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Abriha-Molnár VÉ, Szabó S, Magura T, Tóthmérész B, Abriha D, Sipos B, Simon E. Environmental impact assessment based on particulate matter, and chlorophyll content of urban trees. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19911. [PMID: 39198683 PMCID: PMC11358399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The amount of dust deposited on tree leaves is a cost-effective indicator of air quality. Our aim was to explore the leaf surface deposition, and chlorophyll content of leaves along a road section that started at an intersection, and ended in a less disturbed suburban area in Debrecen, Hungary. We also assessed the impact of meteorological conditions on the amount of deposited dust. Leaf samples were collected in July, and September 2022 from Celtis occidentalis, a frequent species in green urban areas of Debrecen. We found a significant negative correlation between dust deposition, and the distance from the intersection in July. In September, dust deposition decreased considerably compared to July, due to rainfall before the second sampling. Surprisingly, we found a positive correlation between dust deposition and chlorophyll content in July. Our findings suggest that dust deposition on leaves serves as a reliable indicator of traffic intensity, because the excess dust caused by the proximity of vehicle traffic can be detected on the leaf surface. Although, rainfall can disrupt the patterns in dust deposition that have developed over an extended period through wash-off and resuspension. Hence, it is advisable to consider these effects while selecting the sampling time and evaluating the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Éva Abriha-Molnár
- HUN-REN-UD Anthropocene Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Szilárd Szabó
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Tibor Magura
- HUN-REN-UD Anthropocene Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Béla Tóthmérész
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Egyetem square 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Dávid Abriha
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Bianka Sipos
- HUN-REN-UD Anthropocene Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edina Simon
- HUN-REN-UD Anthropocene Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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Zhang J, Chen J, Zhu W, Ren Y, Cui J, Jin X. Impact of urban space on PM 2.5 distribution: A multiscale and seasonal study in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121287. [PMID: 38843733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite concerted efforts in emission control, air pollution control remains challenging. Urban planning has emerged as a crucial strategy for mitigating PM2.5 pollution. What remains unclear is the impact of urban form and their interactions with seasonal changes. In this study, base on the air quality monitoring stations in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, the relationship between urban spatial indicators (building morphology and land use) and PM2.5 concentrations was investigated using full subset regression and variance partitioning analysis, and seasonal differences were further analysed. Our findings reveal that PM2.5 pollution exhibits different sensitivities to spatial scales, with higher sensitivity to the local microclimate formed by the three-dimensional structure of buildings at the local scale, while land use exerts greater influence at larger scales. Specifically, land use indicators contributed sustantially more to the PM2.5 prediction model as buffer zone expand (from an average of 2.41% at 100 m range to 47.30% at 5000 m range), whereas building morphology indicators display an inverse trend (from an average of 13.84% at 100 m range to 1.88% at 5000 m range). These results enderscore the importance of considering building morphology in local-scale urban planning, where the increasing building height can significantly enhance the disperion of PM2.5 pollution. Conversely, large-scale urban planning should prioritize the mixed use of green spaces and construction lands to mitigate PM2.5 pollution. Moreover, the significant seasonal differences in the ralationship between urban spatical indicatiors and PM2.5 pollution were observed. Particularly moteworthy is the heightened association between forest, water indicators and PM2.5 concentrations in summer, indicating the urban forests may facilitate the formation of volatile compunds, exacerbating the PM2.5 pollution. Our study provides a theoretical basis for addressing scale-related challenges in urban spatial planning, thereby forstering the sustainable development of cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin' an, 311300, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin' an, 311300, China
| | - Wenjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin' an, 311300, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin' an, 311300, China
| | - Jiecan Cui
- Zhejiang Development & Planning Institute, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Xiaoai Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin' an, 311300, China.
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Moura BB, Zammarchi F, Manzini J, Yasutomo H, Brilli L, Vagnoli C, Gioli B, Zaldei A, Giordano T, Martinelli F, Paoletti E, Ferrini F. Assessment of seasonal variations in particulate matter accumulation and elemental composition in urban tree species. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118782. [PMID: 38570123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution in urban areas, especially particulate matter (PM), is harmful to human health. Urban trees and shrubs provide crucial ecosystem services such as air pollution mitigation by acting as natural filters. However, urban greenery comprises a particular biodiversity, and different plant species vary in their capacity to accumulate PM. Twenty-two plant species were analyzed and selected according to their leaf traits, the different fractions of PM accumulated on the leaves (large - PML, coarse - PMC, and fine - PMF) and their chemical composition. The study was conducted in four city zones: urban traffic (UT), urban background (UB), industrial (IND), and rural (RUR), comparing winter (W) and summer (S) seasons. The average PM levels in the air and accumulated on the leaves were higher in W than in S season. During both seasons, the highest PM accumulated on the leaves was recorded at the UT zone. Nine species were selected as the most suitable for accumulating PML, seven as the most efficient for accumulating PMC, and six for accumulating PMF. The leaf area and leaf roundness were correlated negatively with PM accumulation. The evergreen species L. nobilis was indicated as suitable for dealing with air pollution based on PM10 and PM2.5 values recorded in the air. Regarding the PM element and metal composition, L. nobilis, Photinia x fraseri, Olea europaea, Quercus ilex and Nerium oleander were selected as species with notable elements and metal accumulation. In summary, the study identified species with higher PM accumulation capacity and assessed the seasonal PM accumulation patterns in different city zones, providing insights into the species interactions with PM and their potential for monitoring and coping with air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Baesso Moura
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy.
| | - Francesco Zammarchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine, 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jacopo Manzini
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine, 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Hoshika Yasutomo
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy; Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures System (ITINERIS), Tito Scalo, 85050, (Potenza), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brilli
- Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145, Firenze, Italy
| | - Carolina Vagnoli
- Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145, Firenze, Italy
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zaldei
- Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giordano
- Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145, Firenze, Italy
| | - Federico Martinelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano, 9, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy; Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures System (ITINERIS), Tito Scalo, 85050, (Potenza), Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine, 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy; Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP) National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Ossola R, Rossell RK, Riches M, Osburn C, Farmer D. Development of a sampling protocol for collecting leaf surface material for multiphase chemistry studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1008-1021. [PMID: 38770594 PMCID: PMC11188671 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00065j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Plant leaves and water drops residing on them interact with atmospheric oxidants, impacting the deposition and emission of trace gases and mediating leaf damage from air pollution. Characterizing the chemical composition and reactivity of the water-soluble material on leaf surfaces is thus essential for improving our understanding of atmosphere-biosphere interactions. However, the limited knowledge of sources and nature of these chemicals challenges sampling decisions. This work investigates how sampling variables and environmental factors impact the quantity and composition of water-soluble material sampled from wet leaves and proposes a flexible protocol for its collection. The ratio of solvent volume-to-leaf area, the solvent-to-leaf contact time, and environmental parameters - including the occurrence of rain, plant location and its metabolism - drive solute concentration in leaf soaks. Despite minor variations, UV-vis absorption spectra of leaf soaks are comparable to authentic raindrops collected from the same tree and share features with microbial dissolved organic matter - including overall low aromaticity, low chromophore content, and low average molecular weight. In addition to guiding the development of a sampling protocol, our data corroborate recent hypotheses on the amount, origin, nature, and reactivity of water-soluble organics on wet leaves, providing new directions of research into this highly interdisciplinary topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ossola
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Rose K Rossell
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Mj Riches
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Cameron Osburn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Delphine Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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5
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Ossola R, Farmer D. The Chemical Landscape of Leaf Surfaces and Its Interaction with the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5764-5794. [PMID: 38652704 PMCID: PMC11082906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric chemists have historically treated leaves as inert surfaces that merely emit volatile hydrocarbons. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that leaves are ubiquitous substrates for multiphase reactions-implying the presence of chemicals on their surfaces. This Review provides an overview of the chemistry and reactivity of the leaf surface's "chemical landscape", the dynamic ensemble of compounds covering plant leaves. We classified chemicals as endogenous (originating from the plant and its biome) or exogenous (delivered from the environment), highlighting the biological, geographical, and meteorological factors driving their contributions. Based on available data, we predicted ≫2 μg cm-2 of organics on a typical leaf, leading to a global estimate of ≫3 Tg for multiphase reactions. Our work also highlighted three major knowledge gaps: (i) the overlooked role of ambient water in enabling the leaching of endogenous substances and mediating aqueous chemistry; (ii) the importance of phyllosphere biofilms in shaping leaf surface chemistry and reactivity; (iii) the paucity of studies on the multiphase reactivity of atmospheric oxidants with leaf-adsorbed chemicals. Although biased toward available data, we hope this Review will spark a renewed interest in the leaf surface's chemical landscape and encourage multidisciplinary collaborations to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ossola
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado
State University, 80523 Fort Collins, Colorado (United States)
| | - Delphine Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado
State University, 80523 Fort Collins, Colorado (United States)
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6
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Xie H, Yang C, Tan X. Does national forest city improve residents' health? Evidence from China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1304600. [PMID: 38444443 PMCID: PMC10912504 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1304600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective National health is essential for economic and social development. The aim of this article is to examine the relationship, heterogeneity effects and influential mechanisms between National Forest Cities and the residents' health. Methods The article matches the China Family Panel Studies data in 2018 (CFPS2018) with the 2016-2018 National Forest Cities Construction List, resulting in a final sample of 20,041. Oprobit, Ologit, Instrumental Variable technique (2SLS) and interaction term analysis were used as the main research methods in this article. Results The findings indicate that: (1) The construction of National Forest Cities significantly improves the residents' health in terms of both physical and mental health, and this conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. (2) On the one hand, National Forest Cities promote residents' health by reducing air pollutants such as SO2 and soot to reduce residents' health risk exposure; On the other hand, it promotes residents' health by positively guiding them to engage in healthy behaviors. (3) National Forest Cities have a greater effect on the health of urban residents, older adult and lower-income group, suggesting that National Forest Cities are a public benefit. Conclusions The construction of National Forest Cities is a public welfare that promotes residents' health, and it is an important revelation for accelerating the realization of the Healthy China Strategy. The article provides new empirical evidence for understanding the welfare effects of forest cities and offers new practical paths for improving residents' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjin Xie
- School of Economics and Management, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunmei Yang
- School of Economics and Management, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xi Tan
- School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Xu L, He P, Duan Y, Yu Z, Yang F. Synergy of different leaf traits determines the particulate matter retention capacity and its susceptibility to rain wash-off. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167365. [PMID: 37769719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Rainfall plays a crucial role in the removal of particulate matter (PM) from plant leaves, influencing PM retention and the environmental behaviour of harmful substances that accumulate in PM. This study examined the PM retention capacity, particle size distributions, and wash-off rates of leaf surface PM from three common green tree species in northern China during two natural rainfall events (light rain: 8.3 mm; heavy rain: 54.2 mm), to investigate the relationship between the leaf traits, PM retention capacity, and PM wash-off process. Our results found that leaf morphometric characteristics, such as leaf size, length, width, and aspect ratio (length-to-width), had a negative and significant correlations with the PM retention capacity, but had no significant correlation with the leaf surface PM wash-off rate. Smaller leaves with low aspect ratios exhibited greater stability under external disturbances than large leaves with high aspect ratios, resulting in a higher PM retention capacity and lower wash-off rate. Ridges and grooves enhanced the PM retention capacity by increasing the leaf roughness. Rainfall could wash off all particle size ranges of leaf surface PM without altering their mechanical composition. Larger particles were more easily washed off. Euonymus japonicus, with its small leaf size and low aspect ratio, exhibited the highest PM retention capacity. Its curled leaf shape also hindered light rain from washing off leaf surface PM. Forsythia suspensa, with denser grooves and ridges compared with Prunus serrulata, exhibited a rougher leaf surface and higher PM retention capacity. However, this roughness may reduce wettability, making it easier for runoff to form on the leaf surface and dislodge leaf surface PM, resulting in F. suspensa having the highest wash-off rate. Our results highlight the synergy of different leaf traits on PM retention capacity and the PM stability after rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuai Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
| | - Peng He
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yonghong Duan
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Zhitong Yu
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Taklimakan National Station of Observation and Research for Desert Meteorology in Xinjiang/Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Xinjiang Uygru Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China
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8
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Rossini-Oliva S, Montiel de La Cruz JM, Fernández-Espinosa AJ, Fernández-Cañero R, Fernández-Cabanás VM, Pérez Urrestarazu L. Potentially toxic elements capture by an active living wall in indoor environments: Effect of species in air phytoremediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139799. [PMID: 37574085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution is a serious health problem throughout the world. Plants are known to be able to reduce the effect of air pollution and improve indoor air quality (IAQ). The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of four plant species (Tradescantia zebrina hort. ex Bosse, Philodendron scandens K. Koch & Sello, Ficus pumila L. and Chlorophtytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques) planted in an active living wall (ALW) for capturing particle pollutants. The ALW was introduced in a glass chamber and exposed to large (10-40 μm) and fine (1.2-10 μm) airborne particles containing a fixed concentration of potentially toxic elements (Al, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb). The surface particle deposition (sPM) was estimated in the leaves from the four species and the potentially toxic element concentration in the particulate matter (PM) was measured in plants, medium culture and in the ALW support system. The distribution of different particle size fractions differed between species. The capacity to trap particles on leaf surfaces was similar among the species (4.7-13 ng cm-2) except when comparing Tradescantia and Chlorophytum with Ficus, being higher in the latter species. Differences in toxic elements accumulation capacity were observed between species depending on the elements considered. The percentage of reduction in indoor pollution using an ALW was in a range of 65-79% being similar between species. Plants were the most important component of the ALW in terms of accumulation of indoor potentially toxic elements. The data presented here could be used to model the effectiveness of ALW systems schemes in improving IAQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rossini-Oliva
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Avda. Reina Mercedes S/n, Apartado de Correos, 1095, 41012, Sevilla, Spain; Environmental Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - J M Montiel de La Cruz
- Urban Greening and Biosystems Engineering Research Group, ETSIA, Departamento de Agronomía, University of Seville, 410133, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A J Fernández-Espinosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain; Environmental Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - R Fernández-Cañero
- Urban Greening and Biosystems Engineering Research Group, ETSIA, Departamento de Agronomía, University of Seville, 410133, Sevilla, Spain
| | - V M Fernández-Cabanás
- Urban Greening and Biosystems Engineering Research Group, ETSIA, Departamento de Agronomía, University of Seville, 410133, Sevilla, Spain
| | - L Pérez Urrestarazu
- Urban Greening and Biosystems Engineering Research Group, ETSIA, University of Seville, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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Huang R, Tian Q, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Wu Y, Li Z, Wen Z. Differences in particulate matter retention and leaf microstructures of 10 plants in different urban environments in Lanzhou City. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:103652-103673. [PMID: 37688697 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major primary environmental air pollutant and poses a threat to human health. Differences in the environment and leaf microstructures of plants will result in varying abilities to retain PM, but the effects of changes in these factors on PM retention are not yet well understood. This study selected 10 plant species in four urban areas (sports field, park, residential green space, and greenway) as the study objects. The amount of retained PM by the different species was measured, and the leaf microstructures were observed. It was found that the environment significantly affected both PM retention and leaf microstructure. The ranking of PM retention in the 10 species in four areas was greenway > residential green space > park > sports field. The ranking of average stomatal width and length was park > sports field > residential green space > greenway, while that of average stomatal density was greenway > residential green space > park > sports field. Different environments affected the length and density of trichomes in the leaves. These changes represented the adaptation of plant species to the growth environment. The stomata and grooves of the leaf surface significantly affected the ability of plants to retain PM. The amount of PM retained by different species varied. In all four urban areas, Prunus × cistena N. E. Hansen ex Koehne (purple leaf sand cherry), Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart f. atropurpurea (Jacq.) Rehd. (cherry plum), Buxus sinica var. parvifolia M. Cheng (common boxwood), and Ligustrum × vicaryi Rehder (golden privet) showed strong PM retention. The results of this study will provide information for planners and urban managers for the selection of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Landscape Gardening, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Qing Tian
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhini Chen
- Xinglong Mountain Forest Ecosystem Research Station of National Positioning of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Yonghua Wu
- Lanzhou Institute of Landscape Gardening, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zizhen Li
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zebin Wen
- Lanzhou Botanical Garden, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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10
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Zhao K, Liu D, Chen Y, Feng J, He D, Huang C, Wang Z. Trait-mediated leaf retention of atmospheric particulate matter in fourteen tree species in southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:33609-33623. [PMID: 36484939 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Particulate air pollution is a serious threat to human health, especially in urban areas, and trees can act as biological filters and improve air quality. However, studies on greening tree species selection are rare. We measured three particular matter adsorption metrics (PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM>10 captured per leaf area) and six functional traits for each of fourteen species and estimated their minimum light requirements based on field surveys. We found that shade-tolerant species captured more coarse particles (PM2.5-10) than light-demanding species. For traits, a strong negative correlation was found between photosynthetic capacity and adsorption capacity for all three PM size fractions, indicating that in comparison to acquisitive species, conservative species captured larger amounts of particles. Moreover, denser wood species and smaller leaves were more efficient in capturing large particles (PM>10), while species with "expensive" leaves (high leaf N or P) were more efficient in capturing fine particles (PM2.5), indicating that capturing large and fine particles was related to mechanical stability traits and leaf surface traits, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the metabolism (e.g., photosynthetic capacity) and chemistry (e.g., leaf N and leaf P) of leaves help explain species capacity to capture PM. We encourage future studies to investigate the ecosystem functions and stress tolerance of tree species with the same framework and trait-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangning Zhao
- School of Architecture, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Architecture, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yongfa Chen
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiayi Feng
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Dong He
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- School of Architecture, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- School of Architecture, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
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11
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Kardel F, Karbalaei Hassan S, Rashid H, Dehbandi R, Hopke PK, Abbasi S. Environmental magnetic signatures in mangrove ecosystems in northern Persian Gulf: Implication for pollution assessment in marine environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160083. [PMID: 36356772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic properties of root, bark, and leaf of mangrove (Avicenna marina) and sediment were determined for pollution assessment at three locations in the northern coast of the Persian Gulf. The study revealed that the sources of the particles deposited on leaf surfaces can be discriminated via saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) values and heavy metal. However, different factors including wind direction, size of the magnetic particles and crown density, play a role using SIRM for biomonitoring of atmospheric particulate matter. For leaves, the significant correlations between SIRM and leaf elemental contents indicated that the deposited particles on their surface mainly have geogenic sources. The magnetic analyses revealed that leaves are more suitable than bark for monitoring atmospheric pollution using mangrove trees due to the effect of different factors including dense crown of trees, washing of tree trunk by sea waves, and elements translocation from roots and sediments. Instead, the positive and significant correlation between the SIRM values for sediments and mangrove roots, and no or negative correlation between sediments and roots with barks and leaves indicates that the magnetic properties of the sediments and mangrove roots are suitable indicators of pollution in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kardel
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Mazandaran, P.O. Box: 416, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Shadi Karbalaei Hassan
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Mazandaran, P.O. Box: 416, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Rashid
- Geological Survey of Iran, Azadi Square, Meraj Avenue, 13185-1494 Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Dehbandi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran; Centre for Environmental Studies and Emerging Pollutants (ZISTANO), Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Hellebaut A, Boisson S, Mahy G. Do plant traits help to design green walls for urban air pollution control? A short review of scientific evidences and knowledge gaps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:81210-81221. [PMID: 36215023 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is often claimed that green walls (GW) and living wall systems (LWS) have a positive effect on urban air pollution problems if their plants composition is optimal (design of the LWS). An in-depth review of the knowledge on plants traits maximizing GW effects on air pollution shows that these might be hasty conclusions: there are still some important knowledge gaps. Robust conclusions can only be drawn for particulate matter (PM): the other pollutants are not analyzed by a sufficient number of studies. It can be concluded that leaves with hairs/trichomes are the most effective to capture PM. The rougher and the smaller the leaf is, the more PM it catches. The analysis of the plant composition of six LWS in Belgium indicated that these LWS supported a plant community dominated by only a few species, which do not exhibit in majority the most effective traits to maximize their PM capture. Regarding climbing plants, only three out of seven commonly used creepers in Belgium present hairs/trichomes on their leaves. Studies conducted on other pollutants and other traits are required to optimize the GW plant composition and to maximize their effects on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Hellebaut
- Biodiversity and Landscape Research Team, Terra Research Unit, Gembloux Agrobio-Tech, Liège University, Passage Des Déportés 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Sylvain Boisson
- Biodiversity and Landscape Research Team, Terra Research Unit, Gembloux Agrobio-Tech, Liège University, Passage Des Déportés 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Grégory Mahy
- Biodiversity and Landscape Research Team, Terra Research Unit, Gembloux Agrobio-Tech, Liège University, Passage Des Déportés 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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13
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Maher BA, Gonet T, Karloukovski VV, Wang H, Bannan TJ. Protecting playgrounds: local-scale reduction of airborne particulate matter concentrations through particulate deposition on roadside ‘tredges’ (green infrastructure). Sci Rep 2022; 12:14236. [PMID: 35987916 PMCID: PMC9392798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related particulate air pollution has been linked with excess risks for a range of cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological health outcomes; risks likely to be exacerbated in young children attending schools adjacent to highly-trafficked roads. One immediate way of reducing airborne PM concentrations at the local (i.e., near-road community) scale is installation of roadside vegetation as a means of passive pollution abatement. Roadside vegetation can decrease airborne PM concentrations, through PM deposition on leaves, but can also increase them, by impeding airflow and PM dispersion. Critical to optimizing PM removal is selection of species with high particle deposition velocity (Vd) values, currently under-parameterised in most modelling studies. Here, the measured amounts of leaf-deposited magnetic PM after roadside greening (‘tredge’) installation, and measured reductions in playground PM, particle number and black carbon concentrations demonstrate that air quality improvements by deposition can be achieved at the local, near-road, community/playground scale. PM deposition on the western red cedar tredge removed ~ 49% of BC, and ~ 46% and 26% of the traffic-sourced PM2.5 and PM1, respectively. These findings demonstrate that roadside vegetation can be designed, installed and maintained to achieve rapid, significant, cost-effective improvement of air quality by optimising PM deposition on plant leaves.
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14
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Cooling the City? A Scientometric Study on Urban Green and Blue Infrastructure and Climate Change-Induced Public Health Effects. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14094929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Climate change causes global effects on multiple levels. The anthropogenic input of greenhouse gases increases the atmospheric mean temperature. It furthermore leads to a higher probability of extreme weather events (e.g., heat waves, floods) and thus strongly impacts the habitats of humans, animals, and plants. Against this background, research and innovation activities are increasingly focusing on potential health-related aspects and feasible adaptation and mitigation strategies. Progressing urbanization and demographic change paired with the climate change-induced heat island effect exposes humans living in urban habitats to increasing health risks. By employing scientometric methods, this scoping study provides a systematic bird’s eye view on the epistemic landscapes of climate change, its health-related effects, and possible technological and nature-based interventions and strategies in order to make urban areas climate proof. Based on a literature corpus consisting of 2614 research articles collected in SCOPUS, we applied network-based analysis and visualization techniques to map the different scientific communities, discourses and their interrelations. From a public health perspective, the results demonstrate the range of either direct or indirect health effects of climate change. Furthermore, the results indicate that a public health-related scientific discourse is converging with an urban planning and building science driven discourse oriented towards urban blue and green infrastructure. We conclude that this development might mirror the socio-political demand to tackle emerging climate change-induced challenges by transgressing disciplinary boundaries.
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15
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Integrating Tree Species Identity and Diversity in Particulate Matter Adsorption. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The amount of PM bound by tree canopies depends on leaf traits, but also the leaf area available, both of which are dependent on tree identity. We investigated four species (Acer platanoides L., Tilia cordata Mill., Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L.) grown in monocultures and in two and four species polycultures. The amount of PM on the leaves of these species was determined by washing and fractionation of the PM into PM2.5, PM10 and PM100 size classes using a filtering method. The leaf area index was estimated by litter collection. The amount of PM2.5 per m2 leaf area was significantly higher in T. cordata compared to Q. robur and A. platanoides, and in C. betulus compared to A. platanoides. The leaf area index in monocultures was similar for all species except T. cordata which was considerably lower. Overyielding of LAI was shown in the two species polyculture of T. cordata and A. platanoides, and also in the four species polyculture. In polyculture, higher amounts of PM were determined in the two species polyculture of Q. robur and C. betulus and also in the four species polyculture. The result show that both tree identity and mixture influence the amount of PM in the canopy, and this is related to tree leaf traits, and also to overyielding of LAI in the polyculture.
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16
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The Nature and Size Fractions of Particulate Matter Deposited on Leaves of Four Tree Species in Beijing, China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) in different size fractions (PM0.1–2.5, PM2.5–10 and PM>10) accumulation on four tree species (Populus tomentosa, Platanus acerifolia, Fraxinus chinensis, and Ginkgo biloba) at two sites with different pollution levels was examined in Beijing, China. Among the tested tree species, P. acerifolia was the most efficient species in capturing PM, followed by F. chinensis, G. biloba, and P. tomentosa. The heavily polluted site had higher PM accumulation on foliage and a higher percentage of PM0.1–2.5 and PM2.5–10. Encapsulation of PM within cuticles was observed on leaves of F. chinensis and G. biloba, which was further dominated by PM2.5. Leaf surface structure explains the considerable differences in PM accumulation among tree species. The amounts of accumulated PM (PM0.1–2.5, PM2.5–10, and PM>10) increased with the increase of stomatal aperture, stomatal width, leaf length, leaf width, and stomatal density, but decreases with contact angle. Considering PM accumulation ability, leaf area index, and tolerance to pollutants in urban areas, we suggest P. acerifolia should be used more frequently in urban areas, especially in “hotspots” in city centers (e.g., roads/streets with heavy traffic loads). However, G. biloba and P. tomentosa should be installed in less polluted areas.
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17
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Cao Z, Wu X, Wang T, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Wang D, Chang Y, Wei Y, Yan G, Fan Y, Yue C, Duan J, Xi B. Characteristics of airborne particles retained on conifer needles across China in winter and preliminary evaluation of the capacity of trees in haze mitigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150704. [PMID: 34600981 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To fully understand the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) retained on plant leaves (PMR) and the effect of vegetation on haze on a large spatial scale, we investigated needle samples collected from 78 parks and campuses in 31 cities (30 provincial cities) of China and developed a comprehensive method to characterise PMR. Both the PMR load (including water-insoluble particulate matter (WIPM), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIS) and water-soluble organic matter (WSOM)), with a mean value of 554 ± 345 mg m-2 leaf area, and component profiles of PMR showed obvious spatial variation across the cities. Though haze pollution levels vary greatly among the 31 cities, the PM retention capacity of needles does not depend on haze level because PMR generally reaches saturation before precipitation in winter. The water-soluble component (WSC, the sum of WSIS and WSOM) accounted for 52.3% of PMR on average, among which WSIS and WSOM contributed 21.4% and 30.9% to PMR, respectively. The dominant ions of WSIS in PMR in the cities were Ca2+, K+ and NO3-, indicating that raised dust, biomass combustion and traffic exhaust are significant sources of PM in China. Compared with previous reports, the particle size distributions of PMR and PM across China were consistent, with fine PM (PM2.5) constituting a substantial proportion (43.8 ± 17.0%) of PMR. These results prove that trees can effectively remove fine particles from the air, thereby reducing human exposure to inhalable PM. We proposed a method to estimate the annual amount of PMR on Cedrus deodara, with an average value of 11.9 ± 9.6 t km-2 canopy yr-1 in China. Compared with the load of dust fall (atmospheric particles naturally falling on the ground, average of 138 ± 164 t km-2 land area yr-1 in China), we conclude that trees play a significant role in mitigating haze pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Xinyuan Wu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yahui Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Youhua Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu Chang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ya Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chen Yue
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Benye Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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18
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Yang A, Chen J, Wang X, Guo H, Huang D. The interception effect of heavy metals in different types of Chinese fir plantations. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:551-561. [PMID: 32488798 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to investigate the interception effect of heavy metals, such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in different ages of Chinese fir plantations. The study was conducted in 21-year-old (CF21, near mature stand) and 29-year-old (CF29, old stand) pure Chinese fir forest stands (CF) as well as a mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest stand (MF) in Huitong from November 2016 to October 2017. The study results revealed the variation ranges of interception of Cu, Zn, Cd, As, and Pb by the research forest stands were respectively, 3.436-36.778 mg·m-2·month-1, 7.458-98.763 mg·m-2·month-1, 0.003-0.608 mg·m-2·month-1, 0.094-4.471 mg·m-2·month-1, and 1.251-23.141 mg·m-2·month-1. Compared with the different ages of CF, the average monthly interception of Cu, Zn, Cd, As, and Pb in CF21 were respectively, higher 6.0%, - 3.3%, 59.0%, 1.4%, and 3.4% than those in CF29. However, seasonal changes of that in CF of different ages were those in CF21 > in CF29 in summer and autumn, and those in CF21 < in CF29 in winter and spring. Compared in different forest types, the average monthly interception of Cu, Zn, Cd, As, and Pb in MF was respectively, higher 20.2%, 5.8%, 185.2%, 2.6%, and 12.3% than those in CF. Furthermore, the seasonal flux of heavy metal retention in the forest ecosystems was higher during winter and spring than in summer and in autumn. This study provided an important information regarding the dynamics of heavy metal interception in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiai Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Changsha, 410004, China.
- National Field Research Station for Fir Ecosystem in Huitong, Huitong, 418307, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Dan Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Changsha, 410004, China
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Zhou Y, Chen C, Lu T, Zhang J, Chen J. Season impacts on estimating plant's particulate retention: Field experiments and meta-analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132570. [PMID: 34656623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants can effectively remove atmospheric particles, which contribute to air pollution. However, few studies have focused on seasonal variability of plant dust retention, an essential factor to estimate annual dust removal from the atmosphere. This study conducted a field experiment to explore the seasonal variability of particulate retention on evergreen leaved urban greening shrub plants. We performed a meta-analysis to synthesize the available literature on the subject to discuss our findings further. Results showed that particulate matter deposited on leaf surfaces (sPM) in autumn and winter was significantly higher than in spring and summer. In comparison, the particulate matter trapped in epicuticular waxes (wPM) in summer was significantly higher than in the other three seasons. The seasonal differences also existed in both sPM and wPM among particle sizes. The total dust retention of Rhododendron × pulchrum Sweet, Osmanthus fragrans Lour, and Photinia × fraseri Dress were estimated as 360.89 t, 586.66 t, and 448.84 t per year, respectively. They were significantly different from model estimates if only one season was chosen as an estimator. Furthermore, the meta-analysis revealed significant differences among seasons, particle sizes, and different leaf habits (evergreen or deciduous). In contrast, no significant differences were observed between life forms or between growth forms. Our findings both from field experiment and met-analysis highlights that seasonal variation can significantly affect the dust retention capacity of plants, which should be taken into account into particle matter retention capacity evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Chuwen Chen
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Ting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China.
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20
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Klingberg J, Strandberg B, Sjöman H, Taube M, Wallin G, Pleijel H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) accumulation in Quercus palustris and Pinus nigra in the urban landscape of Gothenburg, Sweden. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150163. [PMID: 34536858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trees have the potential to improve urban air quality as leaves and needles capture air pollutants from the air, but further empirical data has been requested to quantify these effects. We measured the concentration of 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leaves of pin oak (Quercus palustris) and needles of black pine (Pinus nigra) in the City of Gothenburg, Sweden, during the summer of 2018. Oak leaves were collected twice (June, September), while one-year-old (C + 1) and three-year-old (C + 3) pine needles were sampled in June to study the temporal development of leaf/needle PAH concentrations. Specific leaf area (SLA) was estimated, which permitted calculation of leaf/needle area-based PAH content that were compared with the mass-based concentration. In addition, the air concentration of PAHs and NO2 was measured using passive samplers. There was a strong correlation between air concentrations of PAH and NO2, indicating that the pollutants to a large degree originate from the same sources. In the oak leaves there was a significant decrease in low molecular mass PAHs (L-PAH, mainly gaseous) between June and September, but a significant increase in high molecular mass PAHs (H-PAH, mainly particle-bound). There was a strong correlation between L-PAH concentration in leaves and in air indicating an influence of equilibrium processes between ambient air and leaf. In the pine needles, there was a significant increase of both L-PAH and H-PAH in three-year-old needles compared to one-year-old needles. Pine was superior to oak in accumulating PAHs from the air, especially for L-PAHs when comparing area-based content. However, H-PAH concentrations were higher in oak leaves compared to pine needles on a leaf mass basis, emphasizing the importance of how concentrations are expressed. The results from this study can contribute to the development of urban planning strategies regarding the effect of vegetation on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Klingberg
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22A, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Carl Skottbergs gata 22B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Lund University, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sjöman
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22A, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Carl Skottbergs gata 22B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Malin Taube
- Gothenburg University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Wallin
- Gothenburg University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Pleijel
- Gothenburg University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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21
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Particulate Pollution Capture by Seventeen Woody Species Growing in Parks or along Roads in Two European Cities. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to extend the existing knowledge on air quality improvement by the arboreal–shrub heritage. The PM accumulation (PM10–100, PM2.5–10, and PM0.2–2.5 (µg·cm−2)) was measured with consolidated gravimetric techniques during spring, summer, and fall for 2160 leaf samples belonging to the basal, median, and apical part of the crown of 17 species located in the streets and parks of 2 European cities (Rimini and Krakow). On the same samples, the deposition (PM10 and PM2.5 (µg·cm−2·day−1)) was evaluated according to a model based on the wash-off rain effect. Quercus ilex accumulated more PMx than the other species in Rimini, while in Krakow, the highest accumulators were Pinus nigra for PM10–100, Tilia cordata for PM2.5–10, and Populus nigra for PM0.2–2.5. Only in Krakow was the capture capacity of some species affected by the street or park growing condition. The basal leaves showed greater PM10–100 accumulation than the median and apical ones. In Rimini, the total PM accumulation tended to increase throughout the year, while in Krakow, the opposite occurred. However, as the accumulation increased, the deposition decreased. The PM accumulation was reduced by rainfall and enhanced by the air PM concentration, while the wind speed effect was opposite, depending on the city. These findings are useful for directing decision makers in the design of greener, healthier, and sustainable cities.
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22
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Evaluation of Vegetation Configuration Models for Managing Particulate Matter along the Urban Street Environment. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
As a green infrastructure component, urban street vegetation is increasingly being utilized to mitigate air pollution, control microclimates, and provide aesthetic and ecological benefits. This study investigated the effect of vegetation configurations on particulate matter (PM) flows for pedestrians in road traffic environments via a computation fluid dynamics analysis based on the road width (four and eight-lane) and vegetation configuration (single-, multi-layer planting, and vegetation barrier). Airflow changes due to vegetation influenced PM inflow into the sidewalk. Vegetation between roadways and sidewalks were effective at reducing PM concentrations. Compared to single-layer planting (trees only), planting structures capable of separating sidewalk and roadway airflows, such as a multi-layer planting vegetation barrier (trees and shrubs), were more effective at minimizing PM on the sidewalk; for wider roads, a multi-layer structure was the most effective. Furthermore, along a four-lane road, the appropriate vegetation volume and width for reducing PM based on the breathing height (1.5 m) were 0.6 m3 and 0.4 m, respectively. The appropriate vegetation volume and width around eight-lane roads, were 1.2–1.4 m3 and 0.8–0.93 m, respectively. The results of this study can provide appropriate standards for street vegetation design to reduce PM concentrations along sidewalks.
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Heshmatol Vaezin SM, Juybari MM, Daei A, Avatefi Hemmat M, Shirvany A, Tallis MJ, Hirabayashi S, Moeinaddini M, Hamidian AH, Sadeghi SMM, Pypker TG. The effectiveness of urban trees in reducing airborne particulate matter by dry deposition in Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:842. [PMID: 34821985 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of atmospheric pollution as particulate matter (PM) has become a serious issue in many urban areas. This study measured and estimated the amount of atmospheric PM deposition onto oriental plane (Platanus orientalis L.) trees located in Tehran Megapolis, Iran. PM deposited on the leaves of urban trees during spring and summer was estimated using leaf wash measurements. In addition to direct measurements, the dry deposition velocity and the yearly whole-tree PM deposition were estimated using both field measurements and a theoretical model of deposition flux. We estimated air quality improvement as a result of the trees at respiratory height (1.5 m), tree height (10 m), and boundary layer height (1719 m). Foliar PM deposition during spring and summer was estimated to average 0.05 g/leaf and 41.39 g/tree using direct measurements. The annual PM deposited on the leaves, trunk, and branches of an average urban tree was calculated to be 78.60 g/tree. Trees were estimated to improve air quality at 1.5 m, 10 m, and 1719 m from ground level by 25.8%, 5.8%, and 0.1%, respectively. Hence, oriental plane trees substantially reduce PM at respiratory height.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arash Daei
- Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Matthew James Tallis
- University Centre Sparsholt (incorporating Andover College Campus), Sparsholt College Hampshire, Sparsholt, Winchester, SO21 2NF, UK
| | - Satoshi Hirabayashi
- The Davey Institute, The Davey Tree Expert Company, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi
- Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Şirul Beethoven 1, Brasov, 500123, Romania
- School of Forest Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Newins-Ziegler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Grant Pypker
- Department of Natural Resource Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
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Zhang L, Zhang Z, Feng C, Tian M, Gao Y. Impact of various vegetation configurations on traffic fine particle pollutants in a street canyon for different wind regimes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147960. [PMID: 34058589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation establishment in urban areas is a potential solution to combat elevated particulate matter (PM) pollution, create cleaner environment for residents and enhance the sustainability of cities. However, vegetation effect at the points of interest in street-canyon on traffic pollutant from multiple interconnected factors (e.g., plant species, vegetation configurations, aerodynamic effect, deposition effect and complex wind regimes) is still not well studied. Therefore, taking roadside vegetation and street canyon as research objects, we evaluated vegetation effect (VE) for vegetation configurations (VCs) with several tree species on the dispersion, deposition, and distribution of traffic generated PM pollutant under different wind regimes. Results showed that (1) the transportation and distribution of traffic PM pollutant were different from wind regimes; (2) total VEs varied from -88.3% to 25.5%, depending on different VCs and wind regimes; perpendicular wind had the best VEs, while oblique wind had the worst VEs among the three wind directions; VEs of cypress were better than pine and poplar; VEs of one side planting were better than two sides planting. (3) the optimal VCs were found by each wind direction; two sides planting by shrub was suitable for parallel and oblique winds; for the perpendicular wind, the optimal VC was that two sides planting by cypress-shrub and increased canopy volume in the street center; and (4) VE were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with vegetation parameters at lower wind speed, however, no correlations were found at higher wind speed under parallel wind; leeward wall VEs were significantly correlated with aerodynamic parameter (P < 0.001) while windward wall VEs and pedestrian-level VEs with deposition parameter (P < 0.05) under perpendicular wind; VEs were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) with aerodynamic parameter under oblique wind. The study highlights the impact of urban vegetation on air environment and provides insights for vegetation establishment from the viewpoint of improving air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Ecological Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Key Lab of Soil & Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chaoyang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Ecological Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Meirong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Ecological Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanni Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Ecological Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Dayang Fang 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
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Wróblewska K, Jeong BR. Effectiveness of plants and green infrastructure utilization in ambient particulate matter removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2021; 33:110. [PMID: 34603905 PMCID: PMC8475335 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-021-00547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is regarded as an increasingly threatening, major environmental risk for human health. Seven million deaths are attributed to air pollution each year, 91% of which is due to particulate matter. Vegetation is a xenobiotic means of removing particulate matter. This review presents the mechanisms of PM capture by plants and factors that influence PM reduction in the atmosphere. Vegetation is ubiquitously approved as a PM removal solution in cities, taking various forms of green infrastructure. This review also refers to the effectiveness of plant exploitation in GI: trees, grasslands, green roofs, living walls, water reservoirs, and urban farming. Finally, methods of increasing the PM removal by plants, such as species selection, biodiversity increase, PAH-degrading phyllospheric endophytes, transgenic plants and microorganisms, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wróblewska
- Department of Horticulture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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PM2.5 Pollutant Concentrations in Greenspaces of Nanjing Are High but Can Be Lowered with Environmental Planning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189705. [PMID: 34574633 PMCID: PMC8470726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale greenspaces in high-density central urban districts serve as important outdoor activity spaces for the surrounding residents, especially the elderly. This study selects six small-scale, popular greenspaces with distinct characteristics that are jointly situated along the same main urban artery in a high-density central urban district. Field investigations and questionnaires are conducted and combined with statistical analyses, to explore the spatial-temporal distribution and influencing factors of PM2.5 concentrations in these greenspaces. The study finds that the air quality conditions in the sites are non-ideal, and this has potential negative impacts on the health of the elderly visitors. Moreover, the difference values of PM2.5 concentrations' spatial-temporal distributions are significantly affected by vehicle-related emissions, which have significant temporal characteristics. PM2.5 concentration is strongly correlated with percentage of green coverage (R = 0.82, p < 0.05), degree of airflow (R = -0.83, p < 0.05), humidity and comfort level (R = 0.54, p < 0.01 and R = -0.40, p < 0.01 respectively). Meanwhile, the sites' "sky view factor" is strongly correlated with degree of airflow (R = 0.82, p < 0.05), and the comfort level plays an indirect role in the process of PM2.5 affecting crowd activities. Based on this analysis, an optimal set of index ranges for greenspace elements which are correlated with the best reduction in PM2.5 concentrations is derived. As such, this research reveals the technical methods to best reduce their concentrations and provides a basis and reference for improving the quality of small-scale greenspaces in high-density urban districts for the benefit of healthy aging.
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The Study of Airborne Particulate Matter in Dalnegorsk Town. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179234. [PMID: 34501819 PMCID: PMC8431032 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mines, quarries, dumps, and tailings are the sources of air pollution. In the Dalnegorsk District (Primorsky Krai, Russia), there are 20 polymetallic deposits. This study aimed to evaluate the particle size and material composition of ambient particulate matter (PM) in Dalnegorsk town and verify the influence of mining and chemical industry facilities on the composition of PM. Ambient particulates were analyzed in samples of snow cover and washout from vegetation (conifer tree needles). According to particle size distribution data, the relative content of particles with a diameter up to 10 microns (PM10) reaches 40% in three snow samples taken in the central part of the town. Among ore minerals, pyrite and arsenopyrite predominated in the samples. In addition, sphalerite, galena, cassiterite, and iron–chromium–nickel formations of various shapes were found in the studied particles. The presence of these metals in airborne PM can negatively affect the incidence rate of PM-associated diseases and the determination of their levels are very useful for air pollution prevention strategies.
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Xu L, Yan Q, Lin Y, Zhen Z, Liu L, Duan Y. Selective retention of particulate matter by nine plant species in central Shanxi Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35902-35910. [PMID: 33682054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves can accumulate particulate matter (PM) from the air, thus mitigating air pollution. Nine plant species from the central part of Shanxi Province, China, were investigated to characterize differences in their PM retention capacity and the grain sizes of the collected PM. Styphnolobium japonicum, Syringa oblata, and Cerasus serrulata demonstrated strong retention capacity for PM particles of diverse size fractions. Philadelphus incanus, Viburnum opulus, and Yulania biondii had relatively weak retention capacity for overall and fine PM. Generally, species with smaller leaves and roughness surfaces, waxy leaves, or leaves with hair had strong PM retention capacity. Leaves with suitable groove widths better retained fine PM. Foliar dust observed on leaves presented multimodal distribution curves, including bimodal, trimodal, and four-peak distributions, which differed from the trimodal distribution of natural dustfall. The different PM retention capacities of the nine investigated species and the differing grain sizes between foliar dust and atmospheric dustfall indicated that plant leaves could selectively retain PM. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the use of the plant to mitigate particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuai Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Qian Yan
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongchong Lin
- School of History and Geography, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, Fujian, China
| | - Zhilei Zhen
- College of Urban and Rural Construction, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Liwen Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yonghong Duan
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Li X, Zhang T, Sun F, Song X, Zhang Y, Huang F, Yuan C, Yu H, Zhang G, Qi F, Shao F. The relationship between particulate matter retention capacity and leaf surface micromorphology of ten tree species in Hangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144812. [PMID: 33736168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the main environmental air pollutants, but it can be retained and adsorbed by plants. To systematically and comprehensively conduct qualitative and quantitative research on the relationship between the leaf PM retention ability and the microstructure of leaf surfaces, this study evaluated the PM retention abilities of ten common tree species (1860 leaf pieces in total) in the greenbelts around the Lin'an toll station of the Hang-Rui Expressway in Hangzhou, China, in October 2019. The leaf surface roughness and contact angle were measured with confocal laser scanning microscopy and a contact angle measuring instrument. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to collect data on the stomata and groove morphology. The PM retention ability of the leaves was assessed by quantifying the PM mass and number density on the leaves. The results revealed that Platanus acerifolia and Sapindus mukorossi had a strong ability to retain particulates of different sizes. The mass of the retained PM2.5 on their leaves accounted for the lowest proportion (mean: 8.12%) among the total retained particulate mass, but the number density of the retained PM2.5 accounted for the highest proportion (mean: 97.49%) among the total number density. A significant negative correlation between the PM2.5 mass and the groove width on the adaxial surface (R2 = 0.746, P < 0.05) and a significant positive correlation between the roughness and the PM number density on the adaxial surface (R2 = 0.702, P < 0.01) were observed. No obvious correlations were found among the groove width, roughness and number density of the retained PM on the abaxial surface. Leaf surfaces with dense and narrow grooves, strip-like projections, high roughness and high wettability had strong retention abilities. This study can provide a theoretical reference for selecting plants with strong PM retention ability for green urban garden design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Tianran Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Fengbin Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ximing Song
- Wulanchabu Administration Station of Wildlife and Wetland Conservation, Wulanchabu Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Wulanchabu, Neimenggu 012000, China
| | - Yinke Zhang
- Hangzhou Botanical Garden (Hangzhou West Lake Academy of Landscape Science), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Chuyang Yuan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Hui Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Guihao Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Feng Qi
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Feng Shao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
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30
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Particulate Matter Removal Ability of Ten Evergreen Trees Planted in Korea Urban Greening. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Broad-leaved evergreen trees create urban forests for mitigation of climate warming and adsorption of particulate matter (PM). This study was performed to identify the species suitable for urban greening by examining the adsorption capacity of the evergreen species in urban areas in Korea, the adsorption points and the elemental composition of PM in the adsorbed tree. Leaf sampling was carried out four times (period of seven months from October 2017 to May 2018) and used after drying (period 28 to 37 days). Particulate matter (PM) was classified and measured according to size PM2.5 (0.2–2.5 μm), PM10 (2.5–10 μm), PM100 (10–100 μm). The total amount of PM adsorbed on the leaf surface was highest in Pinus densiflora (24.6 μg∙cm−2), followed by Quercus salicina (47.4 μg∙cm−2). The composition of PM adsorbed by P. densiflora is 4.0% PM2.5, 39.5% PM10 and 56.5% PM100, while those adsorbed by Q. salicina are evergreen at 25.7% PM2.5, 27.4% PM10 and 46.9% PM100. When the amount of PM adsorbed on the leaf was calculated by LAI, the species that adsorbed PM the most was P. densiflora, followed by Q. salicina, followed by Q. salicina in the wax layer, then P. densiflora. As a result of this study, the amount of PM adsorbed per unit area of leaves, and the amount of PM calculated by LAI, showed a simpler pattern. The hardwoods had a high adsorption rate of PM2.5. The adsorption ratio of ultra-fine PM2.5 by evergreen broad-leaved trees was greater than that of coniferous trees. Therefore, broad-leaved evergreens such as Q. salicina are considered very suitable as species for adsorbing PM in the city. PM2.5 has been shown to be adsorbed through the pores and leaves of trees, indicating that the plant plays an important role in alleviating PM in the atmosphere. As a result of analyzing the elemental components of PM accumulated on leaf leaves by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/ energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) analysis, it was composed of O, C, Si, and N, and was found to be mainly generated by human activities around the road. The results of this study provide basic data regarding the selection of evergreen species that can effectively remove aerial PM. It also highlights the importance of evergreen plants for managing PM pollution during the winter and provides insights into planning additional green infrastructure to improve urban air quality.
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Zhang X, Lyu J, Zeng Y, Sun N, Liu C, Yin S. Individual effects of trichomes and leaf morphology on PM 2.5 dry deposition velocity: A variable-control approach using species from the same family or genus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116385. [PMID: 33433344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban green infrastructure is closely linked to the alleviation of pollution from atmospheric particulate matter. Although particle deposition has been shown to depend on leaf characteristics, the findings from earlier studies are sometimes ambiguous due to the lack of controlling variables. In this study, we investigated the impact of leaf morphological characteristics on PM2.5 dry deposition velocity by employing a control-variable approach. We focused on four indices: trichome density, petiole length, aspect ratio (width-to-length ratio), and fractal deviation. For each index, tree species were chosen from the same family or genus to minimize the influence of other factors and make a group of treatments for an individual index. The dry deposition velocities of PM2.5 were determined through application of an indirect method. The results revealed that the presence of leaf trichomes had a positive effect on PM2.5 dry deposition velocity, and a higher trichome density also led to a greater particle deposition velocity. Lower leaf aspect ratio, shorter petioles, and higher leaf fractal deviation were associated with greater PM2.5 dry deposition velocity. The control-variable approach allows to investigate the correlation between deposition velocity and a certain leaf characteristic independently while minimizing the effects of others. Thus, our study can clarify how a single leaf characteristic affects particle deposition velocity, and expound its potential mechanism more scientifically than the published studies. Our research points out the importance of controlling variables, and also provides ideas for future researches on related factors to be found. Meanwhile the results would help provide insight into design improvements or adaptive management for the alleviation of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junyao Lyu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China.
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32
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Subpiramaniyam S, Boovaragamoorthy GM, Kaliannan T, Krishna K, Hong SC, Yi PI, Jang SH, Suh JM. Assessment of foliar dust deposition and elemental concentrations in foliar dust and long rows of grand tamarind leaves along two major roads of Coimbatore, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128444. [PMID: 33010630 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentration of foliar dust and 23 elemental concentrations in foliar dust and foliar tissues were studied using long rows of grand tamarind trees grown in two major roads in Coimbatore, India. Twenty-four sampling sites were chosen and categorized as urban (n = 5), suburban (n = 14), and rural (n = 5) areas based on the local population. In the case of foliar dust concentration, a significant difference was noted between the sites of urban (range between 3.06 and 6.68 μ/cm2) and suburban areas (range between 0.56 and 5.75 μ/cm2) but not for rural areas (range between 0.40 and 0.47 μ/cm2). When comparing the urban, suburban, and rural, either significantly or insignificantly, 17 elements (Al, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, and Zn) in urban and five elements (Ag, B, Cr, Na, and Pb) in suburban were higher. However, in the case of elements in tamarind laves, almost all elements except Na and K were higher in the urban area. Furthermore, the study results suggest that the elements in both foliage dust and in tamarind leaves are not evenly distributed between the sites of urban, suburban, and rural areas. This uneven distribution might be due to the construction being performed on a stretch of a four-lane highway during sampling, heavy transportation in three small junctions of suburban sites, and a rail over-bridge construction in one suburban site. However, comprehensive studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Subpiramaniyam
- Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Thamaraiselvi Kaliannan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kadirvelu Krishna
- DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sung-Chul Hong
- Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyong-In Yi
- Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Jang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Suh
- Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Republic of Korea
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Source Apportionment and Assessment of Air Quality Index of PM2.5–10 and PM2.5 in at Two Different Sites in Urban Background Area in Senegal. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the particulate matter (PM) sources is an essential step to assess PM effects on human health and understand PM’s behavior in a specific environment. Information about the composition of the organic or/and inorganic fraction of PM is usually used for source apportionment studies. In this study that took place in Dakar, Senegal, the identification of the sources of two PM fractions was performed by utilizing data on the elemental composition and elemental carbon content. Four PM sources were identified using positive matrix factorization (PMF): Industrial emissions, mineral dust, traffic emissions, and sea salt/secondary sulfates. To assess the effect of PM on human health the air quality index (AQI) was estimated. The highest values of AQI are approximately 497 and 488, in Yoff and Hlm, respectively. The spatial location of the sources was investigated using potential source contribution function (PSCF). PSCF plots revealed the high effect of transported dust from the desert regions to PM concentration in the sampling site. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first source apportionment study on PM fractions published for Dakar, Senegal.
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Kończak B, Cempa M, Pierzchała Ł, Deska M. Assessment of the ability of roadside vegetation to remove particulate matter from the urban air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115465. [PMID: 33152599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of urbanised areas together with the growing transport infrastructure and traffic volume are the main cause of air quality deterioration due to the increasing concentrations of particulate matter. Dust pollution is a threat to human health. It can cause the development of lung, larynx or circulatory system cancer. Due to the ability to accumulate dust particles on the leaf surface, the contribution of trees in the process of phytoremediation of air pollution has started to be appreciated. An analysis of the elemental composition of particulate matter (PM) stored on the leaves surface was also carried out, which showed high average concentration of: C > O > Si > Fe (above 8wt.%). It was also observed single particles with a high concentration of heavy metals: Ti, Mn, Ba, Zn, Cr, Pb, Sn, Ni and REE (rare earth elements). The major origin of PM are vehicular emissions, soil and re-suspended road dust. This paper presents also a comparison of selected tree, shrub and vine species differing in their ability to accumulate particulate matter. It was experimentally determined the average leaf surface of individual plant species and established the amount of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter between 10 and 100 μm, 2.5 and 10 μm, and 0.2 and 2.5 μm deposited on the leaf surface and in waxes. Some species of vines (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), shrubs (Forsythia x intermediata) and coniferous trees, such as Betula pendula 'Youngii', Quercus rubra, Cratageus monogyna, Acer pseduoplatanus, Tilia cordata Mill. or Platanus orientalis turned out to be the most efficient in the process of phylloremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kończak
- Department of Water Protection, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166, Katowice, Poland.
| | - M Cempa
- Department of Environmental Monitoring, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ł Pierzchała
- Department of Water Protection, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166, Katowice, Poland
| | - M Deska
- Department of Water Protection, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166, Katowice, Poland
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Fares S, Conte A, Alivernini A, Chianucci F, Grotti M, Zappitelli I, Petrella F, Corona P. Testing Removal of Carbon Dioxide, Ozone, and Atmospheric Particles by Urban Parks in Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14910-14922. [PMID: 33169986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cities are responsible for more than 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Sequestration of air pollutants is one of the main ecosystem services that urban forests provide to the citizens. The atmospheric concentration of several pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), tropospheric ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM) can be reduced by urban trees through processes of adsorption and deposition. We predict the quantity of CO2, O3, and PM removed by urban tree species with the multilayer canopy model AIRTREE in two representative urban parks in Italy: Park of Castel di Guido, a 3673 ha reforested area located northwest of Rome, and Park of Valentino, a 42 ha urban park in downtown Turin. We estimated a total annual removal of 1005 and 500 kg of carbon per hectare, 8.1 and 1.42 kg of ozone per hectare, and 8.4 and 8 kg of PM10 per hectare. We highlighted differences in pollutant sequestration between urban areas and between species, shedding light on the importance to perform extensive in situ measurements and modeling analysis of tree characteristics to provide realistic estimates of urban parks to deliver ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Fares
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of BioEconomy (IBE), Rome 00100, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome 00166, Italy
| | - Adriano Conte
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome 00166, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alivernini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome 00166, Italy
| | - Francesco Chianucci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome 00166, Italy
| | - Mirko Grotti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome 00166, Italy
- Department of Architecture and Design, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zappitelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome 00166, Italy
| | - Fabio Petrella
- Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente (IPLA), Turin 10132, Italy
| | - Piermaria Corona
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome 00166, Italy
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
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Declercq Y, Samson R, Van De Vijver E, De Grave J, Tack FMG, De Smedt P. A multi-proxy magnetic approach for monitoring large-scale airborne pollution impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140718. [PMID: 32758833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interpretive utility of environmental magnetic proxies for investigating airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution impact is restricted by differences in soil composition, land cover and land use. For soil magnetic applications, land use strongly influences magnetic particle distribution down the soil profile, even in homogeneous soil environments. Here, an adaptive approach is engineered to provide accurate magnetic proxy information for pollution monitoring across different land use types. In an 81-km2 area between two industrial harbours, the irregular distribution of forests, arable lands, pasture and residential areas prevented robustly relating topsoil magnetic susceptibility data to known pollution impacts. Although normalized topsoil susceptibility values showed improved potential for deriving airborne pollution impacts, optimal results were obtained by depth-integrating magnetic susceptibility logs, revealing long-term impacts of both active and decommissioned industrial facilities. Complementing soil magnetic observations, active and passive (bio)magnetic monitoring allowed discriminating short-term pollution patterns and evaluating changes in PM impact across the study area. Hereby, active PM receptors (strawberry leaves and plastic coated cardboards (PCCs)) provided promising results, yet passive receptors allowed estimating pollution impacts more efficiently. For the latter, species-independent grass leaf sampling reflected airborne PM depositional patterns most accurately, whereas wiped anthropogenic surfaces proved too sensitive to wash-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynse Declercq
- Research Group Soil Spatial Inventory Techniques, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ellen Van De Vijver
- Research Group Soil Spatial Inventory Techniques, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan De Grave
- Mineralogy and Petrology Research Unit, Department of Geology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip M G Tack
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe De Smedt
- Research Group Soil Spatial Inventory Techniques, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
Urban air quality is considered a major issue in cities worldwide, with particulate matter (PM) recognised as one of the most harmful pollutants regarding human health. The use of plants to act as air filters and immobilise PM has been identified as a potential method to improve the air quality in these areas. The majority of the work has focused on trees, with the application of shrub and herbaceous species largely overlooked. Two contrasting leaf morphologies from a shrub and herbaceous plant species were sampled at four locations across Southampton (UK), from varying traffic conditions. Samples were analysed for the mass of PM captured, particle size, and elemental composition. These analyses were used to characterise the different sites and the plants’ effectiveness at immobilisation of PM. Captured PM mass was shown to be directly related to traffic density, with greater traffic density leading to higher levels of captured PM. PM origins were attributed to emissions from vehicles and the resuspension of particles by vehicle movement. The bulk of the PM mass was shown to originate from natural, crustal sources including large proportions of Al, Si, and/or Ca. Increases in elements from anthropogenic enhancement (such as Fe and Zn) were related to high traffic density. Particle size analysis identified that, despite the use of standard leaf-washing protocols with a final 2.5 µm filter, PM was dominated by fine particles (<2.5 µm physical diameter), with particles >10 µm rare. Bramble leaves were calculated to have a species-specific deposition velocity 0.51 cm s−1 greater than ivy, with deposition velocities calculated at 1.8 and 1.3 cm s−1 for ivy and 2.3 and 1.8 cm s−1 for bramble at Redbridge Road and Brinton’s Road, respectively. These values can allow for the more accurate modelling and estimation of the PM removal abilities of these plants.
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Zhang X, Lyu J, Han Y, Sun N, Sun W, Li J, Liu C, Yin S. Effects of the leaf functional traits of coniferous and broadleaved trees in subtropical monsoon regions on PM 2.5 dry deposition velocities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114845. [PMID: 32534323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants can intercept airborne particulate matter through deposition. Different types of plants exhibit different functional leaf traits, which can affect the dry deposition velocity (Vd). However, the most crucial leaf traits of coniferous and broadleaved trees remain unidentified. In this study, we selected 18 typical plants from the subtropical monsoon regions, where PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with a diameter of ≤2.5 μm) concentrations are relatively high, and classified them into coniferous and broadleaved categories. Subsequently, we analyzed the relationships between Vd and leaf surface free energy (SFE), single leaf area (LAs), surface roughness (SR), specific leaf area (SLA), epicuticular wax content (EWC), and width-to-length ratio (W/L). The results indicated that most coniferous trees exhibited a high Vd. The correlation analysis revealed that SFE, SR, LAs, and W/L were the key factors that affected the Vd of all the tested species. SFE and SLA had the strongest influence on the Vd of broadleaved trees, whereas LAs and SLA had the strongest effect on that of coniferous trees. Most coniferous trees had a high SLA, which can reduce water loss and hinder particle deposition. However, the stiff leaves of coniferous trees fluttered less, resulting in a larger leaf area that enhanced the capture efficiency. The leaf structure of broadleaved trees is more flexible, resulting in erratic flutter, which may impede deposition and lead to high resuspension. Coniferous and broadleaved trees may have different dominant leaf traits that affect particle deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junyao Lyu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yujie Han
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Forest Station, 1053-7 Hutai Rd., Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Forest Station, 1053-7 Hutai Rd., Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jinman Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Muhammad S, Wuyts K, Samson R. Immobilized atmospheric particulate matter on leaves of 96 urban plant species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36920-36938. [PMID: 32572747 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants provide many ecosystem services in urban environments, including improving ambient air quality. Leaves of plants permit the deposition of particulate matter (PM) and, depending on their leaf traits, PM may be immobilized within the epicuticular wax (EW) layer, on trichomes, on hyphae of fungi, or inside stomatal cavities. In this study, leaves of 96 perennial urban plant species consisting of 45 deciduous broadleaf/needle-like trees, 32 deciduous broadleaf shrubs, 12 evergreen needle/scale-like trees, 5 evergreen broadleaf trees, and 2 climber species were investigated in June and September 2016 to determine the effectiveness of distinct leaf surfaces in PM immobilization after leaf washing treatment. The leaf surfaces were washed vigorously using a vortex shaker. The magnetizable component of accumulated and immobilized PM on the leaf surfaces was estimated using saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) of the unwashed and washed leaves, respectively. In June, the washed leaf SIRM of deciduous (broadleaf/needle-like) tree and shrub species (n = 77) ranged between 0.1 and 13.9 μA. In September, the washed leaf SIRM of all investigated plant species (n = 96) ranged between 1.2 and 35.0 μA. Outcomes of this study indicate that leaves of Buddleja davidii, Viburnum lantana, and Sorbus intermedia showed the highest washed leaf SIRM and thus were the most effective in immobilizing PM on their leaf surfaces while leaves of Populus alba, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Abies fraseri with lowest washed leaf SIRM were the least effective. On average, more than half (i.e., 60%) of the magnetic signal still remained after vigorous washing but a large variation exists between species (9-96%). The leaf SIRM of washed leaves of deciduous broadleaf tree and shrub species was significantly higher compared to leaves of evergreen needle/scale-like species. Evidently, the magnetic signal of unwashed leaves was higher than washed ones and higher in September than in June. Leaf traits significantly influenced the magnetic signal of both washed and unwashed leaves: leaves with a high trichome density or high leaf wettability showed a higher unwashed and washed leaf SIRM compared to leaves with no trichomes or low leaf wettability. The effect of epicuticular wax structure types on leaf SIRM was indicated to be only marginally significant. Moreover, also the immobilized fraction of PM was significantly affected by trichome density and leaf wettability, thus substantiating that plant species with high trichome density and/or leaf wettability not only accumulate more PM but are also less prone to PM re-suspension than other species. In general, the results also indicate that leaf SIRM of unwashed leaves can be a good indicator to determine the effectiveness of a plant species in PM immobilization. Plant species effective in immobilizing PM on their leaf surfaces may likely improve ambient air quality when planted in urban environments. However, it is vital that leaves of these plant species (i.e., with high PM immobilization abilities) are carefully recycled as they may be polluted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Muhammad
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abhijith KV, Kumar P. Quantifying particulate matter reduction and their deposition on the leaves of green infrastructure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114884. [PMID: 32540594 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The green infrastructure (GI) is identified as a passive exposure control measure of air pollution. This work examines particulate matter (PM) reduction by a roadside hedge and its deposition on leaves. The objectives of this study are to (i) quantify the relative difference in PM concentration in the presence of GI and at an adjacent clear area; (ii) estimate the total mass and number density of PM deposited on leaves of a hedge; (iii) ascertain variations in PM deposition at adult (1.5m) and child (0.6 m) breathing levels on either side of a hedge; (iv) illustrate the relationship between PM deposition to leaves and ambient PM concentration reductions; and (v) quantify the elemental composition of collected particles of the leaves on different heights and sides of hedge. PM reduction of 2-9% was observed behind hedge compared to a clear area and followed a trend of ΔPM1 >ΔPM10 >ΔPM2.5. Counting of particles was found to be an effective method to quantify deposition than weighting methods. Sub-micron particles (PM1) dominated particle deposition on leaves at all sampling points on both sides of the hedge. PM mass deposition and number concentration to the leaves on traffic-facing side was up to 36% and 58% higher at 0.6m compared with 1.5m height, respectively. Such a difference was absent on the backside of the hedge. The SEM-EDS analysis showed up to 12% higher traffic-originated particles deposited to leaves on the traffic-facing side compared to the backside. The naturally occurring particles dominated in identified particles on leaf samples from all collection points on the hedge. These new evidence expand our understanding of PM reduction of GI in the near-road environment and its variations in particle deposition, depending on height and sides of GI, which could allow a better parameterisation of dispersion-deposition models for GI assessment at micro-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Abhijith
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Using Ultrasound-Treated Washout from Conifer Needles and Fresh Snow Samples in Air Pollution Monitoring. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:3529437. [PMID: 32655330 PMCID: PMC7330641 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3529437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Snow precipitation and snowpack are commonly used to assess the condition of the aerial environment. Another way to monitor air quality is to study trees and shrubs, which are natural barriers for capturing air pollution, including atmospheric particulate matter. The hypothesis of the current study was that using fresh snow precipitation and washout from vegetation for the monitoring of air pollution can produce comparable results. In this study, we compared the results of laser diffraction analysis of suspended particular matter in melted fresh snow and ultrasound-treated washout from conifer needles. The samples were collected at several sites in Primorsky Krai, Russian Federation, and analyzed according to the same scheme. We observed that the content of particulate matter with a smaller aerodynamic diameter in the ultrasound-treated washout from conifer needles was higher than that in the melted fresh snow. The content of PM10 in the ultrasound-treated washout from conifers was increased by 6–27% depending on the site, showing greater efficacy of this method. This method can be used as an alternative to the sampling of snow for the monitoring of ambient air pollution, taking into account several limitations.
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Sgrigna G, Baldacchini C, Dreveck S, Cheng Z, Calfapietra C. Relationships between air particulate matter capture efficiency and leaf traits in twelve tree species from an Italian urban-industrial environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137310. [PMID: 32088481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in the urban environment is widely recognized as one of the most harmful threats for human health. International organizations such as the United Nations and the European Commission are highlighting the potential role of nature in mitigating air pollution and are now funding the implementation of Nature-Based Solutions, especially at the city level. Over the past few decades, the attention of the scientific community has grown around the role of urban forest in air pollution mitigation. Nevertheless, the understanding on Particulate Matter (PM) retention mechanisms by tree leaves is still limited. In this study, twelve tree species were sampled within an urban park of an industrial city. Two techniques were used for leaf analysis: Vacuum/Filtration and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, in order to obtain a quali-quantitative analysis of the different PM size fractions. Results showed that deposited PM loads vary significantly among species. Different leaf traits, including micro and macromorphological characteristics, were observed, measured and ranked, with the final aim to relate them with PM load. Even if no significant correlation between each single leaf characteristic and PM deposition was observed (p > 0.05), multivariate analysis revealed relationships between clusters of leaf traits and deposited PM. Thus, by assigning a score to each trait, an Accumulation index (Ai) was calculated, which was significantly related to the leaf deposited PM load (p ≤ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sgrigna
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - C Baldacchini
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - S Dreveck
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Z Cheng
- Brooklyn College, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - C Calfapietra
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Producing Urban Aerobiological Risk Map for Cupressaceae Family in the SW Iberian Peninsula from LiDAR Technology. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the rise in the global population and the consequently high levels of pollution, urban green areas, such as those that include plants in the Cupressaceae family, are suitable to reduce the pollution levels, improving the air quality. However, some species with ornamental value are also very allergenic species whose planting should be regulated and their pollen production reduced by suitable pruning. The Aerobiological Index to create Risk maps for Ornamental Trees (AIROT), in its previous version, already included parameters that other indexes did not consider, such as the width of the streets, the height of buildings and the geographical characteristics of cities. It can be considered by working with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from five urban areas, which were used to create the DEM and DSM (digital elevation and surface models) needed to create one of the parameters. Pollen production is proposed as a parameter (α) based on characteristics and uses in the forms of hedges or trees that will be incorporated into the index. It will allow the comparison of different species for the evaluation of the pruning effect when aerobiological risks are established. The maps for some species of Cupressaceae (Cupressus arizonica, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cupressus sempervirens, Cupressocyparis leylandii and Platycladus orientalis) generated in a GIS (geographic information system) from the study of several functions of Kriging, have been used in cities to identify aerobiological risks in areas of tourist and gastronomic interest. Thus, allergy patients can make decisions about the places to visit depending on the levels of risk near those areas. The AIROT index provides valuable information for allergy patients, tourists, urban planning councillors and restaurant owners in order to structure the vegetation, as well as planning tourism according to the surrounding environmental risks and reducing the aerobiological risk of certain areas.
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Kardel F, Wuyts K, De Wael K, Samson R. Assessing atmospheric dry deposition via water-soluble ionic composition of roadside leaves. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:903-911. [PMID: 32312150 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1752589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the water-soluble ion concentrations in the washing solution of leaves of different roadside tree species at three sites in Iran to estimate the ionic composition of the dry deposition of ambient air particulates. All considered water-soluble ion concentrations were significantly higher next to the roads with high traffic density compared to the reference site with low traffic density. The PCA results showed that Ca2+, Mg2+, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] originated mainly from traffic activities and geological sources, and Na+, Cl-, K+ and F- from sea salts. In addition to sea salt, K+ and F- were also originated from anthropogenic sources i.e. industrial activities, biomass burning and fluorite mining. Moreover, the concentration of the water-soluble ions depended on species and site. C. lawsoniana had significantly higher ion concentrations in its leaf washing solution compared to L. japonicum and P. brutia which indicates C. lawsoniana is the most suitable species for accumulating of atmospheric dry deposition. From our results, it can be concluded that sites with similar traffic density can have different particle loads and water-soluble ion species, and that concentrations in leaf-washing solutions depend on site conditions and species-specific leaf surface characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kardel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES research group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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He C, Qiu K, Pott R. Reduction of urban traffic-related particulate matter-leaf trait matters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5825-5844. [PMID: 31853855 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter in European cities, especially in urban areas, is mainly from urban road traffic and constitutes a great threat to the health of inhabitants. Therefore, understanding of the role of common urban roadside plant plays for particulate matter (PM) reduction would have important meaning for the mitigation of urban air pollution. The leaf surface PM capturing capacity of 12 representative urban plants (five shrubs and seven trees) alongside one main street in Hanover Germany was explored in this study. Significant differences for the amount of captured PM (both PM10 and PM2.5) on the leaf surface were found between plant species. Leaves of Taxus baccata, Berberis thunbergii, Pinus nigra, and Quercus robur showed the highest capturing capacity, while leaves of Prunus laurocerasus and Carpinus betulus showed the lowest value. Leaf shape is an important factor which affects the capturing capacity of the tested plant species. Needle-leaved pants were relatively more effective than broad-leaved species. Besides, species with small leaf surface area (0-10 cm2) showed a notably higher capacity than species with large leaf surface area (over 100 cm2). Additionally, by the observation of leaf surface characteristics, plant species with rough and hairy leaf surface tended to be more effective than species with smooth leaf surface. More PM was found distributed on the upper leaf surface close to the midrib rather than on the surface area away from it. At last, no significant correlation was found between the leaf surface contact angle and its PM capturing capacity for the 12 tested plant species in September. In summary, leaf traits including leaf form, leaf shape, leaf surface area, leaf surface hydrophilicity and leaf surface characteristics all have notable effects on the PM capturing capacity of the roadside plant species. This study provides a scientific basis for roadside plants as an eco-friendly solution for the reduction of urban traffic-related PM and stresses the importance of leaf traits as criteria for the plant selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen He
- Institute of Geobotany, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Nienburger str. 17, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kaiyang Qiu
- Institute of Grassland Sciences, School of Agriculture Ningxia University, Helanshan West Road 489#, Xixia District, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, People's Republic of China.
| | - Richard Pott
- Institute of Geobotany, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Nienburger str. 17, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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Paull NJ, Krix D, Irga PJ, Torpy FR. Airborne particulate matter accumulation on common green wall plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 22:594-606. [PMID: 31814450 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1696744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to better design greening systems for effective particulate matter (PM) removal, it is important to understand the impact leaf traits have on PM deposition. There are however, inconsistences amongst the leaf traits that have previously been correlated with PM accumulation. The aim of this paper was to identify vegetation characteristics of green wall plants that were associated with the accumulation of particulate matter. To determine patterns associated with different leaf morphologies, eleven common ornamental plant species were sampled across 15 sites, over a 6 month duration. PM deposition was determined gravimetrically and its associated size fractions determined microscopically. Linear mixed models were used to identify statistical patterns relating to differences in PM deposition across plant species. PM deposition and the relative frequencies of particle size fractions were found to be statistically different among species, sites and months. Green wall plants were shown to be effective at PM accumulation as all of the assessed plant species had equivalent PM removal efficiency, with minimal evidence of influential leaf characteristics that could enhance PM removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J Paull
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Krix
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter J Irga
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fraser R Torpy
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Xu X, Yu X, Bao L, Desai AR. Size distribution of particulate matter in runoff from different leaf surfaces during controlled rainfall processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113234. [PMID: 31541810 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of plant leaves has been shown to lower the risks of health problems by reducing atmospheric particulate matter (PM). Leaf PM accumulation capacity will saturate in the absence of runoff. Rainfall is an effective way for PM to "wash off" into the soil and renew leaf PM accumulation. However, little is known about how PM wash-off varies with PM size and health problems caused by particulate pollution vary with PM size. This study thus used artificial rainfall with six plant species to find out how size-fractioned PM are washed off during rain processes. Total wash-off masses in fine, coarse and large fractions were 0.6-10.3 μg/cm2, 1.0-18.8 μg/cm2 and 4.5-60.1 μg/cm2 respectively. P. orientalis (cypress) and E. japonicus (evergreen broadleaved shrub) had the largest wash-off masses in each fraction during rainfall. P. cerasifera (deciduous broadleaved shrub) had the largest cumulative wash-off rates in each fraction. Rainfall intensity had more influence on wash-off masses and rates of large particles for six species and for small particles in evergreen species, but limited effect on wash-off proportions. Wash-off proportions decreased in large particles and increased in small particles along with rainfall. The results provide information for PM accumulation renewal of plants used for urban greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Xu
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Xinxiao Yu
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Le Bao
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Mariën B, Mariën J, Nguyen XH, Nguyen TC, Nguyen VS, Samson R. Particulate matter accumulation capacity of plants in Hanoi, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:1079-1088. [PMID: 31434185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Population growth, urbanization, environmental conditions and rapid development have caused particulate matter (PM) levels to rise above all national and international health standards during the last two decades in many South-East Asian countries. These PM levels needs to be reduced urgently as they increase the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory health problems for millions of people. Plants have shown to efficiently reduce PM in the air by accumulation on their leaves. In order to investigate which plant species accumulate most PM, we screened 49 common plant species for their PM accumulation capacity in one of the tropical cities with the highest PM concentrations of the world, Hanoi (Vietnam). Using this subset of plants, we tested if certain leaf characteristics (leaf hydrophilicity, stomatal densities and the specific leaf area) can predict the PM accumulation efficiency of plant species. Our results show that the PM accumulation capacity varies substantially among species and that Muntingia calabura accumulated most PM in our subset of plants. We observed that plants with hydrophilic leaves, a low specific leaf area and a high abaxial stomatal density accumulated significantly more PM. Plants with these characteristics should be preferred by urban architects to reduce PM levels in tropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertold Mariën
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium; ENdEMIC (Environmental Ecology and Microbiology), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xuan Hoa Nguyen
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - The Cuong Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Van Sinh Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Roeland Samson
- ENdEMIC (Environmental Ecology and Microbiology), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Declercq Y, Samson R, Castanheiro A, Spassov S, Tack FMG, Van De Vijver E, De Smedt P. Evaluating the potential of topsoil magnetic pollution mapping across different land use classes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:345-356. [PMID: 31176221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Soil magnetic measurements are used increasingly to estimate the impact of airborne, combustion-related particulate matter (PM) pollution in dense measurement grids. Although many studies have proven the potential of topsoil magnetic measurements in environmental monitoring, their application is not straightforward when factors such as parent material or land use have to be accounted for. Often, the influence of land use on the soil magnetic signal is circumvented by targeting forest soils, where deposited magnetic particles are best preserved in the topsoil. However, when large forests are absent, e.g. in densely populated areas or environments with more heterogeneous land use, this approach often impedes reliable and comprehensive spatial sampling. We evaluated if topsoil magnetic pollution mapping across different land use classes, against a homogeneous geological environment of sandy soils, could help increase the spatial reliability of results in regional scale surveys. Although detailed magnetic property analysis and evaluation of trace metal concentrations in soils on arable land, forest and pasture showed the impact of atmospheric pollution, topsoil susceptibility measurements did not allow delineating the magnetic footprint of PM pollution. Land use strongly influenced the distribution of magnetic particles through soil, and the evaluation of anomalous magnetic topsoil enhancement required the integration of downhole susceptibility soundings. We conclude that topsoil susceptibility mapping remains a useful tool to evaluate PM pollution impact, yet its application potential across land use classes is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynse Declercq
- Research Group Soil Spatial Inventory Techniques, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simo Spassov
- Laboratory for Environmental Magnetism, Geophysical Centre of the Royal Meteorological Institute, Rue du Centre de Physique 1, 5670 Dourbes, Belgium
| | - Filip M G Tack
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Van De Vijver
- Research Group Soil Spatial Inventory Techniques, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe De Smedt
- Research Group Soil Spatial Inventory Techniques, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Cai M, Xin Z, Yu X. Particulate matter transported from urban greening plants during precipitation events in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1648-1658. [PMID: 31284207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) deposited on canopy surfaces could be washed off and carried in throughfall to the ground. This would help plants recapture airborne PM on their canopy surfaces and then develop a PM purification capacity. Sixteen commonly greening plant species in north China (including 13 arbor species and 3 shrub species) were selected to investigate the washing process of plant-deposited PM during precipitation events. We measured the PM wash-off mass in throughfall under canopies of 16 plant species and in atmospheric precipitation during 14 precipitation events through field positioning experiments in 2015, compared the seasonal changes and species differences in PM wash-off mass, and discussed the predominant factors resulting in the variation. The results showed that plant-deposited PM was largely washed off by precipitation. The average wash-off mass of total suspended particulate (TSP) in throughfall was 1.3 times higher than that in precipitation, at 18.3 ± 0.7 kg hm-2 and 7.9 ± 0.9 kg hm-2, respectively. There were significant seasonal differences in TSP wash-off mass. The value was higher in summer at 22.3 ± 1.0 kg hm-2, followed by that of winter (10.8 ± 0.6 kg hm-2) and spring (8.9 ± 1.0 kg hm-2). TSP wash-off mass in throughfall greatly varied among plant species (F = 9.542, n = 627, p < 0.001). Of the 16 selected species, Platanus acerifolia (38.0 ± 5.8 kg hm-2) showed the largest difference from that of Liriodendron chinese (8.9 ± 0.6 kg hm-2) (n = 80, p < 0.001). PM wash-off mass of different particle sizes in throughfall increased with the increase of event-based precipitation. This study enhanced the quantitative understanding of plant-deposited PM washed-off by natural precipitation among plant species and seasons. The results could provide significant guidelines for the selection and allocation of plant species to improve the PM retention capacity of urban greening plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Cai
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China; Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Zhongbao Xin
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Xinxiao Yu
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
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