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Canli O, Güzel B, Öktem Olgun E, Çetintürk K, Uludağ İ, Görhan B, Dede Ş, Erçel Ş, Karademir A. Evaluation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) outflows during the destruction of HBCD wastes in a hazardous waste incinerator. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172317. [PMID: 38588749 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents an evaluation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) outflows during the destruction of HBCD waste stockpiles in IZAYDAS Hazardous Waste Incinerator (HWI) in Kocaeli, Türkiye. HBCD wastes containing 100 % pure HBCD were in 25 kg packages with 63 % Br content were co-incinerated in a 3-day test burn with average feed rate of 26 kg/h. HBCD, PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs were measured in the outlet streams to quantify the amount of unintended POPs releases associated with the processing of HBCD waste and to observe the POP removal performance of air pollution control equipment (APCE) of the incinerator. Total mass outflow rate of HBCDs is calculated as 2.6 g/day, corresponding to destruction efficiency of 99.9996 %. Total toxicity of the brominated dioxins was measured as 0.00044 ng TEQ/Nm3 on average, while highly brominated congeners are dominant. PCDD/F concentrations in the outflow streams during HBCD test burns are produced similar congener distributions with those given in the previous studies, with the dominance of 7,8-chlorinated congeners. Mass flows in the outlet streams indicated that the efficiency of ESP and wet scrubbers for the removal of PCDD/Fs and HBCDs. Flue gas concentrations of PCDD/Fs, HBCDs and PBDD/Fs obtained in HBCD burn test indicated that burning HBCD wastes cause no significant emissions as operational parameters and total halogen content in the menu are kept within the incinerator limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oltan Canli
- Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Barış Güzel
- Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Elmas Öktem Olgun
- Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kartal Çetintürk
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management, 34134 Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Uludağ
- IZAYDAS Izmit Waste and Residue Treatment, Incineration and Recycling Co. Inc., Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, 41310 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bertan Görhan
- IZAYDAS Izmit Waste and Residue Treatment, Incineration and Recycling Co. Inc., Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, 41310 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Şahan Dede
- IZAYDAS Izmit Waste and Residue Treatment, Incineration and Recycling Co. Inc., Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, 41310 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Şerife Erçel
- Erçel Engineering Environmental Technologies Industry Co. Inc., 41100 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Aykan Karademir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41100 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Zhang C, Bai Z, Liu X, Xia D, Li X, Long J, Sun Z, Li Y, Sun Y. Co-incineration of medical waste in municipal solid waste incineration increased emission of chlorine/brominated organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173544. [PMID: 38802016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Co-incineration of medical waste (MW) in municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) is a crucial disposal method for emergency disposal of MW and the management of MW in small and medium-sized towns. This study aims to analyze and compare the levels and distribution patterns of chlorine/brominated dioxins and their precursors in fly ash from MSWIs and medical waste incinerators (MWIs) while also focusing on identifying the new pollution concerns that may arise from the co-incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) mixed with MW (MSW/MW). The concentration of chlorobenzene (CBzs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in fly ash from co-incineration of MSW/MW are 887.4, 134.4 and 27.6 μg/kg, respectively, which are 5.1, 2.0 and 2.9 times higher than that from MSWIs. The levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) are about three orders of magnitude lower than that of PCDD/Fs. For the fly ash from MSWIs, the predominant PCDD/Fs congener is OCDD, which prefers synthesis and adsorption on fine-grained fly ash. For fly ash from MWIs, the major PCDD/Fs congeners are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,7, 8-HpCDF, and OCDF, which prefer synthesis and adsorption on coarse-grained fly ash. Correlation analysis exhibited that both 1,2,3-TriCBz and 1,2,4-TriCBz in fly ash have a markedly linear correlation with PCDD/Fs and PCBs, but PBDD/Fs shows a poor negative correlation with PCDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ziang Bai
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xingshuang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Dan Xia
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jisheng Long
- Shanghai SUS Environment Co., LTD., Shanghai 201703, PR China
| | - Zhongtao Sun
- Shanghai SUS Environment Co., LTD., Shanghai 201703, PR China
| | - Yaojian Li
- Headquarters, China Tianying Inc., Jiangsu 226600, PR China
| | - Yifei Sun
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
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Zhang M, Fujimori T, Lin X, Li X. Distribution of PCDD/Fs and PCBs at different locations in a circulating fluidised bed municipal solid waste incinerator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8552-8565. [PMID: 38180672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) incineration plant to examine the concentrations and fingerprints of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) at five locations downstream of the post-combustion zone. Sampling encompassed both flue gas and ash, spanning from the high-temperature superheater to the outlet of the baghouse filter, thus covering a wide range of flue gas temperatures. The analysis reveals a continuous increase in PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in the flue gas from the superheater to the inlet of the air pollution control system (APCS). The maximum concentrations observed were 75.8 ng/Nm3 for PCDDs, 219 ng/Nm3 for PCDFs, and 763 ng/Nm3 for PCBs. These values represent 9.14, 11.5, and 6.37 times their respective concentrations at the outlet of the high-temperature superheater. Concurrently, the levels of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) in the ash steadily increased along the cooling path of the flue gas within the plant. Comparing dl-PCBs to the total amount of 209 PCB congeners, it was evident that dl-PCBs exhibited a trend more akin to that of PCDD/Fs. A robust linear correlation was observed between dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs (R2 = 0.99, p < 0.001), surpassing that between PCBs and PCDD/Fs (R2 = 0.92, p < 0.01), suggesting that dl-PCBs share closer formation pathways with PCDD/Fs. Additionally, elemental composition analysis of fly ash samples aimed to explore potential links between fly ash characteristics and PCDD/F and PCB formation. The Cl/S ratio increased from 1.58 to 5.13 with decreasing flue gas temperature. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to visualise the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the flue gas alongside elemental contents in the fly ash. With the exception of PCBs in ash, all other PCDD/Fs and PCBs in fly ash exhibited positive correlations with both carbon (C) and chlorine (Cl). Furthermore, a positive relationship between C/Cl and PCDD/Fs-PCBs in fly ash implies that fly ash serves as the primary reaction surface for dioxin generation during low-temperature heterogeneous catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhang
- Nanxun Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Takashi Fujimori
- Ecology and Environmental Engineering Course, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Shiga, 5202194, Japan
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Wang Y, Huang J, Li S, Xu W, Wang H, Xu W, Li X. A mechanistic and kinetic investigation on the oxidative thermal decomposition of decabromodiphenyl ether. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:121991. [PMID: 37328125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The thermal processes of materials containing decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) normally result in the exposure of BDE-209 to high-temperature environments, generating a series of hazardous compounds. However, the evolution mechanisms of BDE-209 during oxidative thermal processes remain unclear. Thus, this paper presents a detailed investigation on the oxidative thermal decomposition mechanism of BDE-209 by utilizing density functional theory methods at the M06/cc-pVDZ theoretical level. The results show that the barrierless fission of the ether linkage dominates the initial degradation of BDE-209 at all temperatures, with branching ratio over 80%. The decomposition of BDE-209 in oxidative thermal processes is mainly along BDE-209 → pentabromophenyl and pentabromophenoxy radicals → pentabromocyclopentadienyl radicals → brominated aliphatic products. Additionally, the study results on the formation mechanisms of several hazardous pollutants indicate that the ortho-phenyl-type radicals created by ortho-C-Br bond fission (branching ratio reached 15.1% at 1600 K) can easily be converted into octabrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan, which require overcoming the energy barriers of 99.0 and 48.2 kJ/mol, respectively. The O/ortho-C coupling of two pentabromophenoxy radicals also acts as a non-negligible pathway for the formation of octabrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin. The synthesis of octabromonaphthalene involves the self-condensation of pentabromocyclopentadienyl radicals, followed by an intricately intramolecular evolution. Results presented in this study can enhance our understanding of the transformation mechanism of BDE-209 in thermal processes, and offer an insight into controlling the emissions of hazardous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jinbao Huang
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Sijia Li
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xinsheng Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Lin B, Liu G, Wu G, Chen C, Liang Y, Wang P, Guo J, Yang L, Jin R, Sun Y, Zheng M. Variation in the formation characteristics of PBDD/F, brominated PAH, and PBDE congeners along the secondary copper smelting processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129602. [PMID: 35870210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous determination of 58 congeners of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Br-PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from multiple stages of industrial-scale secondary copper smelting plants was conducted with the aim of understanding their variations and control. In addition to the historical manufacture of PBDEs as brominated flame retardants, this study confirmed that PBDEs can be unintentionally produced and released from the secondary copper industry. The average mass emission factors of PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, and Br-PAHs from different sources were 10.0, 5.21 × 103, and 7.24 × 103 μg t-1, respectively. Therefore, the emission of brominated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the secondary copper industry should be of concern. The concentration of brominated POPs increased from the gas cooling stage to stack outlet due to the possible "memory effect" and the regenerated POPs were mainly low-brominated homologs. A comparison of brominated POPs with corresponding chlorinated analogs in the same process indicated that the formation pathway of Br-PAHs was consistent with that of chlorinated PAHs. However, unlike chlorinated dioxins and furans, PBDD/Fs can also be formed from PBDEs as precursors, leading to obvious increases in highly brominated furans. Therefore, inhibiting the unintentional formation of PBDEs is important for controlling brominated POPs emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Lin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guanglong Wu
- International Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100035 Beijing, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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Chang WH, Lu QO, Chen HL, Hsu NS, Lee CC. Insights into the long-term fates and impacts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediment samples in Taiwan: The national project for background monitoring of the environmental distribution of chemical substances (BMECs). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119417. [PMID: 35526644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact factors and effectiveness of management policies on the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment samples in Taiwan from the last 10 years. Twenty-four PBDE congeners were detected in 838 sediment samples collected from 4 stages (2006-2019) in 30 principal rivers, based on the national project for background monitoring of the environmental distribution of chemical substances. The ΣPBDE concentrations in the 4 stages ranged from 30.00 to 147.10 ng/g dw, 6.03-15.30 ng/g dw, 4.99-7.00 ng/g dw, and 1.20-2.10 ng/g dw in the northern, southern, central, and eastern areas, respectively. The concentrations of PBDEs (e.g., penta-BDE and octa-BDE) in sediment samples notably decreased (-6 to -73%) as the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration implemented policies banning PBDEs (except deca-BDE). The PBDEs levels of the sediment samples collected in the dry season were higher than those collected in the wet season. The levels of ΣPBDEs in sediment samples were affected by season, the amount of general waste present, and nearby PBDE-related factories and e-waste recycling facilities. Reducing the release of PBDEs, especially deca-BDE, through sound waste management and recycling practices is still needed to improve environmental sustainability in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Quang-Oai Lu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Syuan Hsu
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
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Turner A. PBDEs in the marine environment: Sources, pathways and the role of microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:118943. [PMID: 35150801 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are an important group of additives in plastics that increase resistance to ignition and slow down the rate of burning. Because of concerns about their environmental and human health impacts, however, some of the most widely employed BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and commercial mixtures of penta-, octa- and deca- (poly)bromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been restricted or phased out. In this review, the oceanic sources and pathways of PBDEs, the most widely used BFRs, are evaluated and quantified, with particular focus on emissions due to migration from plastics into the atmosphere versus emissions associated with the input of retarded or contaminated plastics themselves. Calculations based on available measurements of PBDEs in the environment suggest that 3.5 and 135 tonnes of PBDEs are annually deposited in the ocean when scavenged by aerosols and through air-water gas exchange, respectively, with rivers contributing a further ∼40 tonnes. Calculations based on PBDE migration from plastic products in use or awaiting or undergoing disposal yield similar net inputs to the ocean but indicate a relatively rapid decline over the next two decades in association with the reduction in the production and recycling of these chemicals. Estimates associated with the input of PBDEs to the ocean when "bound" to marine plastics and microplastics range from about 360 to 950 tonnes per year based on the annual production of plastics and PBDEs over the past decade, and from about 20 to 50 tonnes per annum based on the abundance and distribution of PBDEs in marine plastic litter. Because of the persistence and pervasiveness of plastics in the ocean and diffusion coefficients for PBDEs on the order of 10-20 to 10-27 m2 s-1, microplastics are likely to act as a long-term source of these chemicals though gradual migration. Locally, however, and more important from an ecotoxicological perspective, PBDE migration may be significantly enhanced when physically and chemically weathered microplastics are exposed to the oily digestive fluids conditions of fish and seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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Jung J, Shin J, Dzhaparova A, Park JK, Lim M. Photoexcitation dynamics of bromodiphenyl ethers in acetonitrile-d 3 studied by femtosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9203-9212. [PMID: 35388852 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00063f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficient decomposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), onetime prevalent flame retardants, is central to the reduction of their harmful effects on human health. PBDE photodecomposition is a promising method, but its mechanism and products are not well understood. The photoexcitation dynamics of 3- and 4-bromodiphenyl ethers (BDE-2 and BDE-3) in CD3CN were studied from 0.3 ps to 10 μs using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. An excitation at 267 nm dissociated the Br atom from BDE-2 and BDE-3 within 0.3 ps and 14 ± 3 ps, respectively, producing a radical compound (R) and a Br atom. About 85% of R formed an intermediate (IM) that weakly interacted with the Br atom and the surrounding CD3CN solvent in 7-12 ps. The remaining R separated from the dissociated Br and underwent slow geminate rebinding (GR) with Br within 35 to 54 ns. The IM competitively engaged in GR with the interacting Br in 40-60 ps or formed CD3CN-bound radical compounds (RS) in 100-130 ps. The RS further degraded via either the dissociation of CD3-producing a cyano-bound diphenyl ether (DE) in 150 or 550 ns-or the deuterium abstraction of CD3CN in 180 or 430 ns-producing a deuterated DE. Overall, 33 ± 3 (22 ± 3)% of the photoexcited BDE-2 (BDE-3) decomposed in CD3CN under 267 nm excitation. Efficient binding of the CD3CN solvent to R deterred the yield-diminishing GR and slowed the rate of product formation. The observed photoexcitation dynamics of BDE suggest methods for the efficient decomposition of PBDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisik Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Juhyang Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Alina Dzhaparova
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Jin Kyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Wang LC, Lin JCT, Dong CD, Chen CW, Liu TK. The sorption of persistent organic pollutants in microplastics from the coastal environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126658. [PMID: 34329087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pellets were sampled from six sandy beaches around Taiwan in order to investigate the concentrations and compositions of POPs, including: PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, PCBs, PBBs, and their congeners. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs on the surface (Cs) of MP pellets from the six sampling sites were from 1.9 to 14.6 pg∙g-1, while the overall concentrations within MPs (Ct) were from 95.0 to 1110.6 pg∙g-1. As PCDD/Fs were adsorbed into the inner part of MPs, a ratio of the total concentrations to surficial concentration of MPs (Ct/Cs) was as high as 355.2 times. The Ct/Cs of other POPs were also significant, such as PBDEs being found up to 8068 times, which could be attributed to artificial addition during manufacturing processes as flame-retardant substances. Primary compositions of PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PBDEs on the MPs in our POP congener analysis were all found containing species with higher number of chlorine or bromine, which were adsorbed on the MP surface more easily due to their relative higher KOW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Justin Chun-Te Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ta-Kang Liu
- Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine Affairs, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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Ma Y, Lin X, Li X, Yan J. Evolution of fusion and PCDD/F-signatures of boiler ash from a mechanical grate municipal solid waste incinerator. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130922. [PMID: 34162107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Boiler ash formed at different temperature ranges in a typical mechanical grate incinerator is collected and systemically studied, with the aim of providing a reference for ash disposal and revealing the formation routes and distribution of polychlorinated ρ-dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Key physical and chemical properties are carefully analyzed, including chemical component, ash fusion temperatures (AFTs), crystalline phases, chemical species, and PCDD/Fs. Several fouling and slagging indices are introduced and their relationships with AFT are revealed. The fouling index (Fu) and a slagging index (Rb/a×Na) are well fitted with ash flow temperatures, with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.82 and 0.82, respectively; these could be better potential indices for disposal applications of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. CC/C-C/C-H (69.25-80.93%) and inorganic chlorine (94.23-98.68%) are the dominant carbon and chlorine species, respectively. The increasing AFT is mainly attributed to the changing components, the increasing proportions of crystalline CaSO4, NaCl and KCl and the decreasing crystallinity and content of SiO2. Twice as much PCDD/Fs is generated by the low-temperature heterogeneous reaction (6.71-19.22 ng/g) than by the high-temperature homogeneous reaction (0.59-6.71 ng/g). The proportions of highly chlorinated homologues increase and gradually become the main component. Principal component analysis reveals that PCDD/Fs is positively correlated with Cl, Cu, Pb, Sn, Sb, Zn and CC/C-C/C-H but negatively correlated with less volatile elements, e.g., Ni, Mn, Al, Ti, Si, and Cr. These results can benefit further research on boiler ash disposal and PCDD/F formation routes in the post-combustion area of incinerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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11
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Yang L, Liu G, Shen J, Wang M, Yang Q, Zheng M. Environmental characteristics and formations of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106450. [PMID: 33684732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have similar or higher toxicities than the notorious dioxins. Toxicities, formation mechanisms, and environmental fates of PBDD/Fs are lacking because accurate quantification, especially of higher brominated congeners, is challenging. PBDD/F analysis is difficult because of photolysis and thermal degradation and interference from polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Here, literatures on PBDD/F analysis and environmental occurrences are reviewed to improve our understanding of PBDD/F environmental pollution and human exposure levels. Although PBDD/Fs behave similarly to dioxins, different congener profiles between PBDD/Fs and dioxins in the environment indicates their different sources and formation mechanisms. Herein, potential sources and formation mechanisms of PBDD/Fs were critically discussed, and current knowledge gaps and future directions for PBDD/F research are highlighted. An understanding of PBDD/F formation pathways will allow for development of synergistic control strategies for PBDD/Fs, dioxins, and other dioxin-like POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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12
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Abstract
The presence of different pollutants in recycled plastics is reviewed in this article. The desirable circular economy of plastics should be linked to the availability of clean recycled plastics with a non-significant and small to nil amount of substances of concern. Different researchers found polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), pesticides, dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) in plastic recyclates. This represents an added difficulty to the effective recycling process of plastics that reduces the demand for energy and materials, in addition to posing a great environmental danger since they represent a vector of accumulation of the contaminants that will finally appear in the most unexpected products. Life Cycle Analysis of the plastic wastes recycling process indicates a great saving of energy, water and CO2 emissions.
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13
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Peters LI, Rose NL, Yang H, Klánová J, Moehring T, Harrad S. Temporal trends in radiometrically dated sediment cores from English lakes show polybrominated diphenyl ethers correlate with brominated but not mixed bromo/chloro dioxins and furans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143118. [PMID: 33129524 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports concentrations between ~1950 and present, of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs), in radiometrically-dated sediment cores from three English lakes. Mixed bromo/chloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PXDD/Fs) were measured in two of the same lakes. Concentrations of PXDD/Fs decreased over time to the present. To our knowledge, this is the first report of temporal trends of PXDD/Fs in the environment. In contrast, concentrations of PBDEs increased towards the present and were significantly correlated (R = 0.88-0.98; p < 0.05) with concentrations of PBDFs in all three lakes. These observations suggest that the sources of PXDD/Fs are not related to PBDEs and differ from those of PBDFs. We also report for the first time the presence of octabromodibenzofuran (OBDF) in the two most recent core slices at one lake. The source of OBDF in these samples is unclear. While OBDF has been reported previously as a significant contaminant of some commercial formulations of Deca-BDE, it is also present in Octa-BDE products and in emissions from a variety of combustion activities. Overall, while the positive correlation between PBDEs and PBDFs suggests increased use of PBDEs has contributed substantially to environmental contamination with PBDFs; examination of PBDF homologue patterns implies emissions from combustion activities are likely also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon I Peters
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Handong Yang
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Moehring
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (GmbH) Bremen, Hanna-Kunath-Str. 11, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Hoang AQ, Tran TM, Tu MB, Takahashi S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor and outdoor dust from Southeast Asia: An updated review on contamination status, human exposure, and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116012. [PMID: 33187845 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contamination status, potential emission sources, environmental fate, and human exposure risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are reviewed for indoor and outdoor dust from Southeast Asian countries, under an international comparison point of view. PBDEs have been widely detected in house, workplace, car, and road dust samples collected from Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The highest PBDE levels up to hundreds of μg/g were found in settled dust from some e-waste processing areas in Thailand and Vietnam. Concentrations of PBDEs in house, car, and road dust from this region were generally lower than those reported in China and Western developed countries. BDE-209 was the most predominant congener in almost all analyzed samples, reflecting the widespread application of materials and products treated with commercial deca-BDE mixtures in this region. The market demand and application rate of commercial PBDE mixtures in Southeast Asia were lower than those documented for other regions in the world. As a result, PBDE contamination levels in the environments (e.g., indoor and outdoor dust) and associated risks in these countries were not significantly high. However, more attention should be paid to informal processing activities and management strategies for modern wastes such as e-waste, plastics, and end-of-life vehicles. There exist several knowledge gaps about spatiotemporal trends, potential sources, risk assessment, inventory, management, and legislation regarding PBDEs in dust from this region, which should be filled by additional comprehensive, detailed studies with relevant inter-country/regional monitoring schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
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15
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Zhou Y, Sun J, Wang L, Zhu G, Li M, Liu J, Li Z, Gong H, Wu C, Yin G. Multiple classes of chemical contaminants in soil from an e-waste disposal site in China: Occurrence and spatial distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141924. [PMID: 32898803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
E-waste recycling is well known for releasing halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) and heavy metals. This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of traditional and novel classes of contaminants, including chlorinated, brominated, and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PXDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), in soil from an e-waste disposal site in Hangzhou. PBDEs were the most abundant, at 343-69306 ng kg-1, followed by PHCZs (896-41,362 ng kg-1), PCDD/Fs (349-19,396 ng kg-1), PCBs (51.3-1834 ng kg-1), PBDD/Fs (2.99-524 ng kg-1) and PXDD/Fs (0.104-21.2 ng kg-1). The detected target compound concentrations were generally lower than those reported in the literature for informal e-waste sites. Nevertheless, they can serve as a basis of information for evaluation and subsequent control. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) contributions from these contaminants (except PBDEs) decreased as follows: PCDD/Fs > PXDD/Fs > PHCZs > PCBs > PBDD/Fs. ΣDioxins (PCDD/Fs + PBDD/Fs + PXDD/Fs) accounted for 47.7%-97.2% of the total TEQs in the soil. OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF and OBDF were the dominant congeners, mainly derived from combustion and transport because of their low saturated vapor pressure. PXDFs were more abundant than PXDDs, and homologue profiles suggested a similar formation mechanism for PXDFs and PBDFs involving successive Br-to-Cl exchange. PHCZs were reported in soil from an e-waste disposal area for the first time, and their concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher than those of the other contaminants. Although the risk of human exposure in this study was estimated to be lower than the values recommended by the WHO (1-4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day), health implications still exist, and further investigations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junjun Sun
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Guohua Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Mufei Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Hongping Gong
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Chenwang Wu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China
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16
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Altarawneh M, Saeed A, Siddique K, Jansson S, Dlugogorski BZ. Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from oxidation of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123166. [PMID: 32574882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brominated aromatic rings constitute main structural entities in virtually all commercially deployed brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Oxidative decomposition of BFRs liberates appreciable quantities of bromobenzenes (BBzs). This contribution reports experimental measurements for the generation of notorious polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from oxidation of monobromobenzene (MBBz). In the light of developed product profiles, we map out reaction pathways and report kinetic parameters for PBDFs and PBDEs formation from coupling reactions of MBBz molecule and its derived ortho-bromophenoxy (o-BPhxy) radical using quantum chemical calculations. The identification and quantitation of product species involve the use of gas chromatograph - triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-QQQMS) operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Bimolecular reactions of MBBz and o-BPhxy result in the generation of twelve pre-PBDF intermediates, of which four can also serve as building blocks for the synthesis of PBDEs. These four intermediates are denoted as pre-PBDE/pre-PBDF, with the remaining eight symbolised as pre-PBDF. The resonance-stabilised structure of the o-BPhxy radical accumulates more spin density character on its phenoxy O atom (30.9 %) in reference to ortho-C and para-C sites. Thus, the formation of the pre-PBDE/pre-PBDF structures via O/o-C couplings advances faster as it requires lower activation enthalpies (79.2 - 84.9 kJ mol-1) than the pre-PBDF moieties, which arise via pairing reactions involving o-C(H or Br)/o-C(H or Br) sites (97.2 - 180.2 kJ mol-1). Kinetic analysis indicates that, the O/o-C pre-PBDE/pre-PBDF adducts self-eject the out-of-plane H atoms to produce PBDEs, rather than undergo a three-step mechanism forming PBDFs. However, experimental measurements demonstrate PBDEs appearing in lower yields as compared to those of PBDFs; presumably due to H- and Br-induced conversion of the PBDEs into PBDFs following a simple ring-closure reaction. High reaction temperatures facilitate loss of ortho Br atom from PBDEs, followed by cyclisation step to generate PBDFs. PBDFs are observed in a narrow temperature range of 700-850 °C, whereas PBDEs form between 550-850 °C. Since formation mechanisms of PBDFs and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) are typically only sensitive to the bromination at ortho positions, the results reported herein apply also to higher brominated isomers of BBzs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- United Arab Emirates University, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates; Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SHEE), WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - Anam Saeed
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SHEE), WA, 6150, Australia; University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Chemical Engineering Department, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Kamal Siddique
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SHEE), WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Stina Jansson
- Umeå University Department of Chemistry, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bogdan Z Dlugogorski
- Charles Darwin University, Energy and Resources Institute, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia.
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17
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Yang J, Yang Y, Xie Z, Yu H, Huang Q, Xu Y, He J, Wen T, Liu Q. Ca 2+ mediated mechanism of octa-brominated dioxin/furan formation via BDE-209 thermolysis: Introducing the Mayer bond order difference. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123229. [PMID: 32585521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) that form during industrial thermal processes, such as the cement kiln co-processing of BDE-209, are highly toxic contaminants. Nevertheless, the formation mechanisms of octa-brominated dioxins/furans (OBDD/Fs), most PBDD/F congeners, and one precursor of the more toxic lower PBDD/Fs from BDE-209 have received little attention. In cement kiln co-processes, the Ca2+-mediated regulation of OBDD/F formation is still debated. In this study, simulation experiments revealed that the average brominating degree of PBDD/Fs was 7.8, indicating that OBDD/Fs are dominant congeners (93.6 % median). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations found a new transition state (TS1) with a lower energy barrier than that found in a previous study. Three major OBDD/F formation reactions suggested that the presence of Ca2+ was thermodynamically beneficial to the formation of OBDD/Fs. This promotion effect can be attributed to the transfer of electron density leading to a change in the Mayer bond order (MBO) among elements when Ca2+ was bound. Intriguingly, in the transition state structures of the Ca2+-bound and Ca2+-free systems, the MBO difference among the old and new bonds can reveal the difficulty of Ca2+-mediated OBDD/F formation reactions from BDE-209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Zhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Haibin Yu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Ya Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Tao Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China.
| | - Qingqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
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18
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Chang J, Pan W, Liu X, Xue Q, Fu J, Zhang A. The formation of PBDFs from the ortho-disubstituted phenol precursors: A comprehensive theoretical study on the PBDD/Fs formation from 2,4,6-tribromophenol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136657. [PMID: 31958733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bromophenols are known as direct precursors of the notorious polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). There is a long-held viewpoint that only the more toxic dioxin-type products could be formed from the ortho-disubstituted phenols, totally contrary to the experimental observations that both PBDDs and PBDFs are generated. To tackle the issue, the gaseous formation mechanism of PBDD/Fs from 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), a typical ortho-disubstituted phenol, was investigated in this study. Firstly, the reactions between TBP and the active H radical produce three key radical species including the bromophenoxyl radical, the substituted phenyl radical and phenoxyl diradical. The self- and cross-combinations of these radical species and TBP yield not only the dioxin-type products 1,3,6,8-TeBDD and 1,3,7,9-TeBDD, but also the brominated dibenzofurans 1,3,6,8-TeBDF and 2,4,6,8-TeBDF. Notably, the reactions involving the phenyl C sites in the substituted phenyl and phenoxyl diradicals are demonstrated to be both thermodynamically and kinetically more favorable than those involving the bromophenoxyl radical and the TBP molecule. Most importantly, the findings of the present work are of great importance as it provides feasible pathways to form less toxic dibenzofuran-type products from the ortho-disubstituted phenols. These results will improve the understanding of the PBDD/Fs formation mechanism from phenol precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Wenxiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China.
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19
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Yang J, Yu H, Xie Z, Yang Y, Zheng X, Zhang J, Huang Q, Wen T, Wang J. Pathways and influential factors study on the formation of PBDD/Fs during co-processing BDE-209 in cement kiln simulation system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110246. [PMID: 32028153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The thermal processes of cement kilns are sources of polybrominated dibenzofurans and dioxins (PBDD/Fs); however, when co-processing decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) soil in cement kilns, very few reports have investigated the mechanism of PBDD/Fs formation from BDE-209. Therefore, the pathways and factors that influence the formation of PBDD/Fs were investigated using Box-Behnken design (BBD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) at lab-scale. The PBDEs, HBr/Br2 and PBDD/Fs emissions in flue gas from the simulated thermal process were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS), and ion chromatography (IC). Density functional theory (DFT) was also used to further discuss the formation of PBDD/Fs. The major products of BDE-209 thermal decomposition in flue gas were 97.1% HBr/Br2 (a.v. 26.6%/70.6%) > 2.7% PBDEs >0.2% PBDD/Fs. Formation of precursors were the main pathways for PBDD/Fs, and those precursors were dominated by higher-brominated PBDEs (heptã deca-BDEs); debromination of BDE-209 was also a crucial pathway for the formation of PBDD/Fs throughout the thermal process. Interestingly, it was easier to form HpBDD/Fs from OBDD/Fs than from PBDEs. The O2 percentage and interaction factors of O2 percentage, temperature, and CaCO3 percentage have the largest influence on PBDD/Fs emissions and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Yang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Haibin Yu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Zhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Jingxing Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Tao Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China.
| | - Jianyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
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20
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Jiang X, Li Q, Yang L, Yang Y, Zheng M. Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) emissions and characteristics during different secondary copper smelting stages. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109674. [PMID: 31536846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The amounts and characteristics of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) emitted by a secondary copper smelter were investigated. Differences in the amounts and characteristics of PCNs emitted during different smelting stages were investigated, and the main stage during which PCNs were emitted was identified. PCN concentrations in stack gases emitted during secondary copper smelting were 477.0-762.5 ng/m3 (4.4-8.3 pg toxic equivalents/m3). The contributions of the different stages to total PCN emissions decreased in the order feeding-fusion stage (65% of total PCN emissions) > oxidation stage (27%) > deoxidation stage (8%). The main contributor to PCN emissions during secondary copper smelting was the feeding-fusion stage. PCN concentrations and profiles in stack gas, fly ash, and deposit ash collected during different smelting stages were determined. PCNs in stack gases were mainly less-chlorinated homologs, and fly ash and deposit ash were dominated by highly-chlorinated homologs. These results will help improve strategies for decreasing and eliminating PCN emissions during secondary copper production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qiushuang Li
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100035, China.
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
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21
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Song S, Zhou X, Guo C, Zhang H, Zeng T, Xie Y, Liu J, Zhu C, Sun X. Emission characteristics of polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PBCDD/Fs) from waste incineration and metallurgical processes in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109608. [PMID: 31505407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Typical thermal processes are common sources of polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PBCDD/Fs); however, very few reports have investigated their coemission. To clarify the emission characteristics of these DD/Fs, two municipal waste incinerators (MWIs), three hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs), one cement kiln coprocessing municipal waste incinerator (CMWI), one secondary copper smelter (SCu), and one iron and steel sintering smelter (ISS) in China were investigated. In total, 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs, 14 congeners of PBDD/Fs, and 12 congeners of PBCDDs in stack flue gases from these thermal processes were analyzed using a high-resolution gas chromatograph/high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in this study. PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs and PBCDD/Fs were detectable in all samples, with total concentrations of 911-5.15 × 103 pg/Nm3 (80.2-414 pg TEQ/Nm3). The concentrations of each DD/F were similar within the same type of facility and varied among different types of facilities. The contributions of PBDD/Fs and PBCDD/Fs to the total concentrations exceeded that of PCDD/Fs in some cases, such as in HWIs and SCu. In general, the ∑Cl4-7 CDFs and ∑Cl7-8 CDDs, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF, and 1-B-2,3,7,8-TeCDD and 2-B-1,3,7,8-TeCDD were the dominant congeners in the PCDD/F, PBDD/F, and PBCDD/F mass concentrations, respectively. Several other congeners present at low mass concentrations, such as 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxBDF, have potential as major contributors to the TEQs due to their high toxic equivalency factors. These results reveal the necessity of synergistically inhibiting the occurrences of PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PBCDD/Fs from these sources and provide valuable information for use in the source identification of these pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chenqi Guo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yidong Xie
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xingrong Sun
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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22
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Cheruiyot NK, Hou WC, Wang LC, Chen CY. The impact of low to high waste cooking oil-based biodiesel blends on toxic organic pollutant emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:726-733. [PMID: 31279123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As yet, the effect of biodiesels on the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from heavy-duty diesel engines (HDDEs) has only been studied using limited fuel blend ratios. To clarify the influence of using higher fractions of biodiesel on the emissions of toxic organic pollutants from diesel engines, in this research, the emissions of PM, PAHs, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from EURO IV and EURO III HDDEs fueled by low to high waste cooking oil (WCO)-based biodiesel-petrodiesel fuel blends were studied, including D100 (0% biodiesel), B20 (20%), B40 (40%), B60 (60%), B80 (80%), and B100 (100%). The engines were tested according to the US FTP-75 test procedure. The results for the EURO IV diesel engine showed that the PM and toxic organic pollutant emissions were reduced with increases in the blending ratio up until the B60 scenario when compared to the D100 scenario. This is because biodiesel has higher oxygen content and no or lower aromatic content than petrodiesel. Nevertheless, during the B80 and B100 scenarios, the PM and toxic organic pollutant emissions increased due to the high viscosity property of biodiesel, which negatively affected the combustion process. The biodiesel effect on the emissions from EURO III engine was more pronounced because of its lower combustion efficiency, and therefore the improvement in combustion using biodiesel resulted in greater PCDD/F reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Che Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cheng Shiu University, 840 Cheng-Ching Road, Kaohsiung City, 83347, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, 840 Cheng-Ching Road, Kaohsiung City, 83347, Taiwan; Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, 840 Cheng-Ching Road, Kaohsiung City, 83347, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yang Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
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23
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Yang L, Zhao Y, Shi M, Zheng M, Xu Y, Li C, Yang Y, Qin L, Liu G. Brominated dioxins and furans in a cement kiln co-processing municipal solid waste. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 79:339-345. [PMID: 30784457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A field study and theoretical calculations were performed to clarify the levels, profiles, and distributions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in a cement kiln co-processing solid waste, with a focus on the PBDF formation mechanism. The raw materials contributed greatly to input of PBDD/Fs into the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the raw materials were much higher than those in particle samples from different process stages in the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the clinkers were 1.40% of the concentrations in the raw materials, which indicated that the high destruction efficiencies for PBDD/Fs by cement kiln. PBDD/F distribution patterns in particle samples collected from different process stages indicated the cement kiln backend was a major site for PBDD/F formation. PBDFs with high levels of halogenation, such as heptabrominated furans (HpBDF), were the dominant contributors to the total PBDD/F concentrations and accounted for 42%-73% of the total PBDD/F concentrations in the particle samples. Our results showed that co-processing of municipal solid waste in a cement kiln may influence the congener profile of PBDD/Fs, especially for the higher halogenated PBDD fraction. In addition, there were significant correlations between the decabromodiphenyl ether and heptabrominated furan concentrations, which is an indicator of transformation from polybrominated diphenyl ethers to PBDD/Fs. Theoretical calculations were performed and demonstrated that elimination of HBr and Br2 from polybrominated diphenyl ethers were the dominant formation pathways for PBDD/Fs. These pathways differed from that for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miwei Shi
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Geographic Information Application, Institute of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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24
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Zhan F, Zhang H, Cao R, Fan Y, Xu P, Chen J. Release and Transformation of BTBPE During the Thermal Treatment of Flame Retardant ABS Plastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:185-193. [PMID: 30516371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermal scenarios inevitably occur during the lifecycle of engineering plastics laden with brominated flame retardants (BFRs). However, little information on the fate of embedded BFRs during the thermal processes is available. In this study, we measured the release and transformation of a typical BFR, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), during the thermal treatment of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastics. The possible thermal scenarios were simulated by varying the heating temperature and atmosphere. The maximum release rate of BTBPE was observed at 350 °C. A release kinetic model was developed to explore the mechanism of BTBPE release while heating ABS. Material-phase diffusion was found to be the rate-determining step during release. According to the developed release model, it was estimated that 0.04-0.17% of embedded BTBPE could be released to air during the industrial processing of ABS plastics. When the heating temperature was ≥350 °C, approximately 15-56% of embedded BTBPE decomposed to bromophenols (BPs) and 1,3,5-tribromo-2-(vinyloxy) benzene (TBVOB), and the decomposition followed a first-order kinetics at 350 °C. Polybrominated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were also significantly formed at ≥350 °C from BPs and TBVOB via a precursor mechanism. A higher temperature (≥450 °C) was favorable for the formation of PBDFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
| | - Rong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
| | - Pengjun Xu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
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25
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Zhou Y, Liu J. Emissions, environmental levels, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33082-33102. [PMID: 30269281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were labeled potential persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention and have structures and toxicities similar to those of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), which has caused considerable concern. This article reviews the current available literature on the status, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of PBDD/Fs. PBDD/Fs are widely generated in industrial thermal processes, such as those for brominated flame retardant (BFR) products, e-waste dismantling, metal smelting processes, and waste incineration. PBDD/Fs can form via the following routes: precursor formation, de novo formation, biosynthesis, and natural formation. The levels of PBDD/Fs in the environment and in organisms and humans have increased due to extensive consumption and the increasing inventory of BFRs; thus, the risk of human exposure to PBDD/Fs is expected to be high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Zhou
- Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China.
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26
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Turner A. Black plastics: Linear and circular economies, hazardous additives and marine pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 117:308-318. [PMID: 29778831 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Black products constitute about 15% of the domestic plastic waste stream, of which the majority is single-use packaging and trays for food. This material is not, however, readily recycled owing to the low sensitivity of black pigments to near infrared radiation used in conventional plastic sorting facilities. Accordingly, there is mounting evidence that the demand for black plastics in consumer products is partly met by sourcing material from the plastic housings of end-of-life waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE). Inefficiently sorted WEEE plastic has the potential to introduce restricted and hazardous substances into the recyclate, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Sb, a flame retardant synergist, and the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. The current paper examines the life cycles of single-use black food packaging and black plastic WEEE in the context of current international regulations and directives and best practices for sorting, disposal and recycling. The discussion is supported by published and unpublished measurements of restricted substances (including Br as a proxy for BFRs) in food packaging, EEE plastic goods and non-EEE plastic products. Specifically, measurements confirm the linear economy of plastic food packaging and demonstrate a complex quasi-circular economy for WEEE plastic that results in significant and widespread contamination of black consumer goods ranging from thermos cups and cutlery to tool handles and grips, and from toys and games to spectacle frames and jewellery. The environmental impacts and human exposure routes arising from WEEE plastic recycling and contamination of consumer goods are described, including those associated with marine pollution. Regarding the latter, a compilation of elemental data on black plastic litter collected from beaches of southwest England reveals a similar chemical signature to that of contaminated consumer goods and blended plastic WEEE recyclate, exemplifying the pervasiveness of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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27
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Zhang M, Buekens A, Li X. Characterising boiler ash from a circulating fluidised bed municipal solid waste incinerator and distribution of PCDD/F and PCB. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:22775-22789. [PMID: 29855878 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ash samples were collected from five locations situated in the boiler of a circulating fluidised bed municipal solid waste incinerator (high- and low-temperature superheater, evaporator tubes and upper and lower economiser). These samples represent a huge range of flue gas temperatures and were characterised for their particle size distribution, surface characteristics, elemental composition, chemical forms of carbon and chlorine and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) and biphenyls (PCB). Enrichment of chlorine, one of the main elements of organochlorinated pollutants, and copper, zinc and lead, major catalytic metals for dioxin-like compounds, was observed in lower-temperature ash deposits. The speciation of carbon and chlorine on ash surfaces was established, showing a positive correlation between organic chlorine and oxygen-containing carbon functional groups. The load of PCDD/F and PCB (especially dioxin-like PCB) tends to rise rapidly with falling temperature of flue gas, reaching their highest value in economiser ashes. The formation of PCDD/F congeners through the chlorophenol precursor route apparently was enhanced downstream the boiler. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to study the links between the ash characteristics and distribution of chloro-aromatics. The primary purpose of this study is improving the understanding of any links between the characteristics of ash from waste heat systems and its potential to form PCDD/F and PCB. The question is raised whether further characterisation of fly ash may assist to establish a diagnosis of poor plant operation, inclusive the generation, destruction and eventual emission of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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28
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Wang M, Li Q, Liu W. Effects of Desulfurization Processes on Polybrominated Dibenzo- p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran Emissions from Iron Ore Sintering. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5764-5770. [PMID: 29687723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Installing desulfurization operations and closing outdated facilities can effectively decrease pollutant emissions from iron ore sintering plants (IOSPs). Polybrominated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PBDD/F) emissions from different-sized IOSPs with different desulfurization operations were analyzed. The desulfurization operations' PBDD/F removal efficiencies were 53.6%-97.1%, and were higher for wet desulfurization operations than for semidry and dry operations. The removed PBDD/Fs were transferred to the desulfurization products. The removal efficiencies of PBDF homologues increased with the degree of bromination. A PBDD/F emission inventory for Chinese IOSPs was compiled. PBDD/F emissions in stack gases, desulfurization products, and discarded fly ash (previously ignored) from 2003 to 2015 were 1218, 400, and 245 g toxic equivalents, respectively. PBDD/F concentrations in stack gases and fly ash were higher for small IOSPs (<90 m2), indicating the importance of phasing them out. Indeed, in China, such phasing out decreased PBDD/F emissions in stack gases, desulfurization products, and discarded fly ash by 1021, 891, and 3253 g toxic equivalents, respectively, between 2003 and 2015. PBDD/F emissions in stack gases have been controlled in Chinese regions with the highest emissions, but PBDD/F emissions in desulfurization products and fly ash are increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639789 , Singapore
| | - Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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29
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Bjurlid F, Dam M, Hoydal K, Hagberg J. Occurrence of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pilot whales (Globicephala melas) caught around the Faroe Islands. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:11-20. [PMID: 29248748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Blubber from Faroese pilot whales (Globicephala melas) was analysed for brominated dioxins PBDD/Fs, with a subset also analysed for chlorinated dioxins, PCDD/Fs. The studied individuals were restricted to juvenile male whales sampled in the Faroe Islands during the period 1997-2013. Among the PBDD/Fs, the furans were predominant, although the relative abundance of various congeners differed between samples. Furans accounted for, on average, 79% of the ∑PBDD/Fs in the samples, with 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF the most abundant congener, found in half of the analysed pilot whales. The concentration range for ∑PBDD/Fs among the samples was 0.080-71 pg/g l.w. (lipid weight), and the sum of toxic equivalents ranged from 0.0039 to 4.7 pg TEQ/g l.w. No relationship was found between PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs. In addition, 20 pilot whale samples from the period 2010-2013 were analysed for PBDEs. Several PBDE congeners were found in all of the sampled pilot whales, and at noticeably higher levels than PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs. The ∑PBDEs ranged from 140 to 1900 ng/g l.w., with BDE #47 the most abundant congener detected in the samples. Results from the present study were then compared with data from previous studies on pilot wales to investigate temporal trends between 1986 and 2013. The comparison indicated that PBDE concentrations in juvenile males have decreased from 1996 to the latest observations in 2013. No relationship between the concentration levels of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the sampled pilot whales could be identified, which indicates possible differences in the metabolism of, or exposure to, PBDEs and PBDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bjurlid
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - M Dam
- Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, FO-165, Argir, Faroe Islands
| | - K Hoydal
- Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, FO-165, Argir, Faroe Islands
| | - J Hagberg
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE 701 82, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 85, Örebro, Sweden
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Morin NAO, Andersson PL, Hale SE, Arp HPH. The presence and partitioning behavior of flame retardants in waste, leachate, and air particles from Norwegian waste-handling facilities. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 62:115-132. [PMID: 29289283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants in commercial products eventually make their way into the waste stream. Herein the presence of flame retardants in Norwegian landfills, incineration facilities and recycling sorting/defragmenting facilities is investigated. These facilities handled waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), vehicles, digestate, glass, combustibles, bottom ash and fly ash. The flame retardants considered included polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑BDE-10) as well as dechlorane plus, polybrominated biphenyls, hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene and pentabromoethylbenzene (collectively referred to as ∑FR-7). Plastic, WEEE and vehicles contained the largest amount of flame retardants (∑BDE-10: 45,000-210,000μg/kg; ∑FR-7: 300-13,000μg/kg). It was hypothesized leachate and air concentrations from facilities that sort/defragment WEEE and vehicles would be the highest. This was supported for total air phase concentrations (∑BDE-10: 9000-195,000pg/m3 WEEE/vehicle facilities, 80-900pg/m3 in incineration/sorting and landfill sites), but not for water leachate concentrations (e.g., ∑BDE-10: 15-3500ng/L in WEEE/Vehicle facilities and 1-250ng/L in landfill sites). Landfill leachate exhibited similar concentrations as WEEE/vehicle sorting and defragmenting facility leachate. To better account for concentrations in leachates at the different facilities, waste-water partitioning coefficients, Kwaste were measured (for the first time to our knowledge for flame retardants). WEEE and plastic waste had elevated Kwaste compared to other wastes, likely because flame retardants are directly added to these materials. The results of this study have implications for the development of strategies to reduce exposure and environmental emissions of flame retardants in waste and recycled products through improved waste management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A O Morin
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021 La Roche-sur-Yon, France.
| | | | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
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Wei X, Yuan Q, Serge B, Xu T, Ma G, Yu H. In silico investigation of gas/particle partitioning equilibrium of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:110-118. [PMID: 28881238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of typical brominated flame retardants (BFRs), have drawn an increasing concern due to their widespread manufacture, usage and disposal around the world and the frequent detection in a variety of environmental media. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the partitioning equilibrium of PBDEs between gas and atmospheric particles, and developed a new temperature-dependent predictive model for the gas/particle partition coefficient (KP) of these chemicals. Quantum chemical computations were implemented at B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level of theory based on the neutral electronic ground state of PBDE congeners by Gaussian 09 software package. The model performance was assessed by different validation strategies and the application domain was defined by Williams Plot. Mechanism analysis indicated that the interactions of dispersion, electrostatic and hydrogen bond play crucial roles in the partitioning of PBDEs between the two phases. The developed model can be used to estimate the KP values of PBDEs for which experimental measurements are restricted. Therefore, this work provides an alternative method in a regulatory context of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Quan Yuan
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Bakire Serge
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China.
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McGrath TJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Critical review of soil contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs); concentrations, sources and congener profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:741-757. [PMID: 28732337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a broad array of polymeric materials such as plastics, foams, resins and adhesives to inhibit the spread of fires since the 1970s. The widespread environmental contamination and well documented toxic effects of PBDEs have led to bans and voluntary withdrawals in many jurisdictions. Replacement novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have, however, exhibited many of the same toxic characteristics as PBDEs and appear to share similar environmental fate. This paper presents a critical review of the scientific literature regarding PBDE and NBFR contamination of surface soils internationally, with the secondary objective of identifying probable pollution sources. An evaluation of NBFR distribution in soil was also conducted to assess the suitability of the newer compounds as replacements for PBDEs, with respect to their land contamination potential. Principle production of PBDEs and NBFRs and their consequent use in secondary polymer manufacture appear to be processes with strong potential to contaminate surrounding soils. Evidence suggests that PBDEs and NBFRs are also released from flame retarded products during disposal via landfill, dumping, incineration and recycling. While the land application of sewage sludge represents another major pathway of soil contamination it is not considered in this review as it is extensively covered elsewhere. Both PBDEs and NBFRs were commonly detected at background locations including Antarctica and northern polar regions. PBDE congener profiles in soil were broadly representative of the major constituents in Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE commercial mixtures and related to predicted market place demand. BDE-209 dominated soil profiles, followed by BDE-99 and BDE-47. Although further research is required to gain baseline data on NBFRs in soil, the current state of scientific literature suggests that NBFRs pose a similar risk to land contamination as PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
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Chen SJ, Tsai JH, Chang-Chien GP, Huang KL, Wang LC, Lin WY, Lin CC, Yeh CKJ. Emission factors and congener-specific characterization of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDD/Fs and PBDEs from an off-road diesel engine using waste cooking oil-based biodiesel blends. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 339:274-280. [PMID: 28658636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been performed up to now on the emission factors and congener profiles of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) emitted from off-road diesel engines. This investigation elucidates the emission factors and congener profiles of various POPs, namely polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in the exhausts of a diesel generator fueled with different waste cooking oil-based biodiesel (WCO-based biodiesel) blends. The PCDD/Fs contributed 87.2% of total dioxin-like toxicity (PCDD/Fs+PCBs+PBDD/Fs) in the exhaust, while the PCBs and PBDD/Fs only contributed 8.2% and 4.6%, respectively. Compared with petroleum diesel, B20 (20vol% WCO-based biodiesel+80vol% diesel) reduced total toxicity by 46.5% for PCDD/Fs, 47.1% for PCBs, and 24.5% for PBDD/Fs, while B40 (40vol% WCO-based biodiesel+60vol% diesel) reduced it by 89.5% for PCDD/Fs, 57.1% for PCBs, and 63.2% for PBDD/Fs in POP emission factors. The use of WCO-based biodiesel not only solves the problem of waste oil disposal, but also lowers POP emissions from diesel generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Jen Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsiung Tsai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City 83347, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetics and Fashion Styling, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City 83347, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Lin Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City 83347, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yinn Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan
| | - C Kuei-Jyum Yeh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan
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Xu P, Tao B, Zhou Z, Fan S, Zhang T, Liu A, Dong S, Yuan J, Li H, Chen J, Huang Y. Occurrence, composition, source, and regional distribution of halogenated flame retardants and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran in the soils of Guiyu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:61-71. [PMID: 28511039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Guiyu, China, is well-known for the crude disposal of electronic waste (EW) and severe persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Therefore, in this study, the occurrence, composition, and source of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB153), some novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in farmland soils covering Guiyu were studied. In EW disposal area soils, PBDEs were the most abundant FRs, with concentrations of 13-1014 ng g-1. The primary PBDE sources were technical Penta- and Deca-BDE mixtures in northern and southern Guiyu, respectively. The levels of BB153 were relatively low, possibly because it has been banned in the 1970s. The concentrations of hexabromobenzene (HBB) were 0.048-3.3 ng g-1, while pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) was almost not detected in the soils. Two alternatives to commercial PBDEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were the primary NBFRs, with concentrations of 1.8-153 ng g-1 and 0.43-15 ng g-1, respectively. DP was another primary FR, with concentrations of 0.57-146 ng g-1. Moreover, syn-DP and anti-DP isomers were not stereoselectively decomposed during the EW disposal process and were therefore present in their original fractions in the soils. The levels of PBDD/Fs in EW disposal area soils were 2.5-17 pg TEQ g-1. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF and OBDF were the dominant congeners, mainly derived from processing, pyrolysis and combustion of BFRs. The regional distribution of pollutants was shown to be related to the disposal manner of EW, with their open thermal disposal tending to release more highly brominated compounds such as BDE209, DBDPE, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF. Additionally, some riverbank sites were heavily polluted because of nearby point sources, downwind Simapu (SMP) town without EW disposal activity was also contaminated by these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Xu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bu Tao
- Hebei Agricultural University, 289 Lingyusi Street, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuang Fan
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Aimin Liu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuping Dong
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing Chaoyang District Environmental Protection Monitoring Center, 5 South Nongzhan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yeru Huang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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Abdallah MAE, Drage DS, Sharkey M, Berresheim H, Harrad S. A rapid method for the determination of brominated flame retardant concentrations in plastics and textiles entering the waste stream. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3873-3881. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston West Midlands United Kingdom
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Assiut University; Assiut Egypt
| | - Daniel S. Drage
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston West Midlands United Kingdom
| | - Martin Sharkey
- School of Physics; National University of Ireland Galway, University Road; Galway Ireland
| | - Harald Berresheim
- School of Physics; National University of Ireland Galway, University Road; Galway Ireland
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston West Midlands United Kingdom
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Yuan W, Lu G, Xie Y, Huang K, Wang R, Yin H, Dang Z. Effect of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate on the photolysis of 2,4,4'-tribromophenylphenyl ether. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:908-915. [PMID: 28436496 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00433d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the photolysis of 2,4,4'-tribromophenylphenyl ether (BDE-28) in Triton X-100 (TX-100) solutions, and discussed the effect of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) on the photolysis of BDE-28. The effect of TX-100 on the photolysis of BDE-28 was mainly related to the concentration of TX-100. The fastest photolysis of BDE-28 was at 500 mg L-1 of the TX-100 solution, and the corresponding photolysis rate constant was 0.12 min-1. The direct photolysis rate of BDE-28 decreased from 0.17 min-1 to 0.08 min-1 and 0.12 min-1 when NaN3 and isopropanol were added, respectively. The effect of AQDS on the photolysis of BDE-28 was also mainly related to the concentration of AQDS. When the concentration of AQDS was 0.6 μM, it has a slight influence in promoting the photodegradation of BDE-28; as the AQDS concentrations increased, the suppressing effect was more obvious. AQDS can inhibit the photolysis of BDE-28. Photolysis kinetics and quenching reactions illustrated that BDE-28 can produce a photosensitization reaction in TX-100 solutions, and the effects of AQDS on the photolysis of BDE-28 were mainly dominated by inhibition. In addition to its light shielding effect, AQDS can also combine with BDE-28 and anti-oxidation to inhibit the photolysis of BDE-28. We found that the degradation pathway of BDE-28 was mainly based on de-bromination, and the ions at para positions were preferentially debrominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Li S, Liu G, Zheng M, Liu W, Li J, Wang M, Li C, Chen Y. Unintentional production of persistent chlorinated and brominated organic pollutants during iron ore sintering processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 331:63-70. [PMID: 28242530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron ore sintering (SNT) processes are major sources of unintentionally produced chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). However, few studies of emissions of brominated POPs, such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), during SNT have been performed. Stack gas and fly ash samples from six typical SNT plants in China were collected and analyzed to determine the concentrations and profiles of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PCNs, PBDD/Fs, and PBDEs, as well as any correlations among these compounds. The PCDD/F, PCB, PCN, PBDD/F, and PBDE emission factors were 2.47, 0.61, 552, 0.32, and 107μgt-1, respectively (109, 4.07, 10.4, 4.41 and 0.02ng toxic equivalents t-1, respectively). PCBs were the most abundant compounds by mass, while PCNs were the next most abundant, contributing 51% and 42% to the total POP concentration, respectively. However, PCDD/Fs were the dominant contributors to the chlorinated and brominated POP toxic equivalent concentrations, contributing 89% to the total toxic equivalent concentration. The PCDD/F and other chlorinated and brominated POP concentrations were positively correlated, indicating that chlorinated and brominated POP emissions could be synergistically decreased using the best available technologies/best environmental practices already developed for PCDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Changliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Zhu YJ, Sun D, Yang NE, Ding YS, Feng WB, Hong WJ, Zhu SM, Li YF. Temporal and spatial distributions of PBDEs in atmosphere at Shanghai rural regions, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10885-10892. [PMID: 28293827 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric samples were collected using polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air sampling device for every 3 months from June 2012 to May 2013 in Shanghai rural regions in order to investigate the concentrations, profiles, spatial distributions, and seasonal variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Twelve PBDE congeners (BDE-17, BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-49, BDE-66, BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-138, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-183) were measured and analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that detectable PBDEs were examined in all air samples, which indicated that these pollutants are widespread in the research areas. The ∑12PBDE concentrations in Shanghai rural air ranged from 4.49 to 77.5 pg m-3, with mean value up to 26.7 pg m-3. The highest concentration was found at Jinshan sampling site in summer (from June to August in 2012). Furthermore, among the PBDE compounds investigated, the most frequently detected and the major congeners were BDE-17, BDE-28, BDE-47, and BDE-99. And the lower brominated diphenyl ethers (accounting for 75.0%) were the majority of the PBDE congeners. Finally, the result of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the lower and higher brominated diphenyl ethers in Shanghai rural regions were emitted from different pollutant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Juan Zhu
- College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nuo-Er Yang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yong-Sheng Ding
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China.
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei-Bing Feng
- College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Jun Hong
- Zhejiang Scientific Research Institute of Transport, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Mao Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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McGrath TJ, Morrison PD, Sandiford CJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of urban soils in Melbourne, Australia. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:225-232. [PMID: 27588576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a variety of materials and products. PBDEs have been shown to accumulate in the environment and human populations while exhibiting a range of toxic effects. In this study, surface soil samples from 30 sites in the city of Melbourne, Australia, were analysed for PBDEs. Eight congeners of environmental concern (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 -183 and -209) were assessed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs were detected in 29/30 samples with Σ8PBDE soil concentrations ranging nd-13,200 ng/g dw and Σ7PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) levels of nd-70.5 ng/g dw. Soils from waste disposal sites (n = 6) contained the highest median Σ7PBDE and Σ8PBDE concentrations, followed by manufacturing sites (n = 18) and then non-source sites (n = 6). Electronics recycling facilities contained the greatest levels of Σ8PBDEs by a significant margin (p < 0.05) to indicate that these industries are a potential source of contamination. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing an average of 75.5% to Σ8PBDEs soil concentrations, followed by BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-183 at 7.90, 5.64 and 4.31%, respectively. Congener profiles reflected global estimates of Deca-BDE, Octa-BDE and Penta- BDE commercial production, with the most significant congener correlation existing between BDE-47 and BDE-99 (p < 0.001, r = 0.943). This first assessment of PBDEs in Melbourne soils indicates widespread contamination of the urban environment, including locations where direct sources to soil are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Christopher J Sandiford
- Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association (ACLCA), PO Box 362, Malvern, Victoria 3144, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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Mwangi JK, Lee WJ, Wang LC, Sung PJ, Fang LS, Lee YY, Chang-Chien GP. Persistent organic pollutants in the Antarctic coastal environment and their bioaccumulation in penguins. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:924-934. [PMID: 27400905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been identified in penguins, lichens, soils, and ornithogenic soils in the Antarctic coastal environment in this study. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has reported PBDD/F and PBB data from Antarctica. The POP mass contents in penguins were in the following order: PCBs >> PBDEs >> PCDD/Fs; PCBs were the dominant pollutants (6310-144,000 pg/g-lipid), with World Health Organization toxic equivalency values being 2-14 times higher than those of PCDD/Fs. Long-range atmospheric transport is the most primary route by which POPs travel to Antarctica; however, local sources, such as research activities and penguin colonies, also influence POP distribution in the local Antarctic environment. In penguins, the biomagnification factor (BMF) of PCBs was 61.3-3760, considerably higher than that for other POPs. According to BMF data in Adélie penguins, hydrophobic PBDE congeners were more biomagnified at log Kow > 6, and levels decreased at log Kow > 7.5 because larger molecular sizes inhibited transfer across cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kennedy Mwangi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jhy Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengching Road, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Shing Fang
- Department of Leisure and Sport Management, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengching Road, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Department of Cosmetic and Fashion Styling, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengching Road, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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Wang M, Liu G, Jiang X, Zheng M, Yang L, Zhao Y, Jin R. Thermochemical Formation of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans Mediated by Secondary Copper Smelter Fly Ash, and Implications for Emission Reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7470-7479. [PMID: 27347728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions mediated by fly ash are important to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) formation. However, the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) through heterogeneous reactions is not yet well understood. Experiments were performed to investigate the thermochemical formation of PBDD/Fs at 150-450 °C through heterogeneous reactions on fly ash from a secondary copper smelter. The maximum PBDD/F concentration was 325 times higher than the initial PBDD/F concentration in the fly ash. The PBDD/F concentration after the experiment at 150 °C was five times higher than the initial concentration. PBDD/Fs have not previously been found to form at such a low temperature. Secondary-copper-smelter fly ash clearly promoted PBDD/F formation, and this conclusion was supported by the low activation energies that were found in Arrhenius's law calculations. Thermochemical formation of PBDD/Fs mediated by fly ash deposited in industrial facilities could explain "memory effects" that have been found for PCDD/Fs and similar compounds released from industrial facilities. Abundant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) that were formed through fly ash-mediated reactions could be important precursors for PBDD/Fs also formed through fly ash-mediated reactions. The amounts of PBDEs that formed through fly ash-mediated reactions suggested that secondary copper smelters could be important sources of reformed PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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Ni HG, Lu SY, Mo T, Zeng H. Brominated flame retardant emissions from the open burning of five plastic wastes and implications for environmental exposure in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:70-76. [PMID: 27064612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on the most widely used plastics in China, five plastic wastes were selected for investigation of brominated flame retardant (BFR) emission behaviors during open burning. Considerable variations were observed in the emission factors (EF) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) from the combustion of different plastic wastes. Distribution of BFR output mass showed that ΣPBDE was emitted mainly by the airborne particle (51%), followed by residual ash (44%) and the gas phase (5.1%); these values for ΣHBCD were 62%, 24%, and 14%, respectively. A lack of mass balance after the burning of the plastic wastes for some congeners (output/input mass ratios>1) suggested that formation and survival exceeded PBDE decomposition during the burns. However, that was not the case for HBCD. A comparison with literature data showed that the open burning of plastic waste is major source of PBDE compared to regulated combustion activities. Even for state-of-the-art waste incinerators equipped with sophisticated complex air pollution control technologies, BFRs are released on a small scale to the environment. According to our estimate, ΣPBDE release to the air and land from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants in China in 2015 were 105 kg/year and 7124 kg/year. These data for ΣHBCD were 25.5 and 71.7 kg/year, respectively. Considering the fact that a growing number of cities in China are switching to incineration as the preferred method for MSW treatment, our estimate is especially important. This study provides the first data on the environmental exposure of BFRs emitted from MSW incineration in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gang Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shao-You Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ting Mo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Wang M, Liu W, Hou M, Li Q, Han Y, Li H, Yan N, Zheng M. Mono- to Octachlorinated Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran Emissions from Sintering Plants Synergistically Controlled by the Desulfurization Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5207-5215. [PMID: 27124088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of desulfurization systems in sintering plants on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) concentrations, profiles, and emission factors was studied. Mono- to tri-CDD/Fs and tetra- to octa-CDD/F concentrations were 4.4 ± 2.3 and 10.5 ± 8.3 ng m(-3), respectively, at the inlets and 0.87 ± 0.48 and 0.47 ± 0.22 ng m(-3), respectively, after desulfurization. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) were 0.95 ± 0.093 and 0.51 ± 0.040 ng of I-TEQ m(-3) at the inlets and after desulfurization, respectively. The congener profiles and homologue distributions were dominated by 2-MoCDF and MoCDF, respectively. The PCDD/F removal efficiencies achieved by desulfurization increased as the chlorination level increased. The PCDD/Fs became adsorbed to gypsum. Annual mono- to tri-CDD/Fs PCDD/F and TEQ (tetra- to octa-CDD/F) emission factors for flue gas and gypsum between 2003 and 2012 were determined. The total amounts of mono- to tri-CDD/Fs emitted in flue gas and gypsum between 2003 and 2012 were 10.7 and 10.2 kg, respectively. The total TEQs emitted in flue gas and gypsum between 2003 and 2012 were estimated to be 15486 and 1878 g of I-TEQ, respectively. PCDD/Fs adsorbed to gypsum are not effectively eliminated. The PCDD/F concentrations increased as the fly ash surface area increased moving through the electrostatic precipitator stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meifang Hou
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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Orta-García ST, Ochoa-Martinez AC, Carrizalez-Yáñez L, Varela-Silva JA, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Pruneda-Álvarez LG, Torres-Dosal A, Guzmán-Mar JL, Pérez-Maldonado IN. Persistent Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil from the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:452-463. [PMID: 26577448 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE), and four heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, and lead) in outdoor surface soils (50 samples) collected from the metropolitan area of Monterrey in Mexico. Total PBDEs levels ranged from 1.80 to 127 µg/kg, with mean total PBDEs level of 14.2 ± 21.5 µg/kg (geometric mean ± standard deviation). For PCBs, the mean total level in the studied soils was 23.5 ± 20.2 µg/kg (range 4.0-65.5 µg/kg). An important finding in our study was that all soil samples (100%) had detectable levels of the metabolite p,p'-DDE. Moreover, the mean total DDT level (∑p'p-DDT and p'p-DDE) was approximately 132 ± 175 µg/kg. The mean levels for arsenic, cadmium, and lead in soil were 5.30 ± 1.35 (range 1.55-7.85) mg/kg, 2.20 ± 1.20 (range 0.65-6.40) mg/kg, and 455 ± 204 (range 224-1230) mg/kg, respectively. Our study has several limitations, the most notable of which is the small sample of soils evaluated. However, this screening study provided concentration data for the occurrence of POPs and four heavy metals in soil from the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, and taking into consideration that soil is an important pathway of exposure for people, a biomonitoring program for the surveillance of the general population in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon is deemed necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Teresa Orta-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Angeles Catalina Ochoa-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Leticia Carrizalez-Yáñez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Varela-Silva
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Lucia Guadalupe Pruneda-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Arturo Torres-Dosal
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad San Cristóbal, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Guzmán-Mar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Iván N Pérez-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Media, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Rioverde, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
- , Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, SLP, Mexico.
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Zhang M, Buekens A, Li X. Brominated flame retardants and the formation of dioxins and furans in fires and combustion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:26-39. [PMID: 26546701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use and increasing inventory of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have caused considerable concern, as a result of BFRs emissions to the environment and of the formation of both polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and mixed polybromochloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBCDD/Fs or PXDD/Fs). Structural similarities between PBDD/Fs and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) suggest the existence of comparable formation pathways of both PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs, yet BFRs also act as specific precursors to form additional PBDD/Fs. Moreover, elementary bromine (Br2) seems to facilitate chlorination by bromination of organics, followed by Br/Cl-exchange based on displacement through the more reactive halogen. Overall, PBDD/Fs form through three possible pathways: precursor formation, de novo formation, and dispersion of parts containing BFRs as impurities and surviving a fire or other events. The present review summarises the formation mechanisms of both brominated (PBDD/Fs) and mixed dioxins (PXDD/Fs with X=Br or Cl) from BFRs, recaps available emissions data of PBDD/Fs and mixed PXDD/Fs from controlled waste incineration, uncontrolled combustion sources and accidental fires, and identifies and analyses the effects of several local factors of influence, affecting the formation of PBDD/Fs and mixed PXDD/Fs during BFRs combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhang
- State key laboratory of clean energy utilisation, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State key laboratory of clean energy utilisation, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Formerly with Chemical Engineering department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State key laboratory of clean energy utilisation, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Wang M, Liu G, Jiang X, Li S, Liu W, Zheng M. Formation and emission of brominated dioxins and furans during secondary aluminum smelting processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:60-67. [PMID: 26706932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Secondary aluminum smelting (SAl) processes have previously been found to be important sources of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). It is crucial that the key factors that influence the formation and emission of PBDD/Fs are identified to allow techniques for decreasing PBDD/F emissions during SAl processes to be developed. In this study, stack gas samples were collected from four typical secondary aluminum smelters that used different raw materials, and the samples were analyzed to allow differences between PBDD/F emissions from different SAl plants to be assessed. The composition of the raw materials was found to be one of the key factors influencing the amounts of PBDD/Fs emitted. The PBDD/F emission factors (per tonne of aluminum produced) for the plants using 100% (Plant1), 80% (Plant2), and 50% (Plant3) dirty aluminum scrap in the raw material feed were 180, 86, and 14 μg t(-1), respectively. The amounts of PBDD/Fs emitted at different stages of the smelting process (feeding-fusion, refining, and casting) were compared, and the feeding-fusion stage was found to be the main stage in which PBDD/Fs were formed and emitted. Effective aluminum scrap pretreatments could significantly decrease PBDD/F emissions. Much higher polybrominated dibenzofuran concentrations than polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin concentrations were found throughout the SAl process. The more-brominated congeners (including octabromodibenzo-p-dioxin, octabromodibenzofuran, heptabromodibenzo-p-dioxins, and heptabromodibenzofurans) were the dominant contributors to the total PBDD/F concentrations. The results could help in the development of techniques and strategies for controlling PBDD/F emissions during metallurgical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sumei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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47
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Zacs D, Rjabova J, Fernandes A, Bartkevics V. Brominated, chlorinated and mixed brominated/chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in European eels (Anquilla anquilla) from Latvian lakes. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:460-72. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1136436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li Q, Yang F, Su G, Huang L, Lu H, Zhao Y, Zheng M. Thermal degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers over as-prepared Fe3O4 micro/nano-material and hypothesized mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1540-1551. [PMID: 26377966 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The thermal degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) featuring fully substituted bromines was investigated over an as-prepared Fe3O4 micro/nano-material at 300 °C. Degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with kobs = 0.15 min(-1) higher than that for decachlorobiphenyl (CB-209). Twenty-six newly produced polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were identified using the available PBDE standards, while four PBDE congener products were predicted using third-order polynomial regression equation. Analysis of the products indicated that BDE-209 underwent stepwise hydrodebromination over as-prepared Fe3O4. Similar to the case for CB-209, two initial hydrodebromination steps are favored at the BDE-209 meta-positions, giving the major products BDE-207 and BDE-197. However, the variance about the preferred products began to emerge from the start of heptabromodiphenyl ethers (hepta-BDEs). The majorly produced hepta-BDE isomer with BDE-183 is unbrominated at one ortho-position. However, this is different from the reported degradation of CB-209, which always produced the products chlorinated at all four ortho-positions until the ortho-position had to be removed for the formation of trichlorobiphenyls and dichlorobiphenyl still majorly chlorinated at three or two ortho-positions. The early BDE-209 hydrodebromination steps appear to be strongly influenced by steric effects, whereas subsequent hydrodebromination steps, as more bromine atoms are removed, will be gradually governed more by thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guijin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Linyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
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Mackintosh SA, Wallace JS, Gross MS, Navarro DD, Pérez-Fuentetaja A, Alaee M, Montecastro D, Aga DS. Review on the occurrence and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Philippines. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:314-326. [PMID: 26453821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The environmental occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been a subject of concern for the past decade because they are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. These compounds have been listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention and are expected to disperse in the global environment even after their use and production. While the occurrence of PBDEs has been well characterized in environmental and biological samples from North America, Europe, and some Asian countries (i.e. China, Japan, and Korea), there is a scarcity of available data in developing Asian countries, such as the Philippines. Examination of PBDE contamination in the Philippine environment is particularly important because regulations have only recently been implemented on the production and use of PBDEs in this country. Additionally, the Philippines receives e-waste from Western countries, which is becoming a major source of organic contaminants in the tropical Asian regions. Ultimately, the Philippines may be a hot spot for contributing to on-going global PBDE pollution due to long-range atmospheric transport. This paper presents a review of the available literature on PBDEs in both environmental and biological samples collected from the Philippines. It is also intended to provide an overview on the levels and congener profiles of PBDEs in samples from the Philippines and to compare these data with other Asian countries. New data are presented on PBDE occurrence and congener profiles in fish commonly consumed by Filipinos and in particulate matter samples collected in Metro Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Both studies contribute to the available knowledge of PBDEs in the Philippines. We aim to stress the importance of future studies in countries receiving e-wastes, such as the Philippines, and suggest what future directions might be taken to enhance the available data on the presence of PBDEs in the Philippine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Mackintosh
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Joshua S Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Michael S Gross
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Denise D Navarro
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Alicia Pérez-Fuentetaja
- Department of Biology and Great Lakes Center, The State University of New York- Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA.
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
| | - Doris Montecastro
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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50
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Shi X, Zhang R, Zhang H, Xu F, Zhang Q, Wang W. Influence of water on the homogeneous gas-phase formation mechanism of polyhalogenated dioxins/furans from chlorinated/brominated phenols as precursors. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:142-148. [PMID: 26159066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water is of great chemical importance due to its ability to form hydrogen bond. Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxin/benzofurans (PHDD/Fs) are notorious due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and extremely high toxicity. Water is ubiquitous, and a deep knowledge of its influence on the formation mechanism of PHDD/Fs is necessary. This work investigated the influence of water on the homogeneous gas-phase formation of PHDD/Fs from halogenated phenols (HPs) as precursors by using quantum chemical calculations with the aid of the MPWB1K theoretical approach in connection with the 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311+G(3df,2p) basis sets. The schematic energy profile in the presence of water was constructed and compared with the situation without water. This study reveals for the first time that the introduction of water promotes the formation of halogenated phenoxy radicals (HPRs) from the H abstraction reactions of HPs with atomic H and OH radicals by lowering the reaction energy barriers and opening new low-energy pathways. Another intriguing finding of this work is that the inclusion of a water molecule produces a catalytic effect on the H-shift step involved in the formation of PHDFs and thus their formation potential is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Shi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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