New urban models for more sustainable, liveable and healthier cities post covid19; reducing air pollution, noise and heat island effects and increasing green space and physical activity

Assessing the impact of traffic restriction interventions on school air quality: a citizen science-based modelling study

Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health, especially for the vulnerable groups such as children. Given that schools are central to their daily lives, ensuring good air quality in these environments is crucial. This study evaluates the impact of traffic restriction interventions around schools by integrating citizen science monitoring data with advanced modeling techniques. From February 4 to March 4, 2023, within the framework of a citizen science project called "NO2, No Grazie!", NO2 concentrations were measured in Milan and Rome (Italy), Italy's two most populated cities, both affected by high traffic-related pollution, using passive samplers. The spatial distribution of NO2 across entire city territories was estimated using Land Use Random Forest (LURF) models. Four traffic restriction scenarios were developed alongside a business-as-usual one; furthermore, each school was characterized by the social vulnerability of its area. In total, 486 samplers were analyzed in Milan and 407 in Rome, with NO2 levels averaging 47.1 μg/m3 and 42.6 μg/m3, respectively. LURF models explained 64 % and 53 % of the measured variability, with traffic proximity as a major predictor. Among 659 schools in Milan and 1595 in Rome, all traffic restriction scenarios led to significant NO2 reductions. The most effective scenario reduced NO2 by 2.7 μg/m3 in Milan and 1.9 μg/m3 in Rome on average, with maximum observed decreases of 11.1 μg/m3 and 16.1 μg/m3, respectively. Schools in socioeconomically deprived areas had lower NO2 levels and were less impacted by the restrictions. The study underscores the value of traffic policies in improving air quality around schools.

Short-term personal exposure to multiple air pollutants affects nasal microbiota in school-age children

Air pollution has significant harmful effects on human health, particularly on children living in urban environments. Disruption of upper respiratory microbiota can represent a key factor in the development of diseases and symptoms. This panel study analyze how personal exposure to air pollutants on the nasal microbiota of school-age children in Milan, Italy, across two seasons. We monitored short-term (~16 h) personal exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and equivalent Black Carbon (eBC) in 95 children during winter and 74 during spring, with 68 children monitored both seasons. Our analysis of nasal microbiota reveals that both types of pollutants influenced microbiota diversity, and the relative abundance of key genera, such as Corynebacterium, Moraxella, and Streptococcus. Notably, seasonality played a significant role in modulating the relationship between exposure and microbiota, with distinct effects observed in winter compared to spring. Our findings show that air pollution, particularly short-term exposure, alters the nasal microbiota in children. However, further research is needed to determine whether and how these changes influence respiratory health.

Combined effect of heatwaves and residential greenness on the risk of stroke among Chinese adults: A national cohort study

Heatwaves have been associated with an increased risk of stroke, while residential greenness may offer protective benefits. This prospective cohort study examined 22,702 participants aged 35 years or older, with no prior history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), from the China Hypertension Survey (CHS) conducted between 2012 and 2015. Participants were followed up between 2018 and 2019. Heatwaves were defined as daily maximum temperatures exceeding the 92.5th percentile of the warm season for at least three consecutive days. Residential greenness was quantified using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within buffers of 300, 500, and 1000 m from participants' residences. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models evaluated the independent and combined effects of heatwaves and greenness on stroke risk, while restricted cubic spline analyses explored nonlinear relationships. Interaction effects were assessed using both multiplicative and additive Cox regression models. During follow-up, 597 stroke events occurred. Each additional 3-day increase in heatwave days was associated with an increased stroke risk (HR: 1.19, 95 % CI: 1.08-1.31). Interaction analyses demonstrated a synergistic effect between heatwaves and lower residential greenness (NDVI300 m, NDVI500 m and NDVI1000 m) on stroke risk, with significant additive(RERI > 0, P < 0.05) and multiplicative interactions (HR > 1, P < 0.05). The strongest protective effects of greenness were observed within a 500 m buffer zone, particularly for individuals under 60 years, rural residents, and those with higher educational attainment. This study highlights the potential benefits of enhancing greenness for cardiovascular health and provides valuable insights for environmental governance and public health policy in China.

Ambient air pollution and childhood obesity from infancy to late childhood: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 10 European birth cohorts

Ambient air pollution may contribute to childhood obesity through various mechanisms. However, few longitudinal studies examined the relationship between pre- and postnatal exposure to air pollution and obesity outcomes in childhood. We aimed to investigate the association between pre- and postnatal exposure to air pollution and body mass index (BMI) and the risk of overweight/obesity throughout childhood in European cohorts. This study included mother-child pairs from 10 European birth cohorts (n = 37111 (prenatal), 33860 (postnatal)). Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) was estimated at the home addresses during pre- and postnatal periods (year prior outcome assessment). BMI z-scores (continuous) and overweight/obesity status (categorical: zBMI≥+2 (<5 years) or ≥+1 (≥5 years) standard deviations) were derived at 0-2, 2-5, 5-9, 9-12 years. Associations between air pollution exposure and zBMI were estimated separately for each pollutant and cohort using linear and logistic longitudinal mixed effects models, followed by a random-effects meta-analysis. The overweight/obesity prevalence ranged from 12.3-40.5 % between cohorts at 0-2 years, 16.7-35.3 % at 2-5 years, 12.5-40.7 % at 5-9 years, and 10.7-43.8 % at 9-12 years. Results showed no robust associations between NO2 exposure and zBMI or overweight/obesity risk. Exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy was associated with 23 % (95%CI 1.05;1.37) higher overweight/obesity risk across childhood, and higher zBMI and overweight/obesity risk at 9-12 years. Heterogeneity between cohorts was considerable (I2:25-89 %), with some cohort-specific associations; e.g., pre- and postnatal exposure to PM2.5 was associated with lower zBMI across age periods in UK cohorts (ALSPAC and BiB), while postnatal exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 was associated with higher zBMI in one Dutch cohort (Generation R). Overall, this large-scale meta-analysis suggests that prenatal PM2.5 exposure may be associated with adverse childhood obesity outcomes, but provides no evidence to support an effect of postnatal air pollution exposure, although cohort-specific associations were observed.

Health burden and inequities of urban environmental stressors in Sofia, Bulgaria

BACKGROUND

The number of studies on the health impacts of urban environmental stressors has been growing. However, research for South-Eastern Europe remains limited. We conducted a baseline Health Impact Assessment for Sofia, Bulgaria, focusing on air pollution, green space, road-traffic noise, and urban heat island (UHI) exposure aiming to promote discussions on sustainable, health-centric urban and transport planning policies.

METHODS

The analysis was conducted at the neighbourhood level (n = 4969). The study population included 1,168,382 inhabitants, considering adults and children. Data were retrieved from Europe-wide and local exposure models, local censuses and surveys. We used comparative risk assessment methodology, comparing baseline with optimal scenarios for health, such as meeting World Health Organization (WHO) air quality and road-traffic noise guidelines, green space recommendations, and no UHI effect. We also examined exposure and health impact distributions by area-level socioeconomic status (SES). We approximated differences in baseline disease rates by SES using data from local surveys. The results were stratified by SES quartiles and analysed spatially using global and local bivariate Moran's I statistics, the latter to identify priority areas for intervention based on SES, environmental exposures, and health outcomes.

RESULTS

All Sofia residents lived in neighbourhoods where particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels exceeded the WHO air quality guidelines, with mean noise levels of 62.2 dB(A) Lday, 77 % lacking sufficient availability of green space, and an average summer UHI of 2.5 °C. The largest mortality burden was from PM2.5 exposure (1939 annual deaths (95 % CI: 1349-2571)), followed by NO2 (1172 annual deaths (444-2027)), road-traffic noise (902 annual deaths (556-1311)), insufficient green space (217 annual deaths (169-262)), and UHI (95 summer deaths (58-130)). PM2.5 contributed to 17-21 % of cardiovascular disease cases, while noise accounted for 5 % of Ischaemic Heart Disease and stroke cases. NO2, noise, and UHI exposures tended to be higher in higher SES areas, while PM2.5 tended to be lower. Spatial analysis revealed that central areas, with high-SES populations, and northern, north-eastern, and north-western areas, with lower-SES populations, all experience high exposure and health impacts.

CONCLUSIONS

The analysis showed a significant health burden from urban environmental stressors in Sofia, with an uneven distribution across SES groups. Health-promoting policy interventions should consider both environmental and socioeconomic factors to prioritize areas for action.

The links between soil and water pollution and cardiovascular disease

Soil and water pollution represent significant threats to global health, ecosystems, and biodiversity. Healthy soils underpin terrestrial ecosystems, supporting food production, biodiversity, water retention, and carbon sequestration. However, soil degradation jeopardizes the health of 3.2 billion people, while over 2 billion live in water-stressed regions. Pollution of soil, air, and water is a leading environmental cause of disease, contributing to over 9 million premature deaths annually. Soil contamination stems from heavy metals, synthetic chemicals, pesticides, and plastics, driven by industrial activity, agriculture, and waste mismanagement. These pollutants induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and hormonal disruption, significantly increasing risks for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Emerging contaminants like micro- and nanoplastics amplify health risks through cellular damage, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular dysfunction. Urbanization and climate change exacerbate soil degradation through deforestation, overfertilization, and pollution, further threatening ecosystem sustainability and human health. Mitigation efforts, such as reducing chemical exposure, adopting sustainable land-use practices, and advancing urban planning, have shown promise in lowering pollution-related health impacts. Public health initiatives, stricter pollution controls, and lifestyle interventions, including antioxidant-rich diets, can also mitigate risks. Pollution remains preventable, as demonstrated by high-income nations implementing cost-effective solutions. Policies like the European Commission's Zero-Pollution Vision aim to reduce pollution to safe levels by 2050, promoting sustainable ecosystems and public health. Addressing soil pollution is critical to combating the global burden of NCDs, particularly CVDs, and fostering a healthier environment for future generations.

Night running and night cycling: a review of sociological drivers, health benefits, and their interaction with urban green spaces

This study investigates the rising trends, sociological drivers, health benefits, and the interaction of night running and night cycling with urban green spaces. Findings indicate that night running and night cycling are mainly driven by increased health awareness, changes in work patterns, social media promotion, and urban economic development. Physiologically, night running and cycling enhance cardiovascular function, alleviate stress, and improve sleep. However, air pollution, inadequate infrastructure, and safety concerns limit the sustainability of these activities. Urban green spaces play a crucial role in promoting nocturnal exercise, with improvements in lighting, safety, and recreational areas due to the growing demand for night fitness. Governments are encouraged to enhance infrastructure and optimize green space planning to foster healthier urban environments.

Built Environment and Cardiovascular Diseases - Insights from a Global Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This narrative review aims to synthesize global literature on the relationship between cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and components of built environment (green spaces, walkability, food environment, accessibility and availability of recreational and healthcare facilities, and effects of air and noise pollution).

RECENT FINDINGS

Increased green space and neighborhood walkability are associated with lower CVD mortality and morbidity; however, benefits have shown differential effects by socioeconomic status (SES). Air pollution is a leading environmental risk factor contributing to CVDs, and it disproportionately impacts low SES populations and women. Findings on relationships between food environment and CVDs are inconsistent and limited. This global review reports on the multifactorial and complex relationship between built environment and higher CVD risk and poor CVD outcomes. Future research can address an unmet need to understand this relationship with further depth and breadth, and to investigate resulting health disparities.

Physical urban environment and cardiometabolic diseases in the five largest Bulgarian cities

This study investigated the associations between residential environmental characteristics and the prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases in the five largest Bulgarian cities. Representative cross-sectional survey data (N = 4640 adults) was collected in Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, and Ruse. Participants self-reported diagnosis or medication intake for hypertension, ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, and diabetes mellitus, as well as domestic burning of solid fuel and having a domestic garden. Residential addresses were linked to greenspace (overall vegetation level, tree cover, urban greenspace), bluespace, walkability, air pollution (NO2), and traffic noise (Lden). In the 300 m buffer, bluespace presence was inversely associated with hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.45, 1.00), IHD (OR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.99), and diabetes (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.25, 1.04). Higher walkability and tree cover were inversely associated with hypertension (OR per 2 units = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.96) and diabetes (OR per 10% = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.97), respectively. These associations were stronger in larger buffers. Solid fuel burning was associated with IHD (OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.50). There was an indication of a positive association between aircraft Lden and both stroke and IHD. The direction of the associations for domestic gardens, NO2, road traffic and railway Lden was counterintuitive. We detected some nonlinear associations. In conclusion, people living in urban neighborhoods that were more walkable, closer to bluespace, and greener had lower prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases, while solid fuel burning was associated with higher odds of cardiovascular diseases. Unexpected associations with some exposures may be due to unaccounted for urban fabric characteristics. This study is among the first assessing an understudied region in Southeastern Europe. Its findings have the potential to inform public discourse and provide evidence to support the implementation of urban design conducive to cardiometabolic health.

Environmental and health effects of the Barcelona superblocks

BACKGROUND

The superblocks model of Barcelona (Spain) seeks to reorganize the city based on reversing the distribution of public space between vehicles and people by prioritizing citizens, thus improving their environmental conditions and quality of life. The objective of this paper was to describe the effects on environmental, health and quality of life of the first three superblocks implemented, discuss the lessons learned, and provide recommendations for the future.

METHODS

The evaluation included different approaches depending on the superblock analyzed: A pre-post-intervention health survey, environmental measures of air quality, the Microscale Audit of Urban Landscapes for Pedestrians (MAPS), an observational study on target areas of physical activity (SOPARC), ethnographic guerrilla studies, and focus groups.

RESULTS

Residents and workers in all three of the evaluated superblocks reported a perceived improvement in well-being, tranquillity and quality of sleep, some reduction in noise and pollution and an increase in social interaction. The built environment of the superblocks clearly influenced walkability, and the lower car traffic volume improved air quality measures. In one of the superblocks, the same intervention calmed traffic in one of the areas but not in another.

CONCLUSIONS

Although on a small scale, this evaluation of the environmental, and health effects of the superblocks provides support for expanding the model to other areas of the city.

The influence of weather and urban environment characteristics on upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review

Background

Weather can independently affect the occurrence of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in urban areas. Built environments of cities could further modify exposure to weather and consequently the risk of RTIs, but their combined effects on infections are not known.

Objectives

Our aim was to synthesize evidence of the influence of weather on RTIs in urban areas and to examine whether urban built environments are associated with both weather and RTIs.

Methods

A systematic search of Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases was conducted on 9th of August 2022 following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included in the review based on predefined criteria by screening 5,789 articles and reviewing reference lists of relevant studies. The quality of the studies was assessed using the AXIS appraisal tool, and the results analyzed by narrative synthesis.

Results

Twenty-one eligible studies focusing on COVID-19 and influenza transmissions, were included in the review. All studies were register based ecological studies by design. Low temperature (11/19 studies) was most often associated with increased risk of RTI. Humidity showed either negative (5/14 studies), positive (3/14 studies) or no (6/14 studies) relation with RTIs. The association between wind and solar radiation on infections was inconclusive. Population density was positively associated with RTIs (14/15 studies).

Conclusions

Our review shows that exposure to low temperature increases the occurrence of RTIs in urban areas, and where also high population density increases the infection risk. The study highlights the need to further assess the relationship between built environment characteristics, weather, and RTIs.

Soil and water pollution and cardiovascular disease

Healthy, uncontaminated soils and clean water support all life on Earth and are essential for human health. Chemical pollution of soil, water, air and food is a major environmental threat, leading to an estimated 9 million premature deaths worldwide. The Global Burden of Disease study estimated that pollution was responsible for 5.5 million deaths related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 2019. Robust evidence has linked multiple pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, dioxins and toxic synthetic chemicals, with increased risk of CVD, and some reports suggest an association between microplastic and nanoplastic particles and CVD. Pollutants in soil diminish its capacity to produce food, leading to crop impurities, malnutrition and disease, and they can seep into rivers, worsening water pollution. Deforestation, wildfires and climate change exacerbate pollution by triggering soil erosion and releasing sequestered pollutants into the air and water. Despite their varied chemical makeup, pollutants induce CVD through common pathophysiological mechanisms involving oxidative stress and inflammation. In this Review, we provide an overview of the relationship between soil and water pollution and human health and pathology, and discuss the prevalence of soil and water pollutants and how they contribute to adverse health effects, focusing on CVD.

Health impact assessment of urban and transport developments in Barcelona: A case study

BACKGROUND

Urban spaces need to be rethought to address growing health and environmental challenges. Urban density and transport systems contribute significantly to air pollution, negatively impacting public health. Barcelona has begun a transformation by introducing the Superblock model, an urban development with proven health benefits. However, there is a lack of understanding of the health impacts of various planned urban and transport interventions. This study aims to explore planned urban and transport developments in Barcelona (e.g. Superblocks, Low emission zone, tactical urban planning, port electrification) and estimates the health impacts of their related exposures.

METHODS

We utilized modelled NO2 reduction scenarios, which considered changes from implementing Barcelona's Urban Mobility Plan (UMP) of 2018-2024 and the Port electrification project. The UMP includes different interventions such as the low emission zones, tactical urban planning (reducing car traffic lanes), existing superblocks, and street greening. We established a baseline scenario for the year 2019, with no implementation of UMP or Port electrification. We devised three scenarios implementing the UMP: a) no change in private car use b) a 25% reduction in private car use, and c) a 25% reduction in private car use with port electrification. We estimated the effect on NO2 levels and conducted a health impact assessment following a comparative risk assessment methodology to demonstrate the impacts of these scenarios on natural cause of adult mortality.

RESULTS

The scenario with no change in private car use resulted in a 5.9 % reduction in NO2, preventing 67 (34-133 95% CI) premature deaths annually. The scenario with a 25% reduction in private car use led to a 17.6% reduction in NO2, preventing 199 (101-392 95% CI) premature deaths annually. Adding port electrification to the 25% reduction in private car use scenario resulted in a 19.4% reduction in NO2, preventing 228 (115-447 95% CI) premature deaths annually.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that implementing measures to reduce car use and electrifying the port in Barcelona can significantly reduce air pollution and prevent premature deaths in adults. This emphasizes the relevance of ambitious urban and transport policies in improving public health. Policymakers should consider assertive actions and broader implementation of such measures for greater health benefits. Further research is needed to explore additional measures and their potential impacts, facilitating the development of comprehensive urban and transport strategies.

Assessing the Polarising Impacts of Low-Traffic Neighbourhoods: A Community Perspective from Birmingham, UK

Globally, the transport sector is a major contributor to air pollution. Currently, in the UK, vehicle emissions contribute significant amounts of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) pollution in urban areas. Low-emission-zone policies have been used as an intervention to tackle air pollution, and in this context, the UK launched the Low-Traffic Neighbourhood scheme. This study investigates the impacts of the Low-Traffic Neighbourhood in Kings Heath, Birmingham, UK, to evaluate its impact in reducing air pollution and local community perspectives about the scheme and perceived impacts on health and well-being. This study employs a mixed-method approach comprising an air-quality-monitoring assessment and a survey questionnaire involving 210 residents. The findings reveal an increase in active travel and a reduction in air pollution levels in the years after the implementation of the scheme, although the area is still non-compliant with the 2021 WHO air quality guidelines. Nonetheless, the scheme has a polarising effect and created a division within the local community about the overall scheme acceptance and spatial distribution of the scheme's benefits. This study underscores the importance of comprehensive baseline data, long-term community engagement, and integration with broader urban planning initiatives to enhance the success of future Low-Neighbourhood Traffic schemes.

Are we going towards an effective integration of air quality and climate planning? A comparative analysis for Italian regions

Climate change mitigation and adaptation along with air pollution are key challenges that require a comprehensive planning approach able to promote win-win strategies and avoid transferring environmental pressures from one sector to another. The joint approach is widely advocated at the policy level while the scientific research investigates the role of co-benefits in planning processes. A methodological framework was developed with the twofold aim of (i) assessing the current integration degree between regional Air Quality Plans and Climate Plans and (ii) providing useful hints for pursuing greater air-climate integration. Its application to the Italian case study provides useful policy implications for strengthening the role of co-benefits as drivers of planning processes. Results show that a greater air-climate integration can be achieved by enhancing the role of regional authorities in supporting the implementation of local-scale plans and actions. This is especially important in contexts where an integrated planning framework is lacking and the mainstreaming within sectoral sub-regional plans turns out to be crucial.

Green finance as a driver for environmental and economic resilience post-COVID-19: A focus on China's strategy

This study investigates the critical role of green finance in enhancing environmental and economic resilience during China's post-COVID-19 recovery. Employing sophisticated econometric techniques, including the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model, the effectiveness of green finance policies and instruments is rigorously assessed during the years 1986-2022. The findings reveal that green finance initiatives significantly fund sustainable projects and drive economic revitalization, marking substantial progress in China's eco-friendly recovery. Essential areas for improvement identified include robust policy support, technological innovation, and stronger international collaboration. Specifically, leveraging green finance effectively necessitates coordinated efforts across various sectors, ensuring it underpins China's sustainable development and resilience amid global economic challenges. The study recommends enhancing green finance mechanisms through comprehensive policy frameworks, fostering green technology innovation, and developing global partnerships to address environmental sustainability and economic recovery synergistically.

Effects of Community Assets on Major Health Conditions in England: A Data Analytic Approach

INTRODUCTION

The broader determinants of health including a wide range of community assets are extremely important in relation to public health outcomes. Multiple health conditions, multimorbidity, is a growing problem in many populations worldwide.

METHODS

This paper quantified the effect of community assets on major health conditions for the population of England over six years, at a fine spatial scale using a data analytic approach. Community assets, which included indices of the health system, green space, pollution, poverty, urban environment, safety, and sport and leisure facilities, were quantified in relation to major health conditions. The health conditions examined included high blood pressure, obesity, dementia, diabetes, mental health, cardiovascular conditions, musculoskeletal conditions, respiratory conditions, kidney and liver disease, and cancer. Cluster analysis and dendrograms were calculated for the community assets and major health conditions. For each health condition, a statistical model with all community assets was fitted, and model selection was performed. The number of significant community assets for each health condition was recorded. The unique variance, explained by each significant community asset per health condition, was quantified using hierarchical variance partitioning within an analysis of variance model.

RESULTS

The resulting data indicate major health conditions are often clustered, as are community assets. The results suggest that diversity and richness of community assets are key to major health condition outcomes. Primary care service waiting times and distance to public parks were significant predictors of all health conditions examined. Primary care waiting times explained the vast majority of the variances across health conditions, with the exception of obesity, which was better explained by absolute poverty.

CONCLUSIONS

The implications of the combined findings of the health condition clusters and explanatory power of community assets are discussed. The vast majority of determinants of health could be accounted for by healthcare system performance and distance to public green space, with important covariate socioeconomic factors. Emphases on community approaches, significant relationships, and asset strengths and deficits are needed alongside targeted interventions. Whilst the performance of the public health system remains of key importance, community assets and local infrastructure remain paramount to the broader determinants of health.

The impact of urban configuration types on urban heat islands, air pollution, CO2 emissions, and mortality in Europe: a data science approach

BACKGROUND

The world is becoming increasingly urbanised. As cities around the world continue to grow, it is important for urban planners and policy makers to understand how different urban configuration patterns affect the environment and human health. However, previous studies have provided mixed findings. We aimed to identify European urban configuration types, on the basis of the local climate zones categories and street design variables from Open Street Map, and evaluate their association with motorised traffic flows, surface urban heat island (SUHI) intensities, tropospheric NO2, CO2 per person emissions, and age-standardised mortality.

METHODS

We considered 946 European cities from 31 countries for the analysis defined in the 2018 Urban Audit database, of which 919 European cities were analysed. Data were collected at a 250 m × 250 m grid cell resolution. We divided all cities into five concentric rings based on the Burgess concentric urban planning model and calculated the mean values of all variables for each ring. First, to identify distinct urban configuration types, we applied the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction method, followed by the k-means clustering algorithm. Next, statistical differences in exposures (including SUHI) and mortality between the resulting urban configuration types were evaluated using a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a post-hoc Dunn's test.

FINDINGS

We identified four distinct urban configuration types characterising European cities: compact high density (n=246), open low-rise medium density (n=245), open low-rise low density (n=261), and green low density (n=167). Compact high density cities were a small size, had high population densities, and a low availability of natural areas. In contrast, green low density cities were a large size, had low population densities, and a high availability of natural areas and cycleways. The open low-rise medium and low density cities were a small to medium size with medium to low population densities and low to moderate availability of green areas. Motorised traffic flows and NO2 exposure were significantly higher in compact high density and open low-rise medium density cities when compared with green low density and open low-rise low density cities. Additionally, green low density cities had a significantly lower SUHI effect compared with all other urban configuration types. Per person CO2 emissions were significantly lower in compact high density cities compared with green low density cities. Lastly, green low density cities had significantly lower mortality rates when compared with all other urban configuration types.

INTERPRETATION

Our findings indicate that, although the compact city model is more sustainable, European compact cities still face challenges related to poor environmental quality and health. Our results have notable implications for urban and transport planning policies in Europe and contribute to the ongoing discussion on which city models can bring the greatest benefits for the environment, climate, and health.

FUNDING

Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, State Research Agency, Generalitat de Catalunya, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, and Urban Burden of Disease Estimation for Policy Making as a Horizon Europe project.

Green space exposure and Chinese residents' physical activity participation: empirical evidence from a health geography perspective

Background

With continuous efforts made to promote the strategic goals of carbon neutrality and carbon peak, it is crucial to meet the growing and diversified needs of the public for fitness by practicing the concept of green development and promote the combination of national fitness and ecological civilization.

Methods

To achieve this purpose, an OLS regression model was applied to estimate the role of green space exposure in Chinese residents' participation in physical activity and its underlying mechanisms, using the microdata from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) data and the Provincial Vegetation Cover Index (NDVI) matched macrostatistical data.

Results

The empirical results show that green space exposure significantly increases the probability of residents' physical activity participation, and creating a green environment is conducive to creating a favorable physical activity environment for residents. Also, the core conclusions still hold after the year-by-year regression test is passed and the endogeneity problem is addressed. As revealed by mechanistic studies, green space exposure has indirect effects on the physical activity participation of residents through the independent mediating roles of reducing carbon emissions and promoting social interaction. According to heterogeneity results, males, those in marriage, and urban dweller groups are more inclined to perform physical activity in green spaces.

Conclusion

The results show that the exposure of green space can help increase the probability of residents' participation in physical exercise, and can that it achieved through two channels: reducing carbon emissions and enhancing social interaction. It is necessary to further strengthen the protection of the ecological lifestyle, give full play to the advantages of greenness and low-carbon, and create favorable conditions for the green development of a new model of national fitness.

The greener the living environment, the better the health? Examining the effects of multiple green exposure metrics on physical activity and health among young students

The sedentary and less active lifestyle of modern college students has a significant impact on the physical and mental well-being of the college community. Campus Green Spaces (GSs) are crucial in promoting physical activity and improving students' health. However, previous research has focused on evaluating campuses as a whole, without considering the diverse spatial scenarios within the campus environment. Accordingly, this study focused on the young people's residential scenario in university and constructed a framework including a comprehensive set of objective and subjective GSs exposure metrics. A systematic, objective exposure assessment framework ranging from 2D (GSs areas), and 2.5D (GSs visibility) to 3D (GSs volume) was innovatively developed using spatial analysis, deep learning technology, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) measurement technology. Subjective exposure metrics incorporated GSs visiting frequency, GSs visiting duration, and GSs perceived quality. Our cross-sectional study was based on 820 university students in Nanjing, China. Subjective measures of GSs exposure, physical activity, and health status were obtained through self-reported questionnaires. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was used to evaluate the associations between GSs exposure, physical activity, and perceived health. Physical activity and social cohesion were considered as mediators, and path analysis based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to disentangle the mechanisms linking GSs exposure to the health status of college students. We found that (1) 2D indicator suggested significant associations with health in the 100m buffer, and the potential underlying mechanisms were: GSs area → Physical activity → Social cohesion → Physical health → Mental health; GSs area → Physical activity → Social cohesion → Mental health. (2) Subjective GSs exposure indicators were more relevant in illustrating exposure-response relationships than objective ones. This study can clarify the complex nexus and mechanisms between campus GSs, physical activity, and health, and provide a practical reference for health-oriented campus GSs planning.

Mitigating air pollution benefits multiple sustainable development goals in China

Achieving the United nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) remains a significant challenge, necessitating urgent and prioritized strategies. Among the various challenges, air pollution continues to pose one of the most substantial threats to the SDGs due to its widespread adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. However, the connections between air pollution and the SDGs have often been overlooked. This study reveals that out of the 169 SDG targets, 71 are adversely impacted by air pollution, while only 6 show potential positive effects. In China, two major atmospheric nitrogen pollutants, ammonia and nitrogen oxides, resulted in an economic loss of 400 billion United States Dollar (USD) in 2020, which could be reduced by 33% and 34% by 2030, respectively. It would enhance the progress towards SDGs in China by 14%, directly contributing to the achievement of SDGs 1 to 6 and 11 to 15. This improvement is estimated to yield overall benefits totaling 119 billion USD, exceeded the total implementation cost of 82 billion USD with ammonia as the preferential mitigation target. This study underscores the importance of robust scientific evidence in integrated policies aimed at aligning improvements in environmental quality with the priorities of sustainable development.

Assessment and mapping of noise pollution in recreation spaces using geostatistic method after COVID-19 lockdown in Turkey

Increased use of recreational areas after the lifting of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions has led to increased noise levels. This study aims to determine the level of noise pollution experienced in recreational areas with the increasing domestic and international tourism activities after the lifting of pandemic lockdowns, to produce spatial distribution maps of noise pollution, and to develop strategic planning suggestions for reducing noise pollution in line with the results obtained. Antalya-Konyaaltı Beach Recreation Area, the most important international tourism destination of Turkey, is determined as the study area. To determine the existing noise pollution, 31 measurement points were marked at 100 m intervals within the study area. Noise measurements were taken during the daytime (07:00-19:00), evening (19:00-23:00), and nighttime (23:00-07:00) on weekdays (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) and weekends (Sunday) over 2 months in the summer when the lockdown was lifted. In addition, the sound level at each measurement point was recorded for 15 min, while the number of vehicles passing through the area during the same period was determined. The database created as a result of measurements and observations was analyzed using statistical and geostatistical methods. After the analysis of the data, it was found that the co-kriging-stable model showed superior performance in noise mapping. Additionally, it was revealed that there is a high correlation between traffic density and noise intensity, with the highest equivalent noise level (Leq) on weekdays and weekend evenings due to traffic and user density. In conclusion, regions exposed to intense noise pollution were identified and strategic planning recommendations were developed to prevent/reduce noise sources in these identified regions.

Crowdsourced cycling data applications to estimate noise pollution exposure during urban cycling

This research demonstrates a methodology to integrate freely available datasets to understand the relationship between road traffic noise and cycling experiences in a medium sized city. An illustrative example of the methodology was drawn from data for Dublin, Ireland. We aggregate local environmental data with 81,403 Strava cycle trips, contextualised by feedback from 335 cyclists to estimate exposure levels and infer impacts on experiences and behaviours. Results demonstrate that cyclists recognise that they are subjected to increased noise levels and experience negative psychophysical consequences as a result, but they tend to downplay the impact of noise as merely a minor annoyance. Noise also impacts behaviour, most noticeably through temporal and spatial detours. Geospatial mapping was used to visualise the relationship between noise pollution and cycling activity. Estimating traffic noise levels across two cycle routes, direct vs popular detour, revealed a +10 dB(A) increase in exposure for a saving of approximately 4 min on the direct route compared to the detour. Spatial inequities in exposure levels may have serious health consequences for cyclists in a city such as Dublin. The methodology is demonstrated as suitable for policy level interventions and planning purposes.

Effects of personal noise exposure, sleep quality, and burnout on quality of life: An online participation cohort study in Taiwan

Chronic noise exposure in daily life not only causes physical and mental illness but also reduces quality of life. However, collecting objective data on sound exposure and subjective acoustic comfort through a traditional one-shot survey is difficult. This study applied online chatbots in social media to explore the effects of daily sound exposure, personal characteristics, noise sensitivity, burnout status, and sleep quality on quality of life using a short-term participatory cohort design. During the two-month survey in 2022, 207 participants completed at least 15 days of collection of data on sound exposure and perception, as well as periodic structural questionnaires during the follow-ups. Linear regression and generalized linear models were applied to explore the factors influencing personal burnout, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and quality of life. A chain mediation model was applied to explore the direct and indirect effects of noise exposure on quality of life. The results showed a better quality of life among respondents who rated their home environment better, were in good health, had better daily acoustic comfort, and were less exposed to noise during the week. In contrast, respondents with lower daily acoustic comfort and a higher frequency of noise-induced sleep disturbances and mood disorders were more likely to have poorer sleep quality. A higher personal burnout was associated with poorer health, longer exposure to noise during the week, a higher frequency of noise-induced illnesses, and neurotic traits. In the mediation analyses, noise-induced sleep disturbance and better daily acoustic comfort also had important direct influences on quality of life compared to the indirect pathway through sleep quality and personal burnout. In conclusion, noise exposure in daily life not only exacerbated poor sleep quality and personal burnout but also reduced quality of life.

Assessment of vegetation change using NDVI, LST, and carbon analyses in Çankırı Karatekin University, Turkey

Due to a rising population and urbanization, the green areas have been decreasing in cities, with a negative impact on air pollution, human health, and ecosystem. As part of the urban environment, university campuses contribute to urban ecosystem with their vegetation. This study aims to (1) assess the change of vegetative land cover of the Çankırı Karatekin University in Turkey and (2) evaluate its benefits to the ecosystem in terms of carbon sequestration, storage, and improvement of air quality by means of a simulation. In the study, the density and vegetation change were assessed with NDVI and LST analyses in ArcGIS; carbon emissions and air pollution benefits were estimated in i-Tree Canopy tool. The study showed that the healthy vegetation consisting of trees/shrubs and grass/herbaceous, which was 32.2% (28 ha) in 2000, increased to 85% (74 ha) in 2020 NDVI maps, and the surface temperature also increased between 2000 and 2020 in LST maps.The rise in vegetation as grass/herbaceous areas instead of trees/shrubs and the use of impervious buildings/roads on the land surface increased the land surface temperature. As a result of the analyses in the i-Tree-Canopy tool, it was estimated that the trees/shrubs and grass/herbaceous vegetation canopy covering 31.42% of the study area removed a total of 512,845.65 g of pollutant gas and particles from the air, 20.79 tonnes of carbon sequestered annually, and 522.01 tonnes of carbon stored by vegetative land cover. In the simulation, where 32.62% soil/bare ground areas were converted to trees/shrubs in order to improve vegetation cover in the area, it was determined that it contributed 5 times more to the ecosystem service value for removing pollutants from the air, carbon storage, and improving the ecosystem. It was revealed that the vegetative land cover formed by tree/shrub species should be increased in the campus in the future. The study method model serves as a tool for planning and designing eco-friendly urban environment.

The ABC of mobility

The use of cars in cities has many negative impacts, including pollution, noise and the use of space. Yet, detecting factors that reduce the use of cars is a serious challenge, particularly across different regions. Here, we model the use of various modes of transport in a city by aggregating Active mobility (A), Public Transport (B) and Cars (C), expressing the modal share of a city by its ABC triplet. Data for nearly 800 cities across 61 countries is used to model car use and its relationship with city size and income. Our findings suggest that with longer distances and the congestion experienced in large cities, Active mobility and journeys by Car are less frequent, but Public Transport is more prominent. Further, income is strongly related to the use of cars. Results show that a city with twice the income has 37% more journeys by Car. Yet, there are significant differences across regions. For cities in Asia, Public Transport contributes to a substantial share of their journeys. For cities in the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, most of their mobility depends on Cars, regardless of city size. In Europe, there are vast heterogeneities in their modal share, from cities with mostly Active mobility (like Utrecht) to cities where Public Transport is crucial (like Paris or London) and cities where more than two out of three of their journeys are by Car (like Rome and Manchester).

Research and innovation paving the way for climate neutrality in urban transport: Analysis of 362 cities on their journey to zero emissions

The EU Mission on Climate Neutral and Smart Cities is an ambitious initiative aiming to involve a wide range of stakeholders and deliver 100 climate-neutral and smart cities by 2030. We analysed the information submitted in the expressions of interest by 362 candidate cities. The majority of the cities' strategies for climate neutrality include urban transport as a main sector and combine the introduction of new technologies with the promotion of public transport and active mobility. We combined the information from the EU Mission candidate cities with data from the CORDIS and TRIMIS databases, and applied a clustering algorithm to measure proximity to foci of H2020 funding. Our results suggest that preparedness for the EU Mission is correlated with research and innovation activities on transport and mobility. Horizon 2020 activities specific to transport and mobility significantly increased the likelihood of a city to be a candidate. Among the various transport technology research pathways, smart mobility appears to have a major role in the development of solutions for climate neutrality.

Air pollution exposure and cardiometabolic risk

The Global Burden of Disease assessment estimates that 20% of global type 2 diabetes cases are related to chronic exposure to particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of 2·5 μm or less (PM2·5). With 99% of the global population residing in areas where air pollution levels are above current WHO air quality guidelines, and increasing concern in regard to the common drivers of air pollution and climate change, there is a compelling need to understand the connection between air pollution and cardiometabolic disease, and pathways to address this preventable risk factor. This Review provides an up to date summary of the epidemiological evidence and mechanistic underpinnings linking air pollution with cardiometabolic risk. We also outline approaches to improve awareness, and discuss personal-level, community, governmental, and policy interventions to help mitigate the growing global public health risk of air pollution exposure.

How can plant-enriched natural environments benefit human health: a narrative review of relevant theories

Plant-enriched environments, the most common terrestrial landscapes, are usually coded as "green space" in urban studies. To understand how these natural environments can benefit human health, many theories have been developed, such as the well-known Attention Restoration Theory. Nowadays, more theories are emerging with regard to various and complex health dimensions. In this context, we searched online databases (from 2000 to 2022) and conducted a narrative review aiming to introduce relevant theories concerning psychological (e.g. Perceptual Fluency Account and Conditioned Restoration Theory), physiological (e.g. volatile organic compounds and environmental microbiomes), and behavioural (e.g. physical activity and social contact) perspectives. We also slightly mentioned some limitations and directions to be considered when using these theories. These results may offer general readers insights into the value of nature exposure and also help relevant researchers with study design and result interpretation.

Shaping urban environments to improve respiratory health: recommendations for research, planning, and policy

Urban areas carry a large burden of acute (infectious) and chronic respiratory diseases due to environmental conditions such as high levels of air pollution and high population densities. Car-dominated cities often lack walkable areas, which reduces opportunities for physical activity that are fundamentally important for healthy lungs. The already restricted amount of green space available-with often poorly selected plants-could produce pollen and subsequently provoke or worsen allergic diseases. Less affluent neighbourhoods often carry a larger respiratory disease burden. A multisectoral approach with more diverse policy measures and urban innovations is needed to reduce air pollution (eg, low emission zones), to increase public space for walking and cycling (eg, low traffic neighbourhoods, superblocks, 15-minute cities, and car-free cities), and to develop green cities (eg, planting of low-allergy trees). Stricter EU air quality guidelines can push these transformations to improve the respiratory health of citizens. Advocacy by medical respiratory societies can also make an important contribution to such changes.

Critical factors influencing visitor emotions: analysis of "restorativeness" in urban park visits in Fuzhou, China

Objective

To date, a comprehensive analysis of urban green space (UGS) visitors' emotional remains largely unexplored. In this study, we focus on how UGS environmental preferences, restorativeness, other physical factors (sound, air, and thermal environments), and individual characteristics affecting visitor emotions. Such a comprehensive analysis would allow relevant practitioners to check the environmental quality of UGSs and improve certain conditions to promote visitor emotions.

Methods

A total of 904 questionnaire responses with concurrently monitored physical factors were analyzed by independent sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA and path analysis.

Results

The thermal evaluation had the largest impact on positive emotions (β = 0.474), followed by perceived restorativeness (β = 0.297), which had β values of -0.120 and -0.158, respectively, on negative emotions. Air evaluation was more effective for increasing positive emotions (β = 0.293) than reducing negative emotions (β = -0.115). Sound evaluation also had similar results (β = 0.330 vs. β = -0.080). Environmental preference significantly influenced only positive emotions (β = 0.181) but could still indirectly impact negative emotions. Moreover, objective physical factors can indirectly affect visitors' emotions by enhancing their evaluations..

Conclusion

The influence of different UGS environmental factors on visitors' emotions vary, as does their impacts on positive versus negative emotions. Positive emotions were generally more affected than negative emotions by UGS. Visitor emotions were mainly influenced by physical and psychological factors. Corresponding suggestions are proposed for UGS design and management in this study.

[Mobility and Urban Health]

Cities and communities form complex microcosms in which people with very different needs and opportunities live. The structural design and functionality of urban spaces have a significant impact on individual mobility and thus on the health and quality of life of the entire population. In recent decades, politicians and municipalities have accepted negative effects on people (especially vulnerable groups) and ecosystems as a price worth paying for ensuring mobility through car-friendly structures. The interconnection of health and sustainability aspects will be a central process component for the necessary transformation of urban structures in integrated urban and transport planning. Although there are many positive framework conditions and possible solutions in the international and national context, numerous processes need to be optimized and measures implemented on a large scale. In addition, the existing tools in urban and traffic planning must be further expanded to include health aspects more comprehensively. This requires readjustments in science, in municipal practice planning, in education and in interdisciplinary funding programs.

Grading surface urban heat island and investigating factor weight based on interpretable deep learning model across global cities

Significant urbanization resulted in increasing surface urban heat island (SUHI) that caused negative impacts on urban ecological environment, and residential comfort. Accurately monitoring the spatiotemporal variations and understanding controls of SUHI were essential to propose effective mitigation measurements. However, SUHI grades across global cities remained unknown, which cloud greatly support for global mitigations. Additionally, quantitative evaluating factor weights for different SUHI indicators and grades worldwide remained further investigations. Therefore, this paper proposed SUHI grading based on agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and further quantified factor weights for different indicators and grades based on an interoperable machine learning named TabNet. There were three major findings. (1) Global cities were grouped into five grades, including SUCI (surface urban cool island), insignificant, low-value, medium-value, and high-value SUHI grades, indicating significant differences among different grades. SUHI grades showed significant climate-based variations, wherein the arid climate was dominated by the SUCI grade at daytime but the high-value grade at nighttime. (2) Vegetation difference was an important factor for daytime SUHII accounting for 27%. Daytime frequency of SUHI was controlled by vegetation difference, temperature, evaporation and nighttime light, accounting for 78%. The major factors for nighttime frequency were albedo differences and nighttime light, accounting for 45%. (3) Related factors contributed differently to various SUHI grades. The weight of △EVI for daytime SUHII gradually increased with grades, while it for daytime frequency and maximum duration of SUHI decreased with grades. The nighttime SUHII of the low-value grade was greatly affected by the background climate, while that of the medium-value and high-value grades were strongly impacted by anthropogenic heat flux. The diurnal contrast of grades and coupling effects with heat wave were further discussed. This paper aimed to provide information on grades and controls of SUHI for further mitigation proposal.

The contribution of the exposome to the burden of cardiovascular disease

Large epidemiological and health impact assessment studies at the global scale, such as the Global Burden of Disease project, indicate that chronic non-communicable diseases, such as atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, caused almost two-thirds of the annual global deaths in 2020. By 2030, 77% of all deaths are expected to be caused by non-communicable diseases. Although this increase is mainly due to the ageing of the general population in Western societies, other reasons include the increasing effects of soil, water, air and noise pollution on health, together with the effects of other environmental risk factors such as climate change, unhealthy city designs (including lack of green spaces), unhealthy lifestyle habits and psychosocial stress. The exposome concept was established in 2005 as a new strategy to study the effect of the environment on health. The exposome describes the harmful biochemical and metabolic changes that occur in our body owing to the totality of different environmental exposures throughout the life course, which ultimately lead to adverse health effects and premature deaths. In this Review, we describe the exposome concept with a focus on environmental physical and chemical exposures and their effects on the burden of cardiovascular disease. We discuss selected exposome studies and highlight the relevance of the exposome concept for future health research as well as preventive medicine. We also discuss the challenges and limitations of exposome studies.

Reduction in the use of green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on mental health

Our study examined the use of green spaces before and during the pandemic in a large cohort of Italian twins and evaluated its impact on measures of mental health (depressive, anxiety, stress symptoms). Twins were analysed as individuals and as pairs. A twin design approach was applied to minimize confounding by genetic and shared environmental factors. Questionnaires from 2,473 twins enrolled in the Italian Twin Registry were screened. Reduced green space use was associated with significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety and distress. Being a woman, residing in urban areas, and having a high perceived risk of the outbreak resulted in a higher likelihood to modify green space use, with a negative impact on mental health.

A Multicriteria-Based Comparison of Electric Vehicles Using q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Numbers

The subject of this research is the evaluation of electric cars and the choice of car that best meets the set research criteria. To this end, the criteria weights were determined using the entropy method with two-step normalization and a full consistency check. In addition, the entropy method was extended further with q-rung orthopair fuzzy (qROF) information and Einstein aggregation for carrying out decision making under uncertainty with imprecise information. Sustainable transportation was selected as the area of application. The current work compared a set of 20 leading EVs in India using the proposed decision-making model. The comparison was designed to cover two aspects: technical attributes and user opinions. For the ranking of the EVs, a recently developed multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) model, the alternative ranking order method with two-step normalization (AROMAN), was used. The present work is a novel hybridization of the entropy method, full consistency method (FUCOM), and AROMAN in an uncertain environment. The results show that the electricity consumption criterion (w = 0.0944) received the greatest weight, while the best ranked alternative was A7. The results also show robustness and stability, as revealed through a comparison with the other MCDM models and a sensitivity analysis. The present work is different from the past studies, as it provides a robust hybrid decision-making model that uses both objective and subjective information.

Climate change and respiratory disease: clinical guidance for healthcare professionals

Climate change is one of the major public health emergencies with already unprecedented impacts on our planet, environment and health. Climate change has already resulted in substantial increases in temperatures globally and more frequent and extreme weather in terms of heatwaves, droughts, dust storms, wildfires, rainstorms and flooding, with prolonged and altered allergen and microbial exposure as well as the introduction of new allergens to certain areas. All these exposures may have a major burden on patients with respiratory conditions, which will pose increasing challenges for respiratory clinicians and other healthcare providers. In addition, complex interactions between these different factors, along with other major environmental risk factors (e.g. air pollution), will exacerbate adverse health effects on the lung. For example, an increase in heat and sunlight in urban areas will lead to increases in ozone exposure among urban populations; effects of very high exposure to smoke and pollution from wildfires will be exacerbated by the accompanying heat and drought; and extreme precipitation events and flooding will increase exposure to humidity and mould indoors. This review aims to bring respiratory healthcare providers up to date with the newest research on the impacts of climate change on respiratory health. Respiratory clinicians and other healthcare providers need to be continually educated about the challenges of this emerging and growing public health problem and be equipped to be the key players in solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change on patients with respiratory conditions.

Educational aims

To define climate change and describe major related environmental factors that pose a threat to patients with respiratory conditions.To provide an overview of the epidemiological evidence on climate change and respiratory diseases.To explain how climate change interacts with air pollution and other related environmental hazards to pose additional challenges for patients.To outline recommendations to protect the health of patients with respiratory conditions from climate-related environmental hazards in clinical practice.To outline recommendations to clinicians and patients with respiratory conditions on how to contribute to mitigating climate change.

Joint associations and pathways from greenspace, traffic-related air pollution, and noise to poor self-rated general health: A population-based study in Sofia, Bulgaria

BACKGROUND

Little is still known of how multiple urban exposures interact as health determinants. This study investigated various ways in which greenspace, traffic-related air pollution, and noise could operate together, influencing general health status.

METHODS

In 2022, a cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted in Sofia, Bulgaria. Included were 917 long-term adult residents who completed questionnaires on poor self-rated health (PSRH), total time spent in physical activity (PA), home garden presence, time spent in urban greenspace and nature, and sociodemographics. Residential greenspace was operationalized using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), tree cover density, number of trees, and access to local greenspace and parks. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) was modeled for the study area. Road traffic, railway, and aircraft day-evening-night sound levels (L_den) were extracted from EU noise maps. Area-level income and urbanicity were considered. Analyses included multivariate ordinal regressions, interactions, and structural equation modeling (SEM).

RESULTS

Associations with PSRH were per 0.10 NDVI _300 m: OR = 0.65 (0.42-1.01), home garden: OR = 0.72 (0.49-1.07), per 5 μg/m³ NO₂: OR = 1.57 (1.00-2.48), per 5 dB(A) L_den road traffic: OR = 1.06 (0.91-1.23), railway: OR = 1.11 (1.03-1.20), and aircraft: OR = 1.22 (1.11-1.34). Spending >30 min/week in nature related to better health. In multi-exposure models, only associations with aircraft and railway L_den persisted. People with lower education and financial difficulties or living in poorer districts experienced some exposures stronger. In SEM, time spent in nature and PA mediated the effect of greenspace.

CONCLUSIONS

Greenspace was associated with better general health, with time spent in nature and PA emerging as intermediate pathways. NO₂, railway, and aircraft noise were associated with poorer general health. These results could inform decision-makers, urban planners, and civil society organizations facing urban development problems. Mitigation and abatement policies and measures should target socioeconomically disadvantaged citizens.

A Transdisciplinary Framework to Unlock the Potential Benefits of Green Spaces for Urban Communities Under Changing Contexts

New urban models increasingly seek to create more sustainable, livable, and healthier cities by reinvigorating green space. In this article, we highlight and briefly review several main but disconnected areas of study in which the factors that frame human-environment interactions and therefore also influence the potential well-being outcomes of those interactions are studied. We then use the intersection of affordance theory and socio-institutional programming to provide a conceptual framework that ties together these spheres of research, and we discuss some critical keys for enabling different positive green space experiences. Urban communities are not homogeneous, and accounting for the intersection between individual differences and landscape programming opens up more diverse pathways for affording positive human-environment interactions and different well-being outcomes.

Modeling the infection risk and emergency evacuation from bioaerosol leakage around an urban vaccine factory

Mounting interest in modeling outdoor diffusion and transmission of bioaerosols due to the prevalence of COVID-19 in the urban environment has led to better knowledge of the issues concerning exposure risk and evacuation planning. In this study, the dispersion and deposition dynamics of bioaerosols around a vaccine factory were numerically investigated under various thermal conditions and leakage rates. To assess infection risk at the pedestrian level, the improved Wells-Riley equation was used. To predict the evacuation path, Dijkstra's algorithm, a derived greedy algorithm based on the improved Wells-Riley equation, was applied. The results show that, driven by buoyancy force, the deposition of bioaerosols can reach 80 m on the windward sidewall of high-rise buildings. Compared with stable thermal stratification, the infection risk of unstable thermal stratification in the upstream portion of the study area can increase by 5.53% and 9.92% under a low and high leakage rate, respectively. A greater leakage rate leads to higher infection risk but a similar distribution of high-risk regions. The present work provides a promising approach for infection risk assessment and evacuation planning for the emergency response to urban bioaerosol leakage.

Intelligent Generation Method and Sustainable Application of Road Systems in Urban Green Spaces: Taking Jiangnan Gardens as an Example

This paper takes the garden road system as the research object and proposes a method of generating paths for classical gardens based on parametric design. Firstly, by studying the distribution characteristics of roads, the data on the curvature, angle, and view area of roads were collected. Secondly, the obtained data were transferred to the parameterized platform, and a method of intelligent generation was used for calculation. Finally, the road system was optimized by the genetic algorithm for better application in modern landscape design. According to the current situation, the road system plan generated by the algorithm inherits the characteristics of classical garden roads. This method can be applied to the courtyard, the community park, the urban park, and other objects. This research not only identifies the characteristics of landscape cultural heritage, but also produces an innovative, intelligent design tool. It provides new methods for the parameterized inheritance and application of traditional landscape heritage.

Stage response of vegetation dynamics to urbanization in megacities: A case study of Changsha City, China

Urban vegetation affects urban microclimate and maintains biodiversity, which is vital to the social-ecological system. However, there is a lack of research on quantitatively identifying urbanization stage impact on vegetation dynamics, and the stage difference in the response of vegetation dynamics to urbanization characteristics is not clear. In this study, taking Changsha City as an example, we explored the response of vegetation dynamics to urbanization, and identified the impact stages of urbanization on vegetation dynamics as well as their social-ecological characteristics. The results showed that the vegetation dynamics in Changsha City presented spatial pattern of "increase-decrease-increase" from downtown to outside in the past 20 years. The population density, GDP density and construction land proportion firstly inhibited vegetation growth, and then promoted it, with the turning points of 141.58 million yuan/km², 1205 person/km², and 19.80 %, respectively. Then, the urbanization impact on vegetation dynamics was quantitatively divided into three stages according to the vegetation change speed, and in different stages, urbanization impacts on vegetation dynamics were compared. This study illustrated the typical stage feature of the urbanization impact on vegetation dynamics.

An analytical model for spatial developing of sports places and spaces

Purpose

In terms of the use of sports places and spaces, per capita is a determining parameter for the status and perspective of the future. Although there are many uses for the per capita indicator in sports places, there are no consistent scientific and methodological methods for calculating it. Therefore, this study aims to provide an analytical model to determine the per capita index of sports places and spaces.

Design/methodology/approach

One of the matters that can be considered as the basic information required to develop and construct sports facilities is determination of per capita, which can be used as the most vital information to plan and develop this type of urban utilities. In the history of contemporary urbanization, the use of the per capita concept is one of Reinhard Laumeister’s innovations, a founder of modern urban engineering in Germany, hence, the use of per capita was triggered in 1876, almost 133 years ago.

Findings

The underlying information of the research in two spatial and descriptive sections was analyzed in the geographic information systems (GIS) software. After the division and network distribution of the boundary by the Thiessen Networks analytic function in the Arc GIS, per capita of each polygon was separately calculated using the presented formula and the population of the related blocks

Originality/value

Finally, with the qualitative per capita achieved in the previous stage, the study area was classified based on the need for the development of indoor pools to three, privileged, semi-privileged and deprived spectrums.

Impact of green finance and environmental protection on green economic recovery in South Asian economies: mediating role of FinTech

Green finance and digital finance are cornerstones of sustainable growth. Given the significant investment and funding challenges that South Asia's new energy development faces, the potential role of digital finance in this situation is uncertain. Applying panel regression analysis and using a two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) to eliminate endogeneity, this study examines the connections between green finance, financial technology (FinTech), and high-quality economic development using data from three South Asian economies between 2000 and 2018. The study demonstrates that India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan use multiple green financing initiatives, resulting in a considerable decrease in commercial CO2 across the review period, which extends environmental protection and confirms the green economic recovery. FinTech development also helps reduce CO2 emissions, making a favorable contribution. Selected South Asian countries are on track to become world leaders in green finance strategy implementation, and authorities must speed up the development of green recovery and services and strengthen banking institutions' ability to provide green loans. FinTech and green finance, it turns out, have a significant impact on green economic development. The study also has policy implications for the associated stakeholders.