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Xue Y, Cai X, Wang Y, Ban L, Mei M, Chen S, Xu Q, Chen B, Liang S, Wang X. Utilizing network pharmacology and experimental validation to investigate the underlying mechanism of Denglao Qingguan decoction against HCoV-229E. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27829. [PMID: 38533054 PMCID: PMC10963236 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Denglao Qingguan decoction (DLQGD) has been extensively utilized for the treatment of colds, demonstrating significant therapeutic efficacy. Human Coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is considered a crucial etiological agent of influenza. However, the specific impact and underlying mechanisms of DLQGD on HCoV-229E remain poorly understood. Methods Active ingredients and targets information of DLQGD were collected from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), literature search, and Swiss ADEM database. The Genecard database was used to collect HCoV-229E related targets. We built an "ingredient-target network" through Cytoscape. Protein - Protein interaction (PPI) networks were mapped using the String database. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) were enriched using the DAVID database. Then, we used molecular docking techniques to verify the binding activity between the core compounds and the core gene targets. Finally, in vitro experiments were conducted to validate DLQGD's antiviral activity against HCoV-229E and assess its anti-inflammatory effects. Results In total, we identified 227 active components in DLQGD. 18 key targets involved in its activity against HCoV-229E. Notably, the core active ingredients including quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, β-sitosterol, and apigenin, and the core therapeutic targets were CXCL8, RELA, MAPK14, NFKB1, and CXCL10, all associated with HCoV-229E. KEGG enrichment results included IL-17 signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway and so on. The core active ingredients and the core therapeutic targets and Human Aminopeptidase N (ANPEP) all showed good binding activity by molecular docking verification. In vitro, DLQGD exhibited anti-HCoV-229E activity and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion Our study suggests that DLQGD has both effects of anti-HCoV-229E and anti-inflammatory. The core active ingredients (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, β-sitosterol, apigenin) and the core therapeutic targets (CXCL8, RELA, MAPK14, NFKB1, CXCL10) may play key roles in the pharmacological action of DLQGD against HCoV-229E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Xue
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ban
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manxue Mei
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihua Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boqian Chen
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wright NJ, Zhang F, Suo Y, Kong L, Yin Y, Fedor JG, Sharma K, Borgnia MJ, Im W, Lee SY. Antiviral drug recognition and elevator-type transport motions of CNT3. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01559-8. [PMID: 38418906 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs have broad clinical utility as antiviral drugs. Key to their systemic distribution and cellular entry are human nucleoside transporters. Here, we establish that the human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) interacts with antiviral drugs used in the treatment of coronavirus infections. We report high-resolution single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures of bovine CNT3 complexed with antiviral nucleosides N4-hydroxycytidine, PSI-6206, GS-441524 and ribavirin, all in inward-facing states. Notably, we found that the orally bioavailable antiviral molnupiravir arrests CNT3 in four distinct conformations, allowing us to capture cryo-electron microscopy structures of drug-loaded outward-facing and drug-loaded intermediate states. Our studies uncover the conformational trajectory of CNT3 during membrane transport of a nucleoside analog antiviral drug, yield new insights into the role of interactions between the transport and the scaffold domains in elevator-like domain movements during drug translocation, and provide insights into the design of nucleoside analog antiviral prodrugs with improved oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lingyang Kong
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin G Fedor
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kedar Sharma
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mario J Borgnia
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Shannon A, Chazot A, Feracci M, Falcou C, Fattorini V, Selisko B, Good S, Moussa A, Sommadossi JP, Ferron F, Alvarez K, Canard B. An exonuclease-resistant chain-terminating nucleotide analogue targeting the SARS-CoV-2 replicase complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1325-1340. [PMID: 38096103 PMCID: PMC10853775 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide analogues (NA) are currently employed for treatment of several viral diseases, including COVID-19. NA prodrugs are intracellularly activated to the 5'-triphosphate form. They are incorporated into the viral RNA by the viral polymerase (SARS-CoV-2 nsp12), terminating or corrupting RNA synthesis. For Coronaviruses, natural resistance to NAs is provided by a viral 3'-to-5' exonuclease heterodimer nsp14/nsp10, which can remove terminal analogues. Here, we show that the replacement of the α-phosphate of Bemnifosbuvir 5'-triphosphate form (AT-9010) by an α-thiophosphate renders it resistant to excision. The resulting α-thiotriphosphate, AT-9052, exists as two epimers (RP/SP). Through co-crystallization and activity assays, we show that the Sp isomer is preferentially used as a substrate by nucleotide diphosphate kinase (NDPK), and by SARS-CoV-2 nsp12, where its incorporation causes immediate chain-termination. The same -Sp isomer, once incorporated by nsp12, is also totally resistant to the excision by nsp10/nsp14 complex. However, unlike AT-9010, AT-9052-RP/SP no longer inhibits the N-terminal nucleotidylation domain of nsp12. We conclude that AT-9052-Sp exhibits a unique mechanism of action against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the thio modification provides a general approach to rescue existing NAs whose activity is hampered by coronavirus proofreading capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Shannon
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Aurélie Chazot
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Mikael Feracci
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Camille Falcou
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Véronique Fattorini
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Barbara Selisko
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Steven Good
- ATEA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 225 Franklin St., Suite 2100, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Adel Moussa
- ATEA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 225 Franklin St., Suite 2100, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | | | - François Ferron
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Karine Alvarez
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Kiy RT, Khoo SH, Chadwick AE. Assessing the mitochondrial safety profile of the molnupiravir active metabolite, β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), in the physiologically relevant HepaRG model. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae012. [PMID: 38328743 PMCID: PMC10848230 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background β-d-N4-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) is the active metabolite of molnupiravir, a broad-spectrum antiviral approved by the MHRA for COVID-19 treatment. NHC induces lethal mutagenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, undergoing incorporation into the viral genome and arresting viral replication. It has previously been reported that several nucleoside analogues elicit off-target inhibition of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or RNA replication. Although NHC does not exert these effects in HepG2 cells, HepaRG are proven to be advantageous over HepG2 for modelling nucleoside analogue-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the mitotoxic potential of NHC in HepaRG cells, a model more closely resembling physiological human liver. Methods Differentiated HepaRG cells were exposed to 1-60 μM NHC for 3-14 days to investigate effects of sub-, supra-, and clinically-relevant exposures (in the UK, molnupiravir for COVID-19 is indicated for 5 days and reported Cmax is 16 μM). Following drug incubation, cell viability, mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial protein expression, and mitochondrial respiration were assessed. Results NHC induced minor decreases in cell viability at clinically relevant exposures, but did not decrease mitochondrial protein expression. The effects on mtDNA were variable, but typically copy number was increased. At supra-clinical concentrations (60 μM), NHC reduced mitochondrial respiration, but did not appear to induce direct electron transport chain dysfunction. Conclusions Overall, NHC does not cause direct mitochondrial toxicity in HepaRG cells at clinically relevant concentrations, but may induce minor cellular perturbations. As HepaRG cells have increased physiological relevance, these findings provide additional assurance of the mitochondrial safety profile of NHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn T Kiy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Saye H Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
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Outteridge M, Nunn CM, Devine K, Patel B, McLean GR. Antivirals for Broader Coverage against Human Coronaviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:156. [PMID: 38275966 PMCID: PMC10820748 DOI: 10.3390/v16010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome that is 27-31 kbases in length. Critical genes include the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and nine accessory open reading frames encoding for non-structural proteins (NSPs) that have multiple roles in the replication cycle and immune evasion (1). There are seven known human CoVs that most likely appeared after zoonotic transfer, the most recent being SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Antivirals that have been approved by the FDA for use against COVID-19 such as Paxlovid can target and successfully inhibit the main protease (MPro) activity of multiple human CoVs; however, alternative proteomes encoded by CoV genomes have a closer genetic similarity to each other, suggesting that antivirals could be developed now that target future CoVs. New zoonotic introductions of CoVs to humans are inevitable and unpredictable. Therefore, new antivirals are required to control not only the next human CoV outbreak but also the four common human CoVs (229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1) that circulate frequently and to contain sporadic outbreaks of the severe human CoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS and SARS-CoV-2). The current study found that emerging antiviral drugs, such as Paxlovid, could target other CoVs, but only SARS-CoV-2 is known to be targeted in vivo. Other drugs which have the potential to target other human CoVs are still within clinical trials and are not yet available for public use. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 can reduce mortality and hospitalisation rates; however, they target the Spike protein whose sequence mutates frequently and drifts. Spike is also not applicable for targeting other HCoVs as these are not well-conserved sequences among human CoVs. Thus, there is a need for readily available treatments globally that target all seven human CoVs and improve the preparedness for inevitable future outbreaks. Here, we discuss antiviral research, contributing to the control of common and severe CoV replication and transmission, including the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The aim was to identify common features of CoVs for antivirals, biologics and vaccines that could reduce the scientific, political, economic and public health strain caused by CoV outbreaks now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Outteridge
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK; (M.O.); (C.M.N.); (K.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Christine M. Nunn
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK; (M.O.); (C.M.N.); (K.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Kevin Devine
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK; (M.O.); (C.M.N.); (K.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Bhaven Patel
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK; (M.O.); (C.M.N.); (K.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Gary R. McLean
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK; (M.O.); (C.M.N.); (K.D.); (B.P.)
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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6
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Motter J, Benckendorff CMM, Westarp S, Sunde-Brown P, Neubauer P, Kurreck A, Miller GJ. Purine nucleoside antibiotics: recent synthetic advances harnessing chemistry and biology. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38197414 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00051f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 2019 to 2023Nucleoside analogues represent one of the most important classes of small molecule pharmaceuticals and their therapeutic development is successfully established within oncology and for the treatment of viral infections. However, there are currently no nucleoside analogues in clinical use for the management of bacterial infections. Despite this, a significant number of clinically recognised nucleoside analogues are known to possess some antibiotic activity, thereby establishing a potential source for new therapeutic discovery in this area. Furthermore, given the rise in antibiotic resistance, the discovery of new clinical candidates remains an urgent global priority and natural product-derived nucleoside analogues may also present a rich source of discovery space for new modalities. This Highlight, covering work published from 2019 to 2023, presents a current perspective surrounding the synthesis of natural purine nucleoside antibiotics. By amalgamating recent efforts from synthetic chemistry with advances in biosynthetic understanding and the use of recombinant enzymes, prospects towards different structural classes of purines are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Motter
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caecilie M M Benckendorff
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Centre for Glycoscience, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Sarah Westarp
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355, Berlin, Germany
- BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Sunde-Brown
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Centre for Glycoscience, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Kurreck
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355, Berlin, Germany
- BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gavin J Miller
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Centre for Glycoscience, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
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Darnotuk ES, Siniavin AE, Shastina NS, Luyksaar SI, Inshakova AM, Bondareva NE, Zolotov SA, Lubenec NL, Sheremet AB, Logunov DY, Zigangirova NA, Gushchin VA, Gintsburg AL. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Novel β-D-N4-Hydroxycytidine Ester Prodrugs as Potential Compounds for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:35. [PMID: 38256869 PMCID: PMC10821229 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 infection continues due to the emergence of multiple transmissible and immune-evasive variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Although various vaccines have been developed and several drugs have been approved for the treatment of COVID-19, the development of new drugs to combat COVID-19 is still necessary. In this work, new 5'-O-ester derivatives of N4-hydroxycytidine based on carboxylic acids were developed and synthesized by Steglich esterification. The antiviral activity of the compounds was assessed in vitro-inhibiting the cytopathic effect of HCoV-229E, and three variants of SARS-CoV-2, on huh-7 and Vero E6 cells. Data have shown that most synthesized derivatives exhibit high activity against coronaviruses. In addition, the relationship between the chemical structure of the compounds and their antiviral effect has been established. The obtained results show that the most active compound was conjugate SN_22 based on 3-methyl phenoxyacetic acid. The results of this study indicate the potential advantage of the chemical strategies used to modify NHC as a promising avenue to be explored in vivo, which could lead to the development of drugs with improved pharmacological properties that potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta S. Darnotuk
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei E. Siniavin
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natal’ya S. Shastina
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I. Luyksaar
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Anna M. Inshakova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia E. Bondareva
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Sergey A. Zolotov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Nadezhda L. Lubenec
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Anna B. Sheremet
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Denis Y. Logunov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Nailya A. Zigangirova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Vladimir A. Gushchin
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Alexander L. Gintsburg
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.D.); (N.S.S.); (S.I.L.); (A.M.I.); (N.E.B.); (S.A.Z.); (N.L.L.); (A.B.S.); (D.Y.L.); (N.A.Z.); (A.L.G.)
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8
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Zhou YQ, Li SM, Wei X, Yang X, Xiao JW, Pan BW, Xie SX, Zhou Y, Yang J, Wei Y. Identification and quantitative analysis of bioactive components from Potentilla kleiniana Wight et Arn with anti HIV-1 proteases activity. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:4028-4031. [PMID: 36584286 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2162513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Potentilla kleiniana Wight et Arn(PK, 'Wu Pi Feng' in Chinese) was recorded as Miao ethnic medicine for treatment of fever, cough, ulcer, and erysipelas for thousands years. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of four PK extracts and seven compounds by using HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR). In addition, Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was employed to identify the bioactive components. The toxicity assessment of the extracts was done before antiviral screening using a highly specific human aspartyl protease, renin protease by fluorimetric method. As a result, seven compounds and four extracts of PK inhibited HIV-1 PR with IC50 range from 0.009 to 0.36 mg/mL, and did not appreciably inhibit the general human protease renin. This study first demonstrated that four PK extracts, ellagic acid and ursolic acid potent inhibit HIV-1 protease, could be used as an efficacious drug candidate to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiang Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Su Mei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Wei Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Bo Wen Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shou Xia Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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9
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Uemura K, Nobori H, Sato A, Toba S, Kusakabe S, Sasaki M, Tabata K, Matsuno K, Maeda N, Ito S, Tanaka M, Anraku Y, Kita S, Ishii M, Kanamitsu K, Orba Y, Matsuura Y, Hall WW, Sawa H, Kida H, Matsuda A, Maenaka K. 2-thiouridine is a broad-spectrum antiviral nucleoside analogue against positive-strand RNA viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304139120. [PMID: 37831739 PMCID: PMC10589713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304139120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Furthermore, over 1 million cases of newly emerging or re-emerging viral infections, specifically dengue virus (DENV), are known to occur annually. Because no virus-specific and fully effective treatments against these or many other viruses have been approved, there is an urgent need for novel, effective therapeutic agents. Here, we identified 2-thiouridine (s2U) as a broad-spectrum antiviral ribonucleoside analogue that exhibited antiviral activity against several positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA+) viruses, such as DENV, SARS-CoV-2, and its variants of concern, including the currently circulating Omicron subvariants. s2U inhibits RNA synthesis catalyzed by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby reducing viral RNA replication, which improved the survival rate of mice infected with DENV2 or SARS-CoV-2 in our animal models. Our findings demonstrate that s2U is a potential broad-spectrum antiviral agent not only against DENV and SARS-CoV-2 but other ssRNA+ viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Uemura
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Osaka561-0825, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruaki Nobori
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Osaka561-0825, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Osaka561-0825, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0021, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Toba
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Osaka561-0825, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Shinji Kusakabe
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Osaka561-0825, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Koshiro Tabata
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Maeda
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
| | - Shiori Ito
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
| | - Mayu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuki Anraku
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kita
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishii
- Lead Exploration Unit, Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kanamitsu
- Lead Exploration Unit, Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - William W. Hall
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College of Dublin, DublinD04, Ireland
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0021, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0021, Japan
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
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10
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Ma Y, Wang J, Pan X, Zhang J, Shan Y. Identification of potential targets against SARS-CoV-2 of antiviral drugs based on photoaffinity probes. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1142-1158. [PMID: 37165797 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Facing the sudden outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is extremely urgent to develop effective antiviral drugs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Drug repurposing is a promising strategy for the treatment of COVID-19. To identify the precise target protein of marketed medicines, we initiate a chemical biological program to identify precise target of potential antivirus drugs. In this study, two types of recombinant human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 RdRp protein capturing probes with various photoaffinity labeling units were designed and synthesized based on the structure of FDA-approved drugs stavudine, remdesivir, acyclovir, and aladenosine. Fortunately, it was found that one novel photoaffinity probe, RD-1, could diaplayed good affinity with SARS-CoV-2 RdRp around the residue ARG_553. In addition, RD-1 probe also exhibited potent inhibitory activity against 3CLpro protease. Taken together, our findings will elucidate the structural basis for the efficacy of marketed drugs, and explore a rapid and efficient strategy of drug repurposing based on the identification of new targets. Moreover, these results could also provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of marketed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiang Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Kamzeeva PN, Aralov AV, Alferova VA, Korshun VA. Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Nucleoside Antivirals. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6851-6879. [PMID: 37623252 PMCID: PMC10453654 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new drugs has been greatly accelerated by the emergence of new viruses and drug-resistant strains of known pathogens. Nucleoside analogues (NAs) are a prospective class of antivirals due to known safety profiles, which are important for rapid repurposing in the fight against emerging pathogens. Recent improvements in research methods have revealed new unexpected details in the mechanisms of action of NAs that can pave the way for new approaches for the further development of effective drugs. This review accounts advanced techniques in viral polymerase targeting, new viral and host enzyme targeting approaches, and prodrug-based strategies for the development of antiviral NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.N.K.); (A.V.A.); (V.A.A.)
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12
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Hao W, Wu M, Tian X, Hu Z, Zhang H, Huang F, Li S, Chen YL. Preparation of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-derived nucleoside analogues. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2023; 42:959-966. [PMID: 37270794 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2218446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are prevalent in drug design and call for more diversified structures. Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) structure has recently found wide applications in drug discovery. However, incorporation of BCP fragment into nucleoside analogues is hitherto unknown. Thus, from readily available BCP-containing building blocks, six new compounds, including pyrimidine nucleoside analogues, purine nucleoside analogues, and C-nucleoside analogues were prepared in 1-4 steps, generally with good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Hao
- Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | | | - Xiaoran Tian
- Nature Pharmaceutical (Anhui) Co., Ltd, Anqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Nature Pharmaceutical (Anhui) Co., Ltd, Anqing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | | | - Shikuo Li
- Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Lei Chen
- Nature Pharmaceutical (Anhui) Co., Ltd, Anqing, P. R. China
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13
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Gaware S, Kori S, Serrano JL, Dandela R, Hilton S, Sanghvi YS, Kapdi AR. Rapid plugged flow synthesis of nucleoside analogues via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and heck Alkenylation of 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (or cytidine). J Flow Chem 2023; 13:1-18. [PMID: 37359287 PMCID: PMC10019434 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides modification via conventional cross-coupling has been performed using different catalytic systems and found to take place via long reaction times. However, since the pandemic, nucleoside-based antivirals and vaccines have received widespread attention and the requirement for rapid modification and synthesis of these moieties has become a major objective for researchers. To address this challenge, we describe the development of a rapid flow-based cross-coupling synthesis protocol for a variety of C5-pyrimidine substituted nucleosides. The protocol allows for facile access to multiple nucleoside analogues in very good yields in a few minutes compared to conventional batch chemistry. To highlight the utility of our approach, the synthesis of an anti-HSV drug, BVDU was also achieved in an efficient manner using our new protocol. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeet Gaware
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Santosh Kori
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Mumbai, Matunga 400019 India
| | - Jose Luis Serrano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental. Área de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena member of European University of Technology, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Stephen Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802, Crystal Ridge, California, Encinitas CA92024-6615 USA
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Mumbai, Matunga 400019 India
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14
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Malik S, Ahmad T, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Treatments and Clinical Management. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11. [PMID: 36851368 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major healthcare concern, especially for immune-compromised individuals and infants below 5 years of age. Worldwide, it is known to be associated with incidences of morbidity and mortality in infants. Despite the seriousness of the issue and continuous rigorous scientific efforts, no approved vaccine or available drug is fully effective against RSV. The purpose of this review article is to provide insights into the past and ongoing efforts for securing effective vaccines and therapeutics against RSV. The readers will be able to confer the mechanism of existing therapies and the loopholes that need to be overcome for future therapeutic development against RSV. A methodological approach was applied to collect the latest data and updated results regarding therapeutics and vaccine development against RSV. We outline the latest throughput vaccination technologies and prophylactic development efforts linked with RSV. A range of vaccination approaches with the already available vaccine (with limited use) and those undergoing trials are included. Moreover, important drug regimens used alone or in conjugation with adjuvants or vaccines are also briefly discussed. After reading this article, the audience will be able to understand the current standing of clinical management in the form of the vaccine, prophylactic, and therapeutic candidates against RSV. An understanding of the biological behavior acting as a reason behind the lack of effective therapeutics against RSV will also be developed. The literature indicates a need to overcome the limitations attached to RSV clinical management, drugs, and vaccine development that could be explained by dealing with the challenges of current study designs with continuous improvement and further work and approval on novel therapeutic applications.
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15
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Gain C, Song S, Angtuaco T, Satta S, Kelesidis T. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of infections with coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1111930. [PMID: 36713204 PMCID: PMC9880066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses can cause serious respiratory tract infections and may also impact other end organs such as the central nervous system, the lung and the heart. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a devastating impact on humanity. Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of coronavirus infections, will set the foundation for development of new treatments to attenuate the impact of infections with coronaviruses on host cells and tissues. During infection of host cells, coronaviruses trigger an imbalance between increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced antioxidant host responses that leads to increased redox stress. Subsequently, increased redox stress contributes to reduced antiviral host responses and increased virus-induced inflammation and apoptosis that ultimately drive cell and tissue damage and end organ disease. However, there is limited understanding how different coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, manipulate cellular machinery that drives redox responses. This review aims to elucidate the redox mechanisms involved in the replication of coronaviruses and associated inflammation, apoptotic pathways, autoimmunity, vascular dysfunction and tissue damage that collectively contribute to multiorgan damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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16
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Naidu SAG, Mustafa G, Clemens RA, Naidu AS. Plant-Derived Natural Non-Nucleoside Analog Inhibitors (NNAIs) against RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Complex (nsp7/nsp8/nsp12) of SARS-CoV-2. J Diet Suppl 2023; 20:254-283. [PMID: 34850656 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.2006387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of fast-spreading SARS-CoV-2 mutants has sparked a new phase of COVID-19 pandemic. There is a dire necessity for antivirals targeting highly conserved genomic domains on SARS-CoV-2 that are less prone to mutation. The nsp12, also known as the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), the core component of 'SARS-CoV-2 replication-transcription complex', is a potential well-conserved druggable antiviral target. Several FDA-approved RdRp 'nucleotide analog inhibitors (NAIs)' such as remdesivir, have been repurposed to treat COVID-19 infections. The NAIs target RdRp protein translation and competitively block the nucleotide insertion into the RNA chain, resulting in the inhibition of viral replication. However, the replication proofreading function of nsp14-ExoN could provide resistance to SARS-CoV-2 against many NAIs. Conversely, the 'non-nucleoside analog inhibitors (NNAIs)' bind to allosteric sites on viral polymerase surface, change the redox state; thereby, exert antiviral activity by altering interactions between the enzyme substrate and active core catalytic site of the RdRp. NNAIs neither require metabolic activation (unlike NAIs) nor compete with intracellular pool of nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) for anti-RdRp activity. The NNAIs from phytonutrient origin are potential antiviral candidates compared to their synthetic counterparts. Several in-silico studies reported the antiviral spectrum of natural phytonutrient-NNAIs such as Suramin, Silibinin (flavonolignan), Theaflavin (tea polyphenol), Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone), Corilagin (gallotannin), Hesperidin (citrus bioflavonoid), Lycorine (pyrrolidine alkaloid), with superior redox characteristics (free binding energy, hydrogen-bonds, etc.) than antiviral drugs (i.e. remdesivir, favipiravir). These phytonutrient-NNAIs also exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and cardioprotective functions, with multifunctional therapeutic benefits in the clinical management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Department of International Regulatory Science, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Zapata-Cardona MI, Florez-Alvarez L, Guerra-Sandoval AL, Chvatal-Medina M, Guerra-Almonacid CM, Hincapie-Garcia J, Hernandez JC, Rugeles MT, Zapata-Builes W. In vitro and in silico evaluation of antiretrovirals against SARS-CoV-2: A drug repurposing approach. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:20-40. [PMID: 36891537 PMCID: PMC9988408 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug repurposing is a valuable strategy for rapidly developing drugs for treating COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral effect of six antiretrovirals against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in silico. Methods The cytotoxicity of lamivudine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, abacavir, efavirenz and raltegravir on Vero E6 was evaluated by MTT assay. The antiviral activity of each of these compounds was evaluated via a pre-post treatment strategy. The reduction in the viral titer was assessed by plaque assay. In addition, the affinities of the antiretroviral interaction with viral targets RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), ExoN-NSP10 (exoribonuclease and its cofactor, the non-structural protein 10) complex and 3CLpro (3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease) were evaluated by molecular docking. Results Lamivudine exhibited antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 at 200 µM (58.3%) and 100 µM (66.7%), while emtricitabine showed anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity at 100 µM (59.6%), 50 µM (43.4%) and 25 µM (33.3%). Raltegravir inhibited SARS-CoV-2 at 25, 12.5 and 6.3 µM (43.3%, 39.9% and 38.2%, respectively). The interaction between the antiretrovirals and SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, ExoN-NSP10 and 3CLpro yielded favorable binding energies (from -4.9 kcal/mol to -7.7 kcal/mol) using bioinformatics methods. Conclusion Lamivudine, emtricitabine and raltegravir showed in vitro antiviral effects against the D614G strain of SARS-CoV-2. Raltegravir was the compound with the greatest in vitro antiviral potential at low concentrations, and it showed the highest binding affinities with crucial SARS-CoV-2 proteins during the viral replication cycle. However, further studies on the therapeutic utility of raltegravir in patients with COVID-19 are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Zapata-Cardona
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lizdany Florez-Alvarez
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mateo Chvatal-Medina
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Jaime Hincapie-Garcia
- Grupo de investigacion, Promocion y prevencion farmaceutica, Facultad de ciencias farmaceuticas yalimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
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18
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Abstract
The rise in the incidence of COVID-19 as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection has threatened public health globally. Till now, there have been no proper prophylactics available to fight COVID-19, necessitating the advancement and evolution of effective curative against SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed at the nonstructural protein 13 (nsp13) helicase as a promising target for drug development against COVID-19. A unique collection of nucleoside analogs was screened against the SARS-CoV-2 helicase protein, for which a molecular docking experiment was executed to depict the selected ligand's binding affinity with the SARS-CoV-2 helicase proteins. Simultaneously, molecular dynamic simulations were performed to examine the protein's binding site's conformational stability, flexibility, and interaction with the ligands. Key nucleoside ligands were selected for pharmacokinetic analysis based on their docking scores. Selected ligands (cordycepin and pritelivir) showed excellent pharmacokinetics and were well stabilized at the proteins' binding site throughout the MD simulation. We have also performed binding free energy analysis or the binding characteristics of ligands with Nsp13 by using MM-PBSA and MM-GBSA. Free energy calculation by MM-PBSA and MM-GBSA analysis suggests that pritelivir may work as viable therapeutics for efficient drug advancement against SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13 helicase, potentially arresting the SARS-CoV-2 replication.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Nandi
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Deep Bhowmik
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Rakesh Srivastava
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amresh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Diwakar Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
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19
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Liu Y, Zhai G, Fu W, Zhang X, Xu J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I trial of inhalation treatment of recombinant TFF2-IFN protein: A multifunctional candidate for the treatment of COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1063106. [PMID: 36578554 PMCID: PMC9790930 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1063106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global pandemics in the last 3 years, and the development of new therapeutics is urgently needed. This study aimed to assess the safety, tolerated, and prolonged retention of recombinant protein trefoil factor 2 (TFF2)- interferon (IFN) in the respiratory tract of healthy volunteers. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, dose-escalation phase I study to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and cytokine responses after administration of recombinant TFF2-IFN proteins. Healthy volunteers were informed, enrolled, and randomized into four groups with a dose escalation of 0.2, 1, 2, and 4 mg and then inhaled the investigation product or placebo. Thirty-two eligible participants were finally enrolled; eight were assigned to the placebo group and 24 to the TFF2-IFN group, with six participants per group. Data were collected from 19 November 2021, to 4 January 2022. Results: All 32 participants completed the study. Of the participants who received the recombinant TFF2-IFN protein, 41.7% (10/24) reported 11 adverse events (AEs) during treatment and 62.5% (5/8) of those who received a placebo reported six AEs. Sixteen of the 17 AEs were grade 1. Only one grade 3 AE occurred in the placebo group and no worse event occurred as a serious adverse event. The pharmacokinetics was analyzed for times and concentrations of the investigation products in 0.2, 1, 2, and 4 mg groups in 24 recipients of TFF2-IFN, and the results showed that TFF2-IFN was retained in the lung for at least 6-8 h. Only the highest dose group (4 mg) had a transient detectable concentration in serum, while all other dose groups had a level below the lower limit of quantification. Conclusion: In this study, the recombinant TFF2-IFN protein was a well-tolerated and safe therapeutic when administered by nebulization, characterized by prolonged retention in the respiratory tract, which would be greatly beneficial in combating respiratory viral infection. Systematic Review Registration: [http://www.chictr.org.cn], identifier [ChiCTR2000035633].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanxing Zhai
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Fu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhang, ; Jianqing Xu,
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhang, ; Jianqing Xu,
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20
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Abdullah Al Awadh A. Nucleotide and nucleoside-based drugs: past, present, and future. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103481. [PMID: 36389209 PMCID: PMC9641258 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide and nucleoside-based analogue drugs are widely used for the treatment of both acute and chronic viral infections. These drugs inhibit viral replication due to one or more distinct mechanisms. It modifies the virus's genetic structure by reducing viral capacity in every replication cycle. Their clinical success has shown strong effectiveness against several viruses, including ebolavirus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, MERS, SARS-Cov, and the most recent emergent SARS-Cov2. In this review, seven different types of inhibitors have been selected that show broad-spectrum activity against RNA viruses. A detailed overview and mechanism of actionof both analogues are given, and the clinical perspectives are discussed. These inhibitors incorporated the novel SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, further terminating the polymerase activity with variable efficacy. The recent study provides a molecular basis for the inhibitory activity of virus RdRp using nucleotide and nucleoside analogues inhibitors. Furthermore, to identify those drugs that need more research and development to combat novel infections. Consequently, there is a pressing need to focus on present drugs by establishing their cell cultures. If their potencies were evidenced, then they would be explored in the future as potential therapeutics for novel outbreaks.
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21
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Pan BW, Xiao JW, Li SM, Yang X, Zhou X, Sun QW, Chen M, Xie SX, Sakharkar MK, Yang J, Zhou Y, Wei Y. Inhibitors of HIV-1 and Cathepsin L Proteases Identified from the Insect Gall of Hypericum kouytchense. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15. [PMID: 36558950 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypericum kouytchense Lévl is a semi-evergreen plant of the Hypericaceae family. Its roots and seeds have been used in a number of traditional remedies for antipyretic, detoxification, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral functions. However, to date, no bioactivity compounds have been characterized from the insect gall of H. kouytchens. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activities of different extracts from the insect gall of H. kouytchen against cathepsin L, HIV-1 and renin proteases and identified the active ingredients using UPLC-HRMS. Four different polar extracts (HW, H30, H60 and H85) of the H. kouytchense insect gall exhibited antiviral activities with IC50 values of 10.0, 4.0, 3.2 and 17.0 µg/mL against HIV-1 protease; 210.0, 34.0, 24.0 and 30.0 µg/mL against cathepsin L protease; and 180.0, 65.0, 44.0 and 39.0 µg/mL against human renin, respectively. Ten compounds were identified and quantified in the H. kouytchense insect gall extracts. Epicatechin, eriodictyol and naringenin chalcone were major ingredients in the extracts with contents ranging from 3.9 to 479.2 µg/mg. For HIV-1 protease, seven compounds showed more than 65% inhibition at a concentration of 1000.0 µg/mL, especially for hypericin and naringenin chalcone with IC50 values of 1.8 and 33.0 µg/mL, respectively. However, only hypericin was active against cathepsin L protease with an IC50 value of 17100.0 µg/mL, and its contents were from 0.99 to 11.65 µg/mg. Furthermore, we attempted to pinpoint the interactions between the active compounds and the proteases using molecular docking analysis. Our current results imply that the extracts and active ingredients could be further formulated and/or developed for potential prevention and treatment of HIV or SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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22
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Mishra S, Modicom FCT, Dean CL, Fletcher SP. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of carbocyclic C-nucleosides. Commun Chem 2022; 5:154. [PMID: 36439888 PMCID: PMC9676730 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to carbocyclic C-nucleosides (CC-Ns) is currently restricted. The few methods available to make CC-Ns suffer from long syntheses and poor modularity, hindering the examination of potentially important chemical space. Here we report an approach to CC-Ns which uses an asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura type reaction as the key C-C bond forming step. After coupling the densely functionalized racemic bicyclic allyl chloride and heterocyclic boronic acids, the trisubstituted cyclopentenyl core is elaborated to RNA analogues via a hydroborylation-homologation-oxidation sequence. We demonstrate that the approach can be used to produce a variety of enantiomerically enriched CC-Ns, including a carbocyclic derivative of Showdomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Florian C. T. Modicom
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Conor L. Dean
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Stephen P. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
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23
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Jurado S, Illa O, Álvarez-Larena A, Pannecouque C, Busqué F, Alibés R. Conformationally Locked Carbocyclic Nucleosides Built on a 4'-Hydroxymethyl-3'-hydroxybicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Template. Stereoselective Synthesis and Antiviral Activity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15166-15177. [PMID: 36300902 PMCID: PMC9680032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two new families of enantiomerically pure carbocyclic nucleoside analogues based on a cyclohexane moiety with five chiral centers and a fused cyclopropyl ring have been synthesized. A highly regio- and stereoselective synthetic approach for the modular construction of the functionalized bicyclo[4.1.0]heptyl azide intermediate 6 has been established. Key steps to achieve this asymmetric synthesis involved highly diastereoselective allylic oxidation and hydroboration reactions. The first family of compounds, 1a,b and 2, presents different natural nucleobases, whereas the second one 3a-e bears functionalized 1,2,3-triazoles. These derivatives have been tested as antiviral agents, and compound 3d has shown to display moderate activity against coxsackie B4 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Jurado
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Ona Illa
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Angel Álvarez-Larena
- Servei
de Difracció de Raigs X, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU
Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Félix Busqué
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain,
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain,
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24
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Yan YC, Zhang H, Hu K, Zhou SM, Chen Q, Qu RY, Yang GF. A mini-review on synthesis and antiviral activity of natural product oxetanocin A derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 72:116968. [PMID: 36054994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxetanocin A (Oxt-A), a novel oxetanosyl N-glycoside nucleoside, was isolated from Bacillus megaterium in 1986. It carries an oxetane ring on the sugar moiety of the nucleoside scaffold, which contributes to differences in its structure from those of common tetrahydrofuranyl-based nucleosides. In view of the unique 3D-spatial framework, the complete synthesis of Oxt-A has been achieved by multiple research groups. The pharmacological properties of this natural product have also been broadly investigated by pharmacists and chemists since its discovery. Notably, the potential antiviral effect of Oxt-A has captured attention of researchers in the field of antiviral agent development. Furthermore, epidemic outbreaks caused by viruses have been stimulating the preparation and modification of various Oxt-A analogs over the past few decades. However, none of the studies have overviewed the antiviral efficacies of this naturally occurring scaffold yet. Thus, the present review summarizes the synthesis, structural modification, and antiviral activities of Oxt-A and its derivatives. We believe that these comprehensive descriptions will provide a novel perspective for the discovery of antivirus drugs with well-improved performance and pave newer paths for combating sudden public health issues triggered by viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Kai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Shao-Meng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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25
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Tatarinov DA, Garifullin BF, Belenok MG, Andreeva OV, Strobykina IY, Shepelina AV, Zarubaev VV, Slita AV, Volobueva AS, Saifina LF, Shulaeva MM, Semenov VE, Kataev VE. The First 5′-Phosphorylated 1,2,3-Triazolyl Nucleoside Analogues with Uracil and Quinazoline-2,4-Dione Moieties: A Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:6214. [PMID: 36234748 PMCID: PMC9573387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 5′-phosphorylated (dialkyl phosphates, diaryl phosphates, phosphoramidates, H-phosphonates, phosphates) 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues in which the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranose fragment is attached via a methylene group or a butylene chain to the N-1 atom of the heterocycle moiety (uracil or quinazoline-2,4-dione) was synthesized. All compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity against influenza virus A/PR/8/34/(H1N1). Antiviral assays revealed three compounds, 13b, 14b, and 17a, which showed moderate activity against influenza virus A (H1N1) with IC50 values of 17.9 μM, 51 μM, and 25 μM, respectively. In the first two compounds, the quinazoline-2,4-dione moiety is attached via a methylene or a butylene linker, respectively, to the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranosyl fragment possessing a 5′-diphenyl phosphate substituent. In compound 17a, the uracil moiety is attached via the methylene unit to the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranosyl fragment possessing a 5′-(phenyl methoxy-L-alaninyl)phosphate substituent. The remaining compounds appeared to be inactive against influenza virus A/PR/8/34/(H1N1). The results of molecular docking simulations indirectly confirmed the literature data that the inhibition of viral replication is carried out not by nucleoside analogues themselves, but by their 5′-triphosphate derivatives.
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26
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Abstract
Molecules containing carbohydrate moieties play essential roles in fighting a variety of bacterial and viral infections. Consequently, the design of new carbohydrate-containing drugs or vaccines has attracted great attention in recent years as means to target several infectious diseases.Conventional methods to produce these compounds face numerous challenges because their current production technology is based on chemical synthesis, which often requires several steps and uses environmentally unfriendly reactants, contaminant solvents, and inefficient protocols. The search for sustainable processes such as the use of biocatalysts and eco-friendly solvents is of vital importance. Therefore, their use in a variety of reactions leading to the production of pharmaceuticals has increased exponentially in the last years, fueled by recent advances in protein engineering, enzyme directed evolution, combinatorial biosynthesis, immobilization techniques, and flow biocatalysis. In glycochemistry and glycobiology, enzymes belonging to the families of glycosidases, glycosyltransferases (Gtfs), lipases, and, in the case of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues, also nucleoside phosphorylases (NPs) are the preferred choices as catalysts.In this Account, on the basis of our expertise, we will discuss the recent biocatalytic and sustainable approaches that have been employed to synthesize carbohydrate-based drugs, ranging from antiviral nucleosides and nucleotides to antibiotics with antibacterial activity and glycoconjugates such as neoglycoproteins (glycovaccines, GCVs) and glycodendrimers that are considered as very promising tools against viral and bacterial infections.In the first section, we will report the use of NPs and N-deoxyribosyltransferases for the development of transglycosylation processes aimed at the synthesis of nucleoside analogues with antiviral activity. The use of deoxyribonucleoside kinases and hydrolases for the modification of the sugar moiety of nucleosides has been widely investigated.Next, we will describe the results obtained using enzymes for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycoconjugates such as GCVs and glycodendrimers with antibacterial and antiviral activity. In this context, the search for efficient enzymatic syntheses represents an excellent strategy to produce structure-defined antigenic or immunogenic oligosaccharide analogues with high purity. Lipases, glycosidases, and Gtfs have been used for their preparation.Interestingly, many authors have proposed the use Gtfs originating from the biosynthesis of natural glycosylated antibiotics such as glycopeptides, macrolides, and aminoglycosides. These have been used in the chemoenzymatic semisynthesis of novel antibiotic derivatives by modification of the sugar moiety linked to their complex scaffold. These contributions will be described in the last section of this review because of their relevance in the fight against the spreading phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. In this context, the pioneering in vivo synthesis of novel derivatives obtained by genetic manipulation of producer strains (combinatorial biosynthesis) will be shortly described as well.All of these strategies provide a useful and environmentally friendly synthetic toolbox. Likewise, the field represents an illustrative example of how biocatalysis can contribute to the sustainable development of complex glycan-based therapies and how problems derived from the integration of natural tools in synthetic pathways can be efficiently tackled to afford high yields and selectivity. The use of enzymatic synthesis is becoming a reality in the pharmaceutical industry and in drug discovery to rapidly afford collections of new antibacterial or antiviral molecules with improved specificity and better metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Hoyos
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Perona
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università
di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Berini
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Terreni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università
di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - María J. Hernáiz
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain,
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27
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Pan B, Li S, Xiao J, Yang X, Xie S, Zhou Y, Yang J, Wei Y. Dual Inhibition of HIV-1 and Cathepsin L Proteases by Sarcandra glabra. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175552. [PMID: 36080318 PMCID: PMC9457736 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impose a huge threat on human health due to rapid viral mutations. Thus, it is imperative to develop more potent antivirals with both prophylactic and treatment functions. In this study, we screened for potential antiviral compounds from Sarcandra glabra (SG) against Cathepsin L and HIV-1 proteases. A FRET assay was applied to investigate the inhibitory effects and UPLC-HRMS was employed to identify and quantify the bioactive components. Furthermore, molecular docking was carried out to get a glimpse of the binding of active compounds to the proteases. Our results showed that the SG extracts (SGW, SG30, SG60, and SG85) inhibited HIV-1 protease with an IC50 of 0.003~0.07 mg/mL and Cathepsin L protease with an IC50 of 0.11~0.26 mg/mL. Fourteen compounds were identified along with eight quantified from the SG extracts. Chlorogenic acid, which presented in high content in the extracts (12.7~15.76 µg/mg), possessed the most potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease (IC50 = 0.026 mg/mL) and Cathepsin L protease (inhibition: 40.8% at 0.01 mg/mL). Thus, SG extracts and the active ingredients could potentially be used to prevent/treat viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, due to their dual-inhibition functions against viral proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Sumei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Junwei Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shouxia Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-0851-88233090 (Y.Z.)
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-0851-88233090 (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-0851-88233090 (Y.Z.)
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28
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Komiyama M. Molecular Mechanisms of the Medicines for COVID-19. BCSJ 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Komiyama
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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29
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Rahman MM, Islam MR, Shohag S, Hossain ME, Shah M, Shuvo SK, Khan H, Chowdhury MAR, Bulbul IJ, Hossain MS, Sultana S, Ahmed M, Akhtar MF, Saleem A, Rahman MH. Multifaceted role of natural sources for COVID-19 pandemic as marine drugs. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:46527-46550. [PMID: 35507224 PMCID: PMC9065247 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly spread over the world, posing a global health concern. The ongoing epidemic has necessitated the development of novel drugs and potential therapies for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Advances in vaccination and medication development, no preventative vaccinations, or viable therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 infection have been developed to date. As a result, additional research is needed in order to find a long-term solution to this devastating condition. Clinical studies are being conducted to determine the efficacy of bioactive compounds retrieved or synthesized from marine species starting material. The present study focuses on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential of marine-derived phytochemicals, which has been investigated utilizing in in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models to determine their effectiveness. Marine-derived biologically active substances, such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides, lectins, polysaccharides, and lipids, can affect SARS-CoV-2 during the viral particle's penetration and entry into the cell, replication of the viral nucleic acid, and virion release from the cell; they can also act on the host's cellular targets. COVID-19 has been proven to be resistant to several contaminants produced from marine resources. This paper gives an overview and summary of the various marine resources as marine drugs and their potential for treating SARS-CoV-2. We discussed at numerous natural compounds as marine drugs generated from natural sources for treating COVID-19 and controlling the current pandemic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Shohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Md Emon Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Muddaser Shah
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Shakil Khan Shuvo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Hosneara Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | | | - Israt Jahan Bulbul
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sarowar Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sharifa Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh.
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426, Korea.
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30
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Goc A, Rath M, Niedzwiecki A. Composition of naturally occurring compounds decreases activity of Omicron and SARS-CoV-2 RdRp complex. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2022; 12:39-45. [PMID: 35895480 PMCID: PMC9630930 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2022.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally-occurring compounds are acknowledged for their broad antiviral efficacy. Little is however known about their mutual cooperation. Here, we evaluated in vitro efficacy of the defined mixture of agents against the RdRp complex of the original SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron variant. This composition of vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine, resveratrol, theaflavin, curcumin, quercetin, naringenin, baicalin, and broccoli extract showed to inhibit activity of RdRp/nsp7/nsp8 both these variants. In vitro exposure of recombinant RdRp complex to individual compounds of this composition pointed to quercetin as the driving inhibitory compound. The outcome of this study supports the motion of antiviral efficacy of natural compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron and implies that their reciprocal or mutual interaction may augment antiviral action through simultaneous effect on different mechanisms. Consequently, this makes it more difficult for an infectious agent to evade all these mechanisms at the same time. Considering the urgency in finding effective prevention, but also side-effects free treatment of COVID-19 our results call for clinical affirmation of the benefits of this micronutrient combination in both preventive and therapeutic aspects. Whether observed effects can be achieved, by concentrations of the active agents used in these in vitro experiments, in in vivo or clinical setting warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goc
- Dr. Rath Research Institute, 5941 Optical Ct., San Jose, CA 95138, USA
| | - Matthias Rath
- Dr. Rath Research Institute, 5941 Optical Ct., San Jose, CA 95138, USA
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31
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Yip AJW, Low ZY, Chow VTK, Lal SK. Repurposing Molnupiravir for COVID-19: The Mechanisms of Antiviral Activity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061345. [PMID: 35746815 PMCID: PMC9228778 DOI: 10.3390/v14061345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molnupiravir is a β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine-5'-isopropyl ester (NHC) compound that exerts antiviral activity against various RNA viruses such as influenza, SARS, and Ebola viruses. Thus, the repurposing of Molnupiravir has gained significant attention for combatting infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19. Recently, Molnupiravir was granted authorization for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults. Findings from in vitro experiments, in vivo studies and clinical trials reveal that Molnupiravir is effective against SARS-CoV-2 by inducing viral RNA mutagenesis, thereby giving rise to mutated complementary RNA strands that generate non-functional viruses. To date, the data collectively suggest that Molnupiravir possesses promising antiviral activity as well as favorable prophylactic efficacy, attributed to its effective mutagenic property of disrupting viral replication. This review discusses the mechanisms of action of Molnupiravir and highlights its clinical utility by disabling SARS-CoV-2 replication, thereby ameliorating COVID-19 severity. Despite relatively few short-term adverse effects thus far, further detailed clinical studies and long-term pharmacovigilance are needed in view of its mutagenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (A.J.W.Y.); (Z.Y.L.)
| | - Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (A.J.W.Y.); (Z.Y.L.)
| | - Vincent T. K. Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore;
| | - Sunil K. Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (A.J.W.Y.); (Z.Y.L.)
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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32
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Hussain F, Rahman FI, Saha P, Mikami A, Osawa T, Obika S, Rahman SMA. Synthesis of Sugar and Nucleoside Analogs and Evaluation of Their Anticancer and Analgesic Potentials. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113499. [PMID: 35684435 PMCID: PMC9182362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical modification of sugars and nucleosides has a long history of producing compounds with improved selectivity and efficacy. In this study, several modified sugars (2–3) and ribonucleoside analogs (4–8) have been synthesized from α-d-glucose in a total of 21 steps. The compounds were tested for peripheral anti-nociceptive characteristics in the acetic acid-induced writhing assay in mice, where compounds 2, 7, and 8 showed a significant reduction in the number of writhes by 56%, 62%, and 63%, respectively. The compounds were also tested for their cytotoxic potential against human HeLa cell line via trypan blue dye exclusion test followed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Compound 6 demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 54 µg/mL. Molecular docking simulations revealed that compounds 2, 7, and 8 had a comparable binding affinity to cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. Additionally, the bridged nucleoside analogs 7 and 8 potently inhibited adenosine kinase enzyme as well, which indicates an alternate mechanistic pathway behind their anti-nociceptive action. Cytotoxic compound 6 demonstrated strong docking with cancer drug targets human cytidine deaminase, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, human thymidine kinase 1, human thymidylate synthase, and human adenosine deaminase 2. This is the first ever reporting of the synthesis and analgesic property of compound 8 and the cytotoxic potential of compound 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Hussain
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (F.H.); (F.I.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Fahad Imtiaz Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (F.H.); (F.I.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Poushali Saha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (F.H.); (F.I.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Atsushi Mikami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.M.); (T.O.); (S.O.)
| | - Takashi Osawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.M.); (T.O.); (S.O.)
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.M.); (T.O.); (S.O.)
| | - S. M. Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (F.H.); (F.I.R.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +880-1732477343
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33
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Jia W, Hu C, Wang Y, Zhang P, Chen HY, Huang S. A Nanopore Based Molnupiravir Sensor. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1564-1571. [PMID: 35427117 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are reagents that resemble the structure of natural nucleosides and are widely applied in antiviral and anticancer therapy. Molnupiravir, a recently reported nucleoside analogue drug, has shown its inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2. Rapid tracing of molnupiravir and its metabolites is important in the evaluation of its pharmacology effect, but direct sensing of molnupiravir as a single molecule has not been reported to date. Here, we demonstrate a nanopore-based sensor with which direct sensing of molnupiravir and its two major metabolites β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine and its triphosphate can be achieved simultaneously. In conjunction with a custom machine learning algorithm, an accuracy of 92% was achieved. This sensing strategy may be useful in the current pandemic and is in principle suitable for other nucleoside analogue drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengzhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Panke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
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34
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Niemeyer BF, Benam KH. Untapping host-targeting cross-protective efficacy of anticoagulants against SARS-CoV-2. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 233:108027. [PMID: 34718070 PMCID: PMC8552695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Responding quickly to emerging respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is essential to stop uncontrolled spread of these pathogens and mitigate their socio-economic impact globally. This can be achieved through drug repurposing, which tackles inherent time- and resource-consuming processes associated with conventional drug discovery and development. In this review, we examine key preclinical and clinical therapeutic and prophylactic approaches that have been applied for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We break these strategies down into virus- versus host-targeting and discuss their reported efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages. Importantly, we highlight emerging evidence on application of host serine protease-inhibiting anticoagulants, such as nafamostat mesylate, as a potentially powerful therapy to inhibit virus activation and offer cross-protection against multiple strains of coronavirus, lower inflammatory response independent of its antiviral effect, and modulate clotting problems seen in COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Niemeyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kambez H Benam
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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35
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Malik P, Jain S, Jain P, Kumawat J, Dwivedi J, Kishore D. A comprehensive update on the structure and synthesis of potential drug targets for combating the coronavirus pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100382. [PMID: 35040187 PMCID: PMC9011541 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 created by its severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant, known for producing a very severe acute respiratory syndrome, has created an unprecedented situation by its continual assault around the world. The crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 variant has been a global challenge, calling to mitigate this unprecedented pandemic that has engulfed the whole world. Since the outbreak and spread of COVID-19, many researchers globally have been grappling to find new clinically trialed active drugs with anti-COVID-19 activity, from antimalarial drugs to JAK inhibitors, antiviral drugs, immune suppressants, and so forth. This article presents a brief discussion on the activity and synthesis of some active molecules such as favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, pirfenidone, remdesivir, lopinavir, camostat, chloroquine, baricitinib, molnupiravir, and so forth, which are under trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Malik
- Department of ChemistryBanasthali VidyapithJaipurIndia
| | - Sonika Jain
- Department of ChemistryBanasthali VidyapithJaipurIndia
| | - Pankaj Jain
- Department of PharmacyBanasthali VidyapithJaipurIndia
| | - Jyoti Kumawat
- Department of ChemistryBanasthali VidyapithJaipurIndia
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of ChemistryBanasthali VidyapithJaipurIndia
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36
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Wallace K, Bjork J. Molnupiravir; molecular and functional descriptors of mitochondrial safety. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 442:116003. [PMID: 35358570 PMCID: PMC8958731 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molnupiravir is an orally active nucleoside analog antiviral drug that recently was approved by the U.S. FDA for emergency treatment of adult patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus and at risk for severe progression. The active form of the drug, N-hydroxycytidine (NHC) triphosphate competes for incorporation by RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) into the replicating viral genome resulting in mutations and arrest of the replicating virus. Historically, some nucleoside analog antiviral drugs have been found to lack specificity for the virus and also inhibit replication and/or expression of the mitochondrial genome. The objective of the present study was to test whether molnupiravir and/or NHC also target mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (PolG) or RNA polymerase (POLRMT) activity to inhibit the replication and/or expression of the mitochondrial genome leading to impaired mitochondrial function. Human-derived HepG2 cells were exposed for 48 h in culture to increasing concentrations of either molnupiravir or NHC after which cytotoxicity, mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial gene expression were determined. The phenotypic endpoint, mitochondrial respiration, was measured with the Seahorse® XF96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Both molnupiravir and NHC were cytotoxic at concentrations of ≥10 μM. However, at non-cytotoxic concentrations, neither significantly altered mitochondrial gene dose or transcription, or mitochondrial respiration. From this we conclude that mitochondrial toxicity is not a primary off target in the mechanism of cytotoxicity for either molnupiravir or its active metabolite NHC in the HepG2 cell line.
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37
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Stegmann KM, Dickmanns A, Heinen N, Blaurock C, Karrasch T, Breithaupt A, Klopfleisch R, Uhlig N, Eberlein V, Issmail L, Herrmann ST, Schreieck A, Peelen E, Kohlhof H, Sadeghi B, Riek A, Speakman JR, Groß U, Görlich D, Vitt D, Müller T, Grunwald T, Pfaender S, Balkema-Buschmann A, Dobbelstein M. Inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase cooperate with Molnupiravir and N4-hydroxycytidine to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication. iScience 2022; 25:104293. [PMID: 35492218 PMCID: PMC9035612 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoside analog N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) is the active metabolite of the prodrug molnupiravir, which has been approved for the treatment of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 incorporates NHC into its RNA, resulting in defective virus genomes. Likewise, inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) reduce virus yield upon infection, by suppressing the cellular synthesis of pyrimidines. Here, we show that NHC and DHODH inhibitors strongly synergize in the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. We propose that the lack of available pyrimidine nucleotides upon DHODH inhibition increases the incorporation of NHC into nascent viral RNA. This concept is supported by the rescue of virus replication upon addition of pyrimidine nucleosides to the media. DHODH inhibitors increased the antiviral efficiency of molnupiravir not only in organoids of human lung, but also in Syrian Gold hamsters and in K18-hACE2 mice. Combining molnupiravir with DHODH inhibitors may thus improve available therapy options for COVID-19. Molnupiravir and DHODH inhibitors are approved drugs, facilitating clinical testing The combination may allow lower drug doses to decrease possible toxic effects Inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis may boost antiviral nucleoside analogs
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Stegmann
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antje Dickmanns
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Natalie Heinen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Claudia Blaurock
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Tim Karrasch
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Nadja Uhlig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valentina Eberlein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leila Issmail
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon T Herrmann
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Balal Sadeghi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Riek
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Görlich
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Müller
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Organoid laboratory, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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38
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Ping L, Ruxian J, Mengping Z, Pei J, Zhuoya L, Guosheng L, Zhenyu W, Hailei W. Whole-cell biosynthesis of cytarabine by an unnecessary protein-reduced Escherichia coli that coexpresses purine and uracil phosphorylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1768-1780. [PMID: 35383880 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Currently, whole-cell catalysts face challenges due to the complexity of reaction systems, although they have a cost advantage over pure enzymes. In this work, cytarabine was synthesized by purified purine phosphorylase 1 (PNP1) and uracil phosphorylase (UP), and the conversion of cytarabine from adenine arabinoside reached 72.3±4.3%. However, the synthesis was unsuccessful by whole-cell catalysis due to interference from unnecessary proteins (UNPs) in cells. Thus, we carried out a large-scale gene editing involving 377 genes in the genome of Escherichia coli to reduce the negative effect of UNPs on substrate conversion and cytarabine production. Finally, the PNP1 and UP activities of the obtained mutant were increased significantly compared with the parental strain, and more importantly, the conversion rate of cytarabine by whole-cell catalysis reached 67.4±2.5%. The lack of 148 proteins and down-regulation of 783 proteins caused by gene editing were equivalent to partial purification of the enzymes within cells, and thus, we provided inspiration to solve the problem caused by UNP interference, which is ubiquitous in the field of whole-cell catalysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jing Ruxian
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zhou Mengping
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jia Pei
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Li Zhuoya
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Liu Guosheng
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wang Zhenyu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wang Hailei
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioconversion Technology of Functional Microbes,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.,Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
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39
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Tian L, Pang Z, Li M, Lou F, An X, Zhu S, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H, Fan J. Molnupiravir and Its Antiviral Activity Against COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855496. [PMID: 35444647 PMCID: PMC9013824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes a major worldwide public health threat and economic burden. The pandemic is still ongoing and the SARS-CoV-2 variants are still emerging constantly, resulting in an urgent demand for new drugs to treat this disease. Molnupiravir, a biological prodrug of NHC (β-D-N(4)-hydroxycytidine), is a novel nucleoside analogue with a broad-spectrum antiviral activity against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Ebola virus (EBOV). Molnupiravir showed potent therapeutic and prophylactic activity against multiple coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV in animal models. In clinical trials, molnupiravir showed beneficial effects for mild to moderate COVID-19 patients with a favorable safety profile. The oral bioavailability and potent antiviral activity of molnupiravir highlight its potential utility as a therapeutic candidate against COVID-19. This review presents the research progress of molnupiravir starting with its discovery and synthesis, broad-spectrum antiviral effects, and antiviral mechanism. In addition, the preclinical studies, antiviral resistance, clinical trials, safety, and drug tolerability of molnupiravir are also summarized and discussed, aiming to expand our knowledge on molnupiravir and better deal with the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tian
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Maochen Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fuxing Lou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping An
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozhou Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Junfen Fan, ; Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Junfen Fan, ; Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Junfen Fan, ; Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Junfen Fan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Junfen Fan, ; Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
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Xiang R, Yu Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Huo S, Li Y, Liang R, Hao Q, Ying T, Gao Y, Yu F, Jiang S. Recent advances in developing small-molecule inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1591-1623. [PMID: 34249607 PMCID: PMC8260826 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused havoc across the entire world. Even though several COVID-19 vaccines are currently in distribution worldwide, with others in the pipeline, treatment modalities lag behind. Accordingly, researchers have been working hard to understand the nature of the virus, its mutant strains, and the pathogenesis of the disease in order to uncover possible drug targets and effective therapeutic agents. As the research continues, we now know the genome structure, epidemiological and clinical features, and pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarized the potential therapeutic targets involved in the life cycle of the virus. On the basis of these targets, small-molecule prophylactic and therapeutic agents have been or are being developed for prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhengsen Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shanshan Huo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yanbai Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qinghong Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaning Gao
- Beijing Pharma and Biotech Center, Beijing 100176, China,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 54237673, fax: +86 21 54237465 (Shibo Jiang); Tel.: +86 312 7528935, fax: +86 312 7521283 (Fei Yu); Tel.: +86 10 62896868; fax: +86 10 62899978, (Yanning Gao).
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 54237673, fax: +86 21 54237465 (Shibo Jiang); Tel.: +86 312 7528935, fax: +86 312 7521283 (Fei Yu); Tel.: +86 10 62896868; fax: +86 10 62899978, (Yanning Gao).
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 54237673, fax: +86 21 54237465 (Shibo Jiang); Tel.: +86 312 7528935, fax: +86 312 7521283 (Fei Yu); Tel.: +86 10 62896868; fax: +86 10 62899978, (Yanning Gao).
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Tanase A, Manea A, Scurtu AD, Bratu LM, Chioran D, Dolghi A, Alexoi I, Aabed H, Lazureanu V, Dehelean CA. The “Invisible Enemy” SARS-CoV-2: Viral Spread and Drug Treatment. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:261. [PMID: 35208584 PMCID: PMC8875987 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become the main subject of the scientific medical world and all World Organizations, causing millions of deaths worldwide. In this review, we have highlighted the context of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, how the virus spreads, the symptoms and complications that may occur, and, especially, the drug treatment of viral infection, with emphasis on monoclonal antibodies. While well-known strains such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and, especially, Delta have shown an accelerated transmission among the population, the new Omicron variant (discovered on 24 November 2021) indicates more significant infectiousness and the poor efficacy of monoclonal antibody therapy due to mutations on the spike protein receptor-binding domain. With these discoveries, the experiments began, the first being in silico and in vitro, but these are not enough, and in vivo experiments are needed to see exactly the cause of neutralization of the action of these drugs. Following the documentation of the latest medical and scientific research, it has been concluded that there are many chemical molecules that have the potential to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, but more detailed clinical trials are needed for their use in therapy. In addition, it is important to consider the structure of the viral strain in the administration of treatment.
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Cheon S, Park U, Park H, Kim Y, Nguyen YTH, Aigerim A, Rhee JY, Choi JP, Park WB, Park SW, Kim Y, Lim DG, Yang JS, Lee JY, Kim YS, Cho NH. Longevity of seropositivity and neutralizing antibodies in recovered MERS patients: a 5-year follow-up study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:292-296. [PMID: 34139334 PMCID: PMC8200326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the longevity of spike-specific antibody responses and neutralizing activity in the plasma of recovered Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) patients. METHODS We traced the antibody responses and neutralizing activity against MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in peripheral blood samples collected from 70 recovered MERS patients for 5 years after the 2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea. We also measured the half-life of neutralizing antibody titres in the longitudinal specimens. RESULTS The seropositivity rate persisted for up to 4 years (50.7-56.1%), especially in MERS patients who suffered from severe pneumonia, and then decreased (35.9%) in the fifth year. Although the spike-specific antibody responses decreased gradually, the neutralizing antibody titres decreased more rapidly (half-life: 20 months) in 19 participants without showing negative seroconversion during the study period. Only five (26.3%) participants had neutralizing antibody titres greater than 1/1000 of PRNT50, and a high neutralizing antibody titre over 1/5000 was not detected in the participants at five years after infection. DISCUSSION The seropositivity rate of the recovered MERS patients persisted up to 4 years after infection and significantly dropped in the fifth year, whereas the neutralizing antibody titres against MERS-CoV decreased more rapidly and were significantly reduced at 4 years after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinhye Cheon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Uni Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoree Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen Thi Hai Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdimadiyeva Aigerim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Phil Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjae Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Lim
- Center for Chronic Diseases, Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control & Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control & Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Gao S, Huang T, Song L, Xu S, Cheng Y, Cherukupalli S, Kang D, Zhao T, Sun L, Zhang J, Zhan P, Liu X. Medicinal chemistry strategies towards the development of effective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:581-599. [PMID: 34485029 PMCID: PMC8405450 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel therapies are urgently needed to improve global treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we briefly provide a concise report on the medicinal chemistry strategies towards the development of effective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors with representative examples in different strategies from the medicinal chemistry perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Letian Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Yusen Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250012, China,Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88382005 (Peng Zhan), +86 531 88380270 (Xinyong Liu).
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250012, China,Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88382005 (Peng Zhan), +86 531 88380270 (Xinyong Liu).
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Benítez‐Mateos AI, Paradisi F. Sustainable Flow-Synthesis of (Bulky) Nucleoside Drugs by a Novel and Highly Stable Nucleoside Phosphorylase Immobilized on Reusable Supports. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102030. [PMID: 34726353 PMCID: PMC9298701 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The continuous synthesis of valuable nucleoside drugs was achieved in up to 99 % conversion by using a novel halotolerant purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Halomonas elongata (HePNP). HePNP showed an unprecedented tolerance to DMSO, usually required for substrate solubility, and could be immobilized on agarose microbeads through disulfide bonds, via a genetically fused Cystag. This covalent yet reversible binding chemistry showcased the reusability of agarose microbeads in a second round of enzyme immobilization with high reproducibility, reducing waste and increasing the sustainability of the process. Finally, the flow synthesis of a Nelarabine analogue (6-O-methyl guanosine) was optimized to full conversion on a 10 mm scale within 2 min residence time, obtaining the highest space-time yield (89 g L-1 h-1 ) reported to date. The cost-efficiency of the system was further enhanced by a catch-and-release strategy that allowed to recover and recirculate the excess of sugar donor from the downstream water waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Benítez‐Mateos
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
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Defant A, Dosi F, Innocenti N, Mancini I. Synthesis of Nucleoside-like Molecules from a Pyrolysis Product of Cellulose and Their Computational Prediction as Potential SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:518. [PMID: 35008944 PMCID: PMC8745730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1R,5S)-1-Hydroxy-3,6-dioxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one, available by an efficient catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose, has been applied as a chiral building block in the synthesis of seven new nucleoside analogues, with structural modifications on the nucleobase moiety and on the carboxyl- derived unit. The inverted configuration by Mitsunobu reaction used in their synthesis was verified by 2D-NOESY correlations, supported by the optimized structure employing the DFT methods. An in silico screening of these compounds as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been carried out in comparison with both remdesivir, a mono-phosphoramidate prodrug recently approved for COVID-19 treatment, and its ribonucleoside metabolite GS-441524. Drug-likeness prediction and data by docking calculation indicated compound 6 [=(3S,5S)-methyl 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-9H-purin-9-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate] as the best candidate. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation showed a stable interaction of structure 6 in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex and a lower average atomic fluctuation than GS-441524, suggesting a well accommodation in the RdRp binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Defant
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioorganica, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.D.); (N.I.)
| | | | | | - Ines Mancini
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioorganica, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.D.); (N.I.)
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Malone B, Urakova N, Snijder EJ, Campbell EA. Structures and functions of coronavirus replication-transcription complexes and their relevance for SARS-CoV-2 drug design. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:21-39. [PMID: 34824452 PMCID: PMC8613731 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has killed millions of people and continues to cause massive global upheaval. Coronaviruses are positive-strand RNA viruses with an unusually large genome of ~30 kb. They express an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and a cohort of other replication enzymes and supporting factors to transcribe and replicate their genomes. The proteins performing these essential processes are prime antiviral drug targets, but drug discovery is hindered by our incomplete understanding of coronavirus RNA synthesis and processing. In infected cells, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase must coordinate with other viral and host factors to produce both viral mRNAs and new genomes. Recent research aiming to decipher and contextualize the structures, functions and interplay of the subunits of the SARS-CoV-2 replication and transcription complex proteins has burgeoned. In this Review, we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular basis and complexity of the coronavirus RNA-synthesizing machinery. Specifically, we outline the mechanisms and regulation of RNA translation, replication and transcription. We also discuss the composition of the replication and transcription complexes and their suitability as targets for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Malone
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
| | - Nadya Urakova
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A. Campbell
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
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Ndagi U, Abdullahi M, Hamza AN, Magaji MG, Mhlongo NN, Babazhitsu M, Majiya H, Makun HA, Lawal MM. Impact of Drug Repurposing on SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 2022; 96. [PMCID: PMC10036164 DOI: 10.1134/s0036024423030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of the severe acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus remains a concern posing many challenges to public health and the global economy. The resolved crystal structure of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 or SCV2 (Mpro) has led to its identification as an attractive target for designing potent antiviral drugs. Herein, we provide a comparative molecular impact of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), remdesivir, and β-D-N4-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) binding on SCV2 Mpro using various computational approaches like molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Data analyses showed that HCQ, remdesivir, and NHC binding to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro decrease the protease loop capacity to fluctuate. These binding influences the drugs’ optimum orientation in the conformational space of SCV2 Mpro and produce noticeable steric effects on the interactive residues. An increased hydrogen bond formation was observed in SCV2 Mpro–NHC complex with a decreased receptor residence time during NHC binding. The binding mode of remdesivir to SCV2 Mpro differs from other drugs having van der Waals interaction as the force stabilizing protein–remdesivir complex. Electrostatic interaction dominates in the SCV2 Mpro−HCQ and SCV2 Mpro–NHC. Residue Glu166 was highly involved in the stability of remdesivir and NHC binding at the SCV2 Mpro active site, while Asp187 provides stability for HCQ binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Ndagi
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Abdullahi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Asmau N. Hamza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Mohd G. Magaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Ndumiso N. Mhlongo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Makun Babazhitsu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Hussaini Majiya
- Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - Hussaini Anthony Makun
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Monsurat M. Lawal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001 Durban, South Africa
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Waters MD, Warren S, Hughes C, Lewis P, Zhang F. Human genetic risk of treatment with antiviral nucleoside analog drugs that induce lethal mutagenesis: The special case of molnupiravir. Environ Mol Mutagen 2022; 63:37-63. [PMID: 35023215 DOI: 10.1002/em.22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review considers antiviral nucleoside analog drugs, including ribavirin, favipiravir, and molnupiravir, which induce genome error catastrophe in SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 via lethal mutagenesis as a mode of action. In vitro data indicate that molnupiravir may be 100 times more potent as an antiviral agent than ribavirin or favipiravir. Molnupiravir has recently demonstrated efficacy in a phase 3 clinical trial. Because of its anticipated global use, its relative potency, and the reported in vitro "host" cell mutagenicity of its active principle, β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine, we have reviewed the development of molnupiravir and its genotoxicity safety evaluation, as well as the genotoxicity profiles of three congeners, that is, ribavirin, favipiravir, and 5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine. We consider the potential genetic risks of molnupiravir on the basis of all available information and focus on the need for additional human genotoxicity data and follow-up in patients treated with molnupiravir and similar drugs. Such human data are especially relevant for antiviral NAs that have the potential of permanently modifying the genomes of treated patients and/or causing human teratogenicity or embryotoxicity. We conclude that the results of preclinical genotoxicity studies and phase 1 human clinical safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics are critical components of drug safety assessments and sentinels of unanticipated adverse health effects. We provide our rationale for performing more thorough genotoxicity testing prior to and within phase 1 clinical trials, including human PIG-A and error corrected next generation sequencing (duplex sequencing) studies in DNA and mitochondrial DNA of patients treated with antiviral NAs that induce genome error catastrophe via lethal mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Waters
- Michael Waters Consulting USA, Hillsborough, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Claude Hughes
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Fengyu Zhang
- Global Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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49
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Aljuhani A, Ahmed HEA, Ihmaid SK, Omar AM, Althagfan SS, Alahmadi YM, Ahmad I, Patel H, Ahmed S, Almikhlafi MA, El-Agrody AM, Zayed MF, Turkistani SA, Abulkhair SH, Almaghrabi M, Salama SA, Al-Karmalawy AA, Abulkhair HS. In vitro and computational investigations of novel synthetic carboxamide-linked pyridopyrrolopyrimidines with potent activity as SARS-CoV-2-M Pro inhibitors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26895-26907. [PMID: 36320844 PMCID: PMC9494209 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential target for COVID-19 is the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro). With the objective of targeting this receptor, a novel set of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with terminal carboxamide fragments was designed, synthesized, and considered as an initial motif for the creation of effective pan-coronavirus inhibitors. Accordingly, nine derivatives (21–29) have been introduced for in vitro assay to evaluate their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity effect against COVID-19 virus using Vero cells. The obtained data revealed that the majority of these derivatives showed potent cellular anti-COVID-19 activity and prevent viral growth by more than 90% at two different concentrations with weak or even no detectable cytotoxic effect on Vero cells. Extensive molecular docking simulations highlighted proper non-covalent interaction of new compounds within the binding pocket of Mpro as a potential target for their antiviral activity. In vitro assay for all the synthesized derivatives against the viral Mpro target indicated that compounds 25 and 29 have promising inhibitory activity with IC50 values at low micromolar concentrations. The molecular dynamic simulation results predicted the stability of compound 29 in the binding cavity of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and hence supported the high inhibitory activity shown by the In vitro assay. These results suggested that compounds 25 and 29 merit further investigations as promising drug candidates for the management of SARS-CoV-2. An essential target for COVID-19 is the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateyatallah Aljuhani
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany E. A. Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saleh K. Ihmaid
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sultan S. Althagfan
- Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser M. Alahmadi
- Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sahar Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Mohannad A. Almikhlafi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. El-Agrody
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Zayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shorouk H. Abulkhair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Almaghrabi
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir A. Salama
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University – Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Hamada S. Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University – Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
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50
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Abstract
The development of effective antiviral therapy for COVID-19 is critical for those awaiting vaccination, as well as for those who do not respond robustly to vaccination. This review summarizes 1 year of progress in the race to develop antiviral therapies for COVID-19, including research spanning preclinical and clinical drug development efforts, with an emphasis on antiviral compounds that are in clinical development or that are high priorities for clinical development. The review is divided into sections on compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 enzymes, including its polymerase and proteases; compounds that inhibit virus entry, including monoclonal antibodies; interferons; and repurposed drugs that inhibit host processes required for SARS-CoV-2 replication. The review concludes with a summary of the lessons to be learned from SARS-CoV-2 drug development efforts and the challenges to continued progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Tao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Philip L. Tzou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Janin Nouhin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hector Bonilla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robert W. Shafer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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