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Li C, Zhou B, Zhang J, Jiao L, Cheng K, Chen L, Li Y, Li Y, Ho SSH, Wen Z. Optical properties and radiative forcing of carbonaceous aerosols in a valley city under persistent high temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172462. [PMID: 38615761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols were collected in the valley city of Baoji city in Northern China in August 2022. The light absorption characteristics and influencing factors of black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) were analyzed, and their radiative forcing was estimated. The results showed that the light absorption of secondary brown carbon [AbsBrC,sec (370)] was 7.5 ± 2.4 Mm-1, which was 2.5 times that of primary brown carbon [AbsBrC,pri (370), 3.0 ± 1.2 Mm-1]. During the study period, the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) of aerosol was 1.6, indicating that there was obvious secondary aerosol formation or carbonaceous aerosol aging in the valley city of Baoji. Except for secondary BrC (BrCsec), the light absorption coefficient (Abs) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of BC and primary BrC (BrCpri) during the persistent high temperature period (PHT) were higher than those during the normal temperature period (NT) and the precipitation period (PP), which indicated that the light absorption capacity of black carbon and primary brown carbon increased, while the light absorption capacity of secondary brown carbon decreased under persistent high temperature period. Secondary aerosols sulfide (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) are important factors for promoting the light absorption enhancemen of BC and BrCpri and photobleaching of BrCsec during persistent high temperature period. The Principal Component Analysis-Multiple Linear Regression (PCA-MLR) model showed that traffic emissions was the most important source of pollution in Baoji City. Based on this, the secondary source accelerates the aging of BC and BrC, causing changes in light absorption. During PHT, the radiative forcing of BC and BrCpri were enhanced, while the radiative forcing of BrCsec was weakened, but the positive radiative forcing generated by them may aggravate the high-temperature disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Bianhong Zhou
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Junhui Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Lihua Jiao
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Kaijing Cheng
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States
| | - Zhongtao Wen
- Baoji Ecological Environment Science and Technology Service Center, Baoji 721000, China
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Guo W, Li Z, Zhang Z, Zhu R, Xiao H, Xiao H. Sources and influences of atmospheric nonpolar organic compounds in Nanchang, central China: Full-year monitoring with a focus on winter pollution episodes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169216. [PMID: 38092198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonpolar organic compounds (NPOCs) are found in atmospheric aerosols and have significant implications for environmental and human health. Although many studies have quantitatively estimated the sources of NPOCs in different cities, few have evaluated their main influencing factors (e.g., emissions and meteorological conditions) at relatively long (e.g., different seasons) and short timescales (e.g., several days during pollution episodes). A better understanding of this issue could optimise strategies for dealing with organic contamination in atmospheric particulate matter. NPOCs (including n-alkanes, PAHs and hopanes) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were sampled daily at Nanchang, China, from 1 November 2020 to 31 October 2021. Analyses of specific biomarkers and diagnostic ratios indicate that the NPOCs mainly had anthropogenic sources. The quantitative estimates of a positive matrix factorization model show that fossil fuel and biomass combustion were the main sources of n-alkanes (contributing 64.8 %), while vehicle exhaust was the main source of PAHs (47.0 %) and hopanes (52.3 %). Seasonally, the contributions from coal and/or biomass combustion were higher in autumn and winter (40.2-56.3 %) than in spring and summer (25.7-44.3 %), while contributions from natural plants, petroleum volatilization and vehicle exhaust were higher in spring and summer (14.7-63.5 %) than in autumn and winter (8.1-48.9 %). Redundancy analysis shows that increased emissions, especially from coal and/or biomass combustion, are the main cause of increases in NPOCs, during both annual sampling periods and winter pollution episodes. Over the year, higher temperature and longer sunshine hours correspond to lower NPOC concentrations. In winter pollution episodes, increases in temperature and relative humidity correspond to increases in NPOC concentrations. Our results suggest that controlling primary emissions, especially from coal and biomass combustion, may be an effective way to prevent increases in NPOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Zicong Li
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Renguo Zhu
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Li T, Li J, Xie L, Lin B, Jiang H, Sun R, Wang X, Liu B, Tian C, Li Q, Jia W, Zhang G, Peng P. In situ biomass burning enhanced the contribution of biogenic sources to sulfate aerosol in subtropical cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168384. [PMID: 37956844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfurous gases released by biogenic sources play a key role in the global sulfur cycle. However, the contribution of biogenic sources to sulfate aerosol in the urban atmosphere has received little attention. Emission sources and formation process of sulfate in Guangzhou, a subtropical mega-city in China, were clarified using multiple methods, including isotope tracers and chemical markers. The δ18O of sulfate suggested that secondary sulfate was the dominant component (84 %) of sulfate aerosol, which mainly formed by transition metal ion (TMI) catalyzed oxidation (31 %) and OH radical oxidation (30 %). The factors driving secondary sulfate formation were revealed using a tree boosting model, which suggested that NH3, temperature, and oxidants were the most important factors. The δ34S of sulfate indicated that biogenic sources accounted for annual average of 26.0 % of the sulfate, which increased to 30.4 % in winter monsoon period. Rice straw burning enhanced sulfate formation by promoting the release of reduced sulfur from soil, which is rapidly converted into sulfate under a subtropical urban atmosphere with high concentration of NH3 and oxidants. This study revealed the important influence of rice straw burning on biogenic sulfur emission during the rice harvest, thereby providing insight into the sulfur cycle and regional air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Luhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Boji Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hongxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Rong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ben Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Wanglu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Zhang X, Murakami T, Wang J, Aikawa M. Unexpected/contrary behavior of aerosol mass concentration in response to the individual components' concentration reduction in Kitakyushu, Japan. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:630-639. [PMID: 37778834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In the suburbs of Kitakyushu, Japan, the inorganic aerosol mass concentration (IAM) was about 32.7 µg/m3, with the aerosol pH of 3.3. To study the thermodynamics of aerosol when its individual components' concentration is reduced, sensitive tests were performed using the ISORROPIA II model, in which the seven control species-TNaCl, TNH4+, TSO42-, TNO3-, TMg2+, TK+, and TCa2+-were taken into account. IAM and inorganic aerosol pH after reducing TNaCl, TNO3-, TMg2+, TK+, and TCa2+ responded linearly (0% ≤ concentration reduction ratio (CRR) ≤ 100%, with the exception of 100% in TNaCl); the nonlinear variations of these two parameters could be observed by controlling TNH4+ and TSO42-. Unexpected aerosol behavior occurred at 100% reduction of TNaCl, which was caused by the sudden increase of NO3-, NH4+, and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC); the increase of IAM was also observed after controlling TSO42- (60% ≤ CRR ≤ 100%) and TCa2+ (0% ≤ CRR ≤ 100%), which was mainly related to the variation of ALWC driven by the response of CaSO4. Multiple regression analysis showed that ALWC was statistically and strongly related to the variations of NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, HSO4-, HNO3, and NH3 (P < 0.05), with regression coefficients of 1.68, 5.23, 1.83, 2.81, 0.34, and 0.57, respectively. The highest coefficient (5.23) was found for Cl-, revealing that sea salts significantly influenced particle responses. Overall, this study comprehensively investigated aerosol characteristics and inner responses for the reduction of components, which is of great significance for a better understanding of atmospheric chemistry in Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan; Resources and Environment Innovation Research Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Takuya Murakami
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Jinhe Wang
- Resources and Environment Innovation Research Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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Feng Q, Liu H, Dai W, Cao Y, Shen M, Liu Y, Qi W, Chen Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhou B, Li J. Comparison of chemical composition and acidity of size-resolved inorganic aerosols at the top and foot of Mt. Hua, Northwest China: The role of the gas-particle distribution of ammonia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166985. [PMID: 37704142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol pH is not only a diagnostic indicator of secondary aerosol formation, but also a key factor in the specific chemical reaction routes that produce sulfate and nitrate. To understand the characteristics of aerosol acidity in the Mt. Hua, the chemical fractions of water-soluble inorganic ions in the atmospheric PM2.5 and size-resolved particle at the top and foot of Mt. Hua in summer 2020 were studied. The results showed the mass concentrations of PM2.5 and water-soluble ions at the foot were 2.0-2.6 times higher than those at the top. The secondary inorganic ions, i.e., SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ (SNA) were 56 %-61 % higher by day than by night. SO42- was mainly distributed in the fine particles (Dp < 2.1 μm). NO3- showed a unimodal size distribution (peaking at 0.7-1.1 μm) at the foot and a bimodal (0.7-1.1 μm and 4.7-5.8 μm) size distribution at the top. At the top site, the distribution of NO3- in coarse particles (> 2.1 μm) was mainly attributed to the gaseous HNO3 volatilized from fine particles reacting with cations in coarse particles to form non-volatile salts (such as Ca(NO3)2). The pH values of PM2.5 were 2.7 ± 1.3 and 3.3 ± 0.42 at the top and foot, respectively. NH4+/NH3(g) plays a decisive role in stabilizing aerosol acidity. In addition, the increase of the liquid water content (LWC) at the foot facilitates the gas-particle conversion of NH3, while the H+ concentration was diluted, resulting in a decrease in acidity at the foot. NH4+/NH3 had good linear correlations with SO42-, NO3-, and LWC during the daytime at both sites, indicating that SO42-, NO3-, and LWC together affect the gas-particle distribution of ammonia by day: however, the effect of LWC at night was not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Minxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weining Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Bianhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhang Z, Wang X, Cheng S, Tang G, Fu Y. Insights into multidimensional transport flux from vertical observation and numerical simulation in two cities in North China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:831-842. [PMID: 36375965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study represents the first quantitative evaluation of pollution transport budget within the boundary layer of typical cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from the perspective of horizontal and vertical exchanges and further discusses the impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)-free troposphere (FT) exchange on concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) within the ABL during heavy pollution. From the perspective of the transport flux balance relationship, differences in pollution transport characteristics between the two cities is mainly reflected in the ABL-FT exchange effect. The FT mainly flowed into the ABL in BJ, while in SJZ, the outflow from the ABL to the FT was more intense. Combined with an analysis of vertical wind profile distribution, BJ was found to be more susceptible to the influence of northwest cold high prevailing in winter, while sinking of strong cold air allowed the FT flowing into the ABL influence the vertical exchange over BJ. In addition, we selected a typical pollution event for targeted analysis to understand mechanistic details of the influence of ABL-FT exchange on the pollution event. These results showed that ABL-FT interaction played an important role in PM2.5 concentration within the ABL during heavy pollution. Especially in the early stage of heavy pollution, FT transport contributed as much as 82.74% of PM2.5 within the ABL. These findings are significant for improving our understanding of pollution transport characteristics within the boundary layer and the effect of ABL-FT exchange on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhida Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yibin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Li R, Zhang M, Du Y, Wang G, Shang C, Liu Y, Zhang M, Meng Q, Cui M, Yan C. Impacts of dust events on chemical characterization and associated source contributions of atmospheric particulate matter in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120597. [PMID: 36343856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sand and dust have significant impacts on air quality, climate, and human health. To investigate the influences of dust storms on chemical characterization and source contributions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in areas with different distances from dust source regions, PM2.5 and associated chemical composition were measured in two industrial cities with one near sand sources (i.e., Wuhai) and the other far from sand sources (i.e., Jinan) in northern China in March 2021. Results showed that PM mass concentrations significantly increased and exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality standard during the dust events, with absolute concentrations and fractional contributions of PM2.5-bound crustal and trace elements increased while secondary inorganic ions decreased at both sites. Crustal materials dominated the increased PM2.5 mass from non-dust period to dust period in both cities. These were further evidenced by PM2.5 source apportionment results from positive matrix factorization model. During the dust events, dust sources contributed up to 88% of PM2.5 mass in Wuhai and ∼38% of PM2.5 mass in Jinan, a city about thousands of kilometers away from the sand source. Besides, the measurement data indicated that dust from northwest China may also bring along with high abundance of organic matter and vanadium. Secondary and traffic sources were two of the most important source contributors to PM2.5 in both cities during the non-dust periods. However, the near sand source city was more susceptible to the aggravating effects of dust and minerals, with much higher contributions by crustal materials (∼47%, from the aspect of chemical components) and dust-related sources (∼26%, from the aspect of sources) to PM2.5 mass even during non-dust periods. This study highlighted the urgent need for more action and effective control of sand sources to reduce the impact on air quality in downstream regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Yuming Du
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhai Branch, Wuhai, 016000, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Shandong Provincial Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Chunlin Shang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhai Branch, Wuhai, 016000, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhai Branch, Wuhai, 016000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhai Branch, Wuhai, 016000, China
| | - Qingpeng Meng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Ma T, Duan F, Ma Y, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Li W, Zhu L, He K. Unbalanced emission reductions and adverse meteorological conditions facilitate the formation of secondary pollutants during the COVID-19 lockdown in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155970. [PMID: 35588831 PMCID: PMC9109998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in 2020, severe haze pollution occurred in the North China Plain despite the significant reduction in anthropogenic emissions, providing a natural experiment to explore the response of haze pollution to the reduction of human activities. Here, we study the characteristics and causes of haze pollution during the COVID-19 outbreak based on comprehensive field measurements in Beijing during January and February 2020. After excluding the Spring Festival period affected by fireworks activities, we found the ozone concentrations and the proportion of sulfate and nitrate in PM2.5 increased during the COVID-19 lockdown compared with the period before the lockdown, and sulfate played a more important role. Heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry dominate the formation of sulfate and nitrate during the whole campaign, respectively, and the heterogeneous formation of nitrate at night was enhanced during the lockdown. The coeffects of more reductions in NOx than VOCs, weakened titration of NO, and increased temperature during the lockdown led to the increase in ozone concentrations, thereby promoting atmospheric oxidation capacity and photochemistry. In addition, the increase in relative humidity during the lockdown facilitated heterogeneous chemistry. Our results indicate that unbalanced emission reductions and adverse meteorological conditions induce the formation of secondary pollutants during the COVID-19 lockdown haze, and the formulation of effective coordinated emission-reduction control measures for PM2.5 and ozone pollution is needed in the future, especially the balanced control of NOx and VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunzhi Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenguang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Wang Z, Wang R, Wang J, Wang Y, McPherson Donahue N, Tang R, Dong Z, Li X, Wang L, Han Y, Cao J. The seasonal variation, characteristics and secondary generation of PM 2.5 in Xi'an, China, especially during pollution events. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113388. [PMID: 35569537 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As an important central city in western China, Xi'an has the worst atmospheric pollution record in China and many measures have been taken to improve the air quality in the past few years. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected across four seasons from 2017 to 2018 in Xi'an. Organic carbon and elemental carbon, water soluble ions, and elements were monitored to assess the air quality. The average annual PM2.5 concentration was (134.9 ± 48.1 μg/m3), with the highest concentration in winter (188.8 ± 93.2 μg/m3), and lowest concentration in summer (71.2 ± 12.1 μg/m3). The secondary generation of sulfate (SO42-) and nitrate (NO3-) was strong in spring, and secondary organic carbon (SOC) was formed in all seasons. The compositions of PM2.5 changed greatly during a sandstorm occurred and the Spring Festival. The sandstorm played a positive role in removing local pollutant NO3-, but also increased the concentration of SO42-, however both the concentration of SO42- and NO3- greatly increased by secondary generation during Spring Festival. Potential source analysis showed that during the sandstorm, pollutants were transported over a long distance from the northwest of China, whereas it was mainly from the local and surrounded emissions during the Spring Festival. Except Ca2+ and geological dust (GM), the other components in PM2.5 increased significantly on the day of the Spring Festival. During sampling time in Xi'an, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model analysis showed that PM2.5 mainly came from vehicle emission, coal combustion, and biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Runyu Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Center for Atmospheric Particles Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Protection of Environmental Resource, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yumeng Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Neil McPherson Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particles Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rongzhi Tang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhibao Dong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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10
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Zhou S, Cong L, Liu J, Zhang Z. Consistency between deposition of particulate matter and its removal by rainfall from leaf surfaces in plant canopies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 240:113679. [PMID: 35640352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The leaf surfaces of plants are important organs for retaining particulate matter (PM). They can be renewed via washout processes (e.g., rainfall), thereby restoring the ability to retain new PM. Most of the current studies have focused on the mechanisms of rainfall characteristics on the renewal of PM on plant leaf surfaces and interspecific differences, while the effects of different leaf heights on PM renewal within the same plant canopy have been less studied. In addition, the dynamics of PM during rainfall, especially the water-soluble ions (WSII) component, are often neglected. This research used Salix matsudana, a tree species with a significant natural height difference between the upper and lower leaves of its canopy, as its study object. Using artificially simulated rainfall, the rainfall intensity was quantified as low, medium, and high (i.e., 30 mm/h, 45 mm/h, and 60 mm/h), and the rainfall process was divided into three sub-stages: pre (0-20 min), mid (20-40 min), and post (40-60 min). The experimental setup was divided into upper (2 m) and lower leaves (1 m) according to the height of the canopy. The concentration and distribution of water-insoluble PM (WIPM) were obtained using the elution weighing method, whereas WSII were obtained using ion chromatography. The dynamics of WIPM and WSII during the removal of PM from the leaf surface by rainfall were studied at different canopy heights, and the results showed that the composition and proportions of WIPM and WSII varied at different stages of the rainfall process and that the concentrations of WIPM and WSII removed from the upper leaves differed slightly from those of the lower leaves. In particular, the concentrations of WIPM and WSII removed from the lower leaves were greater than those from the upper leaves at high rainfall intensity (60 mm/h), showing consistency between rainfall removal of PM from the leaf surface at different heights within the plant canopy and deposition of PM, while at low (30 mm/h) and medium (45 mm/h) rainfall intensities the performance was slightly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Zhou
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ling Cong
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jiakai Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhenming Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China.
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11
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Zhao X, Wang J, Xu B, Zhao R, Zhao G, Wang J, Ma Y, Liang H, Li X, Yang W. Causes of PM 2.5 pollution in an air pollution transport channel city of northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:23994-24009. [PMID: 34820758 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To develop effective mitigation policies, a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the chemical composition, formation mechanisms, and the contribution of sources at different pollution levels is required. PM2.5 samples were collected for 1 year from August 2016 to August 2017 at an urban site in Zibo, then chemical compositions were analyzed. Secondary inorganic aerosols (SNA), anthropogenic minerals (MIN), and organic matter (OM) were the most abundant components of PM2.5, but only the mass fraction of SNA increased as the pollution evolved, implying that PM2.5 pollution was caused by the formation of secondary aerosols, especially nitrate. A more intense secondary transformation was found in the heating season (from November 15, 2016, to March 14, 2017), and a faster secondary conversion of nitrate than sulfate was discovered as the pollution level increased. The formation of sulfate was dominated by heterogeneous reactions. High relative humidity (RH) in polluted periods accelerated the formation of sulfate, and high temperature in the non-heating season also promoted the formation of sulfate. Zibo city was under ammonium-rich conditions during polluted periods in both seasons; therefore, nitrate was mainly formed through homogeneous reactions. The liquid water content increased significantly as the pollution levels increased when the RH was above 80%, indicating that the hygroscopic growth of aerosol aggravated the PM2.5 pollution. Source apportionment showed that PM2.5 was mainly from secondary aerosol formation, road dust, coal combustion, and vehicle emissions, contributing 36.6%, 16.5%, 14.7%, and 13.1% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. The contribution of secondary aerosol formation increased remarkably with the deterioration of air quality, especially in the heating season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Zibo Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Ruojie Zhao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Guangjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yinhong Ma
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Wen Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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12
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Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang K, Shang X, Aikawa M, Zhou G, Li J, Li H. Year-round observation of atmospheric inorganic aerosols in urban Beijing: Size distribution, source analysis, and reduction mechanism. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:354-364. [PMID: 35459498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate particle characteristics and find an effective measure to control severe particle pollution, year-round observation of size-segregated inorganic aerosols was conducted in Beijing from January to December, 2016. The sampled atmospheric particles all presented bimodal size distribution at four pollution levels (clear, slight pollution, moderate pollution and severe pollution), and peak values appeared at the size range of 0.7-2.1 μm and >9.0 μm, respectively. As dominant particle compositions, NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+ in four pollution levels all showed significant peaks in fine mode, especially at the size range of 1.1-2.1 μm. Secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for about 67.6% (36.3% (secondary sulfates) + 31.3% (secondary nitrates)) of the total sources of fine particles in urban Beijing. Severe pollution of fine particles was mainly caused by the air masses transported from nearby western and southern areas, which are industrial and densely populated region, respectively. Sensitivity tests further revealed that the control measures focusing on ammonium emission reduction was the most effective for particle pollution mitigation, and fine particles all showed nonlinear responses after reducing ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations, with the fitting curves of y = -120.8x - 306.1x2 + 290.2x3, y = -43.5x - 67.8x2, and y = -25.8x - 110.4x2 + 7.6x3, respectively (y and x present fine particle mass variation (μg/m3) and concentration reduction ratio (CRR)/100 (dimensionless)). Overall, our study presents useful information for understanding the characteristics of atmospheric inorganic aerosols in urban Beijing, as well as offers policy makers with effective measure for mitigating particle pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Resources and Environment Innovation Research Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Jinhe Wang
- Resources and Environment Innovation Research Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xiaona Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Guanhua Zhou
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Sha T, Ma X, Wang J, Tian R, Zhao J, Cao F, Zhang YL. Improvement of inorganic aerosol component in PM 2.5 by constraining aqueous-phase formation of sulfate in cloud with satellite retrievals: WRF-Chem simulations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150229. [PMID: 34798748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of PM2.5 in China have caused severe visibility degradation and health problems. However, it is still challenging to accurately predict PM2.5 and its chemical components in numerical models. In this study, we compared the inorganic aerosol components of PM2.5 (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA)) simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model fully coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with in-situ data in a heavy haze-fog event during November 2018 in Nanjing, China. Comparisons show that the model underestimates sulfate concentrations by 81% and fails to reproduce the significant increase of sulfate from early morning to noon, which corresponds to the timing of fog dissipation that suggests the model underestimates the aqueous-phase formation of sulfate in clouds. In addition, the model overestimates both nitrate and ammonium concentrations by 184% and 57%, respectively. These overestimates contribute to the simulated SNA being 77.2% higher than observed. However, cloud water content is also underestimated which is a pathway for important aqueous-phase reactions. Therefore, we constrained the simulated cloud water content based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Liquid Water Path observations. Results show that the simulation with MODIS-corrected cloud water content increases the sulfate by a factor of 3, decreases the Normalized Mean Bias (NMB) by 53.5%, and reproduces its diurnal cycle with the peak concentration occurring at noon. The improved sulfate simulation also improves the simulation of nitrate, which decreases the simulated nitrate bias by 134%. Although the simulated ammonium is still higher than the observations, corrected cloud water content leads to a decrease of the modelled bias in SNA from 77.2% to 14.1%. The strong sensitivity of simulated SNA concentration to the cloud water content provides an explanation for the simulated SNA bias. Hence, uncertainties in cloud water content can contribute to model biases in simulating SNA which are less frequently explored from a process-level perspective and can be reduced by constraining the model with satellite observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sha
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Rong Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianqi Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change and Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change and Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Jamhari AA, Latif MT, Wahab MIA, Hassan H, Othman M, Abd Hamid HH, Tekasakul P, Phairuang W, Hata M, Furuchi M, Rajab NF. Seasonal variation and size distribution of inorganic and carbonaceous components, source identification of size-fractioned urban air particles in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132309. [PMID: 34601373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the inorganic and carbonaceous components depending on the seasonal variation and size distribution of urban air particles in Kuala Lumpur. Different fractions of particulate matter (PM) were measured using a Nanosampler from 17 February 2017 until 27 November 2017. The water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and carbonaceous components in all samples were analysed using ion chromatography and carbon analyser thermal/optical reflectance, respectively. Total PM concentration reached its peak during the southwest (SW) season (70.99 ± 6.04 μg/m3), and the greatest accumulation were observed at PM0.5-1.0 (22%-30%, 9.55 ± 1.03 μg/m3) and PM2.5-10 (22%-25%, 10.34 ± 0.81 μg/m3). SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ were major contributors of WSIIs, and their formation was favoured mainly during SW season (80.5% of total ions). PM0.5-1.0 and PM2.5-10 exhibited the highest percentage of WSII size distribution, accounted for 28.4% and 13.5% of the total mass, respectively. The average contribution of carbonaceous species (OC + EC) to total carbonaceous concentrations were higher in PM0.5-1.0 (35.2%) and PM2.5-10 (26.6%). Ultrafine particles (PM<0.1) consistently indicated that the sources were from vehicle emission while the SW season was constantly dominated by biomass burning sources. Using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, secondary inorganic aerosol and biomass burning (30.3%) was known as a significant source of overall PM. As a conclusion, ratio and source apportionment indicate the mixture of biomass burning, secondary inorganic aerosols and motor vehicle contributed to the size-segregated PM and seasonal variation of inorganic and carbonaceous components of urban air particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Ahmad Jamhari
- Biomedical Science Program, Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness (HCARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20400, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram A Wahab
- Environmental Health and Industry Safety Program, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanashriah Hassan
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murnira Othman
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Mitsuhiko Hata
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masami Furuchi
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Biomedical Science Program, Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness (HCARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Li X, Clark S, Floess E, Baumgartner J, Bond T, Carter E. Personal exposure to PM 2.5 of indoor and outdoor origin in two neighboring Chinese communities with contrasting household fuel use patterns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149421. [PMID: 34388646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese government is replacing high-polluting, household coal heating stoves with electricity- and natural gas-powered heaters to improve ambient air quality. The evaluation of the intervention impact on outdoor PM2.5 and personal exposure in community level are in their initial stages. We compared outdoor air pollution and personal exposure in two neighboring communities (~2 km) in northern China with contrasting household fuel use patterns: one where residents primarily used coal for cooking and heating ("coal village") and one where natural gas was the dominant fuel ("gas village"). We collected 24-h outdoor gravimetric PM2.5 samples in each village and concurrently measured 48-h integrated exposures among 71 participants from 41 and 30 households in the coal and gas villages, respectively. PM2.5 samples were analyzed for mass and chemical composition. Daily outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in the coal village (mean ± standard deviation: 109 ± 41 μg/m3) were, on average, 1.3 ± 0.2 times higher than in the gas village (88 ± 38 μg/m3). However, personal PM2.5 exposures were lower in the coal village (116 ± 121 μg/m3 versus 156 ± 106 μg/m3). PM2.5 species that can serve as tracers for residential coal combustion (e.g., S, Se, Zn, Pb, etc.) and dust (Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si and Ti) were higher in the coal village, and the proportion of personal PM2.5 of outdoor origin in the coal village was nearly 2 times higher than the gas village. Our results suggest that ambient PM2.5 and its chemical composition can vary at relatively small spatial scales and may reflect community-level differences in the household energy use. However, personal PM2.5 exposures may not mirror between-village differences in outdoor air pollution if only PM2.5 mass is evaluated. Individual chemical composition of PM2.5 exposure can provide important insight in future studies on the effectiveness of source-targeted air quality interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Sierra Clark
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Emily Floess
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Tami Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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16
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Tian R, Ma X, Sha T, Pan X, Wang Z. Exploring dust heterogeneous chemistry over China: Insights from field observation and GEOS-Chem simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149307. [PMID: 34375256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dust heterogeneous chemistry plays an important role in tropospheric chemistry, but its parameterization in numerical models is often quite simplified, which hampers accurate prediction of particulate matter and its chemical component. In this study, we investigate the evolution of dust heterogeneous chemical process and its potential impacts on gaseous and aerosol components during a dust pollution episode from March 27 to April 2, 2015 over North China. Based on field measurements, the significant role of relative humidity (RH) in dust heterogeneous chemistry is found and a RH-dependent parameterization for uptake coefficients of HNO3 and SO2 is incorporated in GEOS-Chem to reproduce the dust heterogeneous chemical process. During the study period, observed dust sulfate (DSO4) and dust nitrate (DNIT) exhibit maximum concentrations of 9.1 and 22.8 μg m-3 respectively, accompanied by high RH and gaseous precursor concentrations. DSO4 concentrations are positively related to RH. The observed dust sulfate oxidation ratio (DSOR) is elevated evidently with increased RH, especially when RH is higher than ~40%, implying that enhanced RH could promote heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 to DSO4. Model simulation shows that when incorporating the RH-dependent parameterization, DNIT and DSO4 are generally well captured and the model performance of total sulfate oxidation ratio (TSOR) and total nitrate oxidation ratio (TNOR) are improved. High contribution of DNIT and DSO4 are found to be located over the regions close to source areas (>60%) and downwind regions (>40%), respectively. Sensitivity results show that SO2 and HNO3 reduce by 2-24 μg m-3 and 1-18 μg m-3 when considering dust heterogeneous impacts, thus leading to reduction in non-dust sulfate and non-dust nitrate concentrations. As a result, simulated NH3 increases and ammonium reduces by more than 20%. Our study indicates that the contribution of heterogeneous reactions to sulfate formation is 20-30% over North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Tong Sha
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
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17
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Liu H, Zhang X. AQI time series prediction based on a hybrid data decomposition and echo state networks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51160-51182. [PMID: 33977435 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14186-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid AQI time series prediction model is proposed based on EWT-SE-VMD secondary decomposition, ICA (imperialist competitive algorithm) feature selection, and ESN (echo state network) neural network. Firstly, EWT (empirical wavelet transform) and VMD (variational mode decomposition) are used to decompose the original AQI time series into several stable and reliable subseries. Then, the ICA is used to select features of the above subseries for the ESN prediction model. Finally, the optimized feature variables are put into the ESN deep network to establish a prediction model of each AQI subseries and obtain the future AQI index. According to the experimental results of the daily AQI series in Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang, we find that (a) among all decomposition methods, the proposed secondary decomposition method (EWT-SE-VMD) performs best in processing data; (b) it is proved that the proposed hybrid model has broad application prospect and research value in the AQI prediction field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (IAIR), Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, Hunan, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (IAIR), Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, Hunan, China
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18
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Chen H, Duan F, Du J, Yin R, Zhu L, Dong J, He K, Sun Z, Wang S. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for mixing state characterization of individual fine particles during a haze episode in Beijing, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 104:216-224. [PMID: 33985724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The nondestructive characterization of the mixing state of individual fine particles using the traditional single particle analysis technique remains a challenge. In this study, fine particles were collected during haze events under different pollution levels from September 5 to 11 2017 in Beijing, China. A nondestructive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique was employed to investigate the morphology, chemical composition, and mixing state of the multiple components in the individual fine particles. Optical image and SERS spectral analysis results show that soot existing in the form of opaque material was predominant during clear periods (PM2.5 ≤ 75 µg/m3). During polluted periods (PM2.5 > 75 µg/m3), opaque particles mixed with transparent particles (nitrates and sulfates) were generally observed. Direct classical least squares analysis further identified the relative abundances of the three major components of the single particles: soot (69.18%), nitrates (28.71%), and sulfates (2.11%). A negative correlation was observed between the abundance of soot and the mass concentration of PM2.5. Furthermore, mapping analysis revealed that on hazy days, PM2.5 existed as a core-shell structure with soot surrounded by nitrates and sulfates. This mixing state analysis method for individual PM2.5 particles provides information regarding chemical composition and haze formation mechanisms, and has the potential to facilitate the formulation of haze prevention and control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ranhao Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemcial Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinlu Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenli Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Suhua Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemcial Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
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19
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Liu X, Wang M, Pan X, Wang X, Yue X, Zhang D, Ma Z, Tian Y, Liu H, Lei S, Zhang Y, Liao Q, Ge B, Wang D, Li J, Sun Y, Fu P, Wang Z, He H. Chemical formation and source apportionment of PM 2.5 at an urban site at the southern foot of the Taihang mountains. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 103:20-32. [PMID: 33743902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The region along the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain (NCP) is characterized by serious fine particle pollution. To clarify the formation mechanism and controlling factors, an observational study was conducted to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the fine particulate matter in Jiaozuo city, China. Mass concentrations of the water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM2.5 and gaseous pollutant precursors were measured on an hourly basis from December 1, 2017, to February 27, 2018. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model were employed to identify the sources of PM2.5. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 111 μg/m3 during the observation period. Among the major WSIs, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) constituted 62% of the total PM2.5 mass, and NO3- ranked the highest with an average contribution of 24.6%. NH4+ was abundant in most cases in Jiaozuo. According to chemical balance analysis, SO42-, NO3-, and Cl- might be present in the form of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, NH4Cl, and KCl. The liquid-phase oxidation of SO2 and NO2 was severe during the haze period. The relative humidity and pH were the key factors influencing SO42- formation. We found that NO3- mainly stemmed from homogeneous gas-phase reactions in the daytime and originated from the hydrolysis of N2O5 in the nighttime, which was inconsistent with previous studies. The PMF model identified five sources of PM2.5: secondary origin (37.8%), vehicular emissions (34.7%), biomass burning (11.5%), coal combustion (9.4%), and crustal dust (6.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingshi Wang
- Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiyue Wang
- Jiaozuo Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Xiaolong Yue
- Jiaozuo Environmental Science Research Institute, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Jiaozuo Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Zhigang Ma
- Jiaozuo Environmental Science Research Institute, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shandong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baozhu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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20
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Water-Soluble Ions in Atmospheric Aerosol Measured in a Semi-Arid and Chemical-Industrialized City, Northwest China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated water-soluble ions (WSIs) of aerosol samples collected from 2016 to 2017 in Lanzhou, a typical semi-arid and chemical-industrialized city in Northwest China. WSIs concentration was higher in the heating period (35.68 ± 19.17 μg/m3) and lower in the non-heating period (12.45 ± 4.21 μg/m3). NO3−, SO42−, NH4+ and Ca2+ were dominant WSIs. The concentration of SO42− has decreased in recent years, while the NO3− level was increasing. WSIs concentration was affected by meteorological factors. The sulfur oxidation and nitrogen oxidation ratios (SOR and NOR) exceeded 0.1, inferring the vital contribution of secondary transformation. Meanwhile higher O3 concentration and temperature promoted the homogeneous reaction of SO2. Lower temperature and high relative humidity (RH) were more suitable for heterogeneous reactions of NO2. Three-phase cluster analysis illustrated that the anthropogenic source ions and natural source ions were dominant WSIs during the heating and non-heating periods, respectively. The backward trajectory analysis and the potential source contribution function model indicated that Lanzhou was strongly influenced by the Hexi Corridor, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, northern Qinghai province, Inner Mongolia Plateau and its surrounding cities. This research will improve our understanding of the air quality and pollutant sources in the industrial environment.
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21
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Zhang X, Murakami T, Wang J, Aikawa M. Sources, species and secondary formation of atmospheric aerosols and gaseous precursors in the suburb of Kitakyushu, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:143001. [PMID: 33131869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous assessment of source apportionment and secondary formation processes was comprehensively studied in a suburban area located on the western edge of Japan by combining year-round daily observation using a filter-pack method with model calculations. Secondary formation was the most important pollution source, accounting for ca. 45% (23% (secondary sulfates) + 22% (secondary nitrates)) of the sources of total atmospheric aerosol mass. For the secondary aerosol composition at this suburban site in western Japan, the secondary sulfates were mainly derived from volcanic eruptions (Sakurajima volcano and/or Aso volcano), the oxidation of SO2 from industrial combustion, ship emissions in the Kyushu area, and long-distance transportation from several coastal cities in Eastern China. Multiple regression results further revealed that the secondary sulfate formation process was significantly influenced by and related to HNO3, HCl, and the relative humidity (RH) (p < 0.01). While the potential pollution source region of secondary nitrates was located in the northwest region of the sampling site, where air masses pass through Mongolia and Northern China, the formation mechanism of secondary nitrates was more complicated, with the important driving factors being Ox, NO2, NH3, HCl, temperature (T), and RH. In addition, if the presence of atmospheric HNO3 was ignored, the nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR) would be significantly underestimated, especially at relative humidity levels less than 60% and temperatures greater than 16 °C. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the source contribution and characteristics of secondary aerosols in the suburban area of western Japan and can be adopted as the important basis to mitigate particle pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Takuya Murakami
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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22
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Tian J, Guan H, Zhou Y, Zheng N, Xiao H, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Xiao H. Isotopic source analysis of nitrogen-containing aerosol: A study of PM 2.5 in Guiyang (SW, China). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143935. [PMID: 33348151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been a longstanding subject of debate, the nitrogen-15 isotope (δ15N) has been used to identify the major sources of atmospheric nitrogen. In this study, PM2.5 samples (n = 361) were collected from September 2017 to August 2018 in the urban area of Guiyang (SW, China), to investigate the chemical composition and potential sources of PM2.5. The results showed an average PM2.5 of 33.0 μg m-3 ± 20.0 μg m-3. The concentration of PM2.5 was higher in Winter, lower in Summer. The major water resolved inorganic ions (WSIIs) were Ca2+, NH4+, Na+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-. Nitrogen-containing aerosols (i.e., NO3- and NH4+) suddenly strengthened during the winter, when NO3- became the dominant contributor. Over the sampling period, the molar ratio of NH4+/(NO3- + 2 × SO42-) ranged from 0.1 to 0.9, thus indicating the full fixation of NH4+ by existing NO3- and SO42- in PM2.5. The annual value of NOR was 0.1 while rised to 0.5 in Winter. The variations of NOR (Nitrogen oxidation ratio) (0.1-0.5) values suggest that the secondary formation of NO3- occurred every season and was most influential during the winter. The total particulate nitrogen (TN) δ15N value of PM2.5 ranged from -5.9‰ to 25.3‰ over the year with annual mean of +11.8‰ ± 4.7‰, whereas it was between -5.9‰ and 14.3‰ during the winter with mean of 7.0‰ ± 3.8‰. A Bayesian isotope mixing model (Stable Isotope Analysis in R; SIAR) was applied to analyze the nitrogen sources. The modeling results showed that 29%, 21%, and 40% of TN in PM2.5 during the winter in Guiyang was due to nitrogen-emissions from coal combustion, vehicle exhausts, and biomass burning, respectively. Our results demonstrate that biomass burning was the main contributor to PM during the winter, 80% of the air mass comes from rural areas of Guizhou border, this transport process can increase the risk of particulate pollution in Guiyang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yunhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nengjian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China.
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Yang Z, Liu Q, Liu Y, Qi X, Wang X. Cell cycle arrest of human bronchial epithelial cells modulated by differences in chemical components of particulate matter. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10582-10591. [PMID: 35423563 PMCID: PMC8695810 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10563e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in understanding the role of airborne chemical components in modulating the cell cycle of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells that is associated with burden of cardiopulmonary disease. To address this need, our study collected ambient PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm) and PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm) across four sampling sites in Beijing during the year of 2015. Chemical components including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and water soluble ions were determined. Spearman's rank-order correlation was performed to examine the associations between chemical components in ambient particles and cell cycle distributions with p-values adjusted by Bonferroni methodology. Our results demonstrated the significant associations between certain chemical compositions (i.e., PAHs, EC, As and Ni) and percentages of HBE cells in G0/G1 and G1/G2 phases, respectively. Our results highlighted the need to reduce the specific toxins (e.g., PAHs, EC, As and Ni) from ambient particles to protect cardiopulmonary health associated with air pollution. Future study may focus on illustrating the mechanism of certain chemical compositions in altering the cell cycle in HBE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center Beijing 100076 China
| | - Qingyang Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu Province 210037 China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center Beijing 100076 China .,Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis Beijing 100089 China
| | - Xuekui Qi
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis Beijing 100089 China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis Beijing 100089 China
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24
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Jia H, Huo J, Fu Q, Duan Y, Lin Y, Jin X, Hu X, Cheng J. Insights into chemical composition, abatement mechanisms and regional transport of atmospheric pollutants in the Yangtze River Delta region, China during the COVID-19 outbreak control period. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115612. [PMID: 33254633 PMCID: PMC7480229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To investigate chemical characteristics, abatement mechanisms and regional transport of atmospheric pollutants during the COVID-19 outbreak control period in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China, the measurements of air pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on non-control period (NCP, 24 December 2019-23 January 2020) and control period (CP, 24 January-23 February 2020) were analyzed at the urban Pudong Supersite (PD) and the regional Dianshan Lake Supersite (DSL). Due to the stricter outbreak control, the levels of PM2.5 and VOCs, and the occurrence frequencies of haze-fog episodes decreased substantially from NCP to CP, with average reduction rates of 31.6%, 38.9% and 35.1% at PD, and 34.5%, 50.7% and 37.9% at DSL, respectively. The major source for PM2.5 was secondary sulfate & nitrate in both periods, and the emission control of primary sources such as coal burning and vehicle exhaust decreased the levels of precursors gas sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which highly contributed to the abatement of PM2.5 from NCP to CP. The higher levels of ozone at both PD and DSL on CP might be due to the weak nitrogen monoxide titration, low relative humidity and high visibility compared with NCP. Vehicle exhaust and fugitive emission from petrochemical industry were the major contributors of ambient VOCs and their decreasing activities mainly accounted for VOCs abatement. Moreover, the high frequency of haze-fog events was closely impacted by medium-scale regional transport within Anhui and Jiangsu provinces. Therefore, the decreasing regional transported air pollutants coincided with the emission control of local sources to cause the abatement of haze-fog events in YRD region on CP. This study could improve the understanding of the change of atmospheric pollutants during the outbreak control period, and provide scientific base for haze-fog pollution control in YRD region, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Yanfen Lin
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Xiaodan Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xue Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Zhang X, Zhang K, Liu H, Lv W, Aikawa M, Liu B, Wang J. Pollution sources of atmospheric fine particles and secondary aerosol characteristics in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:91-98. [PMID: 32653197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the secondary formation and pollution sources of atmospheric particles in urban Beijing, PM2.5 and its chemical components were collected and determined by URG-9000D ambient ion monitor (AIM) from March 2016 to January 2017. Among water-soluble ions (WSIs), NO3-, SO42- and NH4+ (SNA) had the largest proportion (77.8%) with the total concentration of 23.8 μg/m3. Moreover, as fine particle pollution worsened, the NO3-, SO42- and NH4+ concentrations increased basically, which revealed that secondary aerosols were the main cause of particle pollution in Beijing. Furthermore, the particle neutralization ratio (1.1), the ammonia to sulfate molar ratio (3.4) and the nitrate to sulfate molar ratio (2.2) showed that secondary aerosols are under ammonium-rich conditions with the main chemical forms of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4, and vehicle emission could be the main anthropogenic source of secondary aerosols in Beijing. Source analysis further indicated that secondary aerosols, solid fuel combustion, dust and marine aerosol were the principal pollution sources of PM2.5, accounting for about 46.1%, 22.4% and 13.0%, respectively, and Inner Mongolia and Hebei Provinces could be considered as the main potential sources of PM2.5 in urban Beijing. In addition, secondary formation process was closely related with gaseous precursor emission amounts (SO2, NO2, NH3 and HONO), atmospheric ozone concentration (O3), meteorological conditions (temperature and relative humidity) and particle components. Sensitive analysis of the thermodynamic equilibrium model (ISORROPIA II) revealed that controlling total nitrate (TN) is the effective measure to mitigate fine particle pollution in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Huiping Liu
- Qingdao Hongrui Electric Power Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenli Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Bing Liu
- Resources and Environment Innovation Research Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Chemical Characteristics of Major Inorganic Ions in PM2.5 Based on Year-Long Observations in Guiyang, Southwest China—Implications for Formation Pathways and the Influences of Regional Transport. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11080847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium (SNA) are the dominant components of water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM2.5, which are of great significance for understanding the sources and transformation mechanisms of PM2.5. In this study, daily PM2.5 samples were collected from September 2017 to August 2018 within the Guiyang urban area and the concentrations of the major WSIs in the PM2.5 samples were characterized. The results showed that the average concentration of SNA (SO42−, NO3−, NH4+) was 15.01 ± 9.35 μg m−3, accounting for 81.05% (48.71–93.76%) of the total WSIs and 45.33% (14.25–82.43%) of the PM2.5 and their possible chemical composition in PM2.5 was (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. The highest SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) was found in summer, which was mainly due to the higher temperature and O3 concentrations, while the lowest NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) found in summer may ascribe to the volatilization of nitrates being accelerated at higher temperature. Furthermore, the nitrate formation was more obvious in NH4+-rich environments so reducing NH3 emissions could effectively control the formation of nitrate. The results of the trajectory cluster analysis suggested that air pollutants can be easily enriched over short air mass trajectories from local emission sources, affecting the chemical composition of PM2.5.
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Chen Z, Chen D, Zhao C, Kwan MP, Cai J, Zhuang Y, Zhao B, Wang X, Chen B, Yang J, Li R, He B, Gao B, Wang K, Xu B. Influence of meteorological conditions on PM 2.5 concentrations across China: A review of methodology and mechanism. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105558. [PMID: 32278201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution over China has attracted wide interest from public and academic community. PM2.5 is the primary air pollutant across China. Quantifying interactions between meteorological conditions and PM2.5 concentrations are essential to understand the variability of PM2.5 and seek methods to control PM2.5. Since 2013, the measurement of PM2.5 has been widely made at 1436 stations across the country and more than 300 papers focusing on PM2.5-meteorology interactions have been published. This article is a comprehensive review on the meteorological impact on PM2.5 concentrations. We start with an introduction of general meteorological conditions and PM2.5 concentrations across China, and then seasonal and spatial variations of meteorological influences on PM2.5 concentrations. Next, major methods used to quantify meteorological influences on PM2.5 concentrations are checked and compared. We find that causality analysis methods are more suitable for extracting the influence of individual meteorological factors whilst statistical models are good at quantifying the overall effect of multiple meteorological factors on PM2.5 concentrations. Chemical Transport Models (CTMs) have the potential to provide dynamic estimation of PM2.5 concentrations by considering anthropogenic emissions and the transport and evolution of pollutants. We then comprehensively examine the mechanisms how major meteorological factors may impact the PM2.5 concentrations, including the dispersion, growth, chemical production, photolysis, and deposition of PM2.5. The feedback effects of PM2.5 concentrations on meteorological factors are also carefully examined. Based on this review, suggestions on future research and major meteorological approaches for mitigating PM2.5 pollution are made finally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Danlu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuanfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mei-Po Kwan
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, and Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Geography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bingbo Gao
- China College of Land Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kaicun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Yang S, Duan F, Ma Y, Li H, Ma T, Zhu L, Huang T, Kimoto T, He K. Mixed and intensive haze pollution during the transition period between autumn and winter in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134745. [PMID: 31822400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the Northern China Plain (NCP), extreme haze events with high concentrations of fine particles occur frequently during the winter but rarely occur in autumn. In this study, we present a synthetic analysis of particulate constituents during the historically polluted transition period of autumn-winter in 2018, revealing that mixed-type haze episodes are the result of regional transport, homogeneous/heterogeneous conversion, and sandstorm influences. The hydrolysis process of N2O5 at higher relative humidity levels (>70%), which feature an enhanced nitrate oxidation ratio (0.30-0.70) and NO3- concentration (>60 μg m-3), was the driving factor for high PM2.5 mass concentrations during the observation periods. The long-distance transport of sandstorms, characterized by decreasing PM2.5/PM10 ratios (<30%) from the north/northwest, is the most important factor for the explosive growth of PM10 concentration. These results can help us gain a comprehensive understanding of haze formation and highlight the importance of nitrate chemistry in the aqueous phase. The results suggest that persistent NOx emission reduction measures must be made to better achieve air quality standards in Beijing and the NCP region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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29
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Long T, Peng B, Yang Z, Ishimwe CS, Tang C, Zhao N, Lin H, Zhong K, Zhong S. Spatial Distribution and Formation Mechanism of Water-soluble Inorganic Ions in PM 2.5 During a Typical Winter Haze Episode in Guilin, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:367-376. [PMID: 31894348 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A 5-day PM2.5 sampling campaign was conducted during a typical haze episode from December 16 to 20, 2016, at five urban sites and one background site in Guilin, a famous tourist city in Southern China. A total of 30 PM2.5 samples were collected, and water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII) (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, Ca2+, K+, Cl-, Na+, and Mg2+) were determined using ion chromatography. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and coefficient of divergence were applied to identify the formation mechanisms of secondary inorganic ions, potential sources, and spatial distribution of WSII. The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 at each sampling site were 71.6-127.85 μg m-3, which were more than the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012, GradeII (35 μg m-3)) in China. SO42- NO3-, and NH4+ were the major WSII, accounting for 34.43-40.59% of PM2.5 mass. NO3-/SO42- ratio revealed that stationary sources-induced PM2.5 was still remarkable. Cl-/Na+ ratio and their strong correlation (r = 0.824) indicated that atmospheric transport from outside urban region played an effective role during the haze episode. Spatial variations of WSII are not pronounced at five urban sites except the background site. High relative humidity and O3 contributed to evidently influence the transformation of SO2 to SO42- but not obvious to NOx oxidation. Finally, the major sources of WSII are identified as the mixture of sea salt, coal combustion, biomass burning, vehicle exhaust and agricultural emissions (66.892%), and fugitive sources (19.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfa Long
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.
- College of Environment and Resource, Guangxi Normal University, 15th YuCai St. QiXing District, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Bin Peng
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Cynthia Sabrine Ishimwe
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Chongjian Tang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- College of Environment and Resource, Guangxi Normal University, 15th YuCai St. QiXing District, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Environment and Resource, Guangxi Normal University, 15th YuCai St. QiXing District, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- College of Environment and Resource, Guangxi Normal University, 15th YuCai St. QiXing District, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, China
- College of Environment and Resource, Guangxi Normal University, 15th YuCai St. QiXing District, Guilin, 541004, China
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30
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Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM2.5 Pollution in Jinan during Winter. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is an increasing threat to human health in China. In this study, daily PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at the Jinan Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS)in Jinan, China from 15 November 2016 to 15 March 2017. The aim of this work was to improve the understanding of the characteristics and sources of air particles and determine different levels of PM2.5 pollution and its constituent elements, water-soluble ions and carbonaceous species. Nitrate (NO3−), organic materials (OM) and sulfate (SO42−) were identified as the three main components of PM2.5 pollution. With increasing pollution level, the contributions of SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ increased at greater rates, unlike that of OM. The proportion of SO42− exceeded that of NO3− and became predominant in severe PM2.5 pollution (SP; 250 μg m−3 ≤ PM2.5 ≤ 500 μg m−3). This work demonstrates that SO42− has a dominant role in SP level and, consequently, requires greater research attention. It is demonstrated that relative humidity (RH) enhances the rate of sulfate formation more than that of nitrate. Therefore, under the current Chinese emergency response measures, it is necessary to further reduce emissions of SO2 and NO2. Four clusters of backward trajectories identified dominant pollution vectors originating from highly industrialized areas that exacerbate the poor air quality in Jinan. It is, therefore, necessary to undertake regional control measures to reduce pollutant emissions.
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Dong Z, Su F, Zhang Z, Wang S. Observation of chemical components of PM 2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosol formation during haze and sandy haze days in Zhengzhou, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 88:316-325. [PMID: 31862073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mineral dust particles play an important role in the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, which largely contribute to haze pollution in China. During this study, a haze episode (haze days) and a typical haze process mixed with sandstorm (sandy haze days) were observed in Zhengzhou with a series of high-time-resolution monitoring instruments from November 22 to December 8, 2018. Concentrations of PM10 and crustal elements clearly increased in the sandy haze days. Concentrations of gaseous pollutants, metallic elements emitted from anthropogenic sources, nitrate, and ammonium during sandy haze days were slightly lower than those during the haze days but still obviously higher than those during the non-haze days. The sulfate concentrations, the sulfate fractions in PM2.5, and the sulfur oxidation ratios significantly increased in the sandy haze days. Heterogeneous reactions dominated the conversion of SO2 during the haze and sandy haze days. Enhanced SO2 conversion during the sandy haze days may be attributed to the high concentrations of transition metal ions from the sandstorm when the values of relative humidity (RH) were in 30%-70%, and high O3 at certain time points. Gas-phase NO2 oxidation reactions were the main pathways for nitrate formation. In the sandy haze days, higher nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) at daytime may be associated with higher RH and lower temperature than those in the haze days, which facilitate the gas-to-particle partitioning of nitrate; higher NOR values at night may be attributed to the higher O3 concentrations, which promoted the formation of N2O5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsen Dong
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fangcheng Su
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shenbo Wang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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32
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Seasonal Control of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM2.5 from Nanning, a Subtropical Monsoon Climate City in Southwestern China. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we measured the daily water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) concentration (including SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, Ca2+, K+, Cl−, Na+, Mg2+, and F−) of PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) throughout the year in Nanning (a typical subtropical monsoon climate city in southwestern China) to explore the influence of seasonal climate change on the properties of PM2.5 pollution. This suggested that SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ were the main component of WSIIs in Nanning. Secondary inorganic ions from fossil fuel combustion, agricultural activities, and automobile emissions were the main contributors to PM2.5, contributing more than 60% to PM2.5. Compared with the wet season, the contributions of different sources increased in the dry season (including pollution days); of these sources, automobile emissions and coal combustion emissions increased the most (about nine times and seven times, respectively). Seasonal weather and climate change affected the concentration level of WSIIs. During the wet season, higher temperatures and abundant rainfalls contributed to the volatilization and removal of WSIIs in PM2.5, while in the dry season and on pollution days, lower temperatures and less precipitation, higher emissions, and poor diffusion conditions contributed to the accumulation of WSIIs in PM2.5. NH4HSO4, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 were the main chemical forms of secondary inorganic ions. Sufficient NH3, intense solar radiation, and moist particulate matter surface promoted the formation of secondary inorganic ions. The higher temperature contributed to the volatilization of secondary inorganic ions.
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33
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Liu Z, Hu B, Ji D, Cheng M, Gao W, Shi S, Xie Y, Yang S, Gao M, Fu H, Chen J, Wang Y. Characteristics of fine particle explosive growth events in Beijing, China: Seasonal variation, chemical evolution pattern and formation mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:1073-1086. [PMID: 31412445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine particle explosive growth (FPEG) events are frequently observed in heavy haze episodes in Beijing, the characteristics and formation mechanism of which remain not fully understood. In this study, a five year (2013-2017) online observation was conducted in Beijing and the chemical evolution pattern of FPEG events was analyzed to understand its formation mechanism. A total of 132 FPEG events were identified, and steadily decreased from 39 events in 2013 to 19 events in 2017. More than 70% of the FPEG events occurred in winter and autumn, which coincides with adverse weather conditions and enhanced primary emissions. Organic matter (OM) was the dominated components (~30%) in PM2.5, but it only accounted for 10% of total FPEG events as a driven factor, because its contribution usually decreased when the FPEG events developed. In contrast, the secondary inorganic species were the dominated driven factors, and sulfate-driven events accounted >50%. During the period of 2013-2017, the contribution from regional sources decreased significantly mainly due to the reduction of emissions from regional sources, while the contribution from local sources remained largely unchanged, indicating that the local secondary transformation played a leading role in promoting the FPEG events. The low nitrogen oxidation rates (NOR, 0.12 ± 0.07) and the weak increase trend of NOR with elevated RH were observed, indicating the formation of which might be promoted by the homogenous reaction between HNO3 and NH3. In contrast, a significant increase in sulfur oxidation rate (SOR, 0.50 ± 0.19) was observed when RH > 50%, suggesting enhanced heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 in FPEG events. In addition, our analysis suggest the S (IV) heterogeneous oxidation rates in FPEG events depend mainly on the aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) in addition to the aerosol acidity. This study provides observational evidence for understanding the formation mechanism of FPEG events in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengtian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuzhen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuzhu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuanghong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meng Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Li W, Liu X, Zhang Y, Tan Q, Feng M, Song M, Hui L, Qu Y, An J, Gao H. Insights into the phenomenon of an explosive growth and sharp decline in haze: A case study in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 84:122-132. [PMID: 31284903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A severe haze episode occurred in winter in the North China Plain (NCP), and the phenomenon of an explosive growth and sharp decline in PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 2.5 μm) concentration was observed. To study the systematic causes for this phenomenon, comprehensive observations were conducted in Beijing from November 26 to December 2, 2015; during this period, meteorological parameters, LIDAR data, and the chemical compositions of aerosols were determined. The haze episode was characterized by rapidly varying PM2.5 concentration, and the highest PM2.5 concentration reached 667 μg/m3. During the haze episode, the NCP was dominated by a weak high-pressure system and continuously low PBL (planetary boundary layer) heights, which are unfavorable conditions for the diffusion of pollutants. The large increases in the concentrations of SNA (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+) during the haze implied that the formation of SNA was the largest contribution. Water vapor also played a vital role in the formation of haze by promoting the chemical transformation of secondary pollutants, which led to higher PM2.5 concentrations. The spatial distributions of PM2.5 in Beijing at different times and the backward trajectories of the air masses also indicated that pollutants from surrounding provinces in particular, contributed to the higher PM2.5 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Mengdi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lirong Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haokai Gao
- Environmental monitoring station of Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone, Tianjin 300308, China
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Xie Y, Liu Z, Wen T, Huang X, Liu J, Tang G, Yang Y, Li X, Shen R, Hu B, Wang Y. Characteristics of chemical composition and seasonal variations of PM 2.5 in Shijiazhuang, China: Impact of primary emissions and secondary formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:215-229. [PMID: 31055101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
North China registers frequent air pollution episodes from high PM2.5 concentrations. Shijiazhuang is located at the intensive industrial zone of this region, but there is insufficient data on the chemical composition of PM2.5 and its sources in this city. In this study, the chemical and seasonal characteristics of PM2.5 in Shijiazhuang were investigated based on 12-h integrated PM2.5 measurements made over eight 1-month periods in each season between June 2014 and April 2016 (486 samples). The eight-season average concentration of PM2.5 was 138.8 μg m-3, and the major chemical components were secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) species of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (41.5%), followed by organic matter (25.9%). The mass concentration and most of the chemical components of PM2.5 showed clear seasonal variation, with a winter-high and summer-low pattern. SO42- and NO3- were the dominant components at each pollution level in summer and autumn (18.1%-30.6% and 14.2%-27.0%, respectively). Sufficient gaseous oxidants (O3) concentrations and suitable meteorology conditions were observed in these two seasons. Highest SOR (0.61), SO42-/EC(10.8) and NOR (0.58), NO3-/EC (5.9) were found in summer and autumn, which indicated intense secondary transformation in these two seasons. Organic matter was the dominant species in winter, which increased from 17.1 μg m-3 for clean days (28.7% of PM2.5) to 169.1 μg m-3 (38.4% of PM2.5). The accumulation of primary emissions (coal combustion and biomass burning) was responsible for the increasing OM trend (especially for POC). The highest and leading proportion of mineral dust occurred in spring (20.3%-46.5%) as a result of higher wind speeds (up to 3 m/s). Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analyses implied that the border areas of Hebei, Henan and Shandong Provinces, together with the central area of Shanxi Province, contributed significantly to the PM2.5 pollution in Shijiazhuang, especially in autumn and winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Tianxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Jingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 10029, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Weather Modification Office of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xingru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Rongrong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
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Yang L, Duan F, Tian H, He K, Ma Y, Ma T, Li H, Yang S, Zhu L. Biotoxicity of water-soluble species in PM 2.5 using Chlorella. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:914-921. [PMID: 31085478 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
China has been faced with severe haze pollution, which is hazardous to human health. Among the air pollutants, PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) is the most dangerous because of its toxicity and impact on human health and ecosystems. However, there has been limited research on PM2.5 particle toxicity. In the present study, we collected daily PM2.5 samples from January 1 to March 31, 2018 and selected samples to extract water-soluble species, including SO42-, NO3-, WSOC, and NH4+. These samples represented clean, good, slight, moderate, and heavy pollution days. After extraction using an ultrasonic method, PM2.5 solutions were obtained. We used Chlorella as the test algae and studied the content of chlorophyll a, as well as the variation in fluorescence when they were placed into the PM2.5 extraction solution, and their submicroscopic structure was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that when the air quality was relatively clean and good (PM2.5 concentration ≤ 75 μg m-3), the PM2.5 extraction solutions had no inhibiting effects on Chlorella, whereas when the air quality was polluted (PM2.5 concentration > 75 μg m-3) and heavily polluted (PM2.5 concentration > 150 μg m-3), with increasing PM2.5 concentrations and exposure time, the chlorophyll a content in Chlorella decreased. Moreover, the maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of Chlorella obviously decreased, indicating chlorophyll inhibition during polluted days with increasing PM2.5 concentrations. The effects on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were also obvious, leading to an increase of energy dissipated per unit reaction center (DIo/RC), suggesting that Chlorella could survive when exposed to PM2.5 solutions, whereas the physiological activities were significantly inhibited. The TEM analysis showed that there were few effects on Chlorella cell microstructure during clean days, whereas plasmolysis occurred during light- and medium-polluted days. With increasing pollution levels, plasmolysis became more and more apparent, until the organelles inside the cells were thoroughly destroyed and most of the parts could not be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Yamazaki S, Shima M, Yoda Y, Kurosaka F, Isokawa T, Shimizu S, Ogawa T, Kamiyoshi N, Terada K, Nishikawa J, Hanaoka K, Yamada T, Matsuura S, Hongo A, Yamamoto I. Association between chemical components of PM 2.5 and children's primary care night-time visits due to asthma attacks: A case-crossover study. Allergol Int 2019; 68:329-334. [PMID: 30744923 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few papers have examined the association between the chemical components of PM2.5 and health effects. The existence of an association is now under discussion. METHODS This case-crossover study aimed to examine the association between the chemical components of PM2.5 and night-time primary care visits (PCVs) due to asthma attacks. The subjects were 1251 children aged 0-14 years who received medical care for asthma at a municipal emergency clinic. We measured daily average concentrations of hydrogen ion, sulfate ion, nitrate ion and water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs), which are components of PM2.5. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) of PCVs per unit increment (inter quartile ranges) in each chemical component of PM2.5 for the subgroups of warmer months and colder months separately. RESULTS No association was seen between PCVs and PM2.5 mass concentrations the day before the PCVs in either warmer or colder months. In the warmer months, an association was seen with the concentrations of WSOCs and hydrogen ion the day before the PCVs (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.00-1.76, OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.02-1.36, respectively). Furthermore, a negative association was seen between sulfate ion and PCVs (OR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.74-0.98). No associations were observed in the colder months. CONCLUSIONS We observed a positive association between PCVs and certain concentrations of WSOCs and hydrogen ions in warmer months. In contrast, sulfate ion showed a negative association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Yamazaki
- Environmental Epidemiology Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Yoda
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Wang S, Yin S, Zhang R, Yang L, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Yan Q, Jiang N, Tang X. Insight into the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol based on high-time-resolution data during haze episodes and snowfall periods in Zhengzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:47-56. [PMID: 30639718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Episodic haze is frequently observed in Zhengzhou, China. Such haze typically contains secondary inorganic aerosols. In this paper, we explore the formation mechanisms of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) in Zhengzhou from January 3 to 25, 2018 based on the results of a series of online instruments and a size-segregated filter sampler. Our results document the remarkable contributions of SNA to winter haze episodes in Zhengzhou, where they account for about 50% of PM2.5 mass concentration. SNA were mainly concentrated in droplet-mode particles, which increased remarkably with the aggravation of the haze episode. In addition, KNO3 and NaNO3 were formed in droplet-mode particles and coarse-mode particles respectively with increasing PM2.5 concentration. The atmosphere during the observation period was ammonia-rich, and the aerosol was acidic under high PM2.5 concentration. Homogeneous reactions dominated the formation of nitrate. HONO photolysis played a more important role in the origin of OH radicals when O3 decreased during haze episode. Under high relative humidity (RH), nitrate formation was influenced by heterogeneous hydrolysis reactions of N2O5. Sulfates were mainly formed through aqueous-phase reactions, especially when the RH was higher than 60%. Under these conditions, there were amounts of liquid water content existed in aerosols. Finally, we observed enhanced conversion of SO2 and NO2 during snowfall periods. This effect may be attributable to the higher RH and O3 levels despite the unfavorable effects of wet deposition and low concentrations of gaseous precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbo Wang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shasha Yin
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liuming Yang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Leishi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Protection of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qishe Yan
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Sun Z, Duan F, He K, Du J, Zhu L. Sulfate-nitrate-ammonium as double salts in PM 2.5: Direct observations and implications for haze events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:204-209. [PMID: 30077849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining detailed information on sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA) is fundamentally important to explain the formation of haze in China, since it is a dominant component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and plays a critical role in the deterioration of air quality. Several single-particle analysis methods have been applied to study and explain SNA formation; however, determining its mixture state remains a challenge. This study describes a direct observation of the SNA components in atmospheric particles on a single-particle scale, and details the first use of a non-destructive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique for SNA analysis. We studied PM2.5 collected at a site on the premises of Tsinghua University in Beijing, China, during a winter haze episode (12.15.2016-12.23.2016). The on-line data show that the SNA component accounted for 9.4% to 68.2% of the total mass of PM2.5, becoming dominant on heavy haze days, and the sulfate concentration increased with the nitrate concentration (R2 = 0.72). Furthermore, the off-line SERS and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X ray analysis (SEM-EDS) results for the single particles collected also indicated that SNA increase with increasing haze pollution. The existing state of the SNA component on each haze day was observed directly in a non-destructive manner mainly in the form of double salts such as 3(NH4NO3)·(NH4)2SO4 and 2(NH4NO3)·(NH4)2SO4. A Raman mapping experiment further confirmed that the SNA was internally mixed. Our data also show that SNA can evaporate under high-vacuum scanning electron microscopy conditions, suggesting that SERS is an effective method to directly observe SNA without sample loss and may represent a promising single-particle technique to supplement traditional electron microscopy methods. This work will provide evidence for the SNA formation, particularly during haze events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenli Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jingjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Sun Z, Duan F, He K, Du J, Yang L, Li H, Ma T, Yang S. Physicochemical analysis of individual atmospheric fine particles based on effective surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 75:388-395. [PMID: 30473304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles associated with haze pollution threaten the health of more than 400 million people in China. It is therefore of great importance to thoroughly investigate and understand their composition. To determine the physicochemical properties in atmospheric fine particles at the micrometer level, we described a sensitive and feasible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method using Ag foil as a substrate. This novel method enhanced the Raman signal intensities up to 10,000 a.u. for ν(NO3-) in fine particles. The SERS effect of Ag foil was further studied experimentally and theoretically and found to have an enhancement factor of the order of ~104. Size-fractionated real particle samples with aerodynamic diameters of 0.4-2.5 μm were successfully collected on a heavy haze day, allowing ready observation of morphology and identification of chemical components, such as soot, nitrates, and sulfates. These results suggest that the Ag-foil-based SERS technique can be effectively used to determine the microscopic characteristics of individual fine particles, which will help to understand haze formation mechanisms and formulate governance policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenli Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jingjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Huang X, Zhang J, Luo B, Wang L, Tang G, Liu Z, Song H, Zhang W, Yuan L, Wang Y. Water-soluble ions in PM 2.5 during spring haze and dust periods in Chengdu, China: Variations, nitrate formation and potential source areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1740-1749. [PMID: 30408861 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hourly concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-) in PM2.5 and related reactive gases were measured with a Gas and Aerosol Collector combined with Ion Chromatography (GAC-IC) in urban Chengdu from April 17 to May 27, 2017, during which both haze and dust episodes occurred frequently. Nitrate was the most abundant ion in PM2.5 and substantially increased during haze pollution with the NO3-/SO42- mass ratio increasing from 0.78 during clean period to 1.1 during haze period. Aerosols in Chengdu were generally ammonium-rich, wherein ammonium nitrate was primarily formed through homogeneous gas-phase reactions and limited by the availability of HNO3, indicating that preferentially reducing the emissions of NOx could make for mitigating spring haze pollution in Chengdu. Backward trajectory clustering coupled with measured species and a potential source contribution function (PSCF) for PM2.5, PM10/PM2.5, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and Ca2+ indicated that regionally transported pollutants from the southern and southeastern Sichuan Basin strongly contributed to springtime PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu, but long-distance transport from northwestern China also contributed to dust pollution. Moreover, the treatment of urban fugitive dust in southern Sichuan is also important for reducing coarse particles in Chengdu. Therefore, the improvement of air quality in Chengdu, even in the Sichuan Basin, requires the regional joint emission reduction of particles and gaseous precursors across the entire Sichuan Basin, especially for cities located in southeastern Sichuan Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Huang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China.
| | - Bin Luo
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610074, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100011, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100011, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100011, China
| | - Hongyi Song
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610074, China
| | - Liang Yuan
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100011, China
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Li H, Duan F, Ma Y, He K, Zhu L, Ma T, Ye S, Yang S, Huang T, Kimoto T. Case study of spring haze in Beijing: Characteristics, formation processes, secondary transition, and regional transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:544-554. [PMID: 30007265 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Continuous haze monitoring was conducted from 12:00 3 April to 12:00 8 April 2016 in Beijing, China to develop a more detailed understanding of spring haze characteristics. The PM2.5 concentration ranged from 6.30 to 165 μg m-3 with an average of 63.8 μg m-3. Nitrate was the most abundant species, accounting for 36.4% of PM2.5, followed by organic carbon (21.5%), NH4+ (19.3%), SO42- (18.8%), and elemental carbon (4.10%), indicating the key role of nitrate in this haze event. Species contribution varied based on the phase of the haze event. For example, sulfate concentration was high during the haze formation phase, nitrate was high during the haze, and secondary organic carbon (SOC) had the highest contribution during the scavenging phase. The secondary transition of sulfate was influenced by SO2, followed by relative humidity (RH) and Ox (O3+NO2). Nitrate formation occurred in two stages: through NO2 oxidation, which was vulnerable to Ox; and by the partitioning of N (+5) which was susceptible to RH and temperature. SOC tended to form when Ox and RH were balanced. According to hourly species behavior, sulfate and nitrate were enriched during haze formation when the mixed layer height decreased. However, SOC accumulated prior to the haze event and during formation, which demonstrated the strong contribution of secondary inorganic aerosols, and the limiting contribution of SOC to this haze case. Investigating backward trajectories showed that high speed northwestern air masses following a straight path corresponded to the clear periods, while southwesterly air masses which traversed heavily polluted regions brought abundant pollutants to Beijing and stimulated the occurrence of haze pollution. Results indicate that the control of NO2 needs to be addressed to reduce spring haze. Finally, the correlation between air mass trajectories and pollution conditions in Beijing reinforce the necessity of inter-regional cooperation and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siqi Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku Osaka 543-0024, Japan
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