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Dumidae A, Subkrasae C, Ardpairin J, Pansri S, Polseela R, Thanwisai A, Vitta A. Population genetic structure of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Thailand and its infection with trematode cercariae. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297761. [PMID: 38277375 PMCID: PMC10817173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Indoplanorbis exustus is a freshwater gastropod belonging to the family Planorbidae. This snail is widely distributed across the tropics and plays an important role as the intermediate host for trematodes. However, relatively little is understood regarding the genetic relationship between I. exustus and trematodes. The goals of this study were to investigate the current transmission status of trematode cercariae in I. exustus in Thailand and to examine the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and demographic history of I. exustus. We collected 575 I. exustus from 21 provinces across six regions of Thailand and investigated cercarial infections by using the shedding method. I. exustus from two provinces were infected with cercarial trematodes, and two types of cercarial stages were molecularly identified as furcocercous cercaria and xiphidiocercariae. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on 28S rDNA and ITS2 sequences demonstrated that furcocercous cercaria and xiphidiocercariae were closely clustered with a clade of Euclinostomum sp. and Xiphidiocercariae sp., respectively. Phylogenetic and network analyses of I. exustus haplotypes based on the COI, 16S rDNA, and ITS1 genes demonstrated four main clades. Only snails in clade A were distributed in all regions of Thailand and harbored trematode cercariae. The level of genetic diversity of I. exustus was relatively high, but most populations were not genetically different, thus suggesting the appearance of gene flow within the I. exustus populations. Overall, the haplotype network was star-shaped, thus suggesting the recent demographic expansion of populations. This result was also supported by the unimodal mode of the mismatch distribution graph and the large negative values of the neutrality tests. Therefore, the I. exustus snail was likely another freshwater snail of the invasive species in Thailand. This information will aid in monitoring the spread of the parasitic trematodes carried by I. exustus from different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhakam Dumidae
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Chanakan Subkrasae
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Jiranun Ardpairin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Supawan Pansri
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Raxsina Polseela
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Aunchalee Thanwisai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Apichat Vitta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Abou-El-Naga IF, Mogahed NMFH. Immuno-molecular profile for Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni interaction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:105083. [PMID: 37852455 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The complex innate immune defense of Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, governs the successful development of the intramolluscan stages of the parasite. The interaction between the snail and the parasite involves a complex immune molecular crosstalk between several parasite antigens and the snail immune recognition receptors, evoking different signals and effector molecules. This work seeks to discuss the immune-related molecules that influence compatibility in Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni interaction and the differential expression of these molecules between resistant and susceptible snails. It also includes the current understanding of the immune molecular determinants that govern the compatibility in sympatric and allopatric interactions, and the expression of these molecules after immune priming and the secondary immune response. Herein, the differences in the immune-related molecules in the interaction of other Biomphalaria species with Schistosoma mansoni compared to the Biomphalaria glabrata model snail are highlighted. Understanding the diverse immune molecular determinants in the snail/schistosome interaction can lead to alternative control strategies for schistosomiasis.
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Andrus PS, Stothard JR, Wade CM. Seasonal patterns of Schistosoma mansoni infection within Biomphalaria snails at the Ugandan shorelines of Lake Albert and Lake Victoria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011506. [PMID: 37578945 PMCID: PMC10424865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal schistosomiasis is hyperendemic in many sub-Saharan African countries. In Uganda, it is endemic at both Lake Albert (LA) and Lake Victoria (LV) and caused by S. mansoni that uses Biomphalaria snails as obligatory intermediate snail hosts. To shed light on local patterns of infection, we utilised two PCR-based methods to detect S. mansoni within Biomphalaria spp. as collected at the Ugandan shorelines of Lake Albert and Lake Victoria from 2009-2010. Overall, at our Lake Albert sites, the mean infection prevalence was 12.5% (15 of 120 snails), while at our Lake Victoria sites the prevalence was 5% (3 of 60 snails). At our Lake Albert sites, the highest infection prevalence of 13.3% (8 of 60 snails) was at Walukuba, while at our Lake Victoria sites, the highest infection prevalence of 10% (2 of 20 snails) was at Lwanika. Three species of Biomphalaria, B. pfeifferi, B. stanleyi and B. sudanica, were identified at our Lake Albert collection sites, while only a single species, B. choanomphala, was identified at our Lake Victoria collection sites. Biomphalaria stanleyi (2 of 20 snails; 15%) had the highest infection prevalence, followed by B. sudanica (5 of 60 snails; 13.3%), B. pfeifferi (4 of 40 snails; 10%) and B. choanomphala (3 of 60 snails; 5%). Of the Biomphalaria species identified, B. choanomphala had the highest haplotype (gene) diversity score, followed by B. stanleyi, B. sudanica and B. pfeifferi. Sites with a higher mean prevalence of S. mansoni infection had higher intra-species haplotype diversity scores than sites with a lower mean prevalence. The wet seasons (LA: 13.3%; LV: 8.7%) had a consistently higher mean infection prevalence of S. mansoni than the dry seasons (LA: 9.5%; LV: 5%) for all species and all sites tested at both Lake Albert (n = 480) and Lake Victoria (n = 320), though the difference was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Andrus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Wade
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Spaan JM, Pennance T, Laidemitt MR, Sims N, Roth J, Lam Y, Rawago F, Ogara G, Loker ES, Odiere MR, Steinauer ML. Multi-strain compatibility polymorphism between a parasite and its snail host, a neglected vector of schistosomiasis in Africa. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 3:100120. [PMID: 37128285 PMCID: PMC10147961 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between Schistosoma mansoni and its snail host are understood primarily through experimental work with one South American vector species, Biomphalaria glabrata. However, 90% of schistosomiasis transmission occurs in Africa, where a diversity of Biomphalaria species may serve as vectors. With the long-term goal of determining the genetic and ecological determinants of infection in African snail hosts, we developed genetic models of Biomphalaria sudanica, a principal vector in the African Great Lakes. We determined laboratory infection dynamics of two S. mansoni lines in four B. sudanica lines. We measured the effects of the following variables on infection success and the number of cercariae produced (infection intensity): (i) the combination of parasite and snail line; (ii) the dose of parasites; and (iii) the size of snail at time of exposure. We found one snail line to be almost completely incompatible with both parasite lines, while other snail lines showed a polymorphism in compatibility: compatible with one parasite line while incompatible with another. Interestingly, these patterns were opposite in some of the snail lines. The parasite-snail combination had no significant effect on the number of cercariae produced in a successful infection. Miracidia dose had a strong effect on infection status, in that higher doses led to a greater proportion of infected snails, but had no effect on infection intensity. In one of the snail-schistosome combinations, snail size at the time of exposure affected both infection status and cercarial production in that the smallest size class of snails (1.5-2.9 mm) had the highest infection rates, and produced the greatest number of cercariae, suggesting that immunity increases with age and development. The strongest predictor of the infection intensity was the size of snail at the time of shedding: 1 mm of snail growth equated to a 19% increase in cercarial production. These results strongly suggest that infection status is determined in part by the interaction between snail and schistosome genetic lines, consistent with a gene-for-gene or matching allele model. This foundational work provides rationale for determining the genetic interactions between African snails and schistosomes, which may be applied to control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannie M. Spaan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA
| | - Tom Pennance
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA
| | - Martina R. Laidemitt
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Nicole Sims
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA
| | - Jewell Roth
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Lam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA
| | - Fredrick Rawago
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - George Ogara
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Maurice R. Odiere
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Michelle L. Steinauer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA
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Status Quo and Future Perspectives of Molecular and Genomic Studies on the Genus Biomphalaria-The Intermediate Snail Host of Schistosoma mansoni. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054895. [PMID: 36902324 PMCID: PMC10003693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, or also generally known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a parasitic disease that is caused by trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. It is considered by the World Health Organisation as the second most prevalent parasitic disease after malaria and affects more than 230 million people in over 70 countries. People are infected via a variety of activities ranging from agricultural, domestic, occupational to recreational activities, where the freshwater snails Biomphalaria release Schistosoma cercariae larvae that penetrate the skin of humans when exposed in water. Understanding the biology of the intermediate host snail Biomphalaria is thus important to reveal the potential spread of schistosomiasis. In this article, we present an overview of the latest molecular studies focused on the snail Biomphalaria, including its ecology, evolution, and immune response; and propose using genomics as a foundation to further understand and control this disease vector and thus the transmission of schistosomiasis.
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Orlov IA, Ataev GL, Gourbal B, Tokmakova AS, Bobrovskaya AV, Prokhorova EE. The transcriptomic analysis of Planorbarius corneus hemocytes (Gastropoda) naturally infected with Bilharziella polonica (Schistosomatidae). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104607. [PMID: 36473549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of molluscan innate immunity is essential for understanding the evolution of the immune system. An advance in the knowledge of their immune system can be achieved by increasing the number of model species. Our study focuses on the immunity of Planorbarius corneus, a pulmonate snail widely distributed in Eurasia. These snails are intermediate hosts of many trematodes, including Bilharziella polonica (Schistosomatidae). In this paper we obtained and analyzed transcriptomes of hemocytes of uninfected snails Planorbarius corneus and snails naturally infected with Bilharziella polonica. The transcriptomes were found to contain transcripts encoding all major groups of immune factors previously described for other gastropods. Pathogen-recognition molecules were the most diverse group of immune factors. Comparison of the transcriptomes of the infected and the uninfected molluscs showed that the expression of some genes changed during infection. Our results extend the knowledge of immune responses of pulmonate snails to trematode invasion and promote P. corneus as a new model for the study of molluscan defence reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Orlov
- Laboratory of Experimental Zoology, Department of Zoology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Russia
| | - G L Ataev
- Laboratory of Experimental Zoology, Department of Zoology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Russia
| | - B Gourbal
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - A S Tokmakova
- Laboratory of Experimental Zoology, Department of Zoology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Russia
| | - A V Bobrovskaya
- Laboratory of Experimental Zoology, Department of Zoology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Russia
| | - E E Prokhorova
- Laboratory of Experimental Zoology, Department of Zoology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Russia.
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Babbitt CR, Laidemitt MR, Mutuku MW, Oraro PO, Brant SV, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. Bulinus snails in the Lake Victoria Basin in Kenya: Systematics and their role as hosts for schistosomes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010752. [PMID: 36763676 PMCID: PMC9949660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The planorbid gastropod genus Bulinus consists of 38 species that vary in their ability to vector Schistosoma haematobium (the causative agent of human urogenital schistosomiasis), other Schistosoma species, and non-schistosome trematodes. Relying on sequence-based identifications of bulinids (partial cox1 and 16S) and Schistosoma (cox1 and ITS), we examined Bulinus species in the Lake Victoria Basin in Kenya for naturally acquired infections with Schistosoma species. We collected 6,133 bulinids from 11 sites between 2014-2021, 226 (3.7%) of which harbored Schistosoma infections. We found 4 Bulinus taxa from Lake Victoria (B. truncatus, B. tropicus, B. ugandae, and B. cf. transversalis), and an additional 4 from other habitats (B. globosus, B. productus, B. forskalii, and B. scalaris). S. haematobium infections were found in B. globosus and B. productus (with infections in the former predominating) whereas S. bovis infections were identified in B. globosus, B. productus, B. forskalii, and B. ugandae. No nuclear/mitochondrial discordance potentially indicative of S. haematobium/S. bovis hybridization was detected. We highlight the presence of Bulinus ugandae as a distinct lake-dwelling taxon closely related to B. globosus yet, unlike all other members of the B. africanus species group, is likely not a vector for S. haematobium, though it does exhibit susceptibility to S. bovis. Other lake-dwelling bulinids also lacked S. haematobium infections, supporting the possibility that they all lack compatibility with local S. haematobium, thereby preventing widespread transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis in the lake's waters. We support B. productus as a distinct species from B. nasutus, B. scalaris as distinct from B. forskalii, and add further evidence for a B. globosus species complex with three lineages represented in Kenya alone. This study serves as an essential prelude for investigating why these patterns in compatibility exist and whether the underlying biological mechanisms may be exploited for the purpose of limiting schistosome transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R. Babbitt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Division of Parasites, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Martina R. Laidemitt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Division of Parasites, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Martin W. Mutuku
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Polycup O. Oraro
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sara V. Brant
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Division of Parasites, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Gerald M. Mkoji
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Division of Parasites, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Soldánová M, Kundid P, Scholz T, Kristoffersen R, Knudsen R. Somatic Dimorphism in Cercariae of a Bird Schistosome. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030290. [PMID: 35335614 PMCID: PMC8953619 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic polymorphism is a commonly observed phenomenon in nature, but extremely rare in free-living stages of parasites. We describe a unique case of somatic polymorphism in conspecific cercariae of the bird schistosome Trichobilharzia sp. “peregra”, in which two morphs, conspicuously different in their size, were released from a single Radix balthica snail. A detailed morphometric analysis that included multiple morphological parameters taken from 105 live and formalin-fixed cercariae isolated from several naturally infected snails provided reliable evidence for a division of all cercariae into two size groups that contained either large or small individuals. Large morph (total body length of 1368 and 1339 μm for live and formalin-fixed samples, respectively) differed significantly nearly in all morphological characteristics compared to small cercariae (total body length of 976 and 898 μm for live and formalin samples, respectively), regardless of the fixation method. Furthermore, we observed that small individuals represent the normal/commonly occurring phenotype in snail populations. The probable causes and consequences of generating an alternative, much larger phenotype in the parasite infrapopulation are discussed in the context of transmission ecology as possible benefits and disadvantages facilitating or preventing the successful completion of the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Soldánová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Petra Kundid
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (T.S.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (T.S.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roar Kristoffersen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N9037 Tromsø, Norway; (R.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N9037 Tromsø, Norway; (R.K.); (R.K.)
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Junior NCP, de Melo ES, de Lima IL, da Rocha RET, Batista M, da Silva RA, Feitosa APS, de Lima Filho JL, Brayner FA, Alves LC. A proteomics evaluation of the primary and secondary immune response of Biomphalaria straminea challenged by Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4023-4035. [PMID: 34657981 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomphalaria spp. snails are intermediary hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, etiologic agent of intestinal schistosomiasis, one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Biomphalaria straminea is an important intermediary host that possess a different phenotype to parasite infection but shows a large geographic distribution and high capacity of new ecologic niche invasion. Our purpose was to characterize for the first time the differentially expressed proteome in B. straminea during two times intervals after primary and secondary exposure to S. mansoni. The hemolymph was collected at 1 and 15 days after primary and secondary exposure of snails to the parasite. Total proteins were extracted and digested with trypsin. LC-MS/MS label-free quantification was performed and analyzed using Maxquant and Perseus software. Proteins were identified and annotated using Blast2GO tools. After 1 day of exposure, most of upregulated proteins are hemoglobin type 2, C and H type lectins, molecules related to cell adhesion, and response to oxidative stress. After 15 days, we found a similar pattern of upregulated proteins but some fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) and TEPs homologs were downregulated. Regarding the differentially expressed proteins during secondary response, the principal immune-related proteins upregulated were C and H type lectins, cellular adhesion molecules, biomphalysin, and FREP3. We noted a several upregulated biological processes during both responses that could be the one of the key points of efficacy in the immune response to parasite. Our data suggests different immune mechanisms used by B. straminea snails challenged with S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elverson Soares de Melo
- Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center FIOCRUZ Pernambuco, Professor Moraes Rego Avenue, s/n-Campus da UFPE-Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP: 50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Iasmim Lopes de Lima
- Keiso Asami Imunopatology Laboratory, UFPE, Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, 1235 - Unversitary City, Recife, PE, CEP: 50,670-901, Brazil
| | - Rubens Emanoel Tavares da Rocha
- Keiso Asami Imunopatology Laboratory, UFPE, Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, 1235 - Unversitary City, Recife, PE, CEP: 50,670-901, Brazil
| | - Michel Batista
- Carlos Chagas Institute FIOCRUZ Paraná, Mass Spectrometry Facility P02-004, Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader street, 3775 - Curitiba Industrial City, Curitiba, PR, CEP: 81,350,010, Brazil
| | - Roberto Afonso da Silva
- Keiso Asami Imunopatology Laboratory, UFPE, Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, 1235 - Unversitary City, Recife, PE, CEP: 50,670-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Sampaio Feitosa
- Keiso Asami Imunopatology Laboratory, UFPE, Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, 1235 - Unversitary City, Recife, PE, CEP: 50,670-901, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz de Lima Filho
- Keiso Asami Imunopatology Laboratory, UFPE, Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, 1235 - Unversitary City, Recife, PE, CEP: 50,670-901, Brazil
| | - Fábio André Brayner
- Keiso Asami Imunopatology Laboratory, UFPE, Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, 1235 - Unversitary City, Recife, PE, CEP: 50,670-901, Brazil.,Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center FIOCRUZ Pernambuco, Professor Moraes Rego Avenue, s/n-Campus da UFPE-Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP: 50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Keiso Asami Imunopatology Laboratory, UFPE, Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, 1235 - Unversitary City, Recife, PE, CEP: 50,670-901, Brazil.,Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center FIOCRUZ Pernambuco, Professor Moraes Rego Avenue, s/n-Campus da UFPE-Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP: 50.740-465, Brazil
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Portet A, Toulza E, Lokmer A, Huot C, Duval D, Galinier R, Gourbal B. Experimental Infection of the Biomphalaria glabrata Vector Snail by Schistosoma mansoni Parasites Drives Snail Microbiota Dysbiosis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051084. [PMID: 34070104 PMCID: PMC8158356 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite interaction can result in a strong alteration of the host-associated microbiota. This dysbiosis can affect the fitness of the host; can modify pathogen interaction and the outcome of diseases. Biomphalaria glabrata is the snail intermediate host of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of human schistosomiasis, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. Here, we present the first study of the snail bacterial microbiota in response to Schistosoma infection. We examined the interplay between B. glabrata, S. mansoni and host microbiota. Snails were infected and the microbiota composition was analysed by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing approach. We demonstrated that the microbial composition of water did not affect the microbiota composition. Then, we characterised the Biomphalaria bacterial microbiota at the individual scale in both naive and infected snails. Sympatric and allopatric strains of parasites were used for infections and re-infections to analyse the modification or dysbiosis of snail microbiota in different host-parasite co-evolutionary contexts. Concomitantly, using RNAseq, we investigated the link between bacterial microbiota dysbiosis and snail anti-microbial peptide immune response. This work paves the way for a better understanding of snail/schistosome interaction and should have critical consequences in terms of snail control strategies for fighting schistosomiasis disease in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Portet
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Ana Lokmer
- Laboratory of Eco-Anthropology UMR 7206 CNRS-MNHN-Paris 7, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Camille Huot
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - David Duval
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Richard Galinier
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Mawa PA, Kincaid-Smith J, Tukahebwa EM, Webster JP, Wilson S. Schistosomiasis Morbidity Hotspots: Roles of the Human Host, the Parasite and Their Interface in the Development of Severe Morbidity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635869. [PMID: 33790908 PMCID: PMC8005546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second most important human parasitic disease in terms of socioeconomic impact, causing great morbidity and mortality, predominantly across the African continent. For intestinal schistosomiasis, severe morbidity manifests as periportal fibrosis (PPF) in which large tracts of macro-fibrosis of the liver, visible by ultrasound, can occlude the main portal vein leading to portal hypertension (PHT), sequelae such as ascites and collateral vasculature, and ultimately fatalities. For urogenital schistosomiasis, severe morbidity manifests as pathology throughout the urinary system and genitals, and is a definitive cause of squamous cell bladder carcinoma. Preventative chemotherapy (PC) programmes, delivered through mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel (PZQ), have been at the forefront of schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa since their commencement in Uganda in 2003. However, despite many successes, 'biological hotspots' (as distinct from 'operational hotspots') of both persistent high transmission and morbidity remain. In some areas, this failure to gain control of schistosomiasis has devastating consequences, with not only persistently high infection intensities, but both "subtle" and severe morbidity remaining prevalent. These hotspots highlight the requirement to revisit research into severe morbidity and its mechanisms, a topic that has been out of favor during times of PC implementation. Indeed, the focality and spatially-structured epidemiology of schistosomiasis, its transmission persistence and the morbidity induced, has long suggested that gene-environmental-interactions playing out at the host-parasite interface are crucial. Here we review evidence of potential unique parasite factors, host factors, and their gene-environmental interactions in terms of explaining differential morbidity profiles in the human host. We then take the situation of schistosomiasis mansoni within the Albertine region of Uganda as a case study in terms of elucidating the factors behind the severe morbidity observed and the avenues and directions for future research currently underway within a new research and clinical trial programme (FibroScHot).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice A. Mawa
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council-Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Kincaid-Smith
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanne P. Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Hambrook JR, Hanington PC. Immune Evasion Strategies of Schistosomes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624178. [PMID: 33613562 PMCID: PMC7889519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human schistosomes combat the unique immune systems of two vastly different hosts during their indirect life cycles. In gastropod molluscs, they face a potent innate immune response composed of variable immune recognition molecules and highly phagocytic hemocytes. In humans, a wide variety of innate and adaptive immune processes exist in proximity to these parasites throughout their lifespan. To survive and thrive as the second most common parasitic disease in humans, schistosomes have evolved many techniques to avoid and combat these targeted host responses. Among these techniques are molecular mimicry of host antigens, the utilization of an immune resistant outer tegument, the secretion of several potent proteases, and targeted release of specific immunomodulatory factors affecting immune cell functions. This review seeks to describe these key immune evasion mechanisms, among others, which schistosomes use to survive in both of their hosts. After diving into foundational observational studies of the processes mediating the establishment of schistosome infections, more recent transcriptomic and proteomic studies revealing crucial components of the host/parasite molecular interface are discussed. In order to combat this debilitating and lethal disease, a comprehensive understanding of schistosome immune evasion strategies is necessary for the development of novel therapeutics and treatment plans, necessitating the discussion of the numerous ways in which these parasitic flatworms overcome the immune responses of both hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Hambrook
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Rey O, Webster BL, Huyse T, Rollinson D, Van den Broeck F, Kincaid-Smith J, Onyekwere A, Boissier J. Population genetics of African Schistosoma species. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104727. [PMID: 33486128 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood flukes within the genus Schistosoma (schistosomes) are responsible for the major disease, schistosomiasis, in tropical and sub-tropical areas. This disease is predominantly present on the African continent with more than 85% of the human cases. Schistosomes are also parasites of veterinary importance infecting livestock and wildlife. Schistosoma population genetic structure and diversity are important characteristics that may reflect variations in selection pressures such as those induced by host (mammalian and snail) environments, habitat change, migration and also treatment/control interventions, all of which also shape speciation and evolution of the whole Schistosoma genus. Investigations into schistosome population genetic structure, diversity and evolution has been an area of important debate and research. Supported by advances in molecular techniques with capabilities for multi-locus genetic analyses for single larvae schistosome genetic investigations have greatly progressed in the last decade. This paper aims to review the genetic studies of both animal and human infecting schistosome. Population genetic structures are reviewed at different spatial scales: local, regional or continental (i.e. phylogeography). Within species genetic diversities are discussed compared and the compounding factors discussed, including the effect of mass drug administration. Finally, the ability for intra-species hybridisation questions species integrities and poses many questions in relation to the natural epidemiology of co-endemic species. Here we review molecularly confirmed hybridisation events (in relation to human disease) and discuss the possible impact for ongoing and future control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rey
- Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, UPVD, IHPE, F-66000 Perpignan, France
| | - B L Webster
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - T Huyse
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - F Van den Broeck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Kincaid-Smith
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Campus, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - A Onyekwere
- Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, UPVD, IHPE, F-66000 Perpignan, France
| | - J Boissier
- Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, UPVD, IHPE, F-66000 Perpignan, France.
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14
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Resistance of Biomphalaria alexandrina to Schistosoma mansoni and Bulinus truncatus to Schistosoma haematobium Correlates with Unsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in the Snail Soft Tissue. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:8852243. [PMID: 33204522 PMCID: PMC7652611 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8852243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a fraction of the Biomphalaria and Bulinus snail community shows patent infection with schistosomes despite continuous exposure to the parasite, indicating that a substantial proportion of snails may resist infection. Accordingly, exterminating the schistosome intermediate snail hosts in transmission foci in habitats that may extend to kilometres is cost-prohibitive and damaging to the ecological equilibrium and quality of water and may be superfluous. It may be more cost effective with risk less ecological damage to focus on discovering the parameters governing snail susceptibility and resistance to schistosome infection. Therefore, laboratory bred Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus snails were exposed to miracidia of laboratory-maintained Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, respectively. Snails were examined for presence or lack of infection association with soft tissue and hemolymph content of proteins, cholesterol, and triglycerides, evaluated using standard biochemical techniques and palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acid, assayed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Successful schistosome infection of B. alexandrina and B. truncatus consistently and reproducibly correlated with snails showing highly significant (up to P < 0.0001) decrease in soft tissue and hemolymph content of the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic, and arachidonic acids as compared to naïve snails. Snails that resisted twice infection had soft tissue content of oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acid similar to naïve counterparts. High levels of soft tissue and hemolymph oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acid content appear to interfere with schistosome development in snails. Diet manipulation directed to eliciting excessive increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids in snails may protect them from infection and interrupt disease transmission in a simple and effective manner.
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15
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Du X, McManus DP, French JD, Jones MK, You H. CRISPR/Cas9: A new tool for the study and control of helminth parasites. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000185. [PMID: 33145822 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in parasitic helminths open up new avenues for research on these dangerous pathogens. However, the complex morphology and life cycles inherent to these parasites present obstacles for the efficient application of CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis. This is especially true with the trematode flukes where only modest levels of gene mutation efficiency have been achieved. Current major challenges in the application of CRISPR/Cas9 for study of parasitic worms thus lie in enhancing gene mutation efficiency and overcoming issues involved in host passage so that mutated parasites survive. Strategies developed for CRISPR/Cas9 studies on Caenorhabditis elegans, protozoa and mammalian cells, including novel delivery methods, the choice of selectable markers, and refining mutation precision represent novel tactics whereby these impediments can be overcome. Furthermore, employing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene drive to interfere with vector transmission represents a novel approach for the control of parasitic worms that is worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Du
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Juliet D French
- Genetics & Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hong You
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Lu L, Loker ES, Adema CM, Zhang SM, Bu L. Genomic and transcriptional analysis of genes containing fibrinogen and IgSF domains in the schistosome vector Biomphalaria glabrata, with emphasis on the differential responses of snails susceptible or resistant to Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008780. [PMID: 33052953 PMCID: PMC7588048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving a deeper understanding of the factors controlling the defense responses of invertebrate vectors to the human-infecting pathogens they transmit will provide needed new leads to pursue for control. Consequently, we provide new genomic and transcriptomic insights regarding FReDs (containing a fibrinogen domain) and FREPs (fibrinogen domain and one or two IgSF domains) from the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata, a Neotropical vector of Schistosoma mansoni, causative agent of human intestinal schistosomiasis. Using new bioinformatics approaches to improve annotation applied to both genome and RNA-Seq data, we identify 73 FReD genes, 39 of which are FREPs. We provide details of domain structure and consider relationships and homologies of B. glabrata FBG and IgSF domains. We note that schistosome-resistant (BS-90) snails mount complex FREP responses following exposure to S. mansoni infection whereas schistosome-susceptible (M line) snails do not. We also identify several coding differences between BS-90 and M line snails in three FREPs (2, 3.1 and 3.2) repeatedly implicated in other studies of anti-schistosome responses. In combination with other results, our study provides a strong impetus to pursue particular FREPs (2, 3.1, 3.2 and 4) as candidate resistance factors to be considered more broadly with respect to schistosome control efforts, including involving other Biomphalaria species vectoring S. mansoni in endemic areas in Africa. Just as malaria parasites depend on mosquitoes for transmission, Schistosoma trematodes that infect 200+ million people in developing countries depend on freshwater snails to support their development. New control methods targeting schistosomes in the snail host are urgently needed to help break the cycle of transmission. Identification of molecules in snails that confer or facilitate resistance to successful larval development offers one way forward. Building on previous studies and new data, we used a combination of bioinformatics tools to characterize a repertoire of molecules in B. glabrata containing fibrinogen or IgSF domains, or both (the latter molecules called FREPs, first discovered in B. glabrata). We found that snails resistant to schistosomes mount vigorous, multi-component FREP responses following exposure to schistosomes whereas responses of susceptible snails are modest by comparison. Furthermore, for four FREPs repeatedly implicated in snail responses to trematodes, three (FREPs 2, 3.1 and 3.2) exist in distinctive allelic forms in susceptible and resistant snails. We propose that the search for homologous molecules needs to move to the field, to B. glabrata in the Neotropics and to other vector species of Biomphalaria in Africa, to explore the potential of FREPs as resistance factors worthy of development as control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Lu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Coen M. Adema
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lijing Bu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Coelho FS, Rodpai R, Miller A, Karinshak SE, Mann VH, dos Santos Carvalho O, Caldeira RL, de Moraes Mourão M, Brindley PJ, Ittiprasert W. Diminished adherence of Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic cell line to sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni following programmed knockout of the allograft inflammatory factor. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:511. [PMID: 33050923 PMCID: PMC7552541 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larval development in an intermediate host gastropod snail of the genus Biomphalaria is an obligatory component of the life-cycle of Schistosoma mansoni. Understanding of the mechanism(s) of host defense may hasten the development of tools that block transmission of schistosomiasis. The allograft inflammatory factor 1, AIF, which is evolutionarily conserved and expressed in phagocytes, is a marker of macrophage activation in both mammals and invertebrates. AIF enhances cell proliferation and migration. The embryonic cell line, termed Bge, from Biomphalaria glabrata is a versatile resource for investigation of the snail-schistosome relationship since Bge exhibits a hemocyte-like phenotype. Hemocytes perform central roles in innate and cellular immunity in gastropods and in some cases can kill the parasite. However, the Bge cells do not kill the parasite in vitro. METHODS Bge cells were transfected by electroporation with plasmid pCas-BgAIFx4, encoding the Cas9 nuclease and a guide RNA specific for exon 4 of the B. glabrata AIF (BgAIF) gene. Transcript levels for Cas9 and for BgAIF were monitored by reverse-transcription-PCR and, in parallel, adhesion of gene-edited Bge cells during co-culture with of schistosome sporocysts was assessed. RESULTS Gene knockout manipulation induced gene-disrupting indels, frequently 1-2 bp insertions and/or 8-30 bp deletions, at the programmed target site; a range from 9 to 17% of the copies of the BgAIF gene in the Bge population of cells were mutated. Transcript levels for BgAIF were reduced by up to 73% (49.5 ± 20.2% SD, P ≤ 0.05, n = 12). Adherence by BgAIF gene-edited (ΔBgAIF) Bge to sporocysts diminished in comparison to wild type cells, although cell morphology did not change. Specifically, as scored by a semi-quantitative cell adherence index (CAI), fewer ΔBgAIF than control wild type cells adhered to sporocysts; control CAI, 2.66 ± 0.10, ΔBgAIF, 2.30 ± 0.22 (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The findings supported the hypothesis that BgAIF plays a role in the adherence of B. glabrata hemocytes to sporocysts during schistosome infection in vitro. This demonstration of the activity of programmed gene editing will enable functional genomics approaches using CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate additional components of the snail-schistosome host-parasite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Sales Coelho
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Helmintologia E Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen province, Thailand
| | - André Miller
- Schistosomiasis Resource Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Shannon E. Karinshak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Omar dos Santos Carvalho
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Helmintologia E Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Roberta Lima Caldeira
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Helmintologia E Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Marina de Moraes Mourão
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Helmintologia E Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
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18
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Larson MD, Levri EP, Huzurbazar SV, Greenwood DJ, Wise KL, Krist AC. No evidence for a dilution effect of the non-native snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, on native snails. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239762. [PMID: 33002035 PMCID: PMC7529281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dilution effect can occur by a range of mechanisms and results in reduced parasite prevalence in host taxa. In invaded ecosystems, the dilution effect can benefit native species if non-native species, acting as resistant or less competent hosts, reduce rates of parasitic infections in native species. In field experiments, we assessed whether manipulating biomass of the non-native snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, caused a dilution effect by reducing trematode infections in three taxa of native snails. In contrast to many studies showing resistant or less competent non-native hosts can “dilute” or reduce infection rates, we found no evidence for a dilution effect reducing infection rates of any of the native snails. We suggest that a dilution effect may not have occurred because most trematode taxa are highly host specific, and thus the trematode transmission stages did not recognize the invasive snail as a possible host. In this case, community composition appears to be important in influencing the dilution effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D. Larson
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Edward P. Levri
- Division of Mathematics and Natural Science, Penn State Altoona, Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Snehalata V. Huzurbazar
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Greenwood
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Kara L. Wise
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Krist
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
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Castillo MG, Humphries JE, Mourão MM, Marquez J, Gonzalez A, Montelongo CE. Biomphalaria glabrata immunity: Post-genome advances. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:103557. [PMID: 31759924 PMCID: PMC8995041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is an important intermediate host in the life cycle for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of schistosomiasis. Current treatment and prevention strategies have not led to a significant decrease in disease transmission. However, the genome of B. glabrata was recently sequenced to provide additional resources to further our understanding of snail biology. This review presents an overview of recently published, post-genome studies related to the topic of snail immunity. Many of these reports expand on findings originated from the genome characterization. These novel studies include a complementary gene linkage map, analysis of the genome of the B. glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line, as well as transcriptomic and proteomic studies looking at snail-parasite interactions and innate immune memory responses towards schistosomes. Also included are biochemical investigations on snail pheromones, neuropeptides, and attractants, as well as studies investigating the frontiers of molluscan epigenetics and cell signaling were also included. Findings support the current hypotheses on snail-parasite strain compatibility, and that snail host resistance to schistosome infection is dependent not only on genetics and expression, but on the ability to form multimeric molecular complexes in a timely and tissue-specific manner. The relevance of cell immunity is reinforced, while the importance of humoral factors, especially for secondary infections, is supported. Overall, these studies reflect an improved understanding on the diversity, specificity, and complexity of molluscan immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Castillo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | | | - Marina M Mourão
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Minas, Brazil
| | - Joshua Marquez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Adrian Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Cesar E Montelongo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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Famakinde DO. Public health concerns over gene-drive mosquitoes: will future use of gene-drive snails for schistosomiasis control gain increased level of community acceptance? Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:55-63. [PMID: 32100643 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1731667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-based gene drive, present genetic research in schistosomiasis vector control envisages the breeding and release of transgenic schistosome-resistant (TSR) snail vectors to curb the spread of the disease. Although this approach is still in its infancy, studies focussing on production of genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes (including gene-drive mosquitoes) are well advanced and set the pace for other transgenic vector research. Unfortunately, as with other GM mosquitoes, open field release of gene-drive mosquitoes is currently challenged in part by some concerns such as gene drive failure and increased transmission potential for other mosquito-borne diseases among others, which might have adverse effects on human well-being. Therefore, not only should we learn from the GM mosquito protocols, frameworks and guidelines but also appraise the applicability of its current hurdles to other transgenic vector systems, such as the TSR snail approach. Placing these issues in a coherent comparative perspective, I argue that although the use of TSR snails may face similar technical, democratic and diplomatic challenges, some of the concerns over gene-drive mosquitoes may not apply to gene-drive snails, proposing a theory that community consent will be no harder and possibly easier to obtain for TSR snails than the experience with GM mosquitoes. In the future, these observations may help public health practitioners and policy makers in effective communication with communities on issues regarding the use of TSR snails to interrupt schistosomiasis transmission, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilare O Famakinde
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Celi-Erazo M, Alda P, Montenegro-Franco M, Pavon D, Minda-Aluisa E, Calvopiña M, Pointier JP, Hurtrez-Boussès S, Cevallos W, Benítez-Ortíz W, Rodríguez-Hidalgo R. Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in Galba cousini and Galba schirazensis from an Andean region of Ecuador. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 20:100390. [PMID: 32448532 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Some Lymnaeid snails are intermediate hosts of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, the causal agent of fasciolosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease. Human and livestock fasciolosis has been reported in a highland community located in the Chimborazo Province of the Ecuadorian Andes. However, no previous study has been carried out to identify which snail species act as intermediate host/s of F. hepatica. This study first aimed to identify the intermediate snail species and secondly to determine the prevalence of natural infection with F. hepatica in 230 lymnaeid snails sampled from irrigation and drainage canals in this area. The first objective entailed observations of shell morphology and internal organs as well as sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene. For the second objective, we used classic parasitological methods (observation of rediae and cercarial emission) and PCR amplification specie-specific to F. hepatica. COI haplotype networks were built to elucidate phylogeographic relationships between the snail populations from this highland community with other American and worldwide populations. We identified two lymnaeid Galba cousini and Galba schirazensis and found high infection rates of F. hepatica in G. cousini, but these differed according to the method used, with PCR showing a higher rate (61 ± 20%) compared to rediae observation (29 ± 17%). F. hepatica in G. schirazensis was identified only by DNA amplification. G. cousini populations were genetically structured by geographic distance whereas G. schirazensis populations showed very low genetic diversity. The higher abundance and infection rate of G. cousini compared to G. schirazensis suggests that the former is likely the specie responsible for F. hepatica transmission in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Celi-Erazo
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Ciudadela Universitaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pilar Alda
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados I, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan N°670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - María Montenegro-Franco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudadela Universitaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego Pavon
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Ciudadela Universitaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudadela Universitaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Elizabeth Minda-Aluisa
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Ciudadela Universitaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Manuel Calvopiña
- OneHealth Research Group, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas, EC170125 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jean Pierre Pointier
- PSL Research University, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Département de Biologie-Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - William Cevallos
- Instituto de Biomedicina (CBM), Universidad Central del Ecuador, EC170555 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Washington Benítez-Ortíz
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Ciudadela Universitaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudadela Universitaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Ciudadela Universitaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudadela Universitaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador.
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A New Assessment of Thioester-Containing Proteins Diversity of the Freshwater Snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010069. [PMID: 31936127 PMCID: PMC7016707 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) superfamily is known to play important innate immune functions in a wide range of animal phyla. TEPs are involved in recognition, and in the direct or mediated killing of several invading organisms or pathogens. While several TEPs have been identified in many invertebrates, only one TEP (named BgTEP) has been previously characterized in the freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. As the presence of a single member of that family is particularly intriguing, transcriptomic data and the recently published genome were used to explore the presence of other BgTEP related genes in B. glabrata. Ten other TEP members have been reported and classified into different subfamilies: Three complement-like factors (BgC3-1 to BgC3-3), one α-2-macroblobulin (BgA2M), two macroglobulin complement-related proteins (BgMCR1, BgMCR2), one CD109 (BgCD109), and three insect TEP (BgTEP2 to BgTEP4) in addition to the previously characterized BgTEP that we renamed BgTEP1. This is the first report on such a level of TEP diversity and of the presence of macroglobulin complement-related proteins (MCR) in mollusks. Gene structure analysis revealed alternative splicing in the highly variable region of three members (BgA2M, BgCD109, and BgTEP2) with a particularly unexpected diversity for BgTEP2. Finally, different gene expression profiles tend to indicate specific functions for such novel family members.
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Larson MD, Krist AC. Trematode prevalence and an invasive freshwater snail: fewer infections and parasites likely contribute to the success of an invasive snail. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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de Melo ES, Brayner FA, Junior NCP, França IRS, Alves LC. Investigation of defense response and immune priming in Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria straminea, two species with different susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:189-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gorbushin AM. Immune response of a caenogastropod host: A case study of Littorina littorea and its digenean parasites. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 101:103465. [PMID: 31398373 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The caenogastropod mollusk Littorina littorea is a promising experimental model for comparative studies on host/parasite immune conflict. Several different digenean parasites use L. littorea as the first intermediate host, overcoming snail immune reactions by a wide range of tactics that are radically different among different digenean species and at different developmental parasite stages. The immune system of L. littorea is rather effective against digenean Himasthla elongata invasion, and even successfully established parasite induces a chronic host immune reaction, present at a low but stable level, that may be involved in the selection of derived parasitic clones in long lived self-sustaining infrapopulations (SSI) of rediae. An anti-digenean response in L. littorea is not systemic (non-generalized) yet tissue specific, mostly reliant on cellular rather than humoral reactions. The repertoire of immune pattern-recognizing receptors in the common periwinkle comprises diverse secreted and membrane-attached lectin molecules, as the main drivers of snail immune discrimination of digenean parasites. Comparative studies suggest that the characteristic vulnerability to digenean parasitism of L. littorea, and gastropods in general, is in part due the overall organization of immunity relative to other classes of molluscs, e.g. the immune strategy of bivalves seems to rely on less specific cellular reactions and a more generalized systemic humoral immunity. This difference may arise from the molecular features of the selective retention of their taxon-specific complement-like molecular complexes, which diverged in common ancestors of Bivalvia and Gastropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gorbushin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (IEPhB RAS), Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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26
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Portet A, Pinaud S, Chaparro C, Galinier R, Dheilly NM, Portela J, Charriere GM, Allienne JF, Duval D, Gourbal B. Sympatric versus allopatric evolutionary contexts shape differential immune response in Biomphalaria / Schistosoma interaction. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007647. [PMID: 30893368 PMCID: PMC6443186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective pressures between hosts and their parasites can result in reciprocal evolution or adaptation of specific life history traits. Local adaptation of resident hosts and parasites should lead to increase parasite infectivity/virulence (higher compatibility) when infecting hosts from the same location (in sympatry) than from a foreign location (in allopatry). Analysis of geographic variations in compatibility phenotypes is the most common proxy used to infer local adaptation. However, in some cases, allopatric host-parasite systems demonstrate similar or greater compatibility than in sympatry. In such cases, the potential for local adaptation remains unclear. Here, we study the interaction between Schistosoma and its vector snail Biomphalaria in which such discrepancy in local versus foreign compatibility phenotype has been reported. Herein, we aim at bridging this gap of knowledge by comparing life history traits (immune cellular response, host mortality, and parasite growth) and molecular responses in highly compatible sympatric and allopatric Schistosoma/Biomphalaria interactions originating from different geographic localities (Brazil, Venezuela and Burundi). We found that despite displaying similar prevalence phenotypes, sympatric schistosomes triggered a rapid immune suppression (dual-RNAseq analyses) in the snails within 24h post infection, whereas infection by allopatric schistosomes (regardless of the species) was associated with immune cell proliferation and triggered a non-specific generalized immune response after 96h. We observed that, sympatric schistosomes grow more rapidly. Finally, we identify miRNAs differentially expressed by Schistosoma mansoni that target host immune genes and could be responsible for hijacking the host immune response during the sympatric interaction. We show that despite having similar prevalence phenotypes, sympatric and allopatric snail-Schistosoma interactions displayed strong differences in their immunobiological molecular dialogue. Understanding the mechanisms allowing parasites to adapt rapidly and efficiently to new hosts is critical to control disease emergence and risks of Schistosomiasis outbreaks. Schistosomiasis, the second most widespread human parasitic disease after malaria, is caused by helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma. More than 200 million people in 74 countries suffer from the pathological, and societal consequences of this disease. To complete its life cycle, the parasite requires an intermediate host, a freshwater snail of the genus Biomphalaria for its transmission. Given the limited options for treating Schistosoma mansoni infections in humans, much research has focused on developing methods to control transmission by its intermediate snail host. Biomphalaria glabrata. Comparative studies have shown that infection of the snail triggers complex cellular and humoral immune responses resulting in significant variations in parasite infectivity and snail susceptibility, known as the so-called polymorphism of compatibility. However, studies have mostly focused on characterizing the immunobiological mechanisms in sympatric interactions. Herein we used a combination of molecular and phenotypic approaches to compare the effect of infection in various sympatric and allopatric evolutionary contexts, allowing us to better understand the mechanisms of host-parasite local adaptation. Learning more about the immunobiological interactions between B. glabrata and S. mansoni could have important socioeconomic and public health impacts by changing the way we attempt to eradicate parasitic diseases and prevent or control schistosomiasis in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Portet
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Silvain Pinaud
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Nolwenn M. Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Julien Portela
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Guillaume M. Charriere
- Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Allienne
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - David Duval
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
- * E-mail:
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Pinaud S, Portet A, Allienne JF, Belmudes L, Saint-Beat C, Arancibia N, Galinier R, Du Pasquier L, Duval D, Gourbal B. Molecular characterisation of immunological memory following homologous or heterologous challenges in the schistosomiasis vector snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:238-252. [PMID: 30529491 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate immune response may be primed by a current infection in a sustained manner, leading to the failure of a secondary infection with the same pathogen. The present study focuses on the Schistosomiasis vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata, in which a specific genotype-dependent immunological memory was demonstrated as a shift from a cellular to a humoral immune response. Herein, we investigate the complex molecular bases associated with this genotype-dependant immunological memory response. We demonstrate that Biomphalaria regulates a polymorphic set of immune recognition molecules and immune effector repertoires to respond to different strains of Schistosoma parasites. These results suggest a combinatorial usage of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that distinguish different strains of parasites during the acquisition of immunological memory. Immunizations also show that snails become resistant after exposure to parasite extracts. Hemolymph transfer and a label-free proteomic analysis proved that circulating hemolymph compounds can be produced and released to more efficiently kill the newly encountered parasite of the same genetic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvain Pinaud
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Anaïs Portet
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Jean-François Allienne
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- CEA-Grenoble, Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes (EDyP), F-38054, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
| | - Cécile Saint-Beat
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Nathalie Arancibia
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Richard Galinier
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Louis Du Pasquier
- University of Basel, Zoological Institute, Department of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology Vesalgasse 1, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - David Duval
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France.
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A Biomphalaria glabrata peptide that stimulates significant behaviour modifications in aquatic free-living Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006948. [PMID: 30668561 PMCID: PMC6358113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human disease schistosomiasis (or bilharzia) is caused by the helminth blood fluke parasite Schistosoma mansoni, which requires an intermediate host, the freshwater gastropod snail Biomphalaria glabrata (the most common intermediate host). The free-swimming parasite miracidia utilise an excellent chemosensory sense to detect and locate an appropriate host. This study investigated the biomolecules released by the snail that stimulate changes in the behaviour of the aquatic S. mansoni miracidia. To achieve this, we have performed an integrated analysis of the snail-conditioned water, through chromatography and bioassay-guided behaviour observations, followed by mass spectrometry. A single fraction containing multiple putative peptides could stimulate extreme swimming behaviour modifications (e.g. velocity, angular variation) similar to those observed in response to crude snail mucus. One peptide (P12;—R-DITSGLDPEVADD-KR—) could replicate the stimulation of miracidia behaviour changes. P12 is derived from a larger precursor protein with a signal peptide and multiple dibasic cleavage sites, which is synthesised in various tissues of the snail, including the central nervous system and foot. P12 consists of an alpha helix secondary structure as indicated by circular dichroism spectroscopy. This information will be helpful for the development of approaches to manipulate this parasites life cycle, and opens up new avenues for exploring other parasitic diseases which have an aquatic phase using methods detailed in this investigation. In aquatic environments, where the vast majority of animals live in darkness, key relationships are often formed and maintained by chemical communication (including smell and taste). Parasites with an aquatic life phase rely on an exquisite sense of chemosensation to detect host biomolecules (kairomones), allowing them to locate and infect their host. Our study identifies the first kairomone released by the freshwater gastropod snail Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host for the helminth blood fluke parasite Schistosoma mansoni. This is a key aspect of the S. mansoni life-cycle that ultimately leads to human infection, causing the disease schistosomiasis (or bilharzia), which is considered the most devastating human helminth infection in terms of global morbidity and mortality. The kairomone we identify is a peptide that does not appear to share any similarity with any other known animal peptide. This information will be helpful as we explore methods to interrupt parasite infection, and therefore break the cycle of infection that causes a major human disease.
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Famakinde DO. Treading the Path towards Genetic Control of Snail Resistance to Schistosome Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E86. [PMID: 30274482 PMCID: PMC6160955 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains the most important tropical snail-borne trematodiasis that threatens many millions of human lives. In achieving schistosomiasis elimination targets, sustainable control of the snail vectors represents a logical approach. Nonetheless, the ineffectiveness of the present snail control interventions emphasizes the need to develop new complementary strategies to ensure more effective control outcomes. Accordingly, the use of genetic techniques aimed at driving resistance traits into natural vector populations has been put forward as a promising tool for integrated snail control. Leveraging the Biomphalaria-Schistosoma model system, studies unraveling the complexities of the vector biology and those exploring the molecular basis of snail resistance to schistosome infection have been expanding in various breadths, generating many significant discoveries, and raising the hope for future breakthroughs. This review provides a compendium of relevant findings, and without neglecting the current existing gaps and potential future challenges, discusses how a transgenic snail approach may be adapted and harnessed to control human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilare O Famakinde
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Surulere, Lagos 100254, Nigeria.
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30
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Portet A, Galinier R, Pinaud S, Portela J, Nowacki F, Gourbal B, Duval D. BgTEP: An Antiprotease Involved in Innate Immune Sensing in Biomphalaria glabrata. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1206. [PMID: 29899746 PMCID: PMC5989330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect thioester-containing protein (iTEP) is the most recently defined group among the thioester-containing protein (TEP) superfamily. TEPs are key components of the immune system, and iTEPs from flies and mosquitoes were shown to be major immune weapons. Initially characterized from insects, TEP genes homologous to iTEP were further described from several other invertebrates including arthropods, cniderians, and mollusks albeit with few functional characterizations. In the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, a vector of the schistosomiasis disease, the presence of a TEP protein (BgTEP) was previously described in a well-defined immune complex involving snail lectins (fibrinogen-related proteins) and schistosome parasite mucins (SmPoMuc). To investigate the potential role of BgTEP in the immune response of the snail, we first characterized its genomic organization and its predicted protein structure. A phylogenetic analysis clustered BgTEP in a well-conserved subgroup of mollusk TEP. We then investigated the BgTEP expression profile in different snail tissues and followed immune challenges using different kinds of intruders during infection kinetics. Results revealed that BgTEP is particularly expressed in hemocytes, the immune-specialized cells in invertebrates, and is secreted into the hemolymph. Transcriptomic results further evidenced an intruder-dependent differential expression pattern of BgTEP, while interactome experiments showed that BgTEP is capable of binding to the surface of different microbes and parasite either in its full length form or in processed forms. An immunolocalization approach during snail infection by the Schistosoma mansoni parasite revealed that BgTEP is solely expressed by a subtype of hemocytes, the blast-like cells. This hemocyte subtype is present in the hemocytic capsule surrounding the parasite, suggesting a potential role in the parasite clearance by encapsulation. Through this work, we report the first characterization of a snail TEP. Our study also reveals that BgTEP may display an unexpected functional dual role. In addition to its previously characterized anti-protease activity, we demonstrate that BgTEP can bind to the intruder surface membrane, which supports a likely opsonin role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Portet
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Silvain Pinaud
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Julien Portela
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Fanny Nowacki
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - David Duval
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes Pathogènes Environnements UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
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Sullivan JT. Reversal of Schistosome Resistance In Biomphalaria glabrata By Heat Shock May Be Dependent On Snail Genotype. J Parasitol 2018; 104:407-412. [PMID: 29648939 DOI: 10.1645/17-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several genes have recently been shown to affect the innate resistance of laboratory strains of Biomphalaria glabrata to infection with Schistosoma mansoni, including Hsp90, the expression of which following a brief exposure to elevated temperature can interfere with resistance in juvenile BS-90 snails. Because a prior study failed to see a similar effect in adult snails, juvenile BS-90 snails were exposed to 10 or 50 miracidia following a 4.5 to 6 hr incubation at 33 or 37 C. Snails were then monitored for production of secondary sporocysts or release of cercariae. In addition, snails exposed to 33 C were examined histologically between 1 and 15 days post exposure (DPE) to 30 miracidia to assess the fate of primary sporocysts. Other than elevated numbers of viable primary sporocysts in the tissues of heat shocked snails at 3 DPE, no statistically significant effect of elevated temperature was observed. This discrepancy with regard to prior studies is hypothesized to result from genetic divergence in different laboratory colonies of the same strain of snail.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117
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Kengne-Fokam AC, Nana-Djeunga HC, Bagayan M, Njiokou F. Biomphalaria camerunensis as a viable alternative intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni in southern Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29534740 PMCID: PMC5848459 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni was mapped in Cameroon in the 1990s and preventive chemotherapy launched since 2005. A situation analysis conducted in 2011 revealed an increase in schistosomiasis transmission, especially in the equatorial part of the country, despite the fact that Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the main intermediate host of this parasite, is now scarce in many foci. Biomphalaria camerunensis, restricted to the equatorial part of the country, is considered as a less suitable host for S. mansoni due to it resistance to the parasite, although exhibiting a better survival than B. pfeifferi. In a context where human migration is quite frequent as a consequence of terrorism, war in neighboring countries, as well as development of hydraulic projects, it seems appropriate to evaluate the current epidemiological role of B. camerunensis to estimate the risk of extension of S. mansoni distribution in Cameroon. To do this, the susceptibility of three B. pfeifferi and five B. camerunensis populations to a strain of S. mansoni was assessed. Juvenile snails (G1) of each population were infected with S. mansoni miracidia, and prepatent period, infection and survival rates of infected snails, as well as cercarial production were recorded and compared between snail species and populations. Results Compatibility tests were performed on a total of 827 snails: 344 B. pfeifferi and 483 B. camerunensis. Infection rates were quite heterogeneous, higher in B. pfeifferi (61.5%) as compared to B. camerunensis (7.8%) (Chi-square test: χ2 = 258.88, df = 1, P < 0.0001). All the three B. pfeifferi-infected populations were susceptible to S. mansoni. However, among the five B. camerunensis populations tested, four were susceptible to S. mansoni, with 21.9% as the highest infection rate. The prepatent period was, on average, shorter in B. pfeifferi than in B. camerunensis (P < 0.0001), but the cercarial production was significantly higher in B. camerunensis as compared to B. pfeifferi (P < 0.001). Conclusion These findings indicate that B. camerunensis populations might substantially contribute to S. mansoni transmission and dissemination in Cameroon, their low susceptibility being compensated by their high cercariae production. More attention and surveillance towards this species are required to achieve intestinal schistosomiasis elimination in Cameroon. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2763-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvine C Kengne-Fokam
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hugues C Nana-Djeunga
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Center for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), PO Box 5797, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mohamed Bagayan
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Health Science Research Institute (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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FALADE MO, OTARIGHO B. Comparative Functional Study of Thioester-containing Related Proteins in the Recently Sequenced Genome of Biomphalaria glabrata. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 13:79-88. [PMID: 29963089 PMCID: PMC6019584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is paucity of information on functional relationship and characterization of Biomphalaria glabrata thioester-containing proteins (BgTEP) to other well-annotated homologues. We performed functional characterization studies of BgTEP to homologues in Anopheles gambiae and in disparate invertebrates. METHODS Genomic sequences of TEPs were retrieved after annotation of the B. glabrata genome. In addition, TEP sequences deposited in NCBI protein database were also retrieved and utilized for sequence analysis. BgTEP relatedness to its other homologues as well as functional domain and protein-protein interaction analysis was performed. RESULTS Our analysis resulted in the identification of TEPs in a number of organisms including, B. glabrata, A. gambiae, and Chlamys farreri. In addition, we identified 19 TEP sequences spread across 10 animal species. The B. glabrata genome contains 14190 unannotated proteins after filtration with about 85% of its proteome annotated. The phylogenetics, functional domain and protein-protein interaction analyses suggest an immunological role for BgTEP in B. glabrata. CONCLUSION The predicted role of thioester-containing proteins to be involved in immunological role in B. glabrata may have a strong effect on resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mofolusho O. FALADE
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Benson OTARIGHO
- Dept. of Biological Science, Edo University, Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Keeping Pace with the Red Queen: Identifying the Genetic Basis of Susceptibility to Infectious Disease. Genetics 2017; 208:779-789. [PMID: 29223971 PMCID: PMC5788537 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of genome-wide association studies are known to be affected by epistasis and gene-by-environment interactions. Using a statistical model.... Genome-wide association studies are widely used to identify “disease genes” conferring resistance/susceptibility to infectious diseases. Using a combination of mathematical models and simulations, we demonstrate that genetic interactions between hosts and parasites [genotype-by-genotype (G × G) interactions] can drastically affect the results of these association scans and hamper our ability to detect genetic variation in susceptibility. When hosts and parasites coevolve, these G × G interactions often make genome-wide association studies unrepeatable over time or across host populations. Reanalyzing previously published data on Daphnia magna susceptibility to infection by Pasteuria ramosa, we identify genomic regions consistent with G × G interactions. We conclude by outlining possible avenues for designing more powerful and more repeatable association studies.
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Molecular context of Schistosoma mansoni transmission in the molluscan environments: A mini-review. Acta Trop 2017; 176:98-104. [PMID: 28754250 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni, being transmitted by some freshwater Biomphalaria snails, is a major causative agent of human schistosomiasis. In the absence of effective vaccine and alternative drug designs to fight against the disease, and with the limitations of molluscicide application, developing more efficient strategies to interrupt the snail-mediated parasite transmission is being emphasized as potentially instrumental in the efforts toward schistosomiasis elimination, hence, necessitating thorough and comprehensive understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved in the transmission process. Based on the current advances, this paper presents a concise exposition of the cellular, biochemical, genetic and immunological dynamics of the complex and statge-by-stage interactions between the parasite and its vector in their aquatic environment. It also highlights the possible crosstalk between the parasite's intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) during the intramolluscan stage. Undoubtedly, decades of intensive investigation have untangled many S. mansoni-B. glabrata complexities, yet many aspects of the parasite-vector cycle which can help define potential control clues await further elucidation.
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Portet A, Pinaud S, Tetreau G, Galinier R, Cosseau C, Duval D, Grunau C, Mitta G, Gourbal B. Integrated multi-omic analyses in Biomphalaria-Schistosoma dialogue reveal the immunobiological significance of FREP-SmPoMuc interaction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 75:16-27. [PMID: 28257854 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The fresh water snail Biomphalaria glabrata is one of the vectors of the trematode pathogen Schistosoma mansoni, which is one of the agents responsible of human schistosomiasis. In this host-parasite interaction, co-evolutionary dynamic results into an infectivity mosaic known as compatibility polymorphism. Integrative approaches including large scale molecular approaches have been conducted in recent years to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying compatibility. This review presents the combination of integrated Multi-Omic approaches leading to the discovery of two repertoires of polymorphic and/or diversified interacting molecules: the parasite antigens S. mansoni polymorphic mucins (SmPoMucs) and the B. glabrata immune receptors fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs). We argue that their interactions may be major components for defining the compatible/incompatible status of a specific snail/schistosome combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Portet
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Silvain Pinaud
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Céline Cosseau
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - David Duval
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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Kincaid-Smith J, Rey O, Toulza E, Berry A, Boissier J. Emerging Schistosomiasis in Europe: A Need to Quantify the Risks. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:600-609. [PMID: 28539255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent recurrent outbreaks of urogenital schistosomiasis in the south of Europe were unanticipated and caught scientists and health authorities unprepared. It is now time to learn lessons from these outbreaks and to implement concrete procedures in order to better quantify the risks and prevent future outbreaks of schistosomiasis in Europe. In this context, we propose a reflection on the factors that currently hamper our ability to quantify these risks and argue that we are incapable of predicting future outbreaks. We base our reflexion on an ecological two-step filter concept that drives host-parasite interactions, namely the encounter and the compatibility filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Kincaid-Smith
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Olivier Rey
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Antoine Berry
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Toulouse and Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, CNRS UMR5282, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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Wu XJ, Dinguirard N, Sabat G, Lui HD, Gonzalez L, Gehring M, Bickham-Wright U, Yoshino TP. Proteomic analysis of Biomphalaria glabrata plasma proteins with binding affinity to those expressed by early developing larval Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006081. [PMID: 28520808 PMCID: PMC5433772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between early developing Schistosoma mansoni larval stages and the hemolymph of its snail intermediate host represent the first molecular encounter with the snail’s immune system. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of this early parasite-host interaction, biotinylated sporocyst tegumental membrane (Mem) proteins and larval transformation proteins (LTP) were affixed to streptavidin-agarose beads and used as affinity matrices to enrich for larval-reactive plasma proteins from susceptible (NMRI) and resistant (BS-90) strains of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Nano-LC/MS-MS proteomic analyses of isolated plasma proteins revealed a diverse array of 94 immune-and nonimmune-related plasma proteins. Included among the immune-related subset were pattern recognition receptors (lectins, LPS-binding protein, thioester-containing proteins-TEPs), stress proteins (HSP60 and 70), adhesion proteins (dermatopontins), metalloproteases (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM), ADAM-related Zn proteinases), cytotoxins (biomphalysin) and a Ca2+-binding protein (neo-calmodulin). Variable immunoglobulin and lectin domain (VIgL) gene family members, including fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs), galectin-related proteins (GREPs) and C-type lectin-related proteins (CREPs), were the most prevalent of larval-reactive immune lectins present in plasma. FREPs were highly represented, although only a subset of FREP subfamilies (FREP 2, 3 and 12) were identified, suggesting potential selectivity in the repertoire of plasma lectins recognizing larval glycoconjugates. Other larval-binding FREP-like and CREP-like proteins possessing a C-terminal fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) or C-type lectin binding domain, respectively, and an Ig-fold domain also were identified as predicted proteins from the B. glabrata genome, although incomplete sequence data precluded their placement into specific FREP/CREP subfamilies. Similarly, a group of FReD-containing proteins (angiopoeitin-4, ficolin-2) that lacked N-terminal Ig-fold(s) were identified as a distinct group of FREP-like proteins, separate from the VIgL lectin family. Finally, differential appearance of GREPs in BS-90 plasma eluates, and others proteins exclusively found in eluates of the NMRI strain, suggested snail strain differences in the expression of select larval-reactive immune proteins. This hypothesis was supported by the finding that differential gene expression of the GREP in BS-90 and ADAM in NMRI snail strains generally correlated with their patterns of protein expression. In summary, this study is the first to provide a global comparative proteomic analysis of constitutively expressed plasma proteins from susceptible and resistant B. glabrata strains capable of binding early-expressed larval S. mansoni proteins. Identified proteins, especially those exhibiting differential expression, may play a role in determining immune compatibility in this snail host-parasite system. A complete listing of raw peptide data are available via ProteomeXchange using identifier PXD004942. Transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni critically depends on the successful establishment of infections within species of its snail intermediate host, Biomphalaria. One of the most important barriers to infection is the host’s innate immune system, comprised of plasma proteins and immunocytes (hemocytes) circulating in the hemolymph. Although expression of plasma lectin genes appears to be associated with larval resistance in B. glabrata, few studies have attempted an in depth analysis of gene-encoded lectins, and other immune proteins, that are capable of directly binding schistosome larvae. Using affinity matrices linked to schistosome proteins expressed during early larval development, we identified and compared the parasite-reactive plasma proteins from the susceptible NMRI and resistant BS-90 strains of B. glabrata. Proteomic analyses of isolated plasma proteins revealed a diversity immune-related proteins including lectins, pathogen recognition receptors, cytotoxins, adhesion proteins, metalloproteinases, and Ca2+-binding proteins. Of the lectins, the variable immunoglobulin and lectin domain (VIgL) gene family of proteins comprised of fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs), galectin-related proteins (GREPs) and C-type lectin-related proteins (CREPs), were highly represented, and consistent with their role in host immunity. Two proteins (GREP and a Zn-metalloproteinase) exhibited snail strain-associated protein and gene expression patterns suggesting their involvement in innate immune responses to larval infection. This comparative proteomic analysis of larval S. mansoni-reactive plasma proteins from susceptible and resistant B. glabrata strains represents the first of its kind and provides valuable insights into possible pathogen recognition receptors and other immune factors regulating parasite-host compatibility in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Dinguirard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Grzegorz Sabat
- Biotechnology Center, Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics Facility, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Hong-di Lui
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Laura Gonzalez
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Michael Gehring
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Utibe Bickham-Wright
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Galinier R, Roger E, Moné Y, Duval D, Portet A, Pinaud S, Chaparro C, Grunau C, Genthon C, Dubois E, Rognon A, Arancibia N, Dejean B, Théron A, Gourbal B, Mitta G. A multistrain approach to studying the mechanisms underlying compatibility in the interaction between Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005398. [PMID: 28253264 PMCID: PMC5349689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, numerous studies have sought to better understand the mechanisms underlying the compatibility between Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni. The developments of comparative transcriptomics, comparative genomics, interactomics and more targeted approaches have enabled researchers to identify a series of candidate genes. However, no molecular comparative work has yet been performed on multiple populations displaying different levels of compatibility. Here, we seek to fill this gap in the literature. We focused on B. glabrata FREPs and S. mansoni SmPoMucs, which were previously demonstrated to be involved in snail/schistosome compatibility. We studied the expression and polymorphisms of these factors in combinations of snail and schistosome isolates that display different levels of compatibility. We found that the polymorphism and expression levels of FREPs and SmPoMucs could be linked to the compatibility level of S. mansoni. These data and our complementary results obtained by RNA-seq of samples from various snail strains indicate that the mechanism of compatibility is much more complex than previously thought, and that it is likely to be highly variable within and between populations. This complexity must be taken into account if we hope to identify the molecular pathways that are most likely to be good targets for strategies aimed at blocking transmission of the parasite through the snail intermediate host. Schistosomiasis is the second most widespread human tropical parasitic disease after malaria. It is caused by flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, and poses a considerable threat for human health in numerous Asian, African and South American countries. The World Health Organization has set the goal of eradicating schistosomiasis by 2025. However, no vaccine is available, and we currently have only one drug (praziquantel) that can effectively and efficiently treat the disease. As treatment by mass drug administration would enhance the risk of drug resistance in schistosome parasites, complementary strategies to fight this parasitic disease are urgently needed. Freshwater snails of the Biomphalaria genus act as intermediate hosts in the transmission of the schistosome species. Thus, learning more about the mechanisms of the interaction between these snails and the schistosomes could critically facilitate the identification of potential new candidate molecules that may be targeted to prevent schistosome transmission in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Galinier
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Emmanuel Roger
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Yves Moné
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - David Duval
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Anaïs Portet
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Silvain Pinaud
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Clémence Genthon
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, Montpellier, France
| | - Emeric Dubois
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Rognon
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Nathalie Arancibia
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Bernard Dejean
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - André Théron
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
- * E-mail: (BG); (GM)
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
- * E-mail: (BG); (GM)
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Juhásová L, Králová-Hromadová I, Bazsalovicsová E, Minárik G, Štefka J, Mikulíček P, Pálková L, Pybus M. Population structure and dispersal routes of an invasive parasite, Fascioloides magna, in North America and Europe. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:547. [PMID: 27737705 PMCID: PMC5064932 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fascioloides magna (Trematoda: Fasciolidae) is an important liver parasite of a wide range of free-living and domestic ruminants; it represents a remarkable species due to its large spatial distribution, invasive character, and potential to colonize new territories. The present study provides patterns of population genetic structure and admixture in F. magna across all enzootic regions in North America and natural foci in Europe, and infers migratory routes of the parasite on both continents. Methods In total, 432 individuals from five North American enzootic regions and three European foci were analysed by 11 microsatellite loci. Genetic data were evaluated by several statistical approaches: (i) the population genetic structure of F. magna was inferred using program STRUCTURE; (ii) the genetic interrelationships between populations were analysed by PRINCIPAL COORDINATES ANALYSIS; and (iii) historical dispersal routes in North America and recent invasion routes in Europe were explored using MIGRATE. Results The analysis of dispersal routes of the parasite in North America revealed west-east and south-north lineages that partially overlapped in the central part of the continent, where different host populations historically met. The exact origin of European populations of F. magna and their potential translocation routes were determined. Flukes from the first European focus, Italy, were related to F. magna from northern Pacific coast, while parasites from the Czech focus originated from south-eastern USA, particularly South Carolina. The Danube floodplain forests (third and still expanding focus) did not display relationship with any North American population; instead the Czech origin of the Danube population was indicated. A serial dilution of genetic diversity along the dispersion route across central and eastern Europe was observed. The results of microsatellite analyses were compared to previously acquired outputs from mitochondrial haplotype data and correlated with past human-directed translocations and natural migration of the final cervid hosts of F. magna. Conclusions The present study revealed a complex picture of the population genetic structure and interrelationships of North American and European populations, global distribution and migratory routes of F. magna and an origin of European foci. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1811-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Juhásová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivica Králová-Hromadová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Eva Bazsalovicsová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Minárik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Geneton Ltd, Ilkovičova 3, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Štefka
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mikulíček
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Pálková
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Margo Pybus
- Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 6909-116 St, Edmonton, AB, T6H 4P2, Canada
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Fneich S, Théron A, Cosseau C, Rognon A, Aliaga B, Buard J, Duval D, Arancibia N, Boissier J, Roquis D, Mitta G, Grunau C. Epigenetic origin of adaptive phenotypic variants in the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016; 9:27. [PMID: 27379173 PMCID: PMC4931705 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-016-0076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive evolution is not possible without the generation of phenotypic variants. The origin of these variations has been a central topic in evolutionary biology. Up to now, it was commonly accepted that standing genetic variation is the only cause of phenotypic variants. However, epigenetic information is emerging as a complementary source of heritable phenotypic variation that contributes to evolution. The relative importance of genetics and epigenetics in generating heritable phenotypic variation is nevertheless a matter of debate. RESULTS We used a host-parasite system to address this question. The human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni can adapt rapidly to new intermediate snail hosts. The interaction between parasite and mollusk is characterized by a compatibility polymorphism illustrating the evolutionary dynamics in this system. The principal molecular marker for compatibility (infection success) is the expression pattern of a group of polymorphic mucins (SmPoMuc) in the parasite. We show here that chromatin structure changes as the SmPoMuc promoters are the cause for SmPoMuc transcription polymorphism leading to phenotypic novelty and increase in infection success, i.e., fitness. CONCLUSION We establish that epigenetic changes can be the major if not only cause of adaptive phenotypic variants in Schistosoma mansoni, suggesting that epimutations can provide material for adaptive evolution in the absence of genetic variation in other systems. In addition, our results indicate that epidrugs can be used to control parasite development but also parasite evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fneich
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
- />UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - André Théron
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Céline Cosseau
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Anne Rognon
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Benoit Aliaga
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Jérôme Buard
- />CNRS, UPR1142, Institut de Génétique Humain (IGH), 34396 Montpellier, France
| | - David Duval
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Nathalie Arancibia
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - David Roquis
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
- />Technical University of Munich (TUM), Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- />IHPE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- />CNRS, UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), 66860 Perpignan, France
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Echaubard P, Sripa B, Mallory FF, Wilcox BA. The role of evolutionary biology in research and control of liver flukes in Southeast Asia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:381-97. [PMID: 27197053 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated largely by the availability of new technology, biomedical research at the molecular-level and chemical-based control approaches arguably dominate the field of infectious diseases. Along with this, the proximate view of disease etiology predominates to the exclusion of the ultimate, evolutionary biology-based, causation perspective. Yet, historically and up to today, research in evolutionary biology has provided much of the foundation for understanding the mechanisms underlying disease transmission dynamics, virulence, and the design of effective integrated control strategies. Here we review the state of knowledge regarding the biology of Asian liver Fluke-host relationship, parasitology, phylodynamics, drug-based interventions and liver Fluke-related cancer etiology from an evolutionary biology perspective. We consider how evolutionary principles, mechanisms and research methods could help refine our understanding of clinical disease associated with infection by Liver Flukes as well as their transmission dynamics. We identify a series of questions for an evolutionary biology research agenda for the liver Fluke that should contribute to an increased understanding of liver Fluke-associated diseases. Finally, we describe an integrative evolutionary medicine approach to liver Fluke prevention and control highlighting the need to better contextualize interventions within a broader human health and sustainable development framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Echaubard
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research laboratory, Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada; Global Health Asia, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research laboratory, Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Department of Parasitology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Frank F Mallory
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Bruce A Wilcox
- Global Health Asia, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Paz-Y-Miño-C G, Espinosa A. Kin Discrimination in Protists: From Many Cells to Single Cells and Backwards. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:367-77. [PMID: 26873616 PMCID: PMC4856593 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During four decades (1960-1990s), the conceptualization and experimental design of studies in kin recognition relied on work with multicellular eukaryotes, particularly Unikonta (including invertebrates and vertebrates) and some Bikonta (including plants). This pioneering research had an animal behavior approach. During the 2000s, work on taxa-, clone- and kin-discrimination and recognition in protists produced genetic and molecular evidence that unicellular organisms (e.g. Saccharomyces, Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium, Tetrahymena, Entamoeba and Plasmodium) could distinguish between same (self or clone) and different (diverse clones), as well as among conspecifics of close or distant genetic relatedness. Here, we discuss some of the research on the genetics of kin discrimination/recognition and highlight the scientific progress made by switching emphasis from investigating multicellular to unicellular systems (and backwards). We document how studies with protists are helping us to understand the microscopic, cellular origins and evolution of the mechanisms of kin discrimination/recognition and their significance for the advent of multicellularity. We emphasize that because protists are among the most ancient organisms on Earth, belong to multiple taxonomic groups and occupy all environments, they can be central to reexamining traditional hypotheses in the field of kin recognition, reformulating concepts, and generating new knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Paz-Y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol, Rhode Island, 02809
| | - Avelina Espinosa
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol, Rhode Island, 02809
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol, Rhode Island, 02809
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Roquis D, Rognon A, Chaparro C, Boissier J, Arancibia N, Cosseau C, Parrinello H, Grunau C. Frequency and mitotic heritability of epimutations inSchistosoma mansoni. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1741-58. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Roquis
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia; Perpignan F-66860 France
- CNRS; UMR 5244; Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE); Perpignan F-66860 France
| | - Anne Rognon
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia; Perpignan F-66860 France
- CNRS; UMR 5244; Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE); Perpignan F-66860 France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia; Perpignan F-66860 France
- CNRS; UMR 5244; Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE); Perpignan F-66860 France
| | - Jerome Boissier
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia; Perpignan F-66860 France
- CNRS; UMR 5244; Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE); Perpignan F-66860 France
| | - Nathalie Arancibia
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia; Perpignan F-66860 France
- CNRS; UMR 5244; Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE); Perpignan F-66860 France
| | - Celine Cosseau
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia; Perpignan F-66860 France
- CNRS; UMR 5244; Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE); Perpignan F-66860 France
| | - Hugues Parrinello
- MGX - Montpellier GenomiX IBiSA, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; 141, rue de la Cardonille F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia; Perpignan F-66860 France
- CNRS; UMR 5244; Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE); Perpignan F-66860 France
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Gourbal B, Théron A, Grunau C, Duval D, Mitta G. Polymorphic Mucin-Like Proteins in Schistosoma mansoni, a Variable Antigen and a Key Component of the Compatibility Between the Schistosome and Its Snail Host. Results Probl Cell Differ 2016; 57:91-108. [PMID: 26537378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The arms race between vertebrate hosts and parasites has led to diversification systems able to generate huge repertoires of immune recognition receptors and antigenic variants. Until recently, the invertebrate immunity was considered to be poorly specific, and consequently, antigenic variability was not expected to be high for their respective parasites. In the present chapter, we show how the study of the interaction between the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and its parasite Schistosome mansoni has shaken this paradigm. We show that the fate of the interaction between the snail and its parasite is at least partly the result of the concordance of highly variable repertoires of immune recognition receptors in the snail and corresponding antigenic variants in the parasite. We call these antigenic variants of the schistosome Schistosoma mansoni polymorphic mucins (SmPoMucs). We show that their high level of diversification is the result of a complex cascade of mechanisms, thus presenting evidence for antigenic variation in a parasite infecting an invertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gourbal
- CNRS, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions, UMR 5244, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan, 66860, France.
| | - André Théron
- CNRS, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions, UMR 5244, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan, 66860, France.
| | - Christoph Grunau
- CNRS, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions, UMR 5244, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan, 66860, France.
| | - David Duval
- CNRS, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions, UMR 5244, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan, 66860, France.
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- CNRS, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions, UMR 5244, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan, 66860, France.
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Lu L, Zhang SM, Mutuku MW, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. Relative compatibility of Schistosoma mansoni with Biomphalaria sudanica and B. pfeifferi from Kenya as assessed by PCR amplification of the S. mansoni ND5 gene in conjunction with traditional methods. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:166. [PMID: 27000855 PMCID: PMC4802880 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma mansoni is hosted by several species of Biomphalaria spp. snails in Africa. We were interested in determining if there were differences in compatibility of S. mansoni with Biomphalaria sudanica from Lake Victoria, or with B. pfeifferi from streams and smaller water bodies in Kenya. Does this parasite develop with equal efficiency in both snail species, and does this have implications for transmission in different habitat types? Methods Primers for PCR amplification of the S. mansoni ND5 gene were designed and tested for sensitivity and specificity. We exposed laboratory-reared B. sudanica and field-derived B. pfeifferi to single miracidium infections and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 days post-exposure (dpe), snails were extracted for the PCR assay. Snails were also shed for cercariae and/or dissected prior to extraction. Additionally, B. sudanica and B. pfeifferi were collected from field locations and tested with the PCR assay. Results The ND5 PCR assay was sensitive (>0.1 fg S. mansoni genomic DNA) and allowed S. mansoni to be differentiated from other relevant schistosome species or snails. The number of PCR positive snails at 1–4 dpe was higher for B. pfeifferi than for B. sudanica, but not significantly so (P = 0.052). From 8–24 dpe, more B. pfeifferi harbored successfully developing parasites (positive by both dissection and PCR) than did B. sudanica (P = 0.008). At 40 dpe, more B. pfeifferi than B. sudanica shed cercariae or harbored dissection positive/PCR positive infections (P < 0.001). Both immature and failed (dissection negative but PCR positive) S. mansoni infections could also be detected in naturally infected snails of both species. Conclusions The PCR assay detected S. mansoni infections in snails exposed to one miracidium for one day. Both B. sudanica and B. pfeifferi supported full development of S. mansoni, but B. pfeifferi was more compatible, with significantly more dissection positive/PCR positive or shedding infections, and significantly fewer failed infections (dissection negative/PCR positive). This highlights the relatively lower compatibility of B. sudanica with S. mansoni, and suggests the factors responsible for incompatibility and how they might affect transmission of S. mansoni in habitats like Lake Victoria deserve additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Lu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA.
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
| | - Martin W Mutuku
- Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald M Mkoji
- Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric S Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA.,Parasitology Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
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Wang T, Zhao M, Rotgans BA, Strong A, Liang D, Ni G, Limpanont Y, Ramasoota P, McManus DP, Cummins SF. Proteomic Analysis of the Schistosoma mansoni Miracidium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147247. [PMID: 26799066 PMCID: PMC4723143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive control efforts, schistosomiasis continues to be a major public health problem in developing nations in the tropics and sub-tropics. The miracidium, along with the cercaria, both of which are water-borne and free-living, are the only two stages in the life-cycle of Schistosoma mansoni which are involved in host invasion. Miracidia penetrate intermediate host snails and develop into sporocysts, which lead to cercariae that can infect humans. Infection of the snail host by the miracidium represents an ideal point at which to interrupt the parasite’s life-cycle. This research focuses on an analysis of the miracidium proteome, including those proteins that are secreted. We have identified a repertoire of proteins in the S. mansoni miracidium at 2 hours post-hatch, including proteases, venom allergen-like proteins, receptors and HSP70, which might play roles in snail-parasite interplay. Proteins involved in energy production and conservation were prevalent, as were proteins predicted to be associated with defence. This study also provides a strong foundation for further understanding the roles that neurohormones play in host-seeking by schistosomes, with the potential for development of novel anthelmintics that interfere with its various life-cycle stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Wang
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Min Zhao
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Rotgans
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - April Strong
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Di Liang
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Guoying Ni
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pongrama Ramasoota
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Donald P. McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Scott F. Cummins
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Le Clec'h W, Anderson TJC, Chevalier FD. Characterization of hemolymph phenoloxidase activity in two Biomphalaria snail species and impact of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:32. [PMID: 26797101 PMCID: PMC4722754 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomphalaria snails are the intermediate host of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, which infect more than 67 million people in tropical areas. Phenoloxidase enzymes (POs), including tyrosinases, catecholases, and laccases, are known to play a role in the immune defenses of arthropods, but the PO activity present in Biomphalaria spp. hemolymph has not been characterized. This study was designed to characterize substrate specificity and reaction optima of PO activity in Biomphalaria spp. hemolymph as a starting point to understand the role of this important invertebrate enzyme activity in snail biology and snail-schistosome interactions. METHODS We used spectrophotometric assays with 3 specific substrates (L-tyrosine for tyrosinase, L-DOPA for catecholase, and PPD for laccase) and diethylthiocarbarmate (DETC) as specific PO inhibitor to characterize PO activity in the hemolymph of uninfected snails from two Biomphalaria species, and to determine the impact of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni on the PO activity of its B. glabrata vector. RESULTS We identified laccase activity in hemolymph from uninfected B. glabrata and B. alexandrina. For both species, the activity was optimal at 45 °C and pH 8.5, and located in the plasma. The K m and V max of PO enzymes are 1.45 mM and 0.024 OD.min(-1) for B. glabrata, and 1.19 mM and 0.025 OD.min(-1) for B. alexandrina. When the snail vector is parasitized by S. mansoni, we observed a sharp reduction in laccase activity seven weeks after snail infection. CONCLUSIONS We employed a highly specific spectrophotometric assay using PPD substrate which allows accurate measurement of laccase activity in Biomphalaria spp. hemolymph. We also demonstrated a strong impact of the parasite S. mansoni on laccase activity in the snail host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winka Le Clec'h
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA.
| | - Timothy J C Anderson
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA.
| | - Frédéric D Chevalier
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA.
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Urabe M. Experimental infection of the digeneans to some congeneric snail species radiated in a single water system: Relative importance of local evolution and phylogenetic constraint. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:221-6. [PMID: 26773868 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine the relative importance of local adaptation caused by host-parasite coevolution and resource tracking by the parasites, the susceptibility of the freshwater snail genus Semisulcospira to the digenean parasite genus Genarchopsis was investigated experimentally. Four snail species endemic to the Lake Biwa system in Japan and two non-endemic species were investigated. All but one species was also tested for local variation in susceptibility. Parasites were obtained from Takashima (mix population of Genarchopsis gigi and Genarchopsis chubuensis) and Nagahama (G. chubuensis). In endemic Semisulcospira, closely related specie pairs (Semisulcospira habei and Semisulcospira niponica, Semisulcospira decipiens and Semisulcospira nakasekoae) showed similar susceptibilities to parasites from both localities. S. habei and S. niponica were highly susceptible to parasites from Takashima, but were resistant to parasites from Nagahama. S. decipiens and S. nakasekoae showed moderate susceptibility to parasites from both localities. None of the endemic snail species showed a clear local variation in susceptibility. These results show that the susceptibility of endemic Semisulcospira to Genarchopsis is conservative and can be regarded as an example of resource-tracking. One of the non-endemic snails, Semisulcospira libertina, showed local variation in susceptibility. This variation was not related to the sympatry of the parasites used for the experimental infection, suggesting that it was not the result of local adaptation by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Urabe
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
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Gordy MA, Pila EA, Hanington PC. The role of fibrinogen-related proteins in the gastropod immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:39-49. [PMID: 25765166 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinogen-related proteins or FREPs constitute a large family of molecules, defined by the presence of a fibrinogen-related domain (FReD). These molecules are found in all animals and are diverse in both form and function. Here, we review the current understanding of gastropod FREPs, which are characterized by the presence of a fibrinogen domain connected to one or two immunoglobulin superfamily domains by way of a short interceding region. We present a historical perspective on the discovery of FREPs in gastropods followed by a summary of advances made in the nearly two decades of research focused on the characterization of FREPs in Biomphalaria glabrata (BgFREPs). Topics covered include BgFREP genomic architecture, predicted structure and known functions, structural comparisons between BgFREPs, and evidence of somatic diversification. Also examined are the expression patterns of BgFREPs during snail development and immunological challenges. Recent functional characterization of the role BgFREPs play in the defence response against digenean trematodes is also presented, as well as new data investigating the nucleotide-level genomic conservation of FREPs among Pulmonate gastropods. Finally, we identify areas in need of further research. These include confirming and identifying the specific binding targets of BgFREPs and elucidating how they later engage snail haemocytes to elicit an immunological response, precise mechanisms and importance of BgFREP diversification, characterizing the tissue expression patterns of BgFREPs, as well as addressing whether gastropod FREPs retain immunological importance in alternative snail-trematode associations or more broadly in snail-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Gordy
- The School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2G7, Canada.
| | - Emmanuel A Pila
- The School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2G7, Canada.
| | - Patrick C Hanington
- The School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2G7, Canada.
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