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Li J, Liu B, Yu Y, Dong W. A systematic review of global distribution, sources and exposure risk of phthalate esters (PAEs) in indoor dust. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134423. [PMID: 38678719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are a class of plasticizers that are readily released from plastic products, posing a potential exposure risk to human body. At present, much attention is paid on PAE concentrations in indoor dust with the understanding of PAEs toxicity. This study collected 8187 data on 10 PAEs concentrations in indoor dusts from 26 countries and comprehensively reviewed the worldwide distribution, influencing factors, and health risks of PAEs. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the predominant PAE with a median concentration of 316 μg·g-1 in indoor dust. Polyvinyl chloride wallpaper and flooring and personal care products are the main sources of PAEs indoor dust. The dust concentrations of DEHP show a downward trend over the past two decades, while high dust concentrations of DiNP are found from 2011 to 2016. The median dust contents of 8 PAEs in public places are higher than those in households. Moreover, the concentrations of 9 PAEs in indoor dusts from high-income countries are higher than those from upper-middle-income countries. DEHP in 69.8% and 77.8% of the dust samples may pose a potential carcinogenic risk for adults and children, respectively. Besides, DEHP in 16.9% of the dust samples may pose a non-carcinogenic risk to children. Nevertheless, a negligible risk was found for other PAEs in indoor dust worldwide. This review contributes to an in-depth understanding of the global distribution, sources and health risks of PAEs in indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China.
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Weihua Dong
- College of Geographical Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
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2
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Zhou X, Kang L, Wang X, Meng H. A novel method for assessing indoor di 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) contamination and exposure based on dust-phase concentration. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140994. [PMID: 38141675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are a group of typical semivolatile organic compounds that are widely present in indoor environments with multiple phases. Indoor air, airborne particle and settled dust are considered to be typical indicators of PAE contamination as well as media of human exposure, and the interactions between them are complex. Among various phthalate compounds, di 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was identified as the predominant individual phthalate in settled dust. The existing DEHP contamination assessment requires multiphase sampling or solving the dynamic mass transfer models with multiple partial differential equations, which are both complicated and time-consuming. This study investigated the influence of the indoor source loading rate, surface type, particle size and cleaning frequency on the partitioning between the settled dust-phase, airborne particle-phase and gas-phase. The concentration correlations of DEHP between multiphases were consequently derived, which balance accuracy and complexity well. By comparison with field sampling data in the literatures, the rationality and accuracy of the concentration correlations were validated. Based on the concentration correlations, a new method of directly using dust-phase concentration to estimate the non-dietary exposure to DEHP was proposed. The results indicated that ingestion of settled dust contributes the most to non-dietary exposure. Special attention should be given to infants and toddlers, who suffer the highest daily exposure to DEHP among all age groups. This study provides a new and efficient solution for estimating indoor DEHP pollution loads conveniently and rapidly, offering valuable insights for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Lingyi Kang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China.
| | - Hui Meng
- Higher Engineering Education Museum, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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3
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Zhu L, Fauser P, Mikkelsen L, Sanderson H, Vorkamp K. Suspect and non-target screening of semi-volatile emerging contaminants in indoor dust from Danish kindergartens. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140451. [PMID: 37839752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is a sink of hundreds of organic chemicals, and humans may potentially be exposed to these via indoor activities. This study investigated potentially harmful semi-volatile organic contaminants in indoor dust from Danish kindergartens using suspect and non-target screening on gas chromatography (GC)-Orbitrap, supported by target analyses using GC-low resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS). A suspect list of 41 chemicals with one or more toxicological endpoints, i.e. endocrine disruption, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity and allergenicity, known or suspected to be present in indoor dust, was established including phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers, flame retardants, bisphenols, biocides, UV filters and other plastic additives. Of these, 29 contaminants were detected in the indoor dust samples, also including several compounds that had been banned or restricted for years. In addition, 22 chemicals were tentatively identified via non-target screening. Several chemicals have not previously been detected in Danish indoor dust. Most of the detected chemicals are known to be potentially harmful for human health while hazard assessment of the remaining compounds indicated limited risks to human. However, children were not specifically considered in this hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Patrik Fauser
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lone Mikkelsen
- Green Transition Denmark, Kompagnistræde 22, Copenhagen K, 1208, Denmark
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
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4
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Overdahl KE, Kassotis CD, Hoffman K, Getzinger GJ, Phillips A, Hammel S, Stapleton HM, Ferguson PL. Characterizing azobenzene disperse dyes and related compounds in house dust and their correlations with other organic contaminant classes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122491. [PMID: 37709124 PMCID: PMC10655148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene disperse dyes are the fastest-growing category of commercial dyestuffs and are implicated in the literature as potentially allergenic. In the indoor environment, these dyes may be shed from various textiles, including clothing and upholstery and accumulate in dust particles potentially leading to exposure in young children who have higher exposure to chemicals associated with dust due to their crawling and mouthing behaviors. Children may be more vulnerable to dye exposure due to their developing immune systems, and therefore, it is critical to characterize azobenzene disperse dyes in children's home environments. Here, we investigate azobenzene disperse dyes and related compounds in house dust samples (n = 124) that were previously analyzed for flame retardants, phthalates, pesticides and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to support both targeted and suspect screening of dyes in dust. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine if dye concentrations were related to demographic information. Detection frequencies for 12 target dyes ranged from 11% to 89%; of the dyes that were detected in at least 50% of the samples, geometric mean levels ranged from 32.4 to 360 ng/g. Suspect screening analysis identified eight additional high-abundance azobenzene compounds in dust. Some dyes were correlated to numerous flame retardants and several antimicrobials, and statistically higher levels of some dyes were observed in homes of non-Hispanic Black mothers than in homes of non-Hispanic white mothers. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study of azobenzene disperse dyes in house dust to date. Future studies are needed to quantify additional dyes in dust and to examine exposure pathways of dyes in indoor environments where children are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Overdahl
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202. United States
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Gordon J Getzinger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Allison Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Stephanie Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States.
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States.
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5
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Anake WU, Nnamani EA. Levels and health risk assessments of Phthalate acid esters in indoor dust of some microenvironments within Ikeja and Ota, Nigeria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11209. [PMID: 37433814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels, profiles of Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and their associated health risk in children and adults using indoor dust samples were assessed from nine (9) microenvironments in Nigeria. Six PAEs congeners were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and the human health risk assessments of PAEs exposure to children and adults were computed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) exposure model. The mean concentrations of the total PAEs (Σ6PAEs) in indoor dust across the study locations ranged from 1.61 ± 0.12 to 53.3 ± 5.27 μg/g with 72.0% of di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) as the most predominant contributor of PAEs in sample locations B, C, D, E, F and G. PAEs estimated daily intake results exceeded the USEPA value of 20 and 50 kg/bw/day for children and adults respectively in some locations. Non-carcinogenic risk exposure indicated no risk (HI < 1), while the carcinogenic risk was within the recommended threshold of 1.00 × 10-4 to 1.00 × 10-6 for benzyl butyl phthalate and bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. From our findings, lower levels of PAEs were observed in locations with good ventilation system. Also, the human health risk evaluation indicated indoor dust ingestion as the dominant exposure route of PAEs for both children and adults, while the children were at a higher risk of PAEs exposure. To protect children susceptible to these endocrine-disrupting pollutants, soft vinyl children's toys and teething rings should be avoided. Appropriate policies and procedures on the reduction of PAEs exposure to humans should be enacted by all stakeholders, including government regulatory agencies, industries, school administrators and the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred U Anake
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M. B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Esther A Nnamani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M. B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Sjöström Y, Hagström K, Lindh C, Bryngelsson IL, Larsson M, Hagberg J. Exposure to phthalates and DiNCH among preschool children in Sweden: Urinary metabolite concentrations and predictors of exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 250:114161. [PMID: 36990000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Several plasticizing chemicals induce endocrine disrupting effects in humans, and the indoor environment is suggested to be a source of exposure. As children are particularly vulnerable to the effects from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), it is essential to monitor exposure to EDCs such as phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in indoor environments intended for use by children. The aim of this study was to assess everyday plasticizer exposure among preschool-aged children in Sweden by measuring urinary plasticizer metabolite concentrations. In addition, it was investigated whether the concentrations would be altered as a result of the children spending part of the day at preschool, in comparison with weekend exposure, when they may spend more time in home environments or engage in various weekend and leisure activities. For this purpose, fourteen metabolites from eight phthalates (di-ethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP; di-n-butyl phthalate, DnBP; di-isobutyl phthalate, DiBP; butyl-benzyl phthalate, BBzP; di-iso-nonyl phthalate, DiNP; di-propylheptyl phthalate, DPHP; di-iso-decyl phthalate, DiDP; and di-ethyl phthalate, DEP) and one non-phthalate plasticizer (di-isononyl cyclohexane 1,2-dicarboxylate, DiNCH) were measured in 206 urine samples collected at four occasions, i.e. twice during the winter and twice during the spring from 54 children (mean 5.1 years, SD 0.94) enrolled at eight preschools in Sweden. A detection frequency (DF) of 99.9% for the 14 metabolites indicates a widespread exposure to plasticizers among children in Sweden. Compared to previous Swedish and international studies performed during approximately the same time period, high urinary concentrations of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), a metabolite from the strictly regulated BBzP, were measured in this study (median 17 ng/mL). Overall, high urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were observed in this study compared to the US CDC-NHANES from the same time period and similar age-group. Compared to European studies, however, similar concentrations were observed for most metabolites and the urinary concentrations from few participating children exceeded the human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GV) for children. After days with preschool attendance, lower urinary concentrations of metabolites originating from DEP and phthalates that are strictly regulated within the EU REACH legislation (DEHP, DnBP, and DiBP) and higher concentrations of metabolites originating from DiNP, DPHP, and DiDP, i.e. less or non-regulated phthalates were found compared the urinary concentrations of these metabolites in weekends. This may indicate that factors in the indoor environment itself are important for the extent of the plasticizer exposure. All the analyzed metabolites were measured in lower concentrations in urine collected from children attending preschools built or renovated after the year 2000, while no seasonal differences were observed in this study.
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7
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Yu J, Huang G, Gong Q, Zhang K, Abdelhafez HEDH, Du Y, Guo J. MicroRNA-375 Mediated Regulation on Pre-mRNA Processing Factor 3 in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate at Low Concentrations. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:32-42. [PMID: 36538765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that induces epigenetic alterations, apoptosis, and oxidative stress after biological exposure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs with many regulatory functions and play a role in organisms exposed to environmental chemicals. miRNA-mRNA prediction indicated that pre-mRNA processing factor 3 (PRPF3) is a likely target mRNA for miR-375 whose expression is altered by DEHP exposure. However, the interrelation between miR-375 and PRPF3 has not yet been confirmed experimentally. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DEHP on miR-375 and PRPF3 in zebrafish. The expression of miR-375 was downregulated, whereas PRPF3 was upregulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels upon stimulation with DEHP. The interaction between miR-375 and the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of PRPF3 was confirmed by a dual fluorescent protein assay and a dual luciferase reporter gene assay. The expression of PRPF3 at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels was reduced in ZF4 cells when transfected with a miR-375 mimic but increased when transfected with a miR-375 inhibitor. The results improved our understanding of molecular mechanisms of toxicity upon DEHP exposure and presented miR-375 as a potential novel toxicological biomarker for chemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Ge Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qi Gong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Hossam El Din H Abdelhafez
- Mammalian and Aquatic Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza 11435, Egypt
| | - Yuting Du
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jiangfeng Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
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8
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Mohanto NC, Ito Y, Kato S, Ebara T, Kaneko K, Tsuchiyama T, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Saitoh S, Kamijima M. Quantitative Measurement of Phthalate Exposure Biomarker Levels in Diaper-Extracted Urine of Japanese Toddlers and Cumulative Risk Assessment: An Adjunct Study of JECS Birth Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:395-404. [PMID: 36508278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure monitoring and risk assessment in non-toilet-trained children are rarely reported. This adjunct study of the Japan Environment and Children's Study assessed cumulative health risks in 1.5-year-old toddlers in the Aichi regional subcohort by biomonitoring 16 urinary metabolites of eight phthalate plasticizers. Overnight urine was extracted from toddlers' diapers (n = 1077), and metabolites were quantified using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The analyses' quality was assured by running quality control samples. The highest geometric mean concentration was found for mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, followed by mono-isobutyl phthalate (23 and 21 μg/L, respectively). Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-butyl phthalate exhibited higher risks [hazard quotient (HQ) > 1] than the cutoff level in a small proportion of toddlers; 8 and 14% of toddlers were at cumulative risk of multiple phthalates beyond the cutoff level [hazard index, (HI) > 1], based on the tolerable daily intake of the European Food Safety Authority and the United States Environmental Protection Agency Reference Dose. HI > 1 for antiandrogenicity in creatinine-unadjusted and -adjusted estimations were exhibited by 36 and 23% of the children, respectively. Thus, identifying exposure sources and mitigating exposure are necessary for risk management. Additionally, continuous exposure assessment and evaluation of health outcomes, especially antiandrogenic effects, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan C Mohanto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ebara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Kayo Kaneko
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsuchiyama
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Mayumi Sugiura-Ogasawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya467-8601, Japan
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9
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Besis A, Avgenikou A, Pantelaki I, Serafeim E, Georgiadou E, Voutsa D, Samara C. Hazardous organic pollutants in indoor dust from elementary schools and kindergartens in Greece: Implications for children's health. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136750. [PMID: 36241110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Children spend a significant portion of their day in school, where they may be exposed to hazardous organic compounds accumulated in indoor dust. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of major hazardous organic contaminants in dust collected from kindergartens and elementary schools in Northern Greece (n = 20). The sum concentrations of 20 targeted polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (∑20PBDEs) in dust varied from 58 ng g-1 to 1480 ng g-1, while the sum of 4 novel brominated fire retardants (∑4NBFRs) ranged from 28 ng g-1 to 555 ng g-1. Correspondingly, the sum concentrations of phthalate esters (∑9PAEs) ranged between 265 μg g-1 and 2120 μg g-1, while the sum of organophosphate esters (∑11OPEs) was found between 2890 ng g-1 and 16,100 ng g-1. Finally, the sum concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑16PAHs) were found within in the range 212 ng g-1 and 6960 ng g-1. Exposure to indoor dust contaminant via inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption was investigated for children and adults (teachers). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were also estimated. Children's estimated intakes of individual hazardous chemicals via the three exposure routes, were lower than the available health-based reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Anna Avgenikou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Serafeim
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Georgiadou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Strømmen K, Lyche JL, Moltu SJ, Müller MHB, Blakstad EW, Brække K, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Nakstad B, Rønnestad AE, Drevon CA, Iversen PO. Estimated daily intake of phthalates, parabens, and bisphenol A in hospitalised very low birth weight infants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136687. [PMID: 36206919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Very low birth weight infants (VLBW, birth weight (BW) < 1500 g) are exposed to phthalates, parabens and bisphenol A (BPA) early in life. We estimated daily intake (EDI) of these excipients in 40 VLBW infants the first and fifth week of life while hospitalised. Based on urinary samples collected in 2010, EDI was calculated and compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) with hazard quotients (HQs) evaluated. A HQ > 1 indicates that EDI exceeded TDI with increased risk of adverse health effects. EDI was higher in VLBW infants compared to term-born infants and older children. VLBW infants born at earlier gestational age (GA), or with lower BW, had higher EDI than infants born at later GA or with higher BW. First week median EDI for BPA was higher than TDI in 100% of infants, in 75% for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), 90% for the sum of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), DEHP and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) = ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, and in 50% of infants for propylparaben (PrPa), indicating increased risk of adverse effects. Fifth week EDI remained higher than TDI in all infants for BPA, in 75% for DEHP and ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, and 25% of infants for PrPa, indicating prolonged risk. Maximum EDI for di-iso-butyl phthalate was higher than TDI suggesting risk of adverse effects at maximum exposure. VLBW infants born earlier than 28 weeks GA had higher EDI, above TDI, for PrPa compared to infants born later than 28 weeks GA. Infants with late-onset septicaemia (LOS) had higher EDI for DEHP, ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP and BPA, above TDI, compared to infants without LOS. More 75% of the infants' EDI for DEHP and ∑BBzP+DnBP+DEHP+DiNP, 25% for PrPa, and 100% of infants' EDI for BPA, were above TDI resulting in HQs > 1, indicating increased risk of adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Strømmen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jennifer Moltu
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Ullevål, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Mette H B Müller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Wahl Blakstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and Institute for Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Kristin Brække
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Ullevål, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | | | | | - Britt Nakstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and Institute for Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Nordbyhagen, Norway; Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Erlend Rønnestad
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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11
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Cao Y, Lin H, Wang Q, Li J, Liu M, Zhang K, Xu S, Huang G, Ruan Y, Wu J, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Significant riverine inputs of typical plastic additives-phthalate esters from the Pearl River Delta to the northern South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157744. [PMID: 35926595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are representative additives used extensively in plastics. In this study, 15 PAEs were investigated at the eight riverine outlets of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The total concentrations of Σ15PAEs, including both the dissolved and particulate phases, ranged from 562 to 1460 ng/L and 679 ng/L-2830 ng/L in the surface and bottom layers, respectively. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) dominated in the dissolved and suspended particulate matter (SPM) phases, respectively, accounting for >50 % and > 80 % of Σ15PAEs. Riverine input of wastewater from the PRD was possibly the primary source of the contamination. Higher levels of PAEs occurred at the eastern outlets than at the western ones. The dissolved and particulate PAEs varied seasonally, with significantly higher concentrations observed in the dry season than in the wet season. However, no significant differences of PAE levels in both phases were observed among low, medium, and high tides. The partitioning results demonstrated that SPM is important in the transportation of pollutants in estuaries, where more hydrophobic DEHP was predominantly transported by the SPM phase, while those more hydrophilic ones were regularly transported by the dissolved phase. The total annual flux of Σ15PAEs through the eight outlets to the SCS reached 1390 tons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; Department of Transportation and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, the City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Guangling Huang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, the City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, the City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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12
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Hua L, Guo S, Xu J, Yang X, Zhu H, Yao Y, Zhu L, Li Y, Zhang J, Sun H, Zhao H. Phthalates in dormitory dust and human urine: A study of exposure characteristics and risk assessments of university students. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157251. [PMID: 35817099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate diesters (PAEs) are prevalent and potentially toxic to human health. The university dormitory represents a typical and relatively uniform indoor environment. This study evaluated the concentrations of phthalate monoesters (mPAEs) in urine samples from 101 residents of university status, and the concentrations of PAEs in dust collected from 36 corresponding dormitories. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP, median: 68.0 μg/g) was the major PAE in dust, and mono-ethyl phthalate (47.9 %) was the most abundant mPAE in urine. The levels of both PAEs in dormitory dust and mPAEs in urine were higher in females than in males, indicating higher PAE exposure in females. Differences in lifestyles (dormitory time and plastic product use frequency) may also affect human exposure to PAEs. Moreover, there were significant positive correlations between the estimated daily intakes of PAEs calculated by using concentrations of PAEs in dust (EDID) and mPAEs in urine (EDIU), suggesting that PAEs in dust could be a significant source of human exposure to PAEs. The value of EDID/EDIU for low molecular weight PAEs (3-6 carbon atoms in their backbone) was lower than that of high molecular weight PAEs. The contribution rate of various pathways to PAE exposure illustrated that non-dietary ingestion (87.8 %) was the major pathway of human exposure to PAEs in dust. Approximately 4.95 % of university students' hazard quotients of DEHP were >1, indicating that there may be some health risks associated with DEHP exposure among PAEs. Furthermore, it is recommended that some measures be taken to reduce the production and application of DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sai Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiaping Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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13
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Zhao Y, Sun Y, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Hou J, Zhang Q, Ataei Y. Phthalate Metabolites in Urine of Chinese Children and Their Association with Asthma and Allergic Symptoms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14083. [PMID: 36360961 PMCID: PMC9654528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous 'modern' chemical compounds with potential negative impacts on children's health. A nested case-control study was designed to investigate associations of phthalate exposure with children's asthma and allergic symptoms. We collected 243 first morning urine samples from 4-8-year-old children in Tianjin, China. Eight metabolites (i.e., mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxylpentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)) of five phthalates were analyzed using HPLC-MS. MiBP, MnBP and MECPP were the dominant phthalate metabolites in urine of children in Tianjin with median concentrations of 31.6 μg/L, 26.24 μg/L and 46.12 μg/L, respectively. We found significantly positive associations of diagnosed asthma with MnBP (adjusted odds ratios (AOR): 1.96; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.07-3.61), MEHHP (AOR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.08-3.71) and MEOHP (AOR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.06-4.10). Our study indicates that phthalate exposure in childhood, especially to di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), may be a risk factor for children's asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Changqi Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qinghao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yeganeh Ataei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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14
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Fan Y, Xu Q, Qian H, Tao C, Wan T, Li Z, Yan W, Niu R, Huang Y, Chen M, Xu Q, Martin EM, Wang X, Qin Y, Lu C. High-fat diet aggravates prenatal low-dose DEHP exposure induced spermatogenesis disorder: Characterization of testicular metabolic patterns in mouse offspring. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134296. [PMID: 35301995 PMCID: PMC9533191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer and has been identified as a male prenatal reproductive toxicant. A high fat diet (HFD) has also been suggested as another potential disruptor of male reproductive function. Despite this potential synergism between DEHP exposure and HFD, little is known about the concomitant effects of prenatal DEHP and a subsequent HFD exposure on male offspring reproductive injury. Here we established a mouse model of prenatal exposure to DEHP (0.2 mg/kg/day) to assess the testicular development and spermatogenesis in offspring subjected to obesogenic diet during the pubertal period. Gross phenotype, hormone profiles and the testicular metabolome were analyzed to determine the underlying mechanism. We found that prenatal exposure to low-dose DEHP resulted in decreased sperm density, decreased testosterone (T) levels, increased luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and testicular germ cell apoptosis. Furthermore, these injury phenotypes were aggravated by pubertal HFD treatment. Testicular riboflavin and biotin metabolites were enriched implying their roles in contributing HFD to exacerbate offspring spermatogenesis disorders due to prenatal low-dose DEHP exposure. Our findings suggest that pubertal HFD exacerbates reproductive dysfunction associated with prenatal exposure to low-dose DEHP in male adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Microbes and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chengzhe Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Tingya Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wenkai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Rui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuna Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qiujin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Elizabeth M Martin
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 111 TW Alexander Drive, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yufeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Microbes and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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15
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Yoon H, Kim TH, Lee BC, Lee B, Kim P, Shin BS, Choi J. Comparison of the exposure assessment of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate between the PBPK model-based reverse dosimetry and scenario-based analysis: A Korean general population study. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133549. [PMID: 35066077 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), classified as a reproductive toxicant, is a ubiquitous pollutant in foodstuffs, dust, and commercial products. In this study, to provide a useful cross-check on the accuracy of the exposure assessment, the estimated daily intake of DEHP was compared using reverse dosimetry with a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and a scenario-based probabilistic estimation model for six subpopulations in Korea. For reverse dosimetry analysis, the concentrations of urinary DEHP metabolites, namely mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP), from three human biomonitoring program datasets were used. For the scenario-based model, we evaluated the various exposure sources of DEHP, including diet, air, indoor dust, soil, and personal care products (PCPs), and also determined its levels based on the literature review and measurements of indoor dust. The DEHP exposure doses using both exposure assessment approaches were similar in all cases, except for the 95th percentile exposure doses in toddlers (1-2 years) and young children (3-6 years). The PBPK-reverse dosimetry estimated daily intakes at the 95th percentile ranged between 22.53 and 29.90 μg/kg/day for toddlers and young children. These exceeded the reference dose (RfD) of 20 μg/kg bw/day of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) based on the increased relative liver weight. Although, food was considered the primary source of DEHP, contributing to a total exposure of 50.8-75.1%, the effect of exposure to indoor dust should not be overlooked. The occurrence of high levels of DEHP in indoor dust collected from Korean homes suggests the use of a wide variety of consumer products containing DEHP. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to the high exposure levels of DEHP, especially in young children. Therefore, it is necessary to perform continuous monitoring of the indoor dust, consumer products, and the body burden of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Yoon
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea; School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheun Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongwoo Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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16
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A Correlational Analysis of Phthalate Exposure and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay, Florida (2010–2019). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070824. [PMID: 35405813 PMCID: PMC8996861 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Phthalate exposure is prevalent in common bottlenose dolphins sampled from Sarasota Bay, Florida. With evidence of potential adverse effects as identified in human and laboratory studies, there is a concern for bottlenose dolphin health. This study investigated potential correlations between serum hormone levels and urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations to begin to understand whether health effects would be expected in dolphins. We observed a positive relationship between free thyroxine and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) for both adult female and male dolphins, suggesting potential associations with normal thyroid production. Abstract Phthalates are chemical esters used to enhance desirable properties of plastics, personal care, and cleaning products. Phthalates have shown ubiquitous environmental contamination due to their abundant use and propensity to leach from products to which they are added. Following exposure, phthalates are rapidly metabolized and excreted through urine. Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled from Sarasota Bay, Florida, have demonstrated prevalent di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure indicated by detectable urinary mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) concentrations. Widespread exposure is concerning due to evidence of endocrine disruption from human and laboratory studies. To better understand how phthalate exposure may impact dolphin health, correlations between relevant hormone levels and detectable urinary MEHP concentrations were examined. Hormone concentrations measured via blood serum samples included triiodothyronine (T3), total thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (FT4). Urinary MEHP concentrations were detected in 56% of sampled individuals (n = 50; mean = 8.13 ng/mL; s.d. = 15.99 ng/mL). Adult female and male FT4 was significantly correlated with urinary MEHP concentrations (adult female Kendall’s tau = 0.36, p = 0.04; adult male Kendall’s tau = 0.42, p = 0.02). Evidence from this study suggests DEHP exposure may be impacting thyroid hormone homeostasis. Cumulative effects of other stressors and resultant endocrine impacts are unknown. Further research is warranted to understand potential health implications associated with this relationship.
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17
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Plichta V, Völkel W, Fembacher L, Wöckner M, Nowak D, Fromme H. The oral bioavailability of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) and di-(isononyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH®) in house dust. Toxicol Lett 2022; 355:82-87. [PMID: 34801639 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates and other plasticizers are detected in high amounts in the indoor environment and therefore house dust can be an exposure source. Especially children have a relatively high unintended uptake of house dust, thus a higher exposure to plasticizers compared to adults may be possible. As accurate as possible exposure assessment data of the oral bioavailability of these compounds are necessary, however only one in vivo study with piglets is available so far. The aim of this study was to examine the oral bioavailability of phthalates and DINCH® in humans, which occur in typical house dust samples. We focused on the high molecular weight phthalates DEHP and DINP and their substitute DINCH®. Eleven volunteers ingested 6 g of house dust sieved to 2 mm. The urine was collected over a period of 36 h. The excreted plasticizers metabolites were quantified by an LC-MS/MS method. The mean recovery of urine metabolites was 51 % ± 20 % for DEHP, 26 % ± 13 % for DINP and 19 % ± 6% for DINCH® based on the parent compounds administered as dust samples. The metabolites of DEHP, DINP and DINCH® reached their maximum concentration after 2-19 hours post dose in urine. The bioavailability of DEHP was in agreement among the different dust samples. For DEHP, we were able to confirm previous findings from the oral bioavailability study with piglets and we could not observe a significant difference between the dust particle size (65 μm vs 2 mm) and the bioavailability. Considering the observed bioavailability, an estimated dust intake of 50 mg/d for toddlers can substantially contribute to the total plasticizer exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Plichta
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - W Völkel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany.
| | - L Fembacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - M Wöckner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - D Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, D-80336, Munich, Germany
| | - H Fromme
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, D-80336, Munich, Germany
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18
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Abdi S, Sobhanardakani S, Lorestani B, Cheraghi M, Panahi HA. Analysis and health risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in indoor dust of preschool and elementary school centers in city of Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61151-61162. [PMID: 34173141 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Individuals spend a lot of time indoors; thus they are generally exposed to phthalates used in consumer products. Therefore, those exposed to phthalates as indoor contaminants are at high risks. The present study was conducted to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazard of phthalate esters (PAEs), like dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di(nbutyl) phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the dust obtained from 21 schools in Tehran, in 2019. A total of 63 indoor dust specimens were obtained by a vacuum cleaner. After transferring dust samples to the laboratory, 100 mg of each sample was centrifuged and mixed with 20 ml acetone and kept through a night and ultrasonicated within 30 min. Eventually, PAEs' contents were measured via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on the findings, median concentrations of DMP, DEP, DnBP, BBP, DEHP, and DnOP were 0.90, 0.10, 6.0, 0.20, 118.30, and 4.10 mg kg-1 respectively. Moreover, the overall average daily exposure doses (ADD) of phthalate esters via dust ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation were 1.56E-03, 1.70E-06, and 1.56E-07 mg kg-1 day-1, respectively, and the lifetime average daily exposure doses (LADD) were 1.83E-04, 2.34E-08, and 2.46E-08 mg kg-1 day-1, respectively; thus ingestion of dust particles was found to be the main pathway of exposure to phthalate for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Although based on the results, the studied samples were below the US Environmental Protection Agency threshold of 1.00E-06, due to the disadvantages of phthalates in human safety, these kinds of investigations are helpful in understanding the main ways of exposure to PAEs and providing a science-based framework for the future attempts for mitigating the PAEs indoor emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Abdi
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Soheil Sobhanardakani
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Lorestani
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Cheraghi
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Homayon Ahmad Panahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Bu Z, Hu M, Yuan F, Xu Y, Dong C, Zhang N, Mmereki D, Cao J, Zheng Y. Phthalates in Chinese vehicular environments: Source emissions, concentrations, and human exposure. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:2118-2129. [PMID: 34288145 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are typical air pollutants in vehicular environment since numerous synthetic materials that might contain phthalates are widely used to fabricate vehicle interiors (e.g., seat cushions, floor mats and dashboards). Hitherto, the importance of phthalate pollution in vehicular environment is not well-recognized because people spend only a small portion (around 8%) of their time in vehicles. In this study, the mass fractions of six phthalates in nine materials commonly used in Chinese vehicles (floor mats and seat cushions) were measured. Two phthalates, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), were identified in most materials (the other phthalates were not detected). The emission characteristics of DnBP and DEHP from these materials were further investigated. The measured emission parameters were used as input for a mass-transfer model to estimate DnBP and DEHP concentrations in cabin air. Finally, the ratios between human exposures (via inhalation and dermal absorption from the gas phase) in vehicular environment and the total exposures in typical indoor environments (e.g., residences and offices) were estimated to be up to 110% and 20% for DnBP and DEHP, respectively. Based on these results, the vehicular environment might be a considerable site for human exposure to airborne phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maochao Hu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangzhou Yuan
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yousheng Xu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Dong
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Mmereki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youqu Zheng
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China
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20
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Preece AS, Shu H, Knutz M, Krais AM, Bekö G, Bornehag CG. Indoor phthalate exposure and contributions to total intake among pregnant women in the SELMA study. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1495-1508. [PMID: 33751666 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in consumer products. Exposure to phthalates can lead to adverse health effects in humans, with early-life exposure being of particular concern. Phthalate exposure occurs mainly through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. However, our understanding of the relative importance of different exposure routes is incomplete. This study estimated the intake of five phthalates from the residential indoor environment for 455 Swedish pregnant women in the SELMA study using phthalate mass fraction in indoor dust and compares these to total daily phthalate intakes back-calculated from phthalate metabolite concentrations in the women's urine. Steady-state models were used to estimate indoor air phthalate concentrations from dust measurements. Intakes from residential dust and air made meaningful contributions to total daily intakes of more volatile di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP) (11% of total DEP intake and 28% of total DnBP and DiBP intake combined). Dermal absorption from air was the dominant pathway contributing to the indoor environmental exposure. Residential exposure to less volatile phthalates made minor contributions to total intake. These results suggest that reducing the presence of low molecular weight phthalates in the residential indoor environment can meaningfully reduce phthalate intake among pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sofia Preece
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Huan Shu
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Malin Knutz
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
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21
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Langer S, de Wit CA, Giovanoulis G, Fäldt J, Karlson L. The effect of reduction measures on concentrations of hazardous semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and dust of Swedish preschools. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1673-1682. [PMID: 33876839 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Young children spend a substantial part of their waking time in preschools. It is therefore important to reduce the load of hazardous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the preschools' indoor environment. The presence and levels of five SVOC groups were evaluated (1) in a newly built preschool, (2) before and after renovation of a preschool, and (3) in a preschool where SVOC-containing articles were removed. The new building and the renovation were performed using construction materials that were approved with respect to content of restricted chemicals. SVOC substance groups were measured in indoor air and settled dust and included phthalates and alternative plasticizers, organophosphate esters (OPEs), brominated flame retardants, and bisphenols. The most abundant substance groups in both indoor air and dust were phthalates and alternative plasticizers and OPEs. SVOC concentrations were lower or of the same order of magnitude as those reported in comparable studies. The relative Cumulative Hazard Quotient (HQcum ) was used to assess the effects of the different reduction measures on children's SVOC exposure from indoor air and dust in the preschools. HQcum values were low (1.0-6.1%) in all three preschools and decreased further after renovation and article substitution. The SVOCs concentrations decreased significantly more in the preschool renovated with the approved building materials than in the preschool where the SVOC-containing articles were removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jenny Fäldt
- City of Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, Environmental Analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linnéa Karlson
- City of Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, Environmental Analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Zhang J, Sun C, Lu R, Zou Z, Liu W, Huang C. Associations between phthalic acid esters in household dust and childhood asthma in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111760. [PMID: 34324846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have a negative impact on human health and are widely distributed in China. As part of the China, Children, Home, Health (CCHH) study, we investigated the associations between childhood asthmatic symptoms and PAEs in settled house dust in Shanghai, China. We found that di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) were abundant in the indoor environment. A total of 27 % of children suffered from diagnosed asthma. The Mann-Whitney U test and multiple logistic regression were used to obtain the associations between PAEs and childhood asthmatic symptoms. Stratification analysis was performed to reveal the influence of gender on the associations between PAE exposure and target symptoms. Compared with low concentrations of PAEs, high concentrations of high molecular weight PAEs (HMW-PAEs) were significantly associated with childhood diagnosed asthma (adjusted odds ratios (AORs) > 1, P < 0.05). Moreover, significantly negative associations were found between high concentrations of DiBP and current cough (AORs<1, P < 0.05). All significantly positive associations were observed among girls, and most of the associations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) exposure with the studied symptoms among girls were higher than those among boys. Exposure to PAEs may be a risk factor for asthmatic symptoms in children, especially in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rongchun Lu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
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23
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Huang C, Zhang YJ, Liu LY, Wang F, Guo Y. Exposure to phthalates and correlations with phthalates in dust and air in South China homes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146806. [PMID: 33836381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We spend more than half of our daily time in indoor environments, and the contributions of phthalates present in it to total exposure are important. Here, we determined phthalate concentrations in paired indoor settled dust/air and their metabolites in human urine from 100 general families in south China to explore such kind of effect. The total concentrations of phthalates/metabolites were 48.7-2850 μg/g, 279-5080 ng/m3 and 10.7-2840 ng/mL in the indoor dust, air and urine samples, respectively. Among all targets, di-n-butyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and their metabolites were the predominant compounds. The daily intakes (DIs) of phthalates via dust or air decreased with age, except for infant, and the values of dust ingestion, air inhalation and air dermal uptake were 2720 ± 2460, 1300 ± 973 and 3590 ± 2890 ng/kg/day for toddlers and 236 ± 194, 360 ± 179 and 1120 ± 586 ng/kg/day for adults, respectively. The ratios of DIs from air to dust were greater than 1.0 for people in all age groups, and the ratio was the highest for adults. Furthermore, the contributions of phthalates from indoor dust and air to total DIs from all sources (estimated from urinary phthalate metabolites) were 0.60%-5.23% and 2.65%-12.2% for different ages, respectively. Our results indicated that indoor air was a quite important source for human exposure to phthalates in indoor environment in south China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, School of Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, School of Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, School of Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, School of Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, School of Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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24
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Qu M, Wang L, Liu F, Zhao Y, Shi X, Li S. Characteristics of dust-phase phthalates in dormitory, classroom, and home and non-dietary exposure in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38159-38172. [PMID: 33725303 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phthalate concentrations in dust from undergraduate dormitories, classrooms, and homes in Beijing, China, were measured in April 2017. We analyzed the characteristics of phthalates in dust from three environments. In addition, we estimated the daily intake of phthalates via three pathways using Monte Carlo simulations. The detection frequency of eight phthalates in dust ranges from 74.5 to 100%. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) are the most abundant phthalates. The median proportion of DEHP in dust is the highest, ranging from 67.1 to 72.9%. The PMF results indicated that two, four, and three types of phthalate sources exist in home, dormitory, and classroom, respectively. The differences in the phthalate concentrations between sunny and shaded rooms and urban and suburban classrooms are insignificant, whereas that between male and female dormitories is significant. The total daily intake of DEHP, DnBP, and DiBP ranges from 97.3 to 336 ng/ (kg·day). The oral intake for DEHP in classrooms and the dermal intake of DnBP and DiBP in homes are the highest. The carcinogenic risk of DEHP to university students is the highest in classrooms and the total carcinogenic risk of the three environments is 4.70 × 10-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meinan Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiangzhao Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
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25
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Pang X, Skillen N, Gunaratne N, Rooney DW, Robertson PKJ. Removal of phthalates from aqueous solution by semiconductor photocatalysis: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123461. [PMID: 32688192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While phthalate esters are commonly used as plasticizers to improve the flexibility and workability of polymeric materials, their presence and detection in various environments has become a significant concern. Phthalate esters are known to have endocrine-disrupting effects, which affects reproductive health and physical development. As a result, there is now increased focus and urgency to develop effective and energy efficient technologies capable of removing these harmful compounds from the environment. This review explores the use of semiconductor photocatalysis as an efficient and promising solution towards achieving removal and degradation of phthalate esters. A comprehensive review of photocatalysts reported in the literature demonstrates the range of materials including commercial TiO2, solar activated catalysts and composite materials capable of enhancing adsorption and degradation. The degradation pathways and kinetics are also considered to provide the reader with an insight into the photocatalytic mechanism of removal. In addition, through the use of two key platforms (the technology readiness level scale and electrical energy per order), the crucial parameters associated with advancing photocatalysis for phthalate ester removal are discussed. These include enhanced surface interaction, catalyst platform development, improved light delivery systems and overall system energy requirements with a view towards pilot scale and industrial deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Nathan Skillen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Nimal Gunaratne
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - David W Rooney
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Peter K J Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
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26
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Wei W, Dassonville C, Sivanantham S, Gregoire A, Mercier F, Le Bot B, Malingre L, Ramalho O, Derbez M, Mandin C. Semivolatile organic compounds in French schools: Partitioning between the gas phase, airborne particles and settled dust. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:156-169. [PMID: 33439520 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The indoor environmental quality in classrooms can largely affect children's daily exposure to indoor chemicals in schools. To date, there has not been a comprehensive study of the concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in French schools. Therefore, the French Observatory for Indoor Air Quality (OQAI) performed a field study of SVOCs in 308 nurseries and elementary schools between June 2013 and June 2017. The concentrations of 52 SVOCs, including phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), synthetic musks, and pesticides, were measured in air and settled dust (40 SVOCs in both air and dust, 12 in either air or dust). The results showed that phthalates had the highest concentrations among the SVOCs in both the air and dust. Other SVOCs, including tributyl phosphate, fluorene, phenanthrene, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH, lindane), galaxolide, and tonalide, also showed high concentrations in both the air and dust. Theoretical equations were developed to estimate the SVOC partitioning between the air and settled dust from either the octanol/air partition coefficient or the boiling point of the SVOCs. The regression constants of the equations were determined using the data set of the present study for phthalates and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Claire Dassonville
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Sutharsini Sivanantham
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Anthony Gregoire
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Laeticia Malingre
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Mickaël Derbez
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
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27
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García-Fabila MM, Chávez AA, Meza JCS, Montes LPB, García AR. Phthalates in the diet of Mexican children of school age. Risk analysis. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1487-1494. [PMID: 33204649 PMCID: PMC7652773 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers, additives, or solvents. Its extensive use has generated environmental and food contamination, which implies continuous population exposure. The aim of this work was to determine the probability of health risk of Mexican children exposed to phthalates through the consumption of contaminated food. A survey was applied to 384 Mexican school-age children (between 6 and 12 years old), to find out the type of food they eat most frequently, based on this, a research was made to know the concentration of phthalates contained in these foods. The daily intake had been calculated with the concentration of phthalates reported in food, obtaining: DEHP (19.50 μg/kg body weight/day), DnBP (5.52 μg/kg body weight/day) y for DEP (1.12 μg/kg body weight/day). The hazard index (HI) for DEP y DEHP was 0.49 to 42.5 for internal organs damage reported. HI for reproductive health damage due to exposure to DnBT and DEHP was of 0.04 to 5.58, so that there is a high probability that children's health is at risk. Therefore, it is necessary to a quantitative analysis of phthalates in food consumed in Latin American countries and establish the TDI of phthalates especially, to DEHP, which was obtained the higher HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Magdalena García-Fabila
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan SN., Colonia Ocho Cedros, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - Araceli Amaya Chávez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan SN., Colonia Ocho Cedros, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
- Corresponding author.
| | - Juan Carlos Sánchez Meza
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan SN., Colonia Ocho Cedros, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - Lilia Patricia Bustamante Montes
- Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Montevideo esquina Avenida Acueducto, Guadalajara, Jalisco, CP 44670, Mexico
| | - Alicia Reyes García
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan SN., Colonia Ocho Cedros, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
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28
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Hammel SC, Hoffman K, Phillips AL, Levasseur JL, Lorenzo AM, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Comparing the Use of Silicone Wristbands, Hand Wipes, And Dust to Evaluate Children's Exposure to Flame Retardants and Plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4484-4494. [PMID: 32122123 PMCID: PMC7430043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are applied as additive flame retardants, and along with phthalates, are also used as plasticizers in consumer products. As such, human exposure is common and chronic. Deployed as personal passive samplers, silicone wristbands have been shown to detect over a thousand industrial and consumer product chemicals; however, few studies have evaluated chemical concentrations with their corresponding biomarkers of exposure, especially in children. Further, little is known about how well the wristbands predict individual exposure compared to existing validated external exposure tools such as indoor air, dust, and hand wipes. Here, we analyzed wristbands worn by children (ages 3-6) for 18 OPEs and 10 phthalates and compared them to corresponding urinary biomarkers. In wristbands, 13 of 18 OPEs and all phthalates were detected in >80% of wristbands, and 6 OPEs and 4 phthalates were significantly associated with corresponding urinary metabolites (rs = 0.2-0.6, p < 0.05). When compared to paired hand wipes and house dust, wristbands were found to have similar or greater correlation coefficients with respective urinary biomarkers. These results suggest that wristbands can serve as effective and quantitative assessment tools for evaluating personal exposure to some OPEs and phthalates, and for certain chemicals, may provide a better exposure estimate than indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Hammel
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham,
North Carolina, United States
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham,
North Carolina, United States
- Children’s Health & Discovery Initiative, Duke
School of Medicine, North Carolina, United States
| | - Allison L. Phillips
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham,
North Carolina, United States
| | - Jessica L. Levasseur
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham,
North Carolina, United States
| | - Amelia M. Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham,
North Carolina, United States
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston
University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham,
North Carolina, United States
- Children’s Health & Discovery Initiative, Duke
School of Medicine, North Carolina, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone:
919-613-8717; Fax: 919-684-8741;
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29
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Lee G, Kim S, Kho Y, Kim S, Lee S, Choi G, Park J, Worakhunpiset S, Moon HB, Okanurak K, Geounuppakul M, Tangtitawong J, Wetsutthanon K, Trisurat D, Choi K. Urinary levels of phthalates and DINCH metabolites in Korean and Thai pregnant women across three trimesters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134822. [PMID: 31818591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are anti-androgenic chemicals and may cause long-lasting adverse effects on growing fetuses. Understanding their exposure profile during pregnancy, therefore, is of public health importance. Because both behavioral and physiological changes of pregnant women are expected to be substantial, the amount of phthalate exposure is expected to vary significantly over the course of pregnancy. Temporal trend of phthalate exposure during pregnancy, however, is largely unknown, especially in Asian women. The purpose of this study is to investigate the urinary concentrations of metabolites for major phthalates and alternative plasticizers over the course of pregnancy among Korean (n = 81) and Thai women (n = 102). Twenty-four metabolites from 15 plasticizers, such as dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dioctyl phthalate (DnOP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), were measured in urine samples collected in each trimester from pregnant women. While the levels of several phthalate metabolites were significantly different by trimester among Korean women, those of Thai women were relatively consistent. Urinary metabolites of DEP and DnOP were higher in Thai pregnant women compared to Korean pregnant women. The detection frequencies of the DINCH metabolite were 67.4% and 44.9% among Korean and Thai pregnant women, respectively. However, the ratio of DINCH to DEHP metabolites was significantly higher in Thai women. According to risk assessment, 11.9% of Korean and 5.3% of Thai women were considered at risk due to phthalate exposure, and DEHP, DnBP and DiBP were identified as major risk drivers. Considering the vulnerability of growing fetuses, further studies are warranted to identify major sources of exposure to these plasticizers during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; CentralBio Co., Ltd., Gimpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyeong Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Cheongdam Yeon & Nature Obestetrics & Gynecology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwalee Worakhunpiset
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamolnetr Okanurak
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee GH, Kim JH, Kim S, Lee S, Lim DH. Effects of Indoor Air Purifiers on Children with Asthma. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:310-316. [PMID: 32233173 PMCID: PMC7105409 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.4.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of air purifiers on the concentrations of indoor air pollutants and on asthma control in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized crossover trial, daily use of an air purifier filter was compared with a matched placebo with the filter off. Thirty elementary school students who had asthma were enrolled and randomly allocated to one of two groups. The primary endpoints were changes in indoor air quality, asthma severity, lung function, airway inflammatory, urine microbiome, and phthalate after the installation of air purifiers. PM2.5 and CO₂ were measured as indoor air pollutants. Asthma severity was assessed in terms of both symptom and medication scores acquired using a daily questionnaire. The higher the score, the better the symptom or the less frequent the use of medication. Peak expiratory flow rate and fractional exhaled nitric oxide were also measured. RESULTS The mean age of the enrolled patients was 9.2±1.98 years. The mean concentration of PM2.5 was 17.0 μg/m³ in the filter-off condition, but significantly lower at 9.26 μg/m³ in the filter-on condition. Medication scores were 6.9 for the filter-off and 7.12 for the filter-on conditions, reflecting a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of medications used during air purifier operation. Bacterial richness, as determined using the Chao 1 index, was markedly lower in the filter-on than the filter-off condition. CONCLUSION This study suggests that air purifiers benefit medication burden in children with asthma by reducing PM2.5 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Hee Lee
- Departmenet of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Departmenet of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
- Environmental Health Center for Allergic Disease, Inha University Hospital, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sungroul Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
- Integrated Research Center for Risk Assessment, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Sangwoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
- Integrated Research Center for Risk Assessment, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Lim
- Departmenet of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
- Environmental Health Center for Allergic Disease, Inha University Hospital, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Korea
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Podlecka D, Gromadzińska J, Mikołajewska K, Fijałkowska B, Stelmach I, Jerzynska J. Longitudinal effect of phthalates exposure on allergic diseases in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125:84-89. [PMID: 32244034 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental chemicals, such as phthalates, phenols, and parabens, may affect children's immune development and contribute to the risk of atopic diseases and asthma. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations between prenatal and childhood phthalate exposure and atopic diseases in children at the age of 9 years. METHODS This analysis is restricted to 145 mother-child pairs from the prospective Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study. Phthalate metabolite levels were assessed in the urine samples collected from mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy and from children at age of 2 and 9 years. For the appropriate recognition of children's health status, a questionnaire was administered to the mothers and completed with information from the medical record of each child. The clinical examination was performed by a pediatrician/allergist in the presence of the mother or a relative. RESULTS A higher urine concentration of mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate increased the risk of food allergy in children at the age of 9 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% CI, 1.19-2.57; P = .004) and decreased the risk of atopic dermatitis (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.27-0.87; P = .02). For mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate, an increased risk of atopic dermatitis was observed (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.18-3.05; P = .008). A higher urine concentration of mono-benzyl phthalate increased the risk of asthma in children (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.08-2.58; P = .02), but the risk of asthma decreased when the concentration of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate was higher (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 10.43-0.97; P = .04). CONCLUSION Our study has not provided clear evidence of the negative effect of phthalate exposure during pregnancy and within the 9 years after birth on allergic diseases in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Podlecka
- Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Gromadzińska
- Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Mikołajewska
- Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Fijałkowska
- Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Stelmach
- Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Jerzynska
- Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland.
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Feng YX, Feng NX, Zeng LJ, Chen X, Xiang L, Li YW, Cai QY, Mo CH. Occurrence and human health risks of phthalates in indoor air of laboratories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135609. [PMID: 31771853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are of serious concern as a human health risk due to their ubiquitous presence in indoor air. In the present study, fifteen PAEs in the indoor air samples from physical, chemical, and biological laboratories in Guangzhou, southern China were analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Extremely high levels of PAEs of up to 6.39 × 104 ng/m3 were detected in some laboratories. Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di(methoxyethyl) phthalate (DMEP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the dominant PAEs with median levels of 0.48 × 103, 0.44 × 103, and 0.39 × 103 ng/m3, respectively, followed by di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthlate (DEHP) (median levels: 0.16 × 103 and 0.13 × 103 ng/m3, respectively). DMEP and DPHP were found for the first time in indoor air. Principal component analysis indicated that profiles of PAEs varied greatly among laboratory types, suggesting notable variations in sources. The results of independent samples t-tests showed that levels of PAEs were significantly influenced by various environmental conditions. Both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks from human exposure to PAEs based on the daily exposure dose in laboratory air were acceptable. Further research should be conducted to investigate the long-term health effects of exposure to PAEs in laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Juan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Dong J, Ma Y, Leng K, Wei L, Wang Y, Su C, Liu M, Chen J. Associations of urinary di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites with the residential characteristics of pregnant women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135671. [PMID: 31780177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence on the associations between urinary di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites and residential characteristics is limited. Therefore, we investigated the associations of urinary DEHP metabolites with the residential characteristics of pregnant women. We collected completed questionnaires and maternal spot urine samples from 616 random pregnant women in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University in Shenyang. Urinary DEHP metabolites concentrations, including mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), were measured and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Multivariable linear regression models were performed to obtain regression estimates (β) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. In all participants, the geometric mean of MEHP and MEHHP concentrations were 4.25 ± 4.34 and 5.72 ± 2.65 μg/L, respectively. In multivariable analyses after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, distance from residence to motor vehicle traffic (≥150 m versus <20 m) was negatively associated with MEHP (β = -0.241, 95% CI: -0.448, -0.033) and MEHHP (β = -0.279, 95% CI: -0.418, -0.140) concentrations. Compared with the one that had not recently been renovated, a renovated home was associated with higher MEHP (β = 0.194, 95% CI: 0.064, 0.324) and MEHHP (β = 0.111, 95% CI: 0.024, 0.197) concentrations. Air freshener use was associated with higher MEHP (β = 0.322, 95% CI: 0.007, 0.636) concentrations. Moldy walls were positively associated with MEHP (β = 0.299, 95% CI: 0.115, 0.482) and MEHHP (β = 0.172, 95% CI: 0.050, 0.294) concentrations. In contrast, humidifier use was associated with a lower MEHP concentration (β = -0.167, 95% CI: -0.302, -0.032). Residential characteristics were probably associated with the DEHP exposure of pregnant women in Shenyang. Living near the motor vehicle traffic, residential renovation, air freshener use, and moldy walls are likely risk factors for increased DEHP exposure, whereas using household humidifier could be considered a protective measure to reduce DEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Kunkun Leng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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Cheon YP. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) and Uterine Histological Characteristics. Dev Reprod 2020; 24:1-17. [PMID: 32411914 PMCID: PMC7201063 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2020.24.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates have a long industrial history. It is suspected that phthalates and their metabolites have detrimental effects on reproduction and development. They are well-known for their anti-androgenic effects. Several studies have indicated that phthalates and their metabolites are reprotoxic in males and endocrine disruptors. Reproduction and embryogenesis occur in the uterus of female eutherian mammals. A horizontal analytical method is preferred to elucidate the toxic effects of phthalates on human reproduction. Nevertheless, there are vast numbers of known phthalates and not all of their modes of action have been clarified. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer and has been the subject of numerous toxicological studies. However, few of these have reported on the toxic effects of DEHP, its metabolites, other phthalates, or mixtures on female reproduction. Acute and high doses of DEHP adversely affect uterine histology. Recently, it was disclosed that chronic exposures to low doses of DEHP have endocrine disruption efficacy. DEHP induces various cellular responses including modulation of the expression and regulation of steroid hormone receptors and transcription and paracrine factors. Uteri do not respond uniformly to DEHP exposure. The phenotypic manifestations and effects on fertility in response to DEHP and its metabolites may vary with species, developmental stage, and generation. Hence, DEHP exposure may histological alter the uterus and induce endometriosis, endometriosis, hyperplasia, myoma, and developmental and reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Pil Cheon
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Dept. of
Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844,
Korea
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Başaran B, Soylu GN, Yılmaz Civan M. Concentration of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor dust in Kocaeli, Turkey: implications for human exposure and risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:1808-1824. [PMID: 31758479 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06815-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interest in phthalate esters (PAEs) has increased in recent years because elevated phthalate levels have been detected in environmental matrices and they have certain adverse effects on human health. Indoor dust from 90 homes and outdoor (street) dust from outside these homes were collected in Kocaeli province between February and April 2016 and analyzed for eight PAEs. The total indoor dust concentrations of eight PAEs (Σ8PAEs) ranged from 21.33 μg g-1 to 1802 μg g-1 (median, 387.67 μg g-1), significantly higher than outdoor dust concentrations (0.16-36.85 μg g-1 with median 4.84 μg g-1). Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the most dominant pollutant in both indoor and outdoor environments with a median value of 316.02 μg g-1 and 3.89 μg g-1, respectively, followed by di-n-butyl phthalate and butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP). DEHP was measured within the range of 198.54-816.92 μg g-1 and BBP within the range of 15.52-495.33 μg g-1 in homes with PVC coating, significantly higher than the levels in homes with parquet and tiled floor (p<0.05). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to probabilistically estimate exposure to PAEs and associated carcinogenic risk. The Σ5PAE median values of non-dietary ingestion and dermal absorption exposure were estimated as 1.57 μg kg day-1 and 0.007 μg kg day-1 for children and 0.09 μg kg day-1 and 0.04 μg kg day-1 for adults while inhalation route exposure to PAE in dust was at a negligible level for both groups. Children were more exposed to PAEs through ingestion route (92.74% to 99.54% of the total exposure) while adult exposure through ingestion routes (62-68.4%) and dermal absorption (29.74% and 31.87% of the total exposure) were comparable. The mean cancer risk level via non-dietary ingestion of DEHP for children was 2.33×10-6, about eight times higher than the levels for adults. The risk levels of about 16% of adults and 95% of children are greater than the threshold value of 10-6 when the population is exposed to DEHP in indoor dust. Looking from the viewpoint of child health, the most effective method to reduce exposure among the measured PAEs is to keep the release of DEHP under control, especially in indoor environment, and to take precautions to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilgehan Başaran
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gizem Nur Soylu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mihriban Yılmaz Civan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Hammel SC, Levasseur JL, Hoffman K, Phillips AL, Lorenzo AM, Calafat AM, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Children's exposure to phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in the home: The TESIE study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105061. [PMID: 31400598 PMCID: PMC7511177 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates and their potential replacements, including non-phthalate plasticizers, are ubiquitous in home environments due to their presence in building materials, plastics, and personal care products. As a result, exposure to these compounds is universal. However, the primary pathways of exposure and understanding which products in the home are associated most strongly with particular exposures are unclear. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate the relationships between phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in paired samples of house dust, hand wipes, and their corresponding metabolites in children's urine samples (n = 180). In addition, we compared product use or presence of materials in the household against all compounds to investigate the relationship between product use or presence and exposure. METHODS Children aged 3-6 years provided hand wipe and urine samples. Questionnaires were completed by mothers or legal guardians to capture product use and housing characteristics, and house dust samples were collected from the main living area during home visits. RESULTS Phthalates and non-phthalate replacements were detected frequently in the environmental matrices. All urine samples had at least 13 of 19 phthalate or non-phthalate replacement metabolites present. Hand wipe mass and dust concentrations of diisobutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-isononyl phthalate were significantly associated with their corresponding urinary metabolites (rs = 0.18-0.56, p < 0.05). Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) in dust was also significantly and positively correlated with its urinary metabolites (rs = 0.33, p < 0.001). Vinyl flooring was most significantly and positively associated with particular phthalate exposures (indicated by concentrations in environmental matrices and urinary biomarkers). In particular, children who lived in homes with 100% vinyl flooring had urinary concentrations of monobenzyl phthalate, a BBP metabolite, that were 15 times higher than those of children who lived in homes with no vinyl flooring (p < 0.0001). Levels of BBP in hand wipes and dust were 3.5 and 4.5 times higher, respectively, in those homes with 100% vinyl flooring (p < 0.0001 for both). CONCLUSIONS This paper summarizes one of the most comprehensive phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizer investigation of potential residential exposure sources conducted in North America to date. The data presented herein provide evidence that dermal contact and hand-to-mouth behaviors are important sources of exposure to phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers. In addition, the percentage of vinyl flooring is an important consideration when examining residential exposures to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hammel
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | | | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Amelia M Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Children's Health Discovery Initiative, Duke School of Medicine, NC, United States.
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Liu X, Peng C, Shi Y, Tan H, Tang S, Chen D. Beyond Phthalate Diesters: Existence of Phthalate Monoesters in South China House Dust and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11675-11683. [PMID: 31503463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite phthalate monoesters (mono-PAEs) being commonly recognized as metabolic products of phthalate diesters (di-PAEs), investigations on their environmental occurrences, particularly in indoor environments, remain limited. The present study demonstrated the presence mono-PAEs, along with a variety of di-PAEs, in house dust collected from 83 South China families. Among 15 target mono-PAEs, monobutyl phthalate (median concentration, 21.54 μg/g) dominated over other mono-PAEs in indoor dust, followed by monoethylhexyl phthalate (9.44 μg/g), monoisobutyl phthalate (5.14 μg/g), monomethyl phthalate (MMP; 2.05 μg/g), and several others. The total concentrations of detectable mono-PAEs (median, 45.40 μg/g) constituted an average of 6.7 ± 3.7% of the total concentrations of their parent diesters in the same dust. Molar concentration ratios of mono-PAEs to their respective di-PAEs varied greatly among chemicals (median, 0.001-3.1), with the highest ratios determined for the MMP/dimethyl phthalate and mono-/diisopropyl phthalate pairs (i.e., 3.1 and 1.5, respectively). In addition, no significant associations were observed between dust-associated mono- or di-PAEs and urinary mono-PAEs detected in both children (n = 48) and adult participants (n = 41). We hypothesized that mono-PAEs in dust could originate from different sources (e.g., impurities in di-PAE formulas, degradation from di-PAEs, and direct application as commercial additives), while the relative importance of various origins could differ between chemicals. Our findings demonstrate broad occurrences of mono-PAEs in indoor environments, but future studies are needed to better elucidate their sources, fate in indoor and outdoor environments, and potential human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Changfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518020 , China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Shuqin Tang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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Plichta V, Völkel W, Fembacher L, Spolders M, Wöckner M, Aschenbrenner B, Schafft H, Fromme H. Bioavailability of phthalate and DINCH® plasticizers, after oral administration of dust to piglets. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:82-88. [PMID: 31306742 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For decades, phthalates have been widely used as plasticizers in a large number of consumer products, leading to a complex exposure to humans via ingestion, inhalation or dermal uptake. Children may have a higher unintended dust intake per day compared to adults. Therefore, dust intake of children could pose a relevant exposure and subsequently a potential health risk. The aim of this study was to determine the relative bioavailability of certain phthalates, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and the non-phthalate plasticizer diisononyl 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (DINCH®, Hexamoll®), after ingestion of dust. Seven 5-week-old male piglets were fed five different dust samples collected from daycare centers. Overall, 0.43 g to 0.83 g of dust sieved to 63 μm were administered orally. The piglets' urine was collected over a period of 38 h. The excreted metabolites were quantified using an LC-MS/MS method. The mean uptake rates of the applied doses for DEHP, DINP, and DINCH® were 43% ± 11%, 47% ± 26%, and 9% ± 3.5%, respectively. The metabolites of DEHP and DINP showed maximum concentrations in urine after three to five hours, whereas the metabolites of DINCH®, reached maximum concentrations 24 h post-dose. The oral bioavailability of the investigated plasticizers was higher compared to the bioaccessibility reported from in vitro digestion tests. Furthermore, the bioavailability of DEHP did not vary substantially between the dust samples, whereas a dose-dependent saturation process for DINP was observed. In addition to other intake pathways, dust could be a source of plasticizers in children using the recent intake rates for dust ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Plichta
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - W Völkel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany.
| | - L Fembacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - M Spolders
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, D-10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Wöckner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - B Aschenbrenner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - H Schafft
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, D-10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Fromme
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-80336, Munich, Germany
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Giovanoulis G, Nguyen MA, Arwidsson M, Langer S, Vestergren R, Lagerqvist A. Reduction of hazardous chemicals in Swedish preschool dust through article substitution actions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104921. [PMID: 31229872 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Consumer goods and building materials present in the preschool environment can be important sources of hazardous chemicals, such as plasticizers, bisphenols, organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants, poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances, which may pose a health risk to children. Even though exposure occurs via many different pathways, such as food intake, inhalation, dermal exposure, mouthing of toys etc., dust has been identified as a valuable indicator for indoor exposure. In the present study, we evaluate the efficiency of product substitution actions taken in 20 Swedish preschools from the Stockholm area to reduce the presence of hazardous substances in indoor environments. Dust samples were collected from elevated surfaces in rooms where children have their everyday activities, and the concentrations found were compared to the levels from a previous study conducted in 2015 at the same preschools. It was possible to lower levels of hazardous substances in dust, but their continued presence in the everyday environment of children was confirmed since bisphenol A, restricted phthalates and organophosphate esters were still detectable in all preschools. Also, an increase in the levels of some of the substitutes for the nowadays restricted substances was noted; some of the alternative plasticizers to phthalates, such as DEHA and DEHT, were found with increased concentrations. DINP was the dominant plasticizer in preschool dust with a median concentration of 389 μg/g, while its level was significantly (p = 0.012) higher at 716 μg/g in preschools with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring. PBDEs were now less frequently detected in dust and their levels decreased 20% to 30%. This was one of the few times that PFAS were analyzed in preschool dust, where 6:2 diPAP was found to be most abundant with a median concentration of 1140 ng/g, followed by 6:2 PAP 151 ng/g, 8:2 diPAP 36 ng/g, N-Et-FOSAA 18 ng/g, PFOS 12 ng/g, PFOA 7.7 ng/g and PFNA 1.1 ng/g. In addition, fluorotelomer alcohols were detected in 65-90% of the samples. Children's exposure via dust ingestion was evaluated using intermediate and high daily intake rates of the targeted chemicals and established health limit values. In each case, the hazard quotients (HQs) were < 1, and the risk for children to have adverse health effects from the hazardous chemicals analyzed in this study via dust ingestion was even lower after the product substitution actions were taken in preschools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minh Anh Nguyen
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Arwidsson
- City of Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, Environmental Analysis, 104 20 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robin Vestergren
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Lagerqvist
- City of Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, Environmental Analysis, 104 20 Stockholm, Sweden
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Promtes K, Kaewboonchoo O, Kawai T, Miyashita K, Panyapinyopol B, Kwonpongsagoon S, Takemura S. Human exposure to phthalates from house dust in Bangkok, Thailand. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1269-1276. [PMID: 31296107 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1637207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study determined concentrations of and estimated human exposure to house dust-ingested phthalates from 99 homes in Bangkok, Thailand. Phthalates in dust collected using a handheld vacuum cleaner was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealing a median content of 3,477 µg g-1, range 753-13,810 µg g-1, with di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) having the highest level (median = 1,739 µg g-1, range 467-8,172 µg g-1) followed by di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) (median = 611 µg g-1, range 15.2-11,052 µg g-1). DEHP in house dust from multi-family apartments with polyvinyl (PVC) floor material (n = 34), multi-family apartments without PVC floor material (n = 55) and single family houses without PVC floor material (n = 10) was median and range 3,009 and 568-6,898; 1,479 and range 467-8,172 and 1,207 µg g-1 and 611-3518 µg g-1, respectively. At high-end house dust DEHP level, preschool children in all three types of homes were exposed above US Environment Protection Agency reference dose (20 µg g-1). The results suggest phthalate-containing house products constitute a likely major source of phthalates in indoor home environment and pose a potential health risk to residents, particularly preschool children, in Bangkok.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwan Promtes
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Orawan Kaewboonchoo
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Toshio Kawai
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association , Osaka , Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Miyashita
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama , Japan
| | - Bunyarit Panyapinyopol
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT) , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT) , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Shigeki Takemura
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama , Japan
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Li Y, Lu J, Yin X, Liu Z, Tong Y, Zhou L. Indoor phthalate concentrations in residences in Shihezi, China: implications for preschool children's exposure and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:19785-19794. [PMID: 31089994 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the risks associated with phthalate exposure, there are few studies emphasizing preschool children's exposure to phthalates in residences in Northwest China. In this study, seven phthalates from indoor dust samples were measured in 50 residences in Shihezi, China. Preschool children's exposure doses via non-dietary intake were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation. Risk assessment was conducted by comparing the simulated exposure dose with benchmarks for reproductive toxicity and cancer specified in Proposition 65 of California. The detection frequencies for all selected phthalates were more than 75%, with the exception of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most principal compound in the dust samples (median = 455 μg/g and 462 μg/g in the bedroom and living room, respectively). The simulation displayed that the median DBP daily intake was 1.5-1.9 μg/day/kg for preschool children in Shihezi, which was considered a high level compared with similar studies around the world. The risk assessment indicated that almost all preschool children face potential reproductive risk due to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) exposure, with medians of hazard index (HI) from 9.6 to 12.4 for all age groups. Therefore, from a children's health perspective, attention should be paid to reducing indoor phthalate pollution and exposure in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jianjiang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
| | - Xiaowen Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China.
| | - Zilong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Yanbin Tong
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
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Jia S, Sankaran G, Wang B, Shang H, Tan ST, Yap HM, Shen J, Gutiérrez RA, Fang W, Liu M, Chang VWC, Ng LC, Fang M. Exposure and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds and airborne phthalates in Singapore's Child Care Centers. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:85-92. [PMID: 30818198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infants and children under 6 years old spend most of daily time in Child Care Centers (CCCs), especially in the tropical regions like Singapore. Environmental exposure and associated risk during this early critical developmental stage is of great public concern. In this study, seven representative volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and five typical phthalates were analyzed in the indoor and outdoor air samples collected from 32 Singapore CCCs. The median of total VOC and phthalate concentration in indoor air was 19.03 and 5.41 μg m-3; respectively. For both indoors and outdoors environment, benzene, toluene and xylene were the dominant VOC contributors (more than 68%). For indoor air phthalates, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-butyl phthalate (DBP) accounts for 60-76%. The level of both VOCs and phthalates in indoor environment was significantly higher than that in outdoor, with an average indoor/outdoor ratio of 1.24 and 1.45; respectively. A strong correlation (r > 0.50, p < 0.05) was observed between indoor and outdoor air compounds. VOC and phthalate levels have no significant difference between CCCs with split-unit and centrally ventilated air conditioners. Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate exposure uncertainty and variability for the risk assessment. Overall, the concentrations of VOC were below the healthy reference values from either EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) or Singapore guideline. However, similar to other countries' report, benzene, DBP, ethylbenzene and naphthalene were at levels that could exceed the stringent standards such as Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) cancer and reproductive health-based benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Jia
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Gayatri Sankaran
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Bei Wang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Hongtao Shang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Sze Tat Tan
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Hooi Ming Yap
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Joanna Shen
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | | | - Wenjuan Fang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Min Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Victor Wei-Chung Chang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, 23 College Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Analytics Cluster, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore.
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Christia C, Poma G, Harrad S, de Wit CA, Sjostrom Y, Leonards P, Lamoree M, Covaci A. Occurrence of legacy and alternative plasticizers in indoor dust from various EU countries and implications for human exposure via dust ingestion and dermal absorption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:204-212. [PMID: 30665122 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers are a category of chemicals extensively used in consumer products and, consequently, their presence is ubiquitous in the indoor environment. In the present study, an analytical method has been developed for the quantification of plasticizers (7 legacy phthalate esters (LPEs) and 14 alternative plasticizers (APs)) in indoor floor dust based on ultrasonic and vortex extraction, Florisil fractionation and GC-(EI)-MS analysis. Dust samples (n = 54) were collected from homes, offices, and daycare centers from different EU countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland and Sweden). Method LOQs ranged from 0.2 to 5 μg/g. Tri-n-hexyl trimellitate (THTM) was not detected in any sample, whereas dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diphenyl phthalate and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) were detected only in 6, 2 and 1 out of 54 samples, respectively. The highest concentrations of plasticizers were measured in Swedish offices, at a mean concentration of total plasticizers of 1800 μg/g, followed by Swedish daycare centers at 1200 and 670 μg/g for winter and spring sampling, respectively. Generally, the contribution of APs was slightly higher than for LPEs for all indoor environments (mean contribution 60% and 40%, respectively based on contributions per indoor environment). For the APs, main contributors were DINP in Belgian homes (28%), Swedish offices (60%), Swedish daycare centers (48%), and Dutch offices (31%) and DEHT in Belgian (28%), Irish (40%) and Dutch homes (37%) of total APs. The predominant LPE was bis-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) with a mean contribution varying from 60% to 85% of total LPEs. Human exposure was evaluated for dust ingestion and dermal absorption using hazard quotients (HQs) of plasticizers (ratio between average daily doses and the reference dose). None of the HQs of plasticizers exceeded 1, meaning that the risk for adverse human health effects from these plasticizers via dust ingestion and dermal absorption is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Christia
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Sjostrom
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden; MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Pim Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Sciences (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Institute for Environmental Sciences (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Chen MY, Liu HP, Cheng J, Chiang SY, Liao WP, Lin WY. Transgenerational impact of DEHP on body weight of Drosophila. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:493-499. [PMID: 30660905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most typical plasticizer and an environmental endocrine disruptor (EDC). DEHP is known to influence offspring fertility, growth, and obesity. However, the role of the DEHP as a transgenerational obesogen is still controversial. In this study, we used fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) to investigate where the exposure period, doses, and exposed parental sex are critical to change the body weight of the offspring. We found long-term but not short-term, and high-dose but low-dose exposure resulted in significant change. Moreover, we found DEHP treatment on the father or mother Drosophila resulted in increased or decreased body weight of the offspring respectively. Our results demonstrated the heterogeneity of transgenerational impact of DEHP and highlighted the involvement of parental endocrine system in its role as an obesogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Liu
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan
| | - Jack Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Ping Liao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan; Brain Diseases Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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45
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Zhu Q, Jia J, Zhang K, Zhang H, Liao C, Jiang G. Phthalate esters in indoor dust from several regions, China and their implications for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:1187-1194. [PMID: 30586805 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) have been used in large quantities all over the world for decades, leading to ubiquitous occurrence in the indoor environment. Indoor dust samples were collected from six geographical regions in China (n = 120) and the concentrations, profiles and human exposure to nine prevalent PAEs from dust were investigated in this study. The total concentrations of nine PAEs (Σ9PAEs) varied from 2.31 to 1590 μg/g (mean: 150 μg/g). The highest concentration of Σ9PAEs was found for dusts from the geographical region of Northeast China (mean: 394 μg/g), which was nearly 8 times higher than that of the lowest value for dusts from the Southwest China (52.1 μg/g). The sum concentrations of six priority controlled PAEs, namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), in our study (mean: 133 μg/g) were lower than those found in other regions of the world (230-1280 μg/g) reported in earlier studies. DEHP, DBP and di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP) were the major congeners found in all dust samples, cumulatively accounting for 98.7% of Σ9PAEs. The daily intake (DI) of PAEs via dust through the routes of ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact was estimated. Comparably, dust ingestion is the major pathway of human exposure to PAEs from dust and the DI values through dust ingestion were 985 ng/kg/day for children and 126 ng/kg/day for adults in China, respectively. The contribution of indoor dust to the total exposure of human to PAEs varied, depending on the type of PAE congeners. Among PAE congeners, DEHP was the predominant contributor, accounting for 3.45% and 2.39% of the estimated total DIs for Chinese children and adults, respectively. This indicates that indoor dust is an important source of human exposure to certain PAE congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiabao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Kegang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei 071003, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Velázquez-Gómez M, Hurtado-Fernández E, Lacorte S. Differential occurrence, profiles and uptake of dust contaminants in the Barcelona urban area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1354-1370. [PMID: 30340281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dust is a complex but increasingly used matrix to assess human exposure to organic contaminants both in indoor and outdoor environments. Knowledge concerning the effects of organic pollution towards health outcome is crucial. This study is aimed to determine the presence of legacy compounds (DDTs and polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs), compounds used in recent times (organophosphorous flame retardants, organophosphorous pesticides, BPA, phthalates and alkylphenols) and compounds originated from combustion processes (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) as well as nicotine in indoor environments along the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Monitored sites include public areas with high turnout (high schools, museums samples) and libraries and private spaces (houses and cars). Almost all compounds (57 over the 59 targeted) were found in each dust sample and libraries and schools were the most contaminated, with concentrations of ∑phthalates and ∑OPFRs up to 15 and 10 mg g-1, respectively. One-way ANOVA tests, Tukey contrasts and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that sampling place influenced the observed contamination profiles and public and private environments were clearly differentiated. Finally, based on the concentrations detected, a deterministic calculation was performed to estimate the total daily intakes of each compound via dust. This information was used to evaluate the human exposure for toddlers, teenagers and adult workers. Consistently, the highest concentrations coming from plasticisers and flame retardants gave the major exposure rates. As expected, toddlers were the most affected group followed by museum and library workers, although the levels were below the reference doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Velázquez-Gómez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Hurtado-Fernández
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - S Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Sackmann K, Reemtsma T, Rahmberg M, Bunke D. Impact of European chemicals regulation on the industrial use of plasticizers and patterns of substitution in Scandinavia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:346-352. [PMID: 29990955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
REACH aims at promoting the safe use of chemicals in Europe, inter alia by identification and regulation of substances of very high concern (SVHCs). Once identified, SVHCs need to be substituted by safer alternatives. However, substitutes are frequently not safer than the substances that they replace but rather show similar hazard profiles, resulting in regrettable substitution. This paper investigates the impact of chemicals regulation on substitution of chemicals by analyzing time trends in the industrial use of chemicals from 2000 to 2014 in Scandinavia. It is shown that the use of ten water-relevant SVHCs decreased by about 90% in the considered period in Sweden as compared to a control group of unregulated substances which decreased by only 20%. A closer inspection of the use of 23 highly used plasticizers revealed that the use of regulated phthalate plasticizers decreased while the use of non-phthalate plasticizers increased. A first comparison of hazardous properties showed that during the 15-years period chemical substitution drastically reduced the chemical hazard burden of plasticizers in Scandinavia for both, the environment and human health. This study shows that regulation and the related discussion on chemicals safety have significantly reduced the chemical hazard burden from plasticizers in Scandinavia since the year 2000. It is assumed that similar trends can be found for the whole European Union. To combat regrettable substitution, mitigation options are suggested, including information-based tools for the identification of safer alternatives and an improved accessibility of information on production volumes and uses of chemicals to allow for an improved assessment of chemical's risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sackmann
- Öko-Institut e.V., Merzhauser Straße 173, 79100 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Magnus Rahmberg
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Valhallavägen 81, 114 27 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dirk Bunke
- Öko-Institut e.V., Merzhauser Straße 173, 79100 Freiburg, Germany.
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Kashyap D, Agarwal T. Concentration and factors affecting the distribution of phthalates in the air and dust: A global scenario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:817-827. [PMID: 29710605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitously present environmental contaminants. Air and dust are the most important mediums of exposure to phthalates. The present study reviews the presence of phthalates in the air and dust reported from different countries in the last ten years (2007-2017). The phthalate concentrations revealed wide heterogeneity with a mean and median value 6 ± 19 μg/m3 and 0.5 μg/m3 respectively in the air and 1.5 × 103 ± 2.2 × 103 μg/g and 7.8x102μg/g respectively in the dust. The highest phthalates levels in the air were reported from India (1.1 × 102 μg/m3) and in dust from Bulgaria (1.2 × 104 μg/g). Overall higher levels were reported from developing countries as compared to developed countries. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were found to be predominant in both air and dust. Temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, building material and indoor maintenance were reported as the important factors influencing the levels of phthalates in the air and dust. In addition to policy level interventions, reducing the use of phthalate containing materials and controlling the factors which enhance the emission from existing sources can help in reducing human exposure to phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durba Kashyap
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
| | - Tripti Agarwal
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India.
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fachbereich Materialanalytik und Innenluftchemie; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Deutschland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA); Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Deutschland
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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50
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Germany
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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