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Arredondo KH, Ahrens SM, Bagić AI, Bai S, Chapman KE, Ciliberto MA, Clarke DF, Eisner M, Fountain NB, Gavvala JR, Perry MS, Rossi KC, Wong-Kisiel LC, Herman ST, Ostendorf AP. Association Between Characteristics of National Association of Epilepsy Centers and Reported Utilization of Specific Surgical Techniques. Neurology 2023; 100:e719-e727. [PMID: 36323517 PMCID: PMC9969912 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Nearly one-third of persons with epilepsy will continue having seizures despite trialing multiple antiseizure medications. Epilepsy surgery may be beneficial in these cases, and evaluation at a comprehensive epilepsy center is recommended. Numerous palliative and potentially curative approaches exist, and types of surgery performed may be influenced by center characteristics. This article describes epilepsy center characteristics associated with epilepsy surgery access and volumes in the United States. METHODS We analyzed National Association of Epilepsy Centers 2019 annual report and supplemental survey data obtained with responses from 206 adult epilepsy center directors and 136 pediatric epilepsy center directors in the United States. Surgical treatment volumes were compiled with center characteristics, including US Census region. We used multivariable modeling with zero-inflated Poisson regression models to present ORs and incidence rate ratios of receiving a given surgery type based on center characteristics. RESULTS The response rate was 100% with individual element missingness less than 4% across 352 observations undergoing univariate analysis. Multivariable models included 319 complete observations. Significant regional differences were present. The rates of laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) were lower at centers in the Midwest (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.92; p = 0.006) and Northeast (IRR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61-0.96; p = 0.022) compared with those in the South. Conversely, responsive neurostimulation implantation rates were higher in the Midwest (IRR 1.45, 95% CI 1.1-1.91; p = 0.008) and West (IRR 1.91, 95% CI 1.49-2.44; p < 0.001) compared with the South. Center accreditation level, institution type, demographics, and resources were also associated with variations in access and rates of potentially curative and palliative surgical interventions. DISCUSSION Epilepsy surgery procedure volumes are influenced by US epilepsy center region and other characteristics. These variations may affect access to specific surgical treatments for persons with drug resistant epilepsy across the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H Arredondo
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Stephanie M Ahrens
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Anto I Bagić
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Shasha Bai
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Kevin E Chapman
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Michael A Ciliberto
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Dave F Clarke
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Mariah Eisner
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Nathan B Fountain
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Jay R Gavvala
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - M Scott Perry
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Kyle C Rossi
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Lily C Wong-Kisiel
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Susan T Herman
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Adam P Ostendorf
- From the Department of Pediatrics (K.H.A., S.M.A., A.P.O.), Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology (A.I.B.), University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (UPCEC), PA; Pediatric Biostatistics Core (S.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital (K.E.C.), AZ; Department of Pediatrics (M.A.C.), Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (D.F.C.), Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX; Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital (M.E.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (N.B.F.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (J.R.G.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center (M.S.P.), Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft Worth, TX; Department of Neurology (K.C.R.), Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.-K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ. Kristen H. Arredondo is currently at the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX
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Baud MO, Perneger T, Rácz A, Pensel MC, Elger C, Rydenhag B, Malmgren K, Cross JH, McKenna G, Tisdall M, Lamberink HJ, Rheims S, Ryvlin P, Isnard J, Mauguière F, Arzimanoglou A, Akkol S, Deniz K, Ozkara C, Lossius M, Rektor I, Kälviäinen R, Vanhatalo LM, Dimova P, Minkin K, Staack AM, Steinhoff BJ, Kalina A, Krsek P, Marusic P, Jordan Z, Fabo D, Carrette E, Boon P, Rocka S, Mameniškienė R, Vulliemoz S, Pittau F, Braun KPJ, Seeck M. European trends in epilepsy surgery. Neurology 2018; 91:e96-e106. [PMID: 29898967 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resective surgery is effective in treating drug-resistant focal epilepsy, but it remains unclear whether improved diagnostics influence postsurgical outcomes. Here, we compared practice and outcomes over 2 periods 15 years apart. METHODS Sixteen European centers retrospectively identified 2 cohorts of children and adults who underwent epilepsy surgery in the period of 1997 to 1998 (n = 562) or 2012 to 2013 (n = 736). Data collected included patient (sex, age) and disease (duration, localization and diagnosis) characteristics, type of surgery, histopathology, Engel postsurgical outcome, and complications, as well as imaging and electrophysiologic tests performed for each case. Postsurgical outcome predictors were included in a multivariate logistic regression to assess the strength of date of surgery as an independent predictor. RESULTS Over time, the number of operated cases per center increased from a median of 31 to 50 per 2-year period (p = 0.02). Mean disease duration at surgery decreased by 5.2 years (p < 0.001). Overall seizure freedom (Engel class 1) increased from 66.7% to 70.9% (adjusted p = 0.04), despite an increase in complex surgeries (extratemporal and/or MRI negative). Surgeries performed during the later period were 1.34 times (adjusted odds ratio; 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.77) more likely to yield a favorable outcome (Engel class I) than earlier surgeries, and improvement was more marked in extratemporal and MRI-negative temporal epilepsy. The rate of persistent neurologic complications remained stable (4.6%-5.3%, p = 0.7). CONCLUSION Improvements in European epilepsy surgery over time are modest but significant, including higher surgical volume, shorter disease duration, and improved postsurgical seizure outcomes. Early referral for evaluation is required to continue on this encouraging trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime O Baud
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Thomas Perneger
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Attila Rácz
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Max C Pensel
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Christian Elger
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Bertil Rydenhag
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Malmgren
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - J Helen Cross
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Grainne McKenna
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Martin Tisdall
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Herm J Lamberink
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Philippe Ryvlin
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Jean Isnard
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - François Mauguière
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Alexis Arzimanoglou
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Serdar Akkol
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Kaancan Deniz
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Cigdem Ozkara
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Morten Lossius
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Ivan Rektor
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Reetta Kälviäinen
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Lotta-Maria Vanhatalo
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Petia Dimova
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Krassimir Minkin
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Anke Maren Staack
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Bernhard J Steinhoff
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Adam Kalina
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Pavel Krsek
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Petr Marusic
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Zsofia Jordan
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Daniel Fabo
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Evelien Carrette
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Paul Boon
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Rocka
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Mameniškienė
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Serge Vulliemoz
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Francesca Pittau
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Kees P J Braun
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Margitta Seeck
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.B., S.V., F.P., M.S.), and Center for Clinical Research (T.P.), University Hospital Geneva; Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), University Hospital Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-Engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; Klinik und Poliklinik für Epileptologie (A.R., M.C.P., C.E.), Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg (B.R., K. Malmgren), Sweden; UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital (J.H.C., G.M., M.T.), London, UK; Department of Child Neurology (H.J.L., K.P.J.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology (S. Rheims, J.I., P.R., F.M.) and Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology in Children (A.A., P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (P.R.), University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (S.A., K.D., C.O.), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey; Clinic for Neuroscience (M.L.), National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Epilepsy Centre, (I.R.), Masaryk University, Hospital Ste Anne, and CEITEC-Neuroscience Centre, Brno, Czech Republic; Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (R.K., L.-M.V.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital (P.D., K. Minkin), Bulgaria; Epilepsiezentrum Kork (A.M.S., B.J.S.), Germany; Second Faculty of Medicine (A.K., P.K.,, P.M.), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Juhász Pál Epilepsy Centrum (Z.J., D.F.), National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hungary; Reference Center for Refractory Epilepsy (E.C., P.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S. Rocka, R.M.), Vilnius University, Lithuania.
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