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Singh A, Rawat S, Kushwaha R, Jain M, Verma SP, Verma N, Singh US. Bone marrow metastasis in nonhematological malignancies: A study from tertiary care center. Ann Afr Med 2024; 23:91-99. [PMID: 38358178 PMCID: PMC10922175 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_55_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metastatic cancer presents a treatment challenge to clinicians, particularly for patients with bone marrow infiltration. For tumor staging, therapy selection, and prognosis risk stratification, the status of the bone marrow should be known for the presence or absence of metastasis. The study aimed to evaluate the hematological findings and comprehensive analysis of bone marrow in cases of nonhematological malignancies with bone marrow metastasis. Materials and Methods This retrospective study comprised a record retrieval of the departmental archives for the past 6 years. A total of 331 patients with nonhematological malignancies were found, of whom 31.42% (104/331) showed bone marrow metastasis. An integrated clinical approach with bone marrow examination findings and immunohistochemistry whenever necessary was used to achieve a definitive diagnosis of bone marrow metastasis. Results Among the study population, 31.42% (104/331) of patients had nonhematological malignancies that metastasized to the bone marrow. Most of the patients with bone marrow metastasis had anemia, which was found in 77.88% (81/104) of the cases. Leukoerythroblastic reaction was noted in 31.73% (33/104) of the cases, and thrombocytopenia was found in 25% (26/104) of the cases. The most common malignancy with bone marrow metastasis in adults was prostatic adenocarcinoma (28.1%) (9/32) and in pediatric cases, neuroblastoma (53.9%) (52/98). Conclusions It is essential to diagnose nonhematological malignancies that have metastasized to the bone marrow since this necessitates tumor staging, therapy selection, and prognosis risk stratification. To conclude, not a single hematological parameter is predictive of bone marrow metastasis; however, unexplained anemia, a leukoerythroblastic blood picture, and thrombocytopenia in peripheral blood should raise suspicion for bone marrow metastasis in cases of nonhematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Singh
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Rawat
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Kushwaha
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mili Jain
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailendra Prasad Verma
- Department of Clinical Hematology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nishant Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uma Shankar Singh
- Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Nishikawa S, Uemoto Y, Kim TS, Hisada T, Kondo N, Wanifuchi-Endo Y, Fujita T, Asano T, Katagiri Y, Terada M, Kato A, Dong Y, Sugiura H, Okuda K, Kato H, Osaga S, Takahashi S, Toyama T. Low RAI2 expression is a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 187:81-93. [PMID: 33782811 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoic acid-induced 2 (RAI2) has been shown to be a putative suppressor of the early hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells to the bone marrow in breast cancer. Here, we investigated the associations of RAI2 mRNA and protein expression with clinicopathological factors and prognosis in breast cancer patients with long-term follow-up. METHODS Invasive breast cancer tissues (n = 604) were analyzed for RAI2 mRNA expression. We examined the associations of clinicopathological factors with the expression levels of RAI2 mRNA in these samples. We also analyzed RAI2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in invasive breast cancer tissues (n = 422). RESULTS We identified significant positive associations between low expression of RAI2 mRNA and shorter disease-free survival (DFS), breast-cancer-specific survival (BCSS), and overall survival (OS) in breast cancer patients. We also identified significant positive associations between negative for RAI2 protein expression and shorter DFS, BCSS, and OS in breast cancer patients. Low RAI2 mRNA and negative for RAI2 protein expression were positively associated with larger tumor size, higher tumor grade, and ERα-negativity. Multivariate analyses indicated that not only RAI2 mRNA but also RAI2 protein expression were independent risk factors for both DFS and BCSS in breast cancer patients. The median follow-up periods were 10.3 and 9.3 years for the RAI2 mRNA and protein expression analyses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that RAI2 has a role in the metastasis of breast cancer, and that RAI2 expression could be a promising candidate biomarker of prognosis in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nishikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.,Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Toyokawa City Hospital, 23 Noji, Yawata-cho, Toyokawa, 442-8561, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Uemoto
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tae-Sun Kim
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hisada
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Naoto Kondo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yumi Wanifuchi-Endo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoko Asano
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Katagiri
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Terada
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akiko Kato
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiura
- Advanced Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 647-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Okuda
- Department of Oncology, Immunology and Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Osaga
- Clinical Research Management Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Toyama
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
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Bali P, Lozano-Pope I, Pachow C, Obonyo M. Early detection of tumor cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood in a fast‑progressing gastric cancer model. Int J Oncol 2021; 58:388-396. [PMID: 33469673 PMCID: PMC7864146 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. The authors previously demonstrated that in mice deficient in myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88−/−), infection with Helicobacter felis (H. felis) a close relative of H. pylori, subsequently rapidly progressed to neoplasia. The present study examined circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by measuring the expression of cytokeratins, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers and cancer stem cell (CSC) markers in bone marrow and peripheral blood from Myd88−/− and wild-type (WT) mice. Cytokeratins CK8/18 were detected as early as 4 months post-infection in Myd88−/− mice. By contrast, cytokeratins were not detected in WT mice even after 7 months post-infection. The expression of Mucin-1 (MUC1) was observed in both bone marrow and peripheral blood at different time points, suggesting its role in gastric cancer metastasis. Snail, Twist and ZEB were expressed at different levels in bone marrow and peripheral blood. The expression of these EMT-related markers suggests the manifestation of cancer metastasis in the early stages of disease development. LGR5, CD44 and CD133 were the most prominent CSC markers detected. The detection of CSC and EMT markers along with cytokeratins does reinforce their use as biomarkers for gastric cancer metastasis. This early detection of markers suggests that CTCs leave primary site even before cancer is well established. Thus, cytokeratins, EMT, and CSCs could be used as biomarkers to detect aggressive forms of gastric cancers. This information may prove to be of significance in stratifying patients for treatment prior to the onset of severe disease-related characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Bali
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
| | - Ivonne Lozano-Pope
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
| | - Collin Pachow
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
| | - Marygorret Obonyo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
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Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are responsible for the metastatic spread of cancer and therefore are extremely valuable not only for basic research on cancer metastasis but also as potential biomarkers in diagnosing and managing cancer in the clinic. While relatively non-invasive access to the blood tissue presents an opportunity, CTCs are mixed with approximately billion-times more-populated blood cells in circulation. Therefore, the accuracy of technologies for reliable enrichment of the rare CTC population from blood samples is critical to the success of downstream analyses. The focus of this chapter is to provide the reader an overview of significant advances made in the development of diverse CTC enrichment technologies by presenting the strengths of individual techniques in addition to specific challenges remaining to be addressed.
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5
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Onken JS, Fekonja LS, Wehowsky R, Hubertus V, Vajkoczy P. Metastatic dissemination patterns of different primary tumors to the spine and other bones. Clin Exp Metastasis 2019; 36:493-498. [PMID: 31420767 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-09987-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic spine disease (MSD) is a severe event in cancer patients. Experimental data indicate that bone metastasis is mostly mediated by blood flow-dependent, passive arrest of circulating tumor cells to the bone metastatic niche (BMN). Here, we have set out to test these experimental observations in a clinical, human setting to improve our understanding of MSD. 507 patients, treated on spinal metastases in our institution from 2005 to 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. We identified 259 patients with accessible staging reports of the skeleton before and at initial diagnosis of MSD. Data analysis comprised localizations of bone metastases, underlying malignancy and time to development of MSD. Dissemination pattern of bone metastasis was correlated with red bone marrow (RBM) content of the respective bone as a measure of blood flow. Spinal metastases occurred most frequently in lung cancer (21%), prostate cancer (19%), and breast cancer (12%). At the diagnosis of MSD, majority of patients have multiple extra-spinal bone metastases (2/3). The distribution of metastases to extra-spinal bones and to the spine is mostly proportional to the RBM content of the involved bone. Corresponding to the high RBM content, thoracic spine, pelvic bones and ribs represent a predilection site for bone metastasis. We confirm a distinct preference of cancer types to metastasize to bones. When it comes to bone metastases all primaries show uniform distribution pattern, which supports the hypothesis of a predominantly blood flow-dependent distribution of tumor cells and passive arrest to the BMN rather than a spine-specific homing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Onken
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucius S Fekonja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Romy Wehowsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hubertus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany. .,Neurochirurgische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a central role in tumor dissemination and metastases, which are ultimately responsible for most cancer deaths. Technologies that allow for identification and enumeration of rare CTC from cancer patients' blood have already established CTC as an important clinical biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Indeed, current efforts to robustly characterize CTC as well as the associated cells of the tumor microenvironment such as circulating cancer associated fibroblasts (cCAF), are poised to unmask key insights into the metastatic process. Ultimately, the clinical utility of CTC will be fully realized once CTC can be reliably cultured and proliferated as a biospecimen for precision management of cancer patients, and for discovery of novel therapeutics. In this review, we highlight the latest CTC capture and analyses technologies, and discuss in vitro strategies for culturing and propagating CTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Agarwal
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami
| | - Marija Balic
- Associate Professor, Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit Circulating Tumor Cells and Cancer Stem Cells, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Dorraya El-Ashry
- Associate Professor, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota
| | - Richard J. Cote
- Professor and Joseph R. Coulter Jr. Chair, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Director, John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
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7
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Prognostic significance of CEACAM5mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:767-775. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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8
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Myung JH, Eblan MJ, Caster JM, Park SJ, Poellmann MJ, Wang K, Tam KA, Miller SM, Shen C, Chen RC, Zhang T, Tepper JE, Chera BS, Wang AZ, Hong S. Multivalent Binding and Biomimetic Cell Rolling Improves the Sensitivity and Specificity of Circulating Tumor Cell Capture. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2539-2547. [PMID: 29545463 PMCID: PMC5984698 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to examine the effects of multivalent binding and biomimetic cell rolling on the sensitivity and specificity of circulating tumor cell (CTC) capture. We also investigated the clinical significance of CTCs and their kinetic profiles in patients with cancer undergoing radiotherapy treatment.Experimental Design: Patients with histologically confirmed primary carcinoma undergoing radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, were eligible for enrollment. Peripheral blood was collected prospectively at up to five time points, including before radiotherapy, at the first week, mid-point and final week of treatment, as well as 4 to 12 weeks after completion of radiotherapy. CTC capture was accomplished using a nanotechnology-based assay (CapioCyte) functionalized with aEpCAM, aHER-2, and aEGFR.Results: CapioCyte was able to detect CTCs in all 24 cancer patients enrolled. Multivalent binding via poly(amidoamine) dendrimers further improved capture sensitivity. We also showed that cell rolling effect can improve CTC capture specificity (% of captured cells that are CK+/CD45-/DAPI+) up to 38%. Among the 18 patients with sequential CTC measurements, the median CTC decreased from 113 CTCs/mL before radiotherapy to 32 CTCs/mL at completion of radiotherapy (P = 0.001). CTCs declined throughout radiotherapy in patients with complete clinical and/or radiographic response, in contrast with an elevation in CTCs at mid or post-radiotherapy in the two patients with known pathologic residual disease.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that multivalent binding and cell rolling can improve the sensitivity and specificity of CTC capture compared with multivalent binding alone, allowing reliable monitoring of CTC changes during and after treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 24(11); 2539-47. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hye Myung
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael J Eblan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph M Caster
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sin-Jung Park
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael J Poellmann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kyle Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kevin A Tam
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seth M Miller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Colette Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ronald C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joel E Tepper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bhishamjit S Chera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Integrated OMICs for Biomedical Science and Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Size-based separation methods of circulating tumor cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 125:3-20. [PMID: 29326054 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) originate from the primary tumor mass and enter into the peripheral bloodstream. Compared to other "liquid biopsy" portfolios such as exosome, circulating tumor DNA/RNA (ctDNA/RNA), CTCs have incomparable advantages in analyses of transcriptomics, proteomics, and signal colocalization. Hence, CTCs hold the key to understanding the biology of metastasis and play a vital role in cancer diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognosis. Size-based enrichment features are prominent in CTC isolation. It is a label-free, simple and fast method. Enriched CTCs remain unmodified and viable for a wide range of subsequent analyses. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the differences of size and deformability between CTCs and blood cells, which would facilitate the development of technologies of size-based CTC isolation. Then we review representative size-/deformability-based technologies available for CTC isolation and highlight the recent achievements in molecular analysis of isolated CTCs. To wrap up, we discuss the substantial challenges facing the field, and elaborate on prospects.
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Minimal Residual Disease in Head and Neck Cancer and Esophageal Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1100:55-82. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97746-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Phenotypic characterization of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181211. [PMID: 28719656 PMCID: PMC5515424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the phenotypic heterogeneity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) based on the expression of proliferative, apoptotic and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transmission (EMT) markers during front-line treatment in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and to evaluate their clinical relevance. Methods CTCs from 108 chemotherapy-naïve patients with SCLC were analyzed by double immunofluorescence staining using anti-Ki67, anti-M30, anti-Vimentin along with anti-CKs antibodies. In 83 patients CTCs were also enumerated using the CellSearch. Results Sequential samples were available from 76 and 48 patients after one-treatment cycle and on disease progression (PD), respectively, for immunofluorescence and from 50 and 36 patients after one-cycle and on PD, respectively, for CellSearch. At baseline, 60.2% of the patients had detectable CTCs by either method. Both proliferative (CK67+) and non-proliferative (Ki67-), apoptotic (M30+) and non-apoptotic (M30-) as well as EMT (Vim+) CTCs were present in the same patient. Among 22 patients without detectable CTCs by CellSearch, CK+/Ki67+ and CK+/Vim+ CTCs could be detected in 6 (27.3%) and 6 (27.3%) patients, respectively. One-chemotherapy cycle reduced both the incidence of detection (p<0.001) and the absolute number (p<0.001) of CTCs; conversely, on PD both the incidence of detection and the number of CTCs were significantly increased (p = 0.002 and p = 0.04, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that the increased number of Vim+ CTCs at baseline and of non-apoptotic CTCs on PD could be emerged as independent prognostic factors associated with decreased OS(p = 0.009 and p = 0.023, respectively). Conclusions CK+/Ki67+, CK+/M30+ and CK+/Vim+ CTCs represent distinct subpopulations of CTCs in patients with SCLC, can be detected even in the absence of detectable CTCs by CellSearch; CK+/Ki67+ and CK+/Vim+ CTCs are associated with unfavorable clinical outcome.
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12
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Cervone M, Beurlet S. Primary bronchial carcinoma associated with bone marrow metastasis and paraneoplastic monoclonal gammopathy in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 2:2055116916668200. [PMID: 28491436 PMCID: PMC5362843 DOI: 10.1177/2055116916668200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary Herein we describe an unusual metastatic pattern and paraneoplastic manifestation of a bronchial carcinoma in a cat. An 8 year-old cat presented with a diminished appetite, dysphagia, weight loss, lethargy and coughing. Thoracic radiographs revealed a lung mass. Bronchial carcinoma was diagnosed on the basis of histology and was associated with a lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of the fibrovascular stroma. Biochemistry showed hyperproteinaemia. Serum protein electrophoresis showed a narrow spike in the gamma region. Bone marrow cytology revealed an infiltrate with numerous clustered epithelial cells. The cat was euthanased 2 months later because of anorexia and poor general condition. Relevance and novel information To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical description of primary bronchial carcinoma associated with bone marrow metastases and paraneoplastic monoclonal gammopathy in a cat.
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Messaritakis I, Stoltidis D, Kotsakis A, Dermitzaki EK, Koinis F, Lagoudaki E, Koutsopoulos A, Politaki E, Apostolaki S, Souglakos J, Georgoulias V. TTF-1- and/or CD56-positive Circulating Tumor Cells in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Sci Rep 2017; 7:45351. [PMID: 28349943 PMCID: PMC5368597 DOI: 10.1038/srep45351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the phenotypic CTCs heterogeneity (TTF-1+ and/or CD56+) in SCLC patients and correlate it with the CellSearch. Peripheral blood was obtained from 108 consecutive patients. CTCs were detected by CellSearch and double-immunofluorescence using anti-CD45, anti-TTF-1 and anti-CD56 antibodies. Before chemotherapy TTF-1+/CD45−, CD56+/CD45− and TTF-1+/CD56+ CTCs were detected in 66(61.1%), 55(50.9%) and 46(42.6%) patients, respectively; 60.2% of patients were CellSearch+. Among the 22 patients with 0 CTCs/7.5 ml on CellSearch, TTF-1+/CD45−, CD56+/CD45− and TTF-1+/CD56+ CTCs were detected in 8(36.4%), 6(27.3) and 6(27.3%) patients, respectively; no CK+/EpCAM+ or TTF1+/EpCAM+ CTCs were detected in these patients. One-chemotherapy cycle decreased both the number of positive patients (p < 0.001) and their CTC number (p < 0.001), irrespectively of their phenotype and the detection method. The incidence and number of the different CTC subpopulations on PD, was significantly increased at their baseline levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that the increased number of CTCs at baseline and on PD were significantly associated with decreased PFS (p = 0.048) and OS (p = 0.041), respectively. There is an important CTC heterogeneity in such patients according to the expression of TTF-1 and CD56 which could detect EpCAM− CTC subpopulations and, thus, undetectable by CellSearch. These CTC subpopulations are dynamically correlated with treatment efficacy and disease-progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Stoltidis
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kotsakis
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Fillipos Koinis
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleni Lagoudaki
- Pathology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Politaki
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Stella Apostolaki
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - John Souglakos
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vassilis Georgoulias
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
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Pizzoni S, Sabattini S, Stefanello D, Dentini A, Ferrari R, Dacasto M, Giantin M, Laganga P, Amati M, Tortorella G, Marconato L. Features and prognostic impact of distant metastases in 45 dogs with de novo stage IV cutaneous mast cell tumours: A prospective study. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:28-36. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Pizzoni
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario; Bologna Italy
| | - S. Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - D. Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | | | - R. Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - M. Dacasto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - M. Giantin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - P. Laganga
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario; Bologna Italy
| | - M. Amati
- Ospedale Veterinario Città di Pavia; Pavia Italy
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15
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Zhao Y, Xu D, Tan W. Aptamer-functionalized nano/micro-materials for clinical diagnosis: isolation, release and bioanalysis of circulating tumor cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:188-205. [PMID: 28144664 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00239k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood is a challenging, but necessary, task in order to diagnose early onset of metastatic cancer and to monitor treatment efficacy. Over the last decade, step-up produced aptamers have attracted great attention in clinical diagnosis. They have offered great promise for a broader range of cell-specific recognition and isolation. In particular, aptamer-functionalized magnetic particles for selective extraction of target CTCs have shown reduced damage to cells and relatively simple operation. Also, efforts to develop aptamer-functionalized microchannel/microstructures able to efficiently isolate target CTCs are continuing, and these efforts have brought more advanced geometrically designed substrates. Various aptamer-mediated cell release techniques are being developed to enable subsequent biological studies. This article reviews some of these advances in aptamer-functionalized nano/micro-materials for CTCs isolation and methods for releasing captured CTCs from aptamer-functionalized surfaces. Biological studies of CTCs after release are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaju Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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16
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Tadimety A, Syed A, Nie Y, Long CR, Kready KM, Zhang JXJ. Liquid biopsy on chip: a paradigm shift towards the understanding of cancer metastasis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:22-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amogha Tadimety
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - Abeer Syed
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - Yuan Nie
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - Christina R. Long
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - Kasia M. Kready
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - John X. J. Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon NH, 03766, USA
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17
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Williams A, Chung J, Yang C, Cote RJ. Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy for Rapid, High-Resolution Imaging of Circulating Tumor Cells Enriched by Microfiltration. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1634:107-117. [PMID: 28819844 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7144-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Examining the hematogenous compartment for evidence of metastasis has increased significantly within the oncology research community in recent years, due to the development of technologies aimed at the enrichment of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), the subpopulation of primary tumor cells that gain access to the circulatory system and are responsible for colonization at distant sites. In contrast to other technologies, filtration-based CTC enrichment, which exploits differences in size between larger tumor cells and surrounding smaller, non-tumor blood cells, has the potential to improve CTC characterization through isolation of tumor cell populations with greater molecular heterogeneity. However, microscopic analysis of uneven filtration surfaces containing CTCs is laborious, time-consuming, and inconsistent, preventing widespread use of filtration-based enrichment technologies. Here, integrated with a microfiltration-based CTC and rare cell enrichment device we have previously described, we present a protocol for Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy (FPM), a method that, unlike many automated imaging platforms, produces high-speed, high-resolution images that can be digitally refocused, allowing users to observe objects of interest present on multiple focal planes within the same image frame. The development of a cost-effective and high-throughput CTC analysis system for filtration-based enrichment technologies could have profound clinical implications for improved CTC detection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaebum Chung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Changhuei Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Richard J Cote
- Department of Pathology, The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 1416 (R-5), Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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18
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Shen F, Zhang Y, Jernigan DL, Feng X, Yan J, Garcia FU, Meucci O, Salvino JM, Fatatis A. Novel Small-Molecule CX3CR1 Antagonist Impairs Metastatic Seeding and Colonization of Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:518-27. [PMID: 27001765 PMCID: PMC5070649 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent evidence indicates that cancer cells, even in the absence of a primary tumor, recirculate from established secondary lesions to further seed and colonize skeleton and soft tissues, thus expanding metastatic dissemination and precipitating the clinical progression to terminal disease. Recently, we reported that breast cancer cells utilize the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 to exit the blood circulation and lodge to the skeleton of experimental animals. Now, we show that CX3CR1 is overexpressed in human breast tumors and skeletal metastases. To assess the clinical potential of targeting CX3CR1 in breast cancer, a functional role of CX3CR1 in metastatic seeding and progression was first validated using a neutralizing antibody for this receptor and transcriptional suppression by CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). Successively, we synthesized and characterized JMS-17-2, a potent and selective small-molecule antagonist of CX3CR1, which was used in preclinical animal models of seeding and established metastasis. Importantly, counteracting CX3CR1 activation impairs the lodging of circulating tumor cells to the skeleton and soft-tissue organs and also negatively affects further growth of established metastases. Furthermore, nine genes were identified that were similarly altered by JMS-17-2 and CRISPRi and could sustain CX3CR1 prometastatic activity. In conclusion, these data support the drug development of CX3CR1 antagonists, and promoting their clinical use will provide novel and effective tools to prevent or contain the progression of metastatic disease in breast cancer patients. IMPLICATIONS This work conclusively validates the instrumental role of CX3CR1 in the seeding of circulating cancer cells and is expected to pave the way for pairing novel inhibitors of this receptor with current standards of care for the treatment of breast cancer patients. Mol Cancer Res; 14(6); 518-27. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Danielle L Jernigan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jie Yan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fernando U Garcia
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph M Salvino
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alessandro Fatatis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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19
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Nejlund S, Smith J, Kraan J, Stender H, Van MN, Langkjer ST, Nielsen MT, Sölétormos G, Hillig T. Cryopreservation of Circulating Tumor Cells for Enumeration and Characterization. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:330-7. [PMID: 27092845 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A blood sample containing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may serve as a surrogate for metastasis in invasive cancer. Cryopreservation will provide new opportunities in management of clinical samples in the laboratory and allow collection of samples over time for future analysis of existing and upcoming cancer biomarkers. METHODS Blood samples from healthy volunteers were spiked with high (∼500) and low (∼50) number of tumor cells from culture. The samples were stored at -80C with cryopreservative dimethyl sulfoxide mixed with Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium. Flow cytometry tested if cryopreservation affected specific biomarkers regularly used to detect CTCs, i.e. cytokeratin (CK) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and white blood cell specific lymphocyte common antigen (CD45). After various time intervals (up to 6 months), samples were thawed and tumor cell recovery (enumeration) was examined. Clinical samples may differ from cell line studies, so the cryopreservation protocol was tested on 17 patients with invasive breast cancer and tumor cell recovery was examined. Two blood samples were drawn from each patient. RESULTS Biomarkers, CK, CD45, and EpCAM, were not affected by the freezing and thawing procedures. Cryopreserved samples (n = 2) spiked with a high number of tumor cells (∼500) had a ∼90% recovery compared with the spiked fresh samples. In samples spiked with lower numbers of tumor cells (median = 43 in n = 5 samples), the recovery was 63% after cryopreservation (median 27 tumor cells), p = 0.03. With an even lower number of spiked tumor cells (median = 3 in n = 8 samples), the recovery rate of tumor cells after cryopreservation did not seem to be affected (median = 8), p = 0.09. Time of cryopreservation did not affect recovery. When testing the effect of cryopreservation on enumeration in clinical samples, no difference was observed in the number of CTCs between the fresh and the cryopreserved samples based on n = 17 pairs, p = 0.83; however, the variation was large. This large variation was confirmed by clinically paired fresh samples (n = 64 pairs), where 95% of the samples (<30 CTCs) vary in number up to ±15 CTCs, p = 0.18. CONCLUSIONS A small loss of CTCs after cryopreservation may be expected; however, cryopreservation of CTCs for biomarker characterization for clinical applications seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nejlund
- 1 CTC Center of Excellence, Nordsjællands Hospital , Hillerød, Denmark .,2 CytoTrack ApS , Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julie Smith
- 3 Department of Technology, Faculty of Health and Technology, Metropolitan University College , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaco Kraan
- 4 Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Stender
- 1 CTC Center of Excellence, Nordsjællands Hospital , Hillerød, Denmark .,2 CytoTrack ApS , Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mai N Van
- 4 Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven T Langkjer
- 5 Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mikkel T Nielsen
- 1 CTC Center of Excellence, Nordsjællands Hospital , Hillerød, Denmark .,2 CytoTrack ApS , Lyngby, Denmark
| | - György Sölétormos
- 1 CTC Center of Excellence, Nordsjællands Hospital , Hillerød, Denmark .,6 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital , Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Thore Hillig
- 1 CTC Center of Excellence, Nordsjællands Hospital , Hillerød, Denmark .,6 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital , Hillerød, Denmark
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20
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Yamamoto N, Kozaki A, Hartomo TB, Yanai T, Hasegawa D, Kawasaki K, Kosaka Y, Matsuo M, Hirase S, Mori T, Hayakawa A, Iijima K, Nishio H, Nishimura N. Differential expression of minimal residual disease markers in peripheral blood and bone marrow samples from high-risk neuroblastoma patients. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3228-3232. [PMID: 26722317 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is an aggressive solid tumor that leads to tumor relapse in more than half of high-risk patients. Minimal residual disease (MRD) is primarily responsible for tumor relapses and may be detected in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) samples. To evaluate the disease status and treatment response, a number of MRD detection protocols based on either common or distinct markers for PB and BM samples have been reported. However, the correlation between the expression of MRD markers in PB and BM samples remains elusive in the clinical samples. In the present study, the expression of 11 previously validated MRD markers (CHRNA3, CRMP1, DBH, DCX, DDC, GABRB3, GAP43, ISL1, KIF1A, PHOX2B and TH) was determined in 23 pairs of PB and BM samples collected from seven high-risk neuroblastoma patients at the same time point, and the sample was scored as MRD-positive if one of the MRD markers exceeded the normal range. Although the number of MRD-positive samples was not significantly different between PB and BM samples, the two most sensitive markers for PB samples (CRMP1 and KIF1A) were different from those for BM samples (PHOX2B and DBH). There was no statistically significant correlation between the expression of MRD markers in the PB and BM samples. These results suggest that MRD markers were differentially expressed in PB and BM samples from high-risk neuroblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Aiko Kozaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe 654-0081, Japan
| | - Tri Budi Hartomo
- Department of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yanai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe 654-0081, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Hasegawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe 654-0081, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Kawasaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe 654-0081, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kosaka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe 654-0081, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsuo
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirase
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akira Hayakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hisahide Nishio
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan ; Department of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan ; Department of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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21
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Werner S, Brors B, Eick J, Marques E, Pogenberg V, Parret A, Kemming D, Wood AW, Edgren H, Neubauer H, Streichert T, Riethdorf S, Bedi U, Baccelli I, Jücker M, Eils R, Fehm T, Trumpp A, Johnsen SA, Klefström J, Wilmanns M, Müller V, Pantel K, Wikman H. Suppression of early hematogenous dissemination of human breast cancer cells to bone marrow by retinoic Acid-induced 2. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:506-19. [PMID: 25716347 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Regulatory pathways that drive early hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells are insufficiently defined. Here, we used the presence of disseminated tumor cells (DTC) in the bone marrow to define patients with early disseminated breast cancer and identified low retinoic acid-induced 2 (RAI2) expression to be significantly associated with DTC status. Low RAI2 expression was also shown to be an independent poor prognostic factor in 10 different cancer datasets. Depletion of RAI2 protein in luminal breast cancer cell lines resulted in dedifferentiation marked by downregulation of ERα, FOXA1, and GATA3, together with increased invasiveness and activation of AKT signaling. Functional analysis of the previously uncharacterized RAI2 protein revealed molecular interaction with CtBP transcriptional regulators and an overlapping function in controlling the expression of a number of key target genes involved in breast cancer. These results suggest that RAI2 is a new metastasis-associated protein that sustains differentiation of luminal breast epithelial cells. SIGNIFICANCE We identified downregulation of RAI2 as a novel metastasis-associated genetic alteration especially associated with early occurring bone metastasis in ERα-positive breast tumors. We specified the role of the RAI2 protein to function as a transcriptional regulator that controls the expression of several key regulators of breast epithelial integrity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Werner
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics (G200), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany. German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Eick
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elsa Marques
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Dirk Kemming
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. European Laboratory Association, Ibbenbüren, Germany
| | - Antony W Wood
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts
| | - Henrik Edgren
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Streichert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Upasana Bedi
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irène Baccelli
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics (B080), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, and Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven A Johnsen
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juha Klefström
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Volkmar Müller
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harriet Wikman
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Ma Y, Hao S, Wang S, Zhao Y, Lim B, Lei M, Spector DJ, El-Deiry WS, Zheng SY, Zhu J. A Combinatory Strategy for Detection of Live CTCs Using Microfiltration and a New Telomerase-Selective Adenovirus. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:835-43. [PMID: 25589497 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have become an important biomarker for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. Recently, a replication-competent recombinant adenovirus driven by a human telomerase gene (hTERT) promoter was shown to detect live CTCs in blood samples of patients with cancer. Here, we report a new class of adenoviruses containing regulatory elements that repress the hTERT gene in normal cells. Compared with the virus with only the hTERT core promoter, the new viruses showed better selectivity for replication in cancer cells than in normal cells. In particular, Ad5GTSe, containing three extra copies of a repressor element, displayed a superior tropism for cancer cells among leukocytes and was thus selected for CTC detection in blood samples. To further improve the efficiency and specificity of CTC identification, we tested a combinatory strategy of microfiltration enrichment using flexible micro spring arrays and Ad5GTSe imaging. Our experiments showed that this method efficiently detected both cancer cells spiked into healthy blood and potential CTCs in blood samples of patients with breast and pancreatic cancer, demonstrating its potential as a highly sensitive and reliable system for detection and capture of CTCs of different tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Ma
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Department of C&M Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sijie Hao
- Department of C&M Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Department of C&M Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Department of C&M Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Bora Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Ming Lei
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - David J Spector
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of C&M Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington.
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23
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Toss A, Mu Z, Fernandez S, Cristofanilli M. CTC enumeration and characterization: moving toward personalized medicine. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:108. [PMID: 25489582 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.09.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The primary cause of tumor-related death in breast cancer (BC) is still represented by distant metastasization. The dissemination of tumor cells from the primary tumor to distant sites through bloodstream cannot be early detected by standard imaging methods. The enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represents an effective prognostic and predictive biomarker, which is able to monitor efficacy of adjuvant therapies, detect early development of (micro)metastases and at last, assess therapeutic responses of advanced disease earlier than traditional imaging methods. Moreover, since repeated tissue biopsies are invasive, costly and not always feasible, the assessment of tumor characteristics on CTCs, by a peripheral blood sample as a 'liquid biopsy', represents an attractive opportunity. The implementation of molecular and genomic characterization of CTCs could contribute to improve the treatment selection and thus, to move toward more personalized treatments. This review describes the current state of the art on CTC detection strategies, the evidence to demonstrate their clinical validity, and their potential impact for both future clinical trial design and, decision-making process in our daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Toss
- 1 Department of Oncology, Haematology and Respiratory Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University & Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhaomei Mu
- 1 Department of Oncology, Haematology and Respiratory Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University & Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sandra Fernandez
- 1 Department of Oncology, Haematology and Respiratory Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University & Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- 1 Department of Oncology, Haematology and Respiratory Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University & Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Lieto E, Galizia G, Orditura M, Romano C, Zamboli A, Castellano P, Mabilia A, Auricchio A, DE Vita F, Gemei M. CD26-positive/CD326-negative circulating cancer cells as prognostic markers for colorectal cancer recurrence. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:542-550. [PMID: 25624884 PMCID: PMC4301532 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the presence and clinical relevance of a cluster of differentiation (CD)26+/CD326- subset of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in pre- and post-operative blood samples of colorectal cancer patients, who had undergone curative or palliative intervention, in order to find a novel prognostic factor for patient management and follow-up. In total, 80 colorectal cancer patients, along with 25 healthy volunteers were included. The easily transferable methodology of flow cytometry, along with multiparametric antibody staining were used to selectively evaluate CD26+/CD326- CTCs in the peripheral blood samples of colorectal cancer patients. The multiparametric selection allowed any enrichment methods to be avoided thus rendering the whole procedure suitable for clinical routine. The presence of CD26+/CD326- cells was higher in advanced Dukes' stages and was significantly associated with poor survival and high recurrence rates. Relapsing and non-surviving patients showed the highest number of CD26+/CD326- CTCs. High pre-operative levels of CD26+/CD326- CTCs correctly predicted tumor relapse in 44.4% of the cases, while 69% of post-operative CD26+/CD326- CTC-positive patients experienced cancer recurrence, with a test accuracy of 88.8%. By contrast, post-operative CD26+/CD326- CTC-negative patients showed an increase in the three-year progression-free survival rate of 86%, along with a reduced risk of tumor relapse of >90%. In conclusion, CD26+/CD326- CTCs are an independent prognostic factor for tumor recurrence rate in multivariate analysis, suggesting that their evaluation could be an additional factor for colorectal cancer recurrence risk evaluation in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lieto
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Anesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Gennaro Galizia
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Anesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Michele Orditura
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'F. Magrassi-A. Lanzara' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Ciro Romano
- Division of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Anna Zamboli
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Anesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Paolo Castellano
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Anesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Andrea Mabilia
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Anesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Annamaria Auricchio
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Anesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Ferdinando DE Vita
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'F. Magrassi-A. Lanzara' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Marica Gemei
- Center for Genetic Engineering, Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples I-80145, Italy
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Liu MC. By the numbers: does circulating tumor cell enumeration have a role in metastatic breast cancer? J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:3479-82. [PMID: 25245442 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.56.6851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Williams A, Chung J, Ou X, Zheng G, Rawal S, Ao Z, Datar R, Yang C, Cote R. Fourier ptychographic microscopy for filtration-based circulating tumor cell enumeration and analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:066007. [PMID: 24949708 PMCID: PMC4572097 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.6.066007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are recognized as a candidate biomarker with strong prognostic and predictive potential in metastatic disease. Filtration-based enrichment technologies have been used for CTC characterization, and our group has previously developed a membrane microfilter device that demonstrates efficacy in model systems and clinical blood samples. However, uneven filtration surfaces make the use of standard microscopic techniques a difficult task, limiting the performance of automated imaging using commercially available technologies. Here, we report the use of Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) to tackle this challenge. Employing this method, we were able to obtain high-resolution color images, including amplitude and phase, of the microfilter samples over large areas. FPM's ability to perform digital refocusing on complex images is particularly useful in this setting as, in contrast to other imaging platforms, we can focus samples on multiple focal planes within the same frame despite surface unevenness. In model systems, FPM demonstrates high image quality, efficiency, and consistency in detection of tumor cells when comparing corresponding microfilter samples to standard microscopy with high correlation (R² = 0.99932). Based on these results, we believe that FPM will have important implications for improved, high throughput, filtration-based CTC analysis, and, more generally, image analysis of uneven surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Williams
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 742, Miami, Florida 33136
- University of Miami, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 714, Miami Florida 33136
| | - Jaebum Chung
- California Institute of Technology, Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Medical Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 136-93, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Xiaoze Ou
- California Institute of Technology, Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Medical Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 136-93, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Guoan Zheng
- California Institute of Technology, Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Medical Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 136-93, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Siddarth Rawal
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 742, Miami, Florida 33136
- University of Miami, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 714, Miami Florida 33136
| | - Zheng Ao
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 742, Miami, Florida 33136
- University of Miami, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 714, Miami Florida 33136
| | - Ram Datar
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 742, Miami, Florida 33136
- University of Miami, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 714, Miami Florida 33136
| | - Changhuei Yang
- California Institute of Technology, Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Medical Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 136-93, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Richard Cote
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 742, Miami, Florida 33136
- University of Miami, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 714, Miami Florida 33136
- Address all correspondence to: Richard Cote, E-mail:
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Leong SPL, Tseng WW. Micrometastatic cancer cells in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood: Clinical significance and biologic implications. CA Cancer J Clin 2014; 64:195-206. [PMID: 24500995 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis may be regarded as a progressive process from its inception in the primary tumor microenvironment to distant sites by way of the lymphovascular system. Although this type of tumor dissemination often occurs in an orderly fashion via the sentinel lymph node (SLN), acting as a possible gateway to the regional lymph nodes, bone marrow, and peripheral blood and ultimately to distant metastatic sites, this is not a general rule as tumor cells may enter the blood and spread to distant sites, bypassing the SLN. Methods of detecting micrometastatic cancer cells in the SLN, bone marrow, and peripheral blood of patients have been established. Patients with cancer cells in their SLN, bone marrow, or peripheral blood have worse clinical outcomes than patients with no evidence of spread to these compartments. The presence of these cells also has important biologic implications for disease progression and the clinician's understanding of the process of cancer metastasis. Further characterization of these micrometastatic cancer cells at each stage and site of metastasis is needed to design novel selective therapies for a more "personalized" treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley P L Leong
- Chief of Cutaneous Oncology, Associate Director of the Melanoma Program, Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment, California Pacific Medical Center and Sutter Pacific Medical Foundation, Senior Scientist, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
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Expression of stanniocalcin-1 and stanniocalcin-2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and correlations with clinical and pathological parameters. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95466. [PMID: 24743310 PMCID: PMC3990672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) and stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) are secreted glycoprotein hormones involved in various types of human malignancies. The roles of STC1 and STC2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remain unknown. We investigated correlations between STC1 and STC2 expression and clinicopathological or prognostic factors in LSCC. Methods Pre-surgical peripheral blood samples were collected between 2012 and 2013 from 62 patients with LSCC. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed to examine mRNA levels of STC1 and STC2. Immunohistochemistry was performed to retrospectively analyze 90 paraffin-embedded LSCC tissue samples, which were obtained from patients who received surgery between 2006 and 2009. These patients did not have histories of treatment or malignancies. Univariate analysis of patient survival was performed by the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate analyses were performed with the Cox proportional hazards model. Results The relative mRNA levels of STC1 and STC2 in peripheral blood were significantly greater in LSCC patients than those of healthy volunteers (both P<0.05). STC2 protein expression in tumor tissues was associated with invasion into the thyroid cartilage, T-Stage, lymphatic metastasis, clinical stage, and pathological differentiation (all P<0.05). In addition, STC2 protein expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with LSCC (P = 0.025). In contrast, STC1 expression only correlated with clinical stage (P = 0.026) and was not an independent or significant prognostic factor. Conclusions Circulating STC1 and STC2 mRNA are potentially useful blood markers for LSCC. Our results strongly suggest that the STC2 protein, but not STC1, may be a valuable biomarker for LSCC malignancies and a prognostic marker for poor outcome following surgery. Future studies should examine STC2 as a novel molecular target for the treatment of LSCC.
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Grover PK, Cummins AG, Price TJ, Roberts-Thomson IC, Hardingham JE. Circulating tumour cells: the evolving concept and the inadequacy of their enrichment by EpCAM-based methodology for basic and clinical cancer research. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1506-16. [PMID: 24651410 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are responsible for metastatic relapse and this has fuelled interest in their detection and quantification. Although numerous methods have been developed for the enrichment and detection of CTCs, none has yet reached the 'gold' standard. Since epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-based enrichment of CTCs offers several advantages, it is one of the most commonly used and has been adapted for high-throughput technology. However, emerging evidence suggests that CTCs are highly heterogeneous: they consist of epithelial tumour cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) cells, hybrid (epithelial/EMT(+)) tumour cells, irreversible EMT(+) tumour cells, and circulating tumour stem cells (CTSCs). The EpCAM-based approach does not detect CTCs expressing low levels of EpCAM and non-epithelial phenotypes such as CTSCs and those that have undergone EMT and no longer express EpCAM. Thus, the approach may lead to underestimation of the significance of CTCs, in general, and CTSCs and EMT(+) tumour cells, in particular, in cancer dissemination. Here, we provide a critical review of research literature on the evolving concept of CTCs and the inadequacy of their enrichment by EpCAM-based technology for basic and clinical cancer research. The review also outlines future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T J Price
- Haematology-Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
| | | | - J E Hardingham
- Haematology-Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
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Disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of gastric cancer patients: correlation with tumor hypoxia and clinical relevance. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2014; 2014:582140. [PMID: 24669218 PMCID: PMC3942335 DOI: 10.1155/2014/582140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aim. The evaluation of the clinical relevance of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in bone marrow (BM) of patients with gastric cancer (GC) and their association with primary tumor hypoxia. Patients and Methods. 89 resected specimens were used. DTCs were detected using immunocytochemistry, the level of tumor hypoxia using NMR spectroscopy, CD68, CD34, VEGF, and VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) expression using immunohistochemistry, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity using zymography. Results. DTCs were detected in 51.4% of GC patients with M0. There was significant correlation between frequency of DTCs in BM and level of tumor hypoxia (P < 0.024). DTCs presence was accompanied with Flt-1 positivity of BM. The correlation between DTCs and tumor VEGF expression in patients with M0 was shown (P < 0.0248). Activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in BM was linked with DTCs in patients with M0 (P < 0.05). Overall survival (OS) of patients with M0 and DTCs was shorter than that of patients without DTCs (patients in both groups were operated only) (P = 0.0497). Conclusion. Appearance of DTCs correlates with hypoxia level in primary tumors. Detection of DTCs in GC patients may be relevant indicator for adjuvant chemotherapy using.
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Broersen LHA, van Pelt GW, Tollenaar RAEM, Mesker WE. Clinical application of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 37:9-15. [PMID: 24249155 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a major role in the metastatic spread of breast cancer. CTC detection has proven to be an important parameter for predicting progression free and overall survival. Collection of CTCs is minimally invasive and can be performed more often than disseminated tumor cell (DTC) collection from bone marrow, thus providing a real-time "liquid biopsy". In this review, the most important techniques for enrichment and detection of CTCs are discussed for clinical application in low and higher staged breast cancer, as well as the genetic and molecular characterization of CTCs. For CTCs, the use of immunology-based enrichment techniques with multiple antibodies is recommended in a clinical setting, as well as the use of cytometric detection techniques, combined with RT-PCR for confirmation. Special attention is given to the value of cancer stem cell (CSC) activity, which may be the main cause of ineffectiveness of the control over metastatic lesions due to intratumor heterogeneity. Accumulating information on CSCs offers new paradigms to generate effective targets for the treatment of metastatic disease. Genetic and molecular characterization of CTCs has potential to stratify patients for optimal personalized treatment regimens. CTCs can be used for monitoring patients during treatment schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie H A Broersen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Li J, Yin ZF. Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells and individualized cancer diagnosis and therapy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2679-2684. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i26.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of cancer cells involved in oncogenesis and metastasis has always been the key factor that impedes tumor diagnosis and treatment (especially traditional chemotherapies). In recent years, molecular characterization of tumors and accordingly implementation of individualized treatment targeting specific molecular markers have become a hotspot for cancer research. As a link between the primary tumor and metastases, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) provide a window into tumor biology and the metastatic cascade. With their real-time, non-invasive and repeatable access, CTCs are excellent resources of tumor specimens. Molecular characterization of CTCs is of great significance for tumor molecular analysis and individualized treatment. Here we review the recent progress in molecular characterization of CTCs and individualized cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Abstract
Disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) can adopt a state of long-term dormancy. However, when and why they emerge from quiescence has remained unclear. Distinct microvascular niches are now shown to regulate this process. Mature blood vessels produce signals that sustain tumour cell quiescence, whereas sprouting microvasculature provides stimuli that reactivate DTCs, leading to metastatic relapse.
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Lee HJ, Cho HY, Oh JH, Namkoong K, Lee JG, Park JM, Lee SS, Huh N, Choi JW. Simultaneous capture and in situ analysis of circulating tumor cells using multiple hybrid nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:508-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rud AK, Borgen E, Mælandsmo GM, Flatmark K, Le H, Josefsen D, Solvoll I, Schirmer CB, Helland Å, Jørgensen L, Brustugun OT, Fodstad Ø, Boye K. Clinical significance of disseminated tumour cells in non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1264-70. [PMID: 23942067 PMCID: PMC3778301 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients have a high risk of disease relapse despite curatively intended surgical resection, and the detection of tumour cells in the bone marrow could be one method of determining the presence of the disseminated disease in its early stages. Methods: Bone marrow aspirates were collected from 296 patients at the time of surgery, and the presence of disseminated tumour cells was determined with the help of immunomagnetic selection (IMS) using the MOC31-antibody recognising EpCAM and with the help of standard immunocytochemistry (ICC) using the anti-cytokeratin (CK) antibodies AE1/AE3. Results: Disseminated tumour cells were found in 152 of 252 (59%) bone marrow samples using IMS and in 25 of 234 (11%) samples using ICC. No association between the two detection methods was observed. The presence of EpCAM+ cells was not associated with any clinicopathological parameters, whereas a higher frequency of CK+ cells was found in patients with an advanced pT status. Disseminated tumour cells, as detected using IMS, had no prognostic impact. Patients with CK+ cells in the bone marrow had a reduced relapse-free survival, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our findings do not support the further development of DTC detection for clinical use in early-stage NSCLC. Future studies should include the molecular characterisation of DTCs, along with an attempt to identify subpopulations of cells with biological and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Rud
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, PO Box 4953 Nydalen NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.
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Essentials of circulating tumor cells for clinical research and practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:338-56. [PMID: 23830807 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major cause of death due to cancer is its metastatic deposit in numerous tissues and organs. The metastatic process requires the migration of malignant cells from primary sites to distant environments. Even for tumors initially spreading through lymphatic vessels, hematogenous transport is the most common metastatic pathway. The detachment of cancer cells from a primary tumor into the blood stream is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As these cells circulate further in the bloodstream they are known as circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The CTC population is highly resilient, enabling the cells to colonize a foreign microenvironment. Alternatively, cancer stem cells (CSCs) may arise from differentiated cancer cells through EMT and an embryonic transdifferentiation process. The presence of CTCs/CSCs in blood seems to be a determining factor of metastasis. This paper reviews various methods of clinical cancer detection as well as the biology and molecular characterization of CTCs/CSCs. Our goal was to summarize clinical studies which used CTC/CSCs for prognosis in patients with breast, colorectal, prostate, lung, ovarian, and bladder cancer.
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Krishnan V, Stadick N, Clark R, Bainer R, Veneris JT, Khan S, Drew A, Rinker-Schaeffer C. Using MKK4's metastasis suppressor function to identify and dissect cancer cell-microenvironment interactions during metastatic colonization. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:605-13. [PMID: 22706843 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Host tissue microenvironment plays key roles in cancer progression and colonization of secondary organs. One example is ovarian cancer, which colonizes the peritoneal cavity and especially the omentum. Our research indicates that the interaction of ovarian cancer cells with the omental microenvironment can activate a stress-kinase pathway involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4). A combination of clinical correlative and functional data suggests that MKK4 activation suppresses growth of ovarian cancer cells lodged in omentum. These findings prompted us to turn our focus to the cellular composition of the omental microenvironment and its role in regulating cancer growth. In this review, in addition to providing an overview of MKK4 function, we highlight a use for metastasis suppressors as a molecular tool to study cancer cell interaction with its microenvironment. We review features of the omentum that makes it a favorable microenvironment for metastatic colonization. In conclusion, a broader, evolutionary biology perspective is presented which we believe needs to be considered when studying the evolution of cancer cells within a defined microenvironment. Taken together, this approach can direct new multi-dimensional lines of research aimed at a mechanistic understanding of host tissue microenvironment, which could be used to realize novel targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Krishnan
- The Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Saigusa S, Inoue Y, Tanaka K, Toiyama Y, Okugawa Y, Shimura T, Hiro J, Uchida K, Mohri Y, Kusunoki M. Decreased expression of DUSP4 is associated with liver and lung metastases in colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30:620. [PMID: 23749251 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dual-specificity protein phosphatase 4 (DUSP4), a negative regulator of extracellular-regulated kinase activity, is a potential mediator of resistance to chemotherapy and a tumor suppressor. The aim of this study is to clarify the association between DUSP4 gene expression and clinical outcome in patients with colorectal cancer. Patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer were enrolled in this study (n = 212). We investigated DUSP4 gene expression by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in colorectal cancer tissue and paired normal mucosa. Immunohistochemical analyses of DUSP4 and ERK1/2 were also conducted. Additionally, we examined the relationship between gene expression and KRAS mutation in 74 of the 212 patients. DUSP4 expression in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in matched normal mucosa (P < 0.0001). Decreased DUSP4 expression was significantly associated with advanced T classification, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, advanced stage, and liver and lung metastases. Logistic regression analysis revealed that decreased DUSP4 expression was an independent risk factor for synchronous distant metastases (P = 0.006). Increased DUSP4 expression was significantly associated with better prognosis (P = 0.0162). Immunohistochemical examination showed DUSP4 expression in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cancer cells, and no correlation was observed between DUSP4 and ERK1/2 expression. There was no significant correlation between DUSP4 expression and KRAS mutation. In conclusion, DUSP4 expression in colorectal cancer was negatively correlated with factors reflecting tumor progression, including distant metastases. Our data suggest that DUSP4 may act as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Saigusa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Liu Q, Russell MR, Shahriari K, Jernigan DL, Lioni MI, Garcia FU, Fatatis A. Interleukin-1β promotes skeletal colonization and progression of metastatic prostate cancer cells with neuroendocrine features. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3297-305. [PMID: 23536554 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the progress made in the early detection and treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma, the metastatic lesions from this tumor are incurable. We used genome-wide expression analysis of human prostate cancer cells with different metastatic behavior in animal models to reveal that bone-tropic phenotypes upregulate three genes encoding for the cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the chemokine CXCL6 (GCP-2), and the protease inhibitor elafin (PI3). The Oncomine database revealed that these three genes are significantly upregulated in human prostate cancer versus normal tissue and correlate with Gleason scores ≥7. This correlation was further validated for IL-1β by immunodetection in prostate tissue arrays. Our study also shows that the exogenous overexpression of IL-1β in nonmetastatic cancer cells promotes their growth into large skeletal lesions in mice, whereas its knockdown significantly impairs the bone progression of highly metastatic cells. In addition, IL-1β secreted by metastatic cells induced the overexpression of COX-2 (PTGS2) in human bone mesenchymal cells treated with conditioned media from bone metastatic prostate cancer cells. Finally, we inspected human tissue specimens from skeletal metastases and detected prostate cancer cells positive for both IL-1β and synaptophysin while concurrently lacking prostate-specific antigen (PSA, KLK3) expression. Collectively, these findings indicate that IL-1β supports the skeletal colonization and metastatic progression of prostate cancer cells with an acquired neuroendocrine phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine; and Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Barbazán J, Vieito M, Abalo A, Alonso-Alconada L, Muinelo-Romay L, Alonso-Nocelo M, León L, Candamio S, Gallardo E, Anido U, Doll A, de los Ángeles Casares M, Gómez-Tato A, Abal M, López-López R. A logistic model for the detection of circulating tumour cells in human metastatic colorectal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2342-9. [PMID: 22304365 PMCID: PMC3823427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The accuracy in the diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) represents one of the challenges in the clinical management of patients. The detection of circulating tumour cells (CTC) is becoming a promising alternative to current detection techniques, as it focuses on one of the players of the metastatic disease and it should provide with more specific and sensitive detection rates. Here, we describe an improved method of detection of CTC from mCRC patients by combining immune-enrichment, optimal purification of RNA from very low cell numbers, and the selection of accurate PCR probes. As a result, we obtained a logistic model that combines GAPDH and VIL1 normalized to CD45 rendering powerful results in the detection of CTC from mCRC patients (AUROC value 0.8599). We further demonstrated the utility of this model at the clinical setting, as a reliable prognosis tool to determine progression-free survival in mCRC patients. Overall, we developed a strategy that ameliorates the specificity and sensitivity in the detection of CTC, resulting in a robust and promising logistic model for the clinical management of metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Barbazán
- Translational Laboratory, Medical Oncology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela/SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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42
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HARTOMO TRIBUDI, KOZAKI AIKO, HASEGAWA DAIICHIRO, VAN HUYEN PHAM THI, YAMAMOTO NOBUYUKI, SAITOH ATSURO, ISHIDA TOSHIAKI, KAWASAKI KEIICHIRO, KOSAKA YOSHIYUKI, OHASHI HIROKI, YAMAMOTO TOMOTO, MORIKAWA SATORU, HIRASE SATOSHI, KUBOKAWA IKUKO, MORI TAKESHI, YANAI TOMOKO, HAYAKAWA AKIRA, TAKESHIMA YASUHIRO, IIJIMA KAZUMOTO, MATSUO MASAFUMI, NISHIO HISAHIDE, NISHIMURA NORIYUKI. Minimal residual disease monitoring in neuroblastoma patients based on the expression of a set of real-time RT-PCR markers in tumor-initiating cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1629-36. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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43
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Abstract
The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC) aids in diagnosis of disease, prognosis, disease recurrence, and therapeutic response. The molecular aspects of metastasis are reviewed including its relevance in the identification and characterization of putative markers that may be useful in the detection thereof. Also discussed are methods for CTC enrichment using molecular strategies. The clinical application of CTC in the metastatic disease process is also summarized.
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44
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Taylor BE, Leibman NF, Luong R, Loar AS, Craft DM. Detection of carcinoma micrometastases in bone marrow of dogs and cats using conventional and cell block cytology. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 42:85-91. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie E. Taylor
- Donaldson-Atwood Cancer Center; The Animal Medical Center; New York; NY; USA
| | - Nicole F. Leibman
- Donaldson-Atwood Cancer Center; The Animal Medical Center; New York; NY; USA
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford; CA; USA
| | | | - Diane M. Craft
- Department of Pathology; The Animal Medical Center; New York; NY; USA
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45
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Kralj JG, Arya C, Tona A, Forbes TP, Munson MS, Sorbara L, Srivastava S, Forry SP. A simple packed bed device for antibody labelled rare cell capture from whole blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4972-4975. [PMID: 23079718 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a system to isolate rare cells from whole blood using commercially available components and simple microfluidics. We characterized the capture of MCF-7 cells spiked into whole human blood using this system to demonstrate that enrichment and enumeration studies give results similar to in situ surface-modified devices while reducing fabrication and operation complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Kralj
- Biochemical Science Division, NIST, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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46
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Yu C, Shiozawa Y, Taichman RS, McCauley LK, Pienta K, Keller E. Prostate cancer and parasitism of the bone hematopoietic stem cell niche. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2012; 22:131-48. [PMID: 22856431 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v22.i2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A subpopulation of men that appear cured of prostate cancer (PCa) develop bone metastases many years after prostatectomy. This observation indicates that PCa cells were present outside of the prostate at the time of prostatectomy and remained dormant. Several lines of evidence indicate that there are disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in the bone marrow at the time of prostatectomy. DTCs parasitize the bone microenvironment, where they derive support and impact the microenvironment itself. These DTCs appear to be a heterogeneous population of PCa cells; however, some of them appear to have some aspects of a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype as they can develop into clinically detectable metastases. The concept of CSC is controversial; however, several markers of CSC have been identified for PCa, which may represent cells of either basal or luminal origin. These DTCs have now been shown to compete for the hematopoietic stem cell niche in bone, where they may be placed in a dormant state. Interaction with a variety of host factors, including cytokine and cells, may impact the metastatic development and progression, including the dormant state. For example, myeloid cells have been shown to impact both the premetastatic niche and established tumors. Understanding the concepts of how PCa successfully parasitizes the bone microenvironment is paramount toward identifying therapeutic candidates to prevent or diminish PCa bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, USA
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47
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Detection of disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow of breast cancer patients using multiplex gene expression measurements identifies new therapeutic targets in patients at high risk for the development of metastatic disease. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 137:45-56. [PMID: 23129172 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) detected in the bone marrow (BM) of breast cancer patients identify women at high risk of recurrence. DTCs are traditionally detected by immunocytochemical staining for cytokeratins or single gene expression measurements, which limit both specificity and sensitivity. We evaluated the Nanostring nCounter™ platform for multi-marker, gene expression-based detection and classification of DTCs in the BM of breast cancer patients. Candidate genes exhibiting tumor cell-specific expression were identified from microarray datasets and validated by qRT-PCR analysis in non-malignant human BM and identical samples spiked with predefined numbers of molecularly diverse breast tumor cell lines. Thirty-eight validated transcripts were designed for the nCounter™ platform and a subset of these transcripts was technically validated against qRT-PCR measurements using identical spiked BM controls. Bilateral iliac crest BM aspirates were collected and analyzed from twenty breast cancer patients, prior to neoadjuvant therapy, using the full 38-gene nCounter™ code set. Tumor cell-specific gene expression by nCounter™ was detected with a sensitivity of one cancer cell per 1 × 10(6) nucleated BM cells after optimization. Measurements were quantitative, log linear over a 20-fold range, and correlated with qRT-PCR measurements. Using the nCounter™ 38-gene panel, 6 of 8 patients (75 %) who developed metastatic disease had detectable expression of at least one transcript. Notably, three of these patients had detectable expression of ERBB2 in their BM, despite the fact that their corresponding primary tumors were HER2/ERBB2 negative and therefore did not receive trastuzumab therapy. Four of these patients also expressed the PTCH1 receptor, a newly recognized therapeutic target based on hedgehog signaling pathway inhibition. The presumptive detection and classification of DTCs in the BM of breast cancer patients, based on sensitive and quantitative multi-marker detection of gene expression using the nCounter™ platform, provide an opportunity to both predict early distant recurrence and, more importantly, identify opportunities for preventing the spread of disease based on the expression of unique, therapeutically actionable gene targets. This study demonstrates the application of a new technology for multiplexed gene expression-based detection of DTCs in the BM of breast cancer patients and identifies at least two therapeutically targetable genes that are frequently expressed in the BM of patients who develop metastatic disease.
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48
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Balic M, Lin H, Williams A, Datar RH, Cote RJ. Progress in circulating tumor cell capture and analysis: implications for cancer management. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:303-12. [PMID: 22468820 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hematogenous dissemination of cancer and development of distant metastases is the cause of nearly all cancer deaths. Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a surrogate biomarker of metastases has gained increasing interest. There is accumulating evidence on development of novel technologies for CTC detection, their prognostic relevance and their use in therapeutic response monitoring. Many clinical trials in the early and metastatic cancer setting, particularly in breast cancer, are including CTCs in their translational research programs and as secondary end points. We summarize the progress of detection methods in the context of their clinical importance and speculate on the possibilities of wider implementation of CTCs as a diagnostic oncology tool, the likelihood that CTCs will be used as a useful biomarker, especially to monitor therapeutic response, and what may be expected from the future improvements in technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Balic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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49
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SERRANO MARÍAJOSÉ, ROVIRA PEDROSÁNCHEZ, MARTÍNEZ-ZUBIAURRE I, RODRIGUEZ MIGUELDELGADO, FERNÁNDEZ MÓNICA, LORENTE JOSEA. Dynamics of circulating tumor cells in early breast cancer under neoadjuvant therapy. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:43-48. [PMID: 23060920 PMCID: PMC3460281 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the majority of patients with breast cancer are diagnosed at early stages of disease development. However, a considerable number of such cases develop secondary malignancies after a relatively short period of time. The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been proposed as a strong biomarker to predict disease recurrence in metastatic breast cancer. However, the prognostic significance is not clear in early breast cancer. We present results on CTC determination in peripheral blood in non-metastatic breast cancer patients in the context of neoadjuvant treatment. Twenty-six breast cancer patients, scheduled for neoadjuvant therapy, were enrolled in a prospective study, of which 24 were able to complete therapy. CTC assessment was performed by sorting out cytokeratin-positive cells from 10 ml of peripheral blood using immunomagnetic separation, followed by immunocytochemical characterization of cells. Seventeen blood samples out of 24 patients were CTC-positive when collected prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. No significant correlations were found between the presence of CTCs and lymph node status (p=0.1), histological type (p=0.802), stage (p=0.43) or overall survival (OS) (p=0.599). Thirteen CTC-positive samples were observed in blood samples collected after treatment. Univariate analyses revealed that the presence of CTCs was related to OS when the detection was positive both before and after treatment (p=0.023). CTCs can be a strong prognostic marker in early breast cancer. The persistence of CTCs before and after treatment can identify a subpopulation of patients with an increased risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARÍA JOSÉ SERRANO
- Centro Pfizer, Universidad de Granada, Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Granada
| | | | | | | | | | - JOSE A. LORENTE
- Centro Pfizer, Universidad de Granada, Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Granada
- Laboratory of Genetic Identification – UGR, Department of Legal Medicine, University of Granada, Granada,
Spain
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50
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Kim SH, Choi SJ, Park JS, Lee J, Cho YB, Kang MW, Lee WY, Choi YS, Kim HK, Han J, Chun HK, Kim J. Tropism between hepatic and pulmonary metastases in colorectal cancers. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:459-64. [PMID: 22664832 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In metastatic colorectal cancers, tumor cells are disseminated prior to surgical resection of the primary tumor but remain dormant until proper colonization mechanisms are activated. To identify the colonization mechanisms of the metastatic tumors, we conducted a pairwise comparison between primary colorectal cancers and metastatic tumors (n=12 pairs), including six hepatic pairs and six pulmonary pairs. The mRNA levels of 224 genes previously reported to be associated with metastasis, cytokines and angiogenesis were quantitatively determined by PCR arrays. Among them, 27 genes were duplicated or triplicated to show consistent expression. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the Ct values of metastasis-related genes revealed that liver metastases were indistinguishable from primary colorectal cancers (n=5/6), whereas lung metastases were highly diversified from one another and from the primary tumors (n=6/6). Cytokines and receptor gene expression array data also confirmed the divergence of pulmonary metastases from primary colorectal cancers (n=6/6). Heat map analyses of ΔCt values of the metastasis-related genes identified a 17-gene tropism signature that was sufficient not only to distinguish liver and the lung metastases, but also reconstituted the clustering of primary tumors with the hepatic metastases (n=17/18). In this pilot experiment, pulmonary metastases were significantly diverged from hepatic metastases that were indistinguishable from primary colorectal cancers. Further genomic and clinical studies are in progress to evaluate the potential of the tropism signature as a therapeutic target to inhibit the colonization of metastatic colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
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