017679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00156.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a hormone synthesized in enterocytes in response to bile acids. This review explores the pivotal role of FGF19 in metabolism, addressing the urgent global health concern of obesity and its associated pathologies, notably type 2 diabetes. The intriguing inverse correlation between FGF19 and body mass or visceral adiposity, as well as its rapid increase following bariatric surgery, emphasizes its potential as a therapeutic target. This article meticulously examines the impact of FGF19 on metabolism by gathering evidence primarily derived from studies conducted in animal models or cell lines, using both FGF19 treatment and genetic modifications. Overall, these studies demonstrate that FGF19 has antidiabetic and antiobesogenic effects. A thorough examination across metabolic tissues, including the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the central nervous system, is conducted, unraveling the intricate interplay of FGF19 across diverse organs. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive overview of clinical trials involving an FGF19 analog called aldafermin, emphasizing promising results in diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes. Therefore, we aim to foster a deeper understanding of FGF19 role and encourage further exploration of its clinical applications, thereby advancing the field and offering innovative approaches to address the escalating global health challenge of obesity and related metabolic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Botelho de Carvalho
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza Wolf Zanardo
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Miho Hamada
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Dos Santos Izabel
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Magdalon
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Soto Sauza KA, Ryan KK. FGF21 mediating the Sex-dependent Response to Dietary Macronutrients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e1689-e1696. [PMID: 38801670 PMCID: PMC11319005 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Sex is key variable influencing body composition and substrate utilization. At rest, females maintain greater adiposity than males and resist the mobilization of fat. Males maintain greater lean muscle mass and mobilize fat readily. Determining the mechanisms that direct these sex-dependent effects is important for both reproductive and metabolic health. Here, we highlight the fundamental importance of sex in shaping metabolic physiology and assess growing evidence that the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) plays a mechanistic role to facilitate sex-dependent responses to a changing nutritional environment. First, we examine the importance of sex in modulating body composition and substrate utilization. We summarize new data that point toward sex-biased effects of pharmacologic FGF21 administration on these endpoints. When energy is not limited, metabolic responses to FGF21 mirror broader sex differences; FGF21-treated males conserve lean mass at the expense of increased lipid catabolism, whereas FGF21-treated females conserve fat mass at the expense of reduced lean mass. Next, we examine the importance of sex in modulating the endogenous secretion of FGF21 in response to changing macronutrient and energy availability. During the resting state when energy is not limited, macronutrient imbalance increases the secretion of FGF21 more so in males than females. When energy is limited, the effect of sex on both the secretion of FGF21 and its metabolic actions may be reversed. Altogether, we argue that a growing literature supports FGF21 as a plausible mechanism contributing to the sex-dependent mobilization vs preservation of lipid storage and highlight the need for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla A Soto Sauza
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen K Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sass-Ørum K, Tagmose TM, Olsen J, Sjölander A, Wahlund PO, Han D, Vegge A, Reedtz-Runge S, Wang Z, Gao X, Wieczorek B, Lamberth K, Lykkegaard K, Nielsen PK, Thøgersen H, Yu M, Wang J, Drustrup J, Zhang X, Garibay P, Hansen K, Hansen AMK, Andersen B. Development of Zalfermin, a Long-Acting Proteolytically Stabilized FGF21 Analog. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11769-11788. [PMID: 39013015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Here, we describe the development of the FGF21 analog zalfermin (NNC0194-0499, 15), intended for once-weekly sc dosing. Protein engineering was needed to address inherent druggability issues of the natural FGF21 hormone. Thus, deamidation of Asp121 was solved by mutation to glutamine, and oxidation of Met168 was solved by mutation to leucine. N-terminal region degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV was prevented by alanine residue elongation. To prevent inactivating metabolism by fibroblast activation protein and carboxypeptidase-like activity in the C-terminal region, and to achieve t1/2 extension (53 h in cynomolgus monkeys), we introduced a C18 fatty diacid at the penultimate position 180. The fatty diacid binds albumin in a reversible manner, such that the free fraction of zalfermin potently activates the FGF-receptor complex and retains receptor selectivity compared with FGF21, providing strong efficacy on body weight loss in diet-induced obese mice. Zalfermin is currently being clinically evaluated for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Sass-Ørum
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Olsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Annika Sjölander
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Per-Olof Wahlund
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Dan Han
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Andreas Vegge
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Drug Discovery, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Zhe Wang
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Birgit Wieczorek
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kasper Lamberth
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Drug Discovery, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Henning Thøgersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Mingrui Yu
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jørn Drustrup
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Xujia Zhang
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Patrick Garibay
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kristian Hansen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Drug Discovery, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang X, Qiu K, Jiang Y, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Liao Y. Metabolic Crosstalk between Liver and Brain: From Diseases to Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7621. [PMID: 39062868 PMCID: PMC11277155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple organs and tissues coordinate to respond to dietary and environmental challenges. It is interorgan crosstalk that contributes to systemic metabolic homeostasis. The liver and brain, as key metabolic organs, have their unique dialogue to transmit metabolic messages. The interconnected pathogenesis of liver and brain is implicated in numerous metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Recent insights have positioned the liver not only as a central metabolic hub but also as an endocrine organ, capable of secreting hepatokines that transmit metabolic signals throughout the body via the bloodstream. Metabolites from the liver or gut microbiota also facilitate a complex dialogue between liver and brain. In parallel to humoral factors, the neural pathways, particularly the hypothalamic nuclei and autonomic nervous system, are pivotal in modulating the bilateral metabolic interplay between the cerebral and hepatic compartments. The term "liver-brain axis" vividly portrays this interaction. At the end of this review, we summarize cutting-edge technical advancements that have enabled the observation and manipulation of these signals, including genetic engineering, molecular tracing, and delivery technologies. These innovations are paving the way for a deeper understanding of the liver-brain axis and its role in metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yunfei Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Łukawska A, Mulak A. A correlation of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 level with inflammatory markers and indicators of nutritional status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1394030. [PMID: 38983722 PMCID: PMC11231369 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1394030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a stress-inducible hormone that regulates nutrient and metabolic homeostasis. Inflammatory state is one of the stimulators of FGF21 secretion. The aim of the study was to assess correlations between serum FGF21 level and inflammatory markers as well as nutritional status indicators in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods Fasting serum FGF21 level was measured using ELISA test in 105 IBD patients and 17 healthy controls. There were 31 subjects with active ulcerative colitis (UC), 16 with inactive UC, 36 with active Crohn's disease (CD), and 22 with inactive CD. Clinical and endoscopic activity of IBD was evaluated based on validated scales and indices. Fecal calprotectin, serum CRP, and selected parameters of nutritional status were tested in all patients. Results Serum FGF21 level was characterized by fluctuations depending on the IBD activity. FGF21 level was significantly higher in both active UC and CD compared to inactive phases of the diseases and to the controls. A correlation between FGF21 and fecal calprotectin levels was also found in UC and CD. Additionally, in CD, FGF21 level positively correlated with CRP level. In both UC and CD, a negative correlation was noted between FGF21 level and nutritional status parameters including cholesterol, protein, albumin levels, and BMI. Conclusion The intensity of intestinal inflammation is related to FGF21 level, which correlates negatively with nutritional status indicators in IBD. The disturbances in FGF21 secretion may contribute to the multifactorial pathogenesis of malnutrition and weight loss in IBD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Łukawska
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Mulak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu L, Ning N, Xu S, Chen D, Zhou L, Guo Z, Liang X, Ye X. Double promoter and tandem gene strategy for efficiently expressing recombinant FGF21. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:171. [PMID: 38867280 PMCID: PMC11167883 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising candidate for treating metabolic disorder diseases and has been used in phase II clinical trials. Currently, metabolic diseases are prevalent worldwide, underscoring the significant market potential of FGF21. Therefore, the production of FGF21 must be effectively improved to meet market demand. RESULTS Herein, to investigate the impact of vectors and host cells on FGF21 expression, we successfully engineered strains that exhibit a high yield of FGF21. Surprisingly, the data revealed that vectors with various copy numbers significantly impact the expression of FGF21, and the results showed a 4.35-fold increase in expression levels. Furthermore, the performance of the double promoter and tandem gene expression construction design surpassed that of the conventional construction method, with a maximum difference of 2.67 times. CONCLUSION By exploring engineered vectors and host cells, we successfully achieved high-yield production of the FGF21 strain. This breakthrough lays a solid foundation for the future industrialization of FGF21. Additionally, FGF21 can be easily, quickly and efficiently expressed, providing a better tool and platform for the research and application of more recombinant proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longying Liu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Nuoyi Ning
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Simeng Xu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Dongqing Chen
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Luping Zhou
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xianlong Ye
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li S, Zou T, Chen J, Li J, You J. Fibroblast growth factor 21: An emerging pleiotropic regulator of lipid metabolism and the metabolic network. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101064. [PMID: 38292170 PMCID: PMC10825286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as an important metabolic regulator which plays a crucial physiological role in regulating a variety of metabolic parameters through the metabolic network. As a novel multifunctional endocrine growth factor, the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network warrants extensive exploration. This insight was obtained from the observation that the FGF21-dependent mechanism that regulates lipid metabolism, glycogen transformation, and biological effectiveness occurs through the coordinated participation of the liver, adipose tissue, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerves. This review focuses on the role of FGF21-uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in lipid metabolism and how FGF21 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, this review reveals the mechanism by which FGF21 governs glucolipid metabolism. Recent research on the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network has mostly focused on the crucial pathway of glucolipid metabolism. FGF21 has been shown to have multiple regulatory roles in the metabolic network. Since an adequate understanding of the concrete regulatory pathways of FGF21 in the metabolic network has not been attained, this review sheds new light on the metabolic mechanisms of FGF21, explores how FGF21 engages different tissues and organs, and lays a theoretical foundation for future in-depth research on FGF21-targeted treatment of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brunaldi VO, Farias GF, de Moura DTH, Santo MA, Abu Dayyeh BK, Faria CS, Antonangelo L, Waitzberg DL, de Moura EGH. Endoscopic transoral outlet reduction induces enterohormonal changes in patients with weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Endosc Int Open 2024; 12:E687-E696. [PMID: 38812699 PMCID: PMC11136551 DOI: 10.1055/a-2312-5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Transoral outlet reduction (TORe) has long been employed in treating weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. However, its impact on gut hormones and their relationship with weight loss remains unknown. Patients and methods This was a substudy of a previous randomized clinical trial. Adults with significant weight regain and dilated gastrojejunostomy underwent TORe with argon plasma coagulation (APC) alone or APC plus endoscopic suturing (APC-suture). Serum levels of ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY were assessed at fasting, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after a standardized liquid meal. Results were compared according to allocation group, clinical success, and history of cholecystectomy. Results Thirty-six patients (19 APC vs. 17 APC-suture) were enrolled. There were no significant baseline differences between groups. In all analyses, the typical postprandial decrease in ghrelin levels was delayed by 30 minutes, but no other changes were noted. GLP-1 levels significantly decreased at 12 months in both allocation groups. Similar findings were noted after dividing groups according to the history of cholecystectomy and clinical success. The APC cohort presented an increase in PYY levels at 90 minutes, while the APC-suture group did not. Naïve patients had significantly lower PYY levels at baseline ( P = 0.01) compared with cholecystectomized individuals. This latter group experienced a significant increase in area under the curve (AUC) for PYY levels, while naïve patients did not, leading to a higher AUC at 12 months ( P = 0.0001). Conclusions TORe interferes with the dynamics of gut hormones. APC triggers a more pronounced enteroendocrine response than APC-suture, especially in cholecystectomized patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Ottoboni Brunaldi
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Santo
- Bariatric Surgery Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barham K. Abu Dayyeh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | | | - Leila Antonangelo
- Pathology Department, Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dan Linetzki Waitzberg
- Gastroenterology Department, Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shen W, Yang M, Chen H, He C, Li H, Yang X, Zhuo J, Lin Z, Hu Z, Lu D, Xu X. FGF21-mediated autophagy: Remodeling the homeostasis in response to stress in liver diseases. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101027. [PMID: 38292187 PMCID: PMC10825283 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are worldwide problems closely associated with various stresses, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress. The exact interplay between stress and liver diseases remains unclear. Autophagy plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis, and recent studies indicate tight crosstalk between stress and autophagy in liver diseases. Once the balance between damage and autophagy is broken, autophagy can no longer resist injury or maintain homeostasis. In recent years, FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21)-induced autophagy has attracted much attention. FGF21 is regarded as a stress hormone and can be up-regulated by an abundance of signaling pathways in response to stress. Also, increased FGF21 activates autophagy by a complicated signaling network in which mTOR plays a pivotal role. This review summarizes the mechanism of FGF21-mediated autophagy and its derived application in the defense of stress in liver diseases and offers a glimpse into its promising prospect in future clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Modan Yang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Chiyu He
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Huigang Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Jianyong Zhuo
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zuyuan Lin
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zhihang Hu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Di Lu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- The Institute for Organ Repair and Regenerative Medicine of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Liver Transplant, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Shin JH, Li Z, Rupp AC, Miller N, Kernodle S, Lanthier N, Henry P, Seshadri N, Myronovych A, MacDougald OA, O’Rourke RW, Kohli R, Burant CF, Rothberg AE, Seeley RJ. Intestinal FGF15 regulates bile acid and cholesterol metabolism but not glucose and energy balance. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174164. [PMID: 38587078 PMCID: PMC11128213 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19, mouse/human ortholog) is expressed in the ileal enterocytes of the small intestine and released postprandially in response to bile acid absorption. Previous reports of FGF15-/- mice have limited our understanding of gut-specific FGF15's role in metabolism. Therefore, we studied the role of endogenous gut-derived FGF15 in bile acid, cholesterol, glucose, and energy balance. We found that circulating levels of FGF19 were reduced in individuals with obesity and comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Gene expression analysis of ileal FGF15-positive cells revealed differential expression during the obesogenic state. We fed standard chow or a high-fat metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis-inducing diet to control and intestine-derived FGF15-knockout (FGF15INT-KO) mice. Control and FGF15INT-KO mice gained similar body weight and adiposity and did not show genotype-specific differences in glucose, mixed meal, pyruvate, and glycerol tolerance. FGF15INT-KO mice had increased systemic bile acid levels but decreased cholesterol levels, pointing to a primary role for gut-derived FGF15 in regulating bile acid and cholesterol metabolism when exposed to obesogenic diet. These studies show that intestinal FGF15 plays a specific role in bile acid and cholesterol metabolism regulation but is not essential for energy and glucose balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Surgery and
| | | | - Ziru Li
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Alan C. Rupp
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole Miller
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department, Saint-Luc University Clinics, and
- Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paulina Henry
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert W. O’Rourke
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Surgery and
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Charles F. Burant
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy E. Rothberg
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chui ZSW, Xue Y, Xu A. Hormone-based pharmacotherapy for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:158-168. [PMID: 38680683 PMCID: PMC11046571 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2024-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has reached epidemic proportions globally in parallel to the rising prevalence of obesity. Despite its significant burden, there is no approved pharmacotherapy specifically tailored for this disease. Many potential drug candidates for MAFLD have encountered setbacks in clinical trials, due to safety concerns or/and insufficient therapeutic efficacy. Nonetheless, several investigational drugs that mimic the actions of endogenous metabolic hormones, including thyroid hormone receptor β (THRβ) agonists, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogues, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), showed promising therapeutic efficacy and excellent safety profiles. Among them, resmetirom, a liver-targeted THRβ-selective agonist, has met the primary outcomes in alleviation of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), the advanced form of MAFLD, and liver fibrosis in phase-3 clinical trials. These hormone-based pharmacotherapies not only exhibit varied degrees of therapeutic efficacy in mitigating hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, but also improve metabolic profiles. Furthermore, these three hormonal agonists/analogues act in a complementary manner to exert their pharmacological effects, suggesting their combined therapies may yield synergistic therapeutic benefits. Further in-depth studies on the intricate interplay among these metabolic hormones are imperative for the development of more efficacious combination therapies, enabling precision management of MAFLD and its associated comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zara Siu Wa Chui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaqian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li X, Lu W, Kharitonenkov A, Luo Y. Targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 pathway for cholestatic, metabolic, and cancerous diseases. J Intern Med 2024; 295:292-312. [PMID: 38212977 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19, or FGF15 in rodents) plays a central role in controlling bile acid (BA) synthesis through a negative feedback mechanism. This process involves a postprandial crosstalk between the BA-activated ileal farnesoid X receptor and the hepatic Klotho beta (KLB) coreceptor complexed with fibrobalst growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) kinase. Additionally, FGF19 regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism by coordinating responses from functional KLB and FGFR1-3 receptor complexes on the periphery. Pharmacologically, native FGF19 or its analogs decrease elevated BA levels, fat content, and collateral tissue damage. This makes them effective in treating both cholestatic diseases such as primary biliary or sclerosing cholangitis (PBC or PSC) and metabolic abnormalities such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, chronic administration of FGF19 drives oncogenesis in mice by activating the FGFR4-dependent mitogenic or hepatic regenerative pathway, which could be a concern in humans. Agents that block FGF19 or FGFR4 signaling have shown great potency in preventing FGF19-responsive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in animal models. Recent phase 1/2 clinical trials have demonstrated promising results for several FGF19-based agents in selectively treating patients with PBC, PSC, NASH, or HCC. This review aims to provide an update on the clinical development of both analogs and antagonists targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway for patients with cholestatic, metabolic, and cancer diseases. We will also analyze potential safety and mechanistic concerns that should guide future research and advanced trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lone JB, Long JZ, Svensson KJ. Size matters: the biochemical logic of ligand type in endocrine crosstalk. LIFE METABOLISM 2024; 3:load048. [PMID: 38425548 PMCID: PMC10904031 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The endocrine system is a fundamental type of long-range cell-cell communication that is important for maintaining metabolism, physiology, and other aspects of organismal homeostasis. Endocrine signaling is mediated by diverse blood-borne ligands, also called hormones, including metabolites, lipids, steroids, peptides, and proteins. The size and structure of these hormones are fine-tuned to make them bioactive, responsive, and adaptable to meet the demands of changing environments. Why has nature selected such diverse ligand types to mediate communication in the endocrine system? What is the chemical, signaling, or physiologic logic of these ligands? What fundamental principles from our knowledge of endocrine communication can be applied as we continue as a field to uncover additional new circulating molecules that are claimed to mediate long-range cell and tissue crosstalk? This review provides a framework based on the biochemical logic behind this crosstalk with respect to their chemistry, temporal regulation in physiology, specificity, signaling actions, and evolutionary development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Barkat Lone
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Katrin J Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ursic-Bedoya J, Desandré G, Chavey C, Marie P, Polizzi A, Rivière B, Guillou H, Assenat E, Hibner U, Gregoire D. FGF19 and its analog Aldafermin cooperate with MYC to induce aggressive hepatocarcinogenesis. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:238-250. [PMID: 38228803 PMCID: PMC10897482 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-023-00021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
FGF19 hormone has pleiotropic metabolic functions, including the modulation of insulin sensitivity, glucose/lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. On top of its physiological metabolic role, FGF19 has been identified as a potentially targetable oncogenic driver, notably in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, FGF19 remained an attractive candidate for treatment of metabolic disease, prompting the development of analogs uncoupling its metabolic and tumor-promoting activities. Using pre-clinical mice models of somatic mutation driven HCC, we assessed the oncogenicity of FGF19 in combination with frequent HCC tumorigenic alterations: p53 inactivation, CTNNB1 mutation, CCND1 or MYC overexpression. Our data revealed a strong oncogenic cooperation between FGF19 and MYC. Most importantly, we show that this oncogenic synergy is conserved with a FGF19-analog Aldafermin (NGM282), designed to solely mimic the hormone's metabolic functions. In particular, even a short systemic treatment with recombinant proteins triggered rapid appearance of proliferative foci of MYC-expressing hepatocytes. The fact that FGF19 analog Aldafermin is not fully devoid of the hormone's oncogenic properties raises concerns in the context of its potential use for patients with damaged, mutation-prone liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Ursic-Bedoya
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Desandré
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Carine Chavey
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Marie
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Polizzi
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Rivière
- Department of Pathology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Assenat
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Urszula Hibner
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Gregoire
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zangerolamo L, Carvalho M, Velloso LA, Barbosa HCL. Endocrine FGFs and their signaling in the brain: Relevance for energy homeostasis. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176248. [PMID: 38056616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 2000, there has been a continuous expansion of studies investigating the physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology of endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 comprise a subfamily with attributes that distinguish them from typical FGFs, as they can act as hormones and are, therefore, referred to as endocrine FGFs. As they participate in a broad cross-organ endocrine signaling axis, endocrine FGFs are crucial lipidic, glycemic, and energetic metabolism regulators during energy availability fluctuations. They function as powerful metabolic signals in physiological responses induced by metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes and obesity. Pharmacologically, FGF19 and FGF21 cause body weight loss and ameliorate glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In contrast, FGF23 expression in mice and humans has been linked with insulin resistance and obesity. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in endocrine FGF signaling in the brain and critically assess their putative role as therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Carvalho
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C L Barbosa
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhou C, Pan X, Huang L, Wu T, Zhao T, Qi J, Wu J, Mukondiwa AV, Tang Y, Luo Y, Tu Q, Huang Z, Niu J. Fibroblast growth factor 21 ameliorates cholestatic liver injury via a hepatic FGFR4-JNK pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166870. [PMID: 37696161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is characterized by hepatic accumulation of cytotoxic bile acids (BAs), which often subsequently leads to liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver-secreted hormone with pleiotropic effects on the homeostasis of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. However, whether hepatic FGF21 plays a role in cholestatic liver injury remains elusive. We found that serum and hepatic FGF21 levels were significantly increased in response to cholestatic liver injury. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Fgf21 exacerbated hepatic accumulation of BAs, further accentuating liver injury. Consistently, administration of rFGF21 ameliorated cholestatic liver injury caused by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) treatment and Mdr2 deficiency. Mechanically, FGF21 activated a hepatic FGFR4-JNK signaling pathway to decrease Cyp7a1 expression, thereby reducing hepatic BAs pool. Our study demonstrates that hepatic FGF21 functions as an adaptive stress-responsive signal to downregulate BA biosynthesis, thereby ameliorating cholestatic liver injury, and FGF21 analogs may represent a candidate therapy for cholestatic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanren Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaomin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tianzhen Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jie Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Alan Vengai Mukondiwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yuli Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qi Tu
- Hangzhou Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Jianlou Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Carbonetti MP, Almeida-Oliveira F, Majerowicz D. Use of FGF21 analogs for the treatment of metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 68:e220493. [PMID: 37948566 PMCID: PMC10916804 DOI: 10.20945/2359-4292-2022-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
FGF21 is a hormone produced primarily by the liver with several metabolic functions, such as induction of heat production, control of glucose homeostasis, and regulation of blood lipid levels. Due to these actions, several laboratories have developed FGF21 analogs to treat patients with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that used FGF21 analogs and analyzed metabolic outcomes. Our search yielded 236 articles, and we included eight randomized clinical trials in the meta-analysis. The use of FGF21 analogs exhibited no effect on fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA index, blood free fatty acids or systolic blood pressure. However, the treatment significantly reduced fasting insulinemia, body weight and total cholesterolemia. None of the included studies were at high risk of bias. The quality of the evidence ranged from moderate to very low, especially due to imprecision and indirection issues. These results indicate that FGF21 analogs can potentially treat metabolic syndrome. However, more clinical trials are needed to increase the quality of evidence and confirm the effects seen thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Carbonetti
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Almeida-Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - David Majerowicz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang Y, Ran L, Lan Q, Liao W, Wang L, Wang Y, Xiong J, Li F, Yu W, Li Y, Huang Y, He T, Wang J, Zhao J, Yang K. Imbalanced lipid homeostasis caused by membrane αKlotho deficiency contributes to the acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease transition. Kidney Int 2023; 104:956-974. [PMID: 37673285 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
After acute kidney injury (AKI), renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) are pathologically characterized by intracellular lipid droplet (LD) accumulation, which are involved in RTEC injury and kidney fibrosis. However, its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. The protein, αKlotho, primarily expressed in RTECs, is well known as an anti-aging hormone wielding versatile functions, and its membrane form predominantly acts as a co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor 23. Here, we discovered a connection between membrane αKlotho and intracellular LDs in RTECs. Fluorescent fatty acid (FA) pulse-chase assays showed that membrane αKlotho deficiency in RTECs, as seen in αKlotho homozygous mutated (kl/kl) mice or in mice with ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)-induced AKI, inhibited FA mobilization from LDs by impairing adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-mediated lipolysis and lipophagy. This resulted in LD accumulation and FA underutilization. IRI-induced alterations were more striking in αKlotho deficiency. Mechanistically, membrane αKlotho deficiency promoted E3 ligase peroxin2 binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2, resulting in ubiquitin-mediated degradation of ATGL which is a common molecular basis for lipolysis and lipophagy. Overexpression of αKlotho rescued FA mobilization by preventing ATGL ubiquitination, thereby lessening LD accumulation and fibrosis after AKI. This suggests that membrane αKlotho is indispensable for the maintenance of lipid homeostasis in RTECs. Thus, our study identified αKlotho as a critical regulator of lipid turnover and homeostasis in AKI, providing a viable strategy for preventing tubular injury and the AKI-to-chronic kidney disease transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Ran
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qigang Lan
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Weinian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Liting Wang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiachuan Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fugang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wenrui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sundaram SM, Lenin RR, Janardhanan R. FGF4 alleviates hyperglycemia in diabetes and obesity conditions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:583-585. [PMID: 37625920 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the brain plays a key role in glucose homeostasis, making it a potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Sun et al. recently reported that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of a single dose of fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) can induce sustained T2D remission in mouse models in the absence of any risk of hypoglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraj M Sundaram
- Division of Medical Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Raji Rajesh Lenin
- Division of Medical Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajiv Janardhanan
- Division of Medical Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kobayashi K, Iwasa K, Azuma-Suzuki R, Kawauchi T, Nabeshima YI. Feto-maternal cholesterol transport regulated by β-Klotho-FGF15 axis is essential for fetal growth. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301916. [PMID: 37541847 PMCID: PMC10403640 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Klotho (β-KL) is indispensable to regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism in adult animals. β-KL is highly expressed in the yolk sac, but its role in the developmental stages has not been established. We hypothesized that β-KL is required for metabolic regulation in the embryo and aimed to clarify the role of β-KL during development. Here, we show that β-KL regulates feto-maternal cholesterol transport through the yolk sac by mediating FGF 15 signaling, and also that impairment of the β-KL-FGF15 axis causes fetal growth restriction (FGR). Embryos of β- kl knockout (β-kl-/-) mice were morphologically normal but exhibited FGR before placental maturation. The body weight of β-kl-/- mice remained lower after birth. β-KL deletion reduced cholesterol supply from the maternal blood and led to lipid shortage in the embryos. These phenotypes were similar to those of embryos lacking FGF15, indicating that β-KL-FGF15 axis is essential for growth and lipid regulation in the embryonic stages. Our findings suggest that lipid abnormalities in early gestation provoke FGR, leading to reduced body size in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Kobayashi
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuko Iwasa
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rika Azuma-Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Disease, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li Z, Yuan H, Chu H, Yang L. The Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Bile Acids Promotes the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2059. [PMID: 37630619 PMCID: PMC10459427 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently the roles of gut microbiota are highly regarded in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The intestinal bacteria regulate the metabolism of bile acids depending on bile salt hydrolase (BSH), 7-dehydroxylation, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH), or amide conjugation reaction, thus exerting effects on NAFLD development through bile acid receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid protein 5 (TGR5), and vitamin D receptor (VDR), which modulate nutrient metabolism and insulin sensitivity via interacting with downstream molecules. Reversely, the composition of gut microbiota is also affected by the level of bile acids in turn. We summarize the mutual regulation between the specific bacteria and bile acids in NAFLD and the latest clinical research based on microbiota and bile acids, which facilitate the development of novel treatment modalities in NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.L.); (H.Y.); (H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kuo YY, Tsai HY, Kuo YM, Tzeng SF, Chen PS, Hsu PH, Lin YT, Chen PC. Glibenclamide promotes FGF21 secretion in interscapular BAT and attenuates depression-like behaviors in male mice with HFD-induced obesity. Life Sci 2023; 328:121900. [PMID: 37391066 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Epidemiological evidence suggests that comorbidity of obesity and depression is extremely common and continues to grow in prevalence. However, the mechanisms connecting these two conditions are unknown. In this study, we explored how treatment with KATP channel blocker glibenclamide (GB) or the well-known metabolic regulator FGF21 impact male mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and depressive-like behaviors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were fed with HFD for 12 weeks and then treated with recombinant FGF21 protein by infusion for 2 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of 3 mg/kg recombinant FGF21 once per day for 4 days. Measurements were made of catecholamine levels, energy expenditure, biochemical endpoints and behavior tests, including sucrose preference and forced swim tests were. Alternatively, animals were infused with GB into brown adipose tissue (BAT). The WT-1 brown adipocyte cell line was used for molecular studies. KEY FINDINGS Compared to HFD controls, HFD + FGF21 mice exhibited less severe metabolic disorder symptoms, improved depressive-like behaviors, and more extensive mesolimbic dopamine projections. FGF21 treatment also rescued HFD-induced dysregulation of FGF21 receptors (FGFR1 and co-receptor β-klotho) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and it altered dopaminergic neuron activity and morphology in HFD-fed mice. Importantly, we also found that FGF21 mRNA level and FGF21 release were increased in BAT after administration of GB, and GB treatment to BAT reversed HFD-induced dysregulation of FGF21 receptors in the VTA. SIGNIFICANCE GB administration to BAT stimulates FGF21 production in BAT, corrects HFD-induced dysregulation of FGF21 receptor dimers in VTA dopaminergic neurons, and attenuates depression-like symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Kuo
- Department of Physiology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institue of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yeh Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hung Hsu
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Tin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institue of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Aaldijk AS, Verzijl CRC, Jonker JW, Struik D. Biological and pharmacological functions of the FGF19- and FGF21-coreceptor beta klotho. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1150222. [PMID: 37260446 PMCID: PMC10229096 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta klotho (KLB) is a fundamental component in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling as it serves as an obligatory coreceptor for the endocrine hormones fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Through the development of FGF19- and FGF21 mimetics, KLB has emerged as a promising drug target for treating various metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease. While rodent studies have significantly increased our understanding of KLB function, current clinical trials that test the safety and efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs raise many new scientific questions about human KLB biology. Although most KLB-targeting drugs can modulate disease activity in humans, individual patient responses differ substantially. In addition, species-specific differences in KLB tissue distribution may explain why the glucose-lowering effects that were observed in preclinical studies are not fully replicated in clinical trials. Besides, the long-term efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs might be limited by various pathophysiological conditions known to reduce the expression of KLB. Moreover, FGF19/FGF21 administration in humans is also associated with gastrointestinal side effects, which are currently unexplained. A better understanding of human KLB biology could help to improve the efficacy and safety of existing or novel KLB/FGFR-targeting drugs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of KLB biology, including genetic variants and their phenotypic associations, transcriptional regulation, protein structure, tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and function. In addition, we will highlight recent developments regarding the safety and efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs in clinical trials. These insights may direct the development and testing of existing and future KLB-targeting drugs.
Collapse
|
45
|
Sun H, Lin W, Tang Y, Tu H, Chen T, Zhou J, Wang D, Xu Q, Niu J, Dong W, Liu S, Ni X, Yang W, Zhao Y, Ying L, Zhang J, Li X, Mohammadi M, Shen WL, Huang Z. Sustained remission of type 2 diabetes in rodents by centrally administered fibroblast growth factor 4. Cell Metab 2023:S1550-4131(23)00172-9. [PMID: 37167965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major health and economic burden worldwide. Despite the availability of multiple drugs for short-term management, sustained remission of T2D is currently not achievable pharmacologically. Intracerebroventricular administration of fibroblast growth factor 1 (icvFGF1) induces sustained remission in T2D rodents, propelling intense research efforts to understand its mechanism of action. Whether other FGFs possess similar therapeutic benefits is currently unknown. Here, we show that icvFGF4 also elicits a sustained antidiabetic effect in both male db/db mice and diet-induced obese mice by activating FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) expressed in glucose-sensing neurons within the mediobasal hypothalamus. Specifically, FGF4 excites glucose-excited (GE) neurons while inhibiting glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons. Moreover, icvFGF4 restores the percentage of GI neurons in db/db mice. Importantly, intranasal delivery of FGF4 alleviates hyperglycemia in db/db mice, paving the way for non-invasive therapy. We conclude that icvFGF4 holds significant therapeutic potential for achieving sustained remission of T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Department of Physiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Hongqing Tu
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Dezhong Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenliya Dong
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Sidan Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lei Ying
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Department of Physiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li Z, Zhang X, Zhu W, Zhang C, Sadak K, Halberstam AA, Brown JR, Perry CJ, Bunn A, Braun DA, Adeniran A, Lee S, Wang A, Perry RJ. FGF-21 Conducts a Liver-Brain-Kidney Axis to Promote Renal Cell Carcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.12.536558. [PMID: 37090652 PMCID: PMC10120688 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is one of the most exquisitely tuned systems in mammalian physiology. Metabolic homeostasis requires multiple redundant systems to cooperate to maintain blood glucose concentrations in a narrow range, despite a multitude of physiological and pathophysiological pressures. Cancer is one of the canonical pathophysiological settings in which metabolism plays a key role. In this study, we utilized REnal Gluconeogenesis Analytical Leads (REGAL), a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry-based stable isotope tracer method that we developed to show that in conditions of metabolic stress, the fasting hepatokine fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21)1,2 coordinates a liver-brain-kidney axis to promote renal gluconeogenesis. FGF-21 promotes renal gluconeogenesis by enhancing β2 adrenergic receptor (Adrb2)-driven, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-mediated intrarenal lipolysis. Further, we show that this liver-brain-kidney axis promotes gluconeogenesis in the renal parenchyma in mice and humans with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This increased gluconeogenesis is, in turn, associated with accelerated RCC progression. We identify Adrb2 blockade as a new class of therapy for RCC in mice, with confirmatory data in human patients. In summary, these data reveal a new metabolic function of FGF-21 in driving renal gluconeogenesis, and demonstrate that inhibition of renal gluconeogenesis by FGF-21 antagonism deserves attention as a new therapeutic approach to RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Wanling Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Katherine Sadak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Alexandra A Halberstam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Jason R Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center
- Case Western Reserve University
| | - Curtis J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Azia Bunn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - David A Braun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | - Sangwon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Benoit B, Beau A, Bres É, Chanon S, Pinteur C, Vieille-Marchiset A, Jalabert A, Zhang H, Garg P, Strigini M, Vico L, Ruzzin J, Vidal H, Koppe L. Treatment with fibroblast growth factor 19 increases skeletal muscle fiber size, ameliorates metabolic perturbations and hepatic inflammation in 5/6 nephrectomized mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5520. [PMID: 37015932 PMCID: PMC10073190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with osteosarcopenia, and because a physical decline in patients correlates with an increased risk of morbidity, an improvement of the musculoskeletal system is expected to improve morbi-mortality. We recently uncovered that the intestinal hormone Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF19) is able to promote skeletal muscle mass and strength in rodent models, in addition to its capacity to improve glucose homeostasis. Here, we tested the effects of a treatment with recombinant human FGF19 in a CKD mouse model, which associates sarcopenia and metabolic disorders. In 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6Nx) mice, subcutaneous FGF19 injection (0.1 mg/kg) during 18 days increased skeletal muscle fiber size independently of food intake and weight gain, associated with decreased gene expression of myostatin. Furthermore, FGF19 treatment attenuated glucose intolerance and reduced hepatic expression of gluconeogenic genes in uremic mice. Importantly, the treatment also decreased gene expression of liver inflammatory markers in CKD mice. Therefore, our results suggest that FGF19 may represent a novel interesting therapeutic strategy for a global improvement of sarcopenia and metabolic complications in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berengère Benoit
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Alice Beau
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Émilie Bres
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre Bénite, France
- Department of Nephrology and Nutrition, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Stéphanie Chanon
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Claudie Pinteur
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre Bénite, France
| | | | - Audrey Jalabert
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Hao Zhang
- INSERM U1059, Sainbiose, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Priyanka Garg
- INSERM U1059, Sainbiose, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Maura Strigini
- INSERM U1059, Sainbiose, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM U1059, Sainbiose, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jérôme Ruzzin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hubert Vidal
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Laetitia Koppe
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre Bénite, France.
- Department of Nephrology and Nutrition, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495, Pierre Bénite, France.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shah H, Kramer A, Mullins CA, Mattern M, Gannaban RB, Townsend RL, Campagna SR, Morrison CD, Berthoud HR, Shin AC. Reduction of Plasma BCAAs following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery Is Primarily Mediated by FGF21. Nutrients 2023; 15:1713. [PMID: 37049555 PMCID: PMC10096671 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a challenging health concern worldwide. A lifestyle intervention to treat T2D is difficult to adhere, and the effectiveness of approved medications such as metformin, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), and sulfonylureas are suboptimal. On the other hand, bariatric procedures such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are being recognized for their remarkable ability to achieve diabetes remission, although the underlying mechanism is not clear. Recent evidence points to branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) as a potential contributor to glucose impairment and insulin resistance. RYGB has been shown to effectively lower plasma BCAAs in insulin-resistant or T2D patients that may help improve glycemic control, but the underlying mechanism for BCAA reduction is not understood. Hence, we attempted to explore the mechanism by which RYGB reduces BCAAs. To this end, we randomized diet-induced obese (DIO) mice into three groups that underwent either sham or RYGB surgery or food restriction to match the weight of RYGB mice. We also included regular chow-diet-fed healthy mice as an additional control group. Here, we show that compared to sham surgery, RYGB in DIO mice markedly lowered serum BCAAs most likely by rescuing BCAA breakdown in both liver and white adipose tissues. Importantly, the restored BCAA metabolism following RYGB was independent of caloric intake. Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were decreased as expected, and serum valine was strongly associated with insulin resistance. While gut hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are postulated to mediate various surgery-induced metabolic benefits, mice lacking these hormonal signals (GLP-1R/Y2R double KO) were still able to effectively lower plasma BCAAs and improve glucose tolerance, similar to mice with intact GLP-1 and PYY signaling. On the other hand, mice deficient in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), another candidate hormone implicated in enhanced glucoregulatory action following RYGB, failed to decrease plasma BCAAs and normalize hepatic BCAA degradation following surgery. This is the first study using an animal model to successfully recapitulate the RYGB-led reduction of circulating BCAAs observed in humans. Our findings unmasked a critical role of FGF21 in mediating the rescue of BCAA metabolism following surgery. It would be interesting to explore the possibility of whether RYGB-induced improvement in glucose homeostasis is partly through decreased BCAAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Shah
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Alyssa Kramer
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Caitlyn A. Mullins
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Marie Mattern
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Ritchel B. Gannaban
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - R. Leigh Townsend
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Shawn R. Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Christopher D. Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Andrew C. Shin
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vonderohe C, Guthrie G, Burrin DG. Fibroblast growth factor 19 secretion and function in perinatal development. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G190-G195. [PMID: 36648144 PMCID: PMC9942882 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00208.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Limited work has focused on fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) secretion and function in the perinatal period. FGF19 is a potent growth factor that coordinates development of the brain, eye, inner ear, and skeletal system in the embryo, but after birth, FGF19 transitions to be an endocrine regulator of the classic pathway of hepatic bile acid synthesis. FGF19 has emerged as a mediator of metabolism and bile acid synthesis in aged animals and adults in the context of liver disease and metabolic dysfunction. FGF19 has also been shown to have systemic insulin-sensitizing and skeletal muscle hypertrophic effects when induced or supplemented at supraphysiological levels in adult rodent models. These effects could be beneficial to improve growth and nutritional outcomes in preterm infants, which are metabolically resistant to the anabolic effects of enteral nutrition. Existing clinical data on FGF19 secretion and function in the perinatal period in term and preterm infants has been equivocal. Studies in pigs show that FGF19 expression and secretion are upregulated with gestational age and point to molecular and endocrine factors that may be involved. Work focused on FGF19 in pediatric diseases suggests that augmentation of FGF19 secretion by activation of gut FXR signaling is associated with benefits in diseases such as short bowel syndrome, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease, and biliary atresia. Future work should focus on characterization of FGF19 secretion and the mechanism underpinning the transition of FGF19 function as an embryological growth factor to metabolic and bile acid regulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Vonderohe
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Gregory Guthrie
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yang L, Nao J. Focus on Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Autophagy. Neuroscience 2023; 511:13-28. [PMID: 36372296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disorder of the central nervous system that is typically marked by progressive cognitive impairment and memory loss. Amyloid β plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau are the two hallmark pathologies of AD. In mammalian cells, autophagy clears aberrant protein aggregates, thus maintaining proteostasis as well as neuronal health. Autophagy affects production and metabolism of amyloid β and accumulation of phosphorylated tau proteins, whose malfunction can lead to the progression of AD. On the other hand, defective autophagy has been found to induce the production of the neuroprotective factor fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), although the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this review, we highlight the significance of aberrant autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD, discuss the possible mechanisms by which defective autophagy induces FGF21 production, and analyze the potential of FGF21 in the treatment of AD. The findings provide some insights into the potential role of FGF21 and autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| |
Collapse
|