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Vicentini M, Calado SLM, Pessati JBK, Perussolo MC, Lirola JR, Marcondes FR, Nascimento ND, Beghetto CL, Vilar MCP, Mela M, Coral LAA, Magalhães VF, Prodocimo V, Cestari MM, Silva de Assis HC. Temperature rise and its influence on the toxic effects caused by cyanotoxins in a neotropical catfish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 353:124166. [PMID: 38754694 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms (cyanoHABs) have become a problem in public water supply reservoirs. Temperature rise caused by climate change can increase the frequency and intensity of blooms, which may influence the cyanotoxins concentration in the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the temperature on the responses of a Neotropical catfish exposed to a neurotoxin-rich cyanobacterial crude extract (Raphidiopsis raciborskii T3). Juveniles of Rhamdia quelen were exposed to four treatments, based on study data: control at 25 °C (C25), control at 30 °C (C30), crude extract equivalent to 105 cells.mL-l of R. raciborskii at 25 °C (CE25) and 30 °C (CE30). After 96 h of exposure, the fish were anesthetized and blood was taken. After euthanasia, the gill, posterior kidney, brain, muscle, liver and gonad were sampled for hematological, biochemical, genotoxic and histopathological biomarker analysis. Liver was sampled for proteomic analysis for identification of proteins related to energy production. Water samples were collected at the beginning and the end of the experiment for neurotoxins quantification. Different parameters in both males and females were altered at CE25, evidencing the effects of neurotoxins in freshwater fish. At CE30, a water warming scenario, more effects were observed in females than at 25 °C, such as activation of saxitoxin metabolism pathway and genotoxicity. More damage to macromolecules was observed in females at the higher temperature, demonstrating that the increase in temperature can aggravate the toxicity of neurotoxins produced by R. raciborskii T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Vicentini
- Post Graduation Program in Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sabrina L M Calado
- Post Graduation Program in Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Maiara C Perussolo
- Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil; Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila L Beghetto
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mauro C P Vilar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maritana Mela
- Cell Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucila A A Coral
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Valéria F Magalhães
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Niu Y, Wei H, Zhang Y, Su J. Transcriptome response of a marine copepod in response to environmentally-relevant concentrations of saxitoxin. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 205:116546. [PMID: 38870575 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) can pose a serious threat to human health. Among them, saxitoxin (STX) is one of the most potent natural neurotoxins. Here, the copepod Tigriopus japonicus, was exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (2.5 and 25 μg/L) STX for 48 h. Although no lethal effects were observed at both concentrations, the transcriptome was significantly altered, and displayed a concentration-dependent response. STX exposure decreased the copepod's metabolism and compromised immune defense and detoxification. Additionally, STX disturbed signal transduction, which might affect other cellular processes. STX exposure could inhibit the copepod's chitin metabolism, disrupting its molting process. Also, the processes related to damage repair and protection were up-regulated to fight against high concentration exposure. Collectively, this study has provided an early warning of PSTs for coastal ecosystem not only because of their potent toxicity effect but also their bioaccumulation that can transfer up the food chain after ingestion by copepods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Niu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jie Su
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing, Xiamen 361013, China.
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3
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Kulabhusan PK, Campbell K. Physico-chemical treatments for the removal of cyanotoxins from drinking water: Current challenges and future trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170078. [PMID: 38242472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are highly prevalent blue-green algae that grow in stagnant and nutrient-rich water bodies. Environmental conditions, such as eutrophication and human activities, increased the cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater resources worldwide. The excessive bloom formation has also resulted in an alarming surge of cyanobacterial toxins. Prolonged exposure to cyanotoxins is a potential threat to natural ecosystems, animal and human health by the spoilage of the quality of bathing and drinking water. Various molecular and analytical methods have been proposed to monitor their occurrence and understand their global distribution. Moreover, different physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been employed to control cyanobacterial blooms and their toxins to mitigate their occurrence. Numerous strategies have been engaged in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). However, the degree of treatment varies greatly and is primarily determined by the source, water properties, and operating parameters such as temperature, pH, and cyanotoxin variants and levels. A comprehensive compilation of methods, from traditional approaches to more advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are presented for the removal of intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins. This review discusses the effectiveness of various physicochemical operations and their limitations in a DWTP, for the removal of various cyanotoxins. These operations span from simple to advanced treatment levels with varying degrees of effectiveness and differing costs of implementation. Furthermore, mitigation measures applied in other toxin systems have been considered as alternative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Kulabhusan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, UK BT9 5DL; International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, UK BT9 5DL.
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4
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Pinto A, Botelho MJ, Churro C, Asselman J, Pereira P, Pereira JL. A review on aquatic toxins - Do we really know it all regarding the environmental risk posed by phytoplankton neurotoxins? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118769. [PMID: 37597370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic toxins are potent natural toxins produced by certain cyanobacteria and marine algae species during harmful cyanobacterial and algal blooms (CyanoHABs and HABs, respectively). These harmful bloom events and the toxins produced during these events are a human and environmental health concern worldwide, with occurrence, frequency and severity of CyanoHABs and HABs being predicted to keep increasing due to ongoing climate change scenarios. These contexts, as well as human health consequences of some toxins produced during bloom events have been thoroughly reviewed before. Conversely, the wider picture that includes the non-human biota in the assessment of noxious effects of toxins is much less covered in the literature and barely covered by review works. Despite direct human exposure to aquatic toxins and related deleterious effects being responsible for the majority of the public attention to the blooms' problematic, it constitutes a very limited fraction of the real environmental risk posed by these toxins. The disruption of ecological and trophic interactions caused by these toxins in the aquatic biota building on deleterious effects they may induce in different species is paramount as a modulator of the overall magnitude of the environmental risk potentially involved, thus necessarily constraining the quality and efficiency of the management strategies that should be placed. In this way, this review aims at updating and consolidating current knowledge regarding the adverse effects of aquatic toxins, attempting to going beyond their main toxicity pathways in human and related models' health, i.e., also focusing on ecologically relevant model organisms. For conciseness and considering the severity in terms of documented human health risks as a reference, we restricted the detailed revision work to neurotoxic cyanotoxins and marine toxins. This comprehensive revision of the systemic effects of aquatic neurotoxins provides a broad overview of the exposure and the hazard that these compounds pose to human and environmental health. Regulatory approaches they are given worldwide, as well as (eco)toxicity data available were hence thoroughly reviewed. Critical research gaps were identified particularly regarding (i) the toxic effects other than those typical of the recognized disease/disorder each toxin causes following acute exposure in humans and also in other biota; and (ii) alternative detection tools capable of being early-warning signals for aquatic toxins occurrence and therefore provide better human and environmental safety insurance. Future directions on aquatic toxins research are discussed in face of the existent knowledge, with particular emphasis on the much-needed development and implementation of effective alternative (eco)toxicological biomarkers for these toxins. The wide-spanning approach followed herein will hopefully stimulate future research more broadly addressing the environmental hazardous potential of aquatic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albano Pinto
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Catarina Churro
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge Building, Ostend Science Park 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Luísa Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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Li S, Chen X, Sun Q, Ren X, Zhong J, Zhou L, Zhang H, Li G, Liu Y, Liu J, Huang H. Long term exposure of saxitoxin induced cognitive deficits and YAP1 cytoplasmic retention. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114645. [PMID: 36791486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While most studies assessed the acute toxicity of saxitoxin (STX), fewer studies focus on the long-term degenerative effects of STX on the central nervous system. We investigated the cognitive impairment and hippocampal damages of 6 months' exposure of low-dose STX to C57BL/6NJ mice with behavioral tests, H&E staining, and Western blots, and the possible mechanism (Ppp1C, YAP1, tau-phosphorylation) underlies the pathological changes. Furthermore, we discussed the specific localization of YAP1 in N2a cells induced by STX and the effect of inactivated Ppp1C on its downstream protein YAP1 in the Hippo signal pathway. We found STX intoxicated mice showed declined cognitive performance in both NOR test and MWM test, degenerations in the CA1 area of hippocampi. STX induced up-regulation expression of Ppp1C and YAP1 in hippocampus and N2a cells. Meanwhile, STX treatment induced cell apoptosis and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation. In addition, STX treatment promoted YAP1 cytoplasmic retention that indicates the activation of Hippo pathway, while depletion of Ppp1C inactivate YAP1 during the treatment of STX. Our results highlight the role of Ppp1C and YAP1 cytoplasmic retention in chronic low-dose STX intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenpan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523109, China
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guowei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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6
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Adedara IA, Mohammed KA, Canzian J, Rosemberg DB, Aschner M, Farombi EO, Rocha JB. Nauphoeta cinerea as an emerging model in neurotoxicology. ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2023; 9:181-196. [PMID: 37389201 PMCID: PMC10310038 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A. Adedara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Khadija A. Mohammed
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Denis B. Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ebenezer O. Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joao Batista Rocha
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Mohamed ZA, Mostafa Y, Alamri S, Hashem M, Alrumman S. Biotransformation and detoxification of saxitoxin by Bacillus flexus in batch experiments. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:63. [PMID: 36629970 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxins (STXs) are carbamate alkaloid neurotoxins produced by some species of cyanobacteria. They are water soluble and relatively stable in the natural environment, and thereby represent a risk to animal and human health through a long-time exposure. STXs cannot be sufficiently removed by conventional water treatment methods. Therefore, this study investigates the potential STX biodegradation and detoxification by bacteria as a promising method for toxin removal. STX biodegradation experiments were conducted using Bacillus flexus SSZ01 strain in batch cultures. The results revealed that SSZ01 strain grew well and rapidly detoxified STX, with no lag phase observed. STX detoxification by SSZ01 strain was initial-toxin-concentration-dependent. The highest biotransformation rate (10 µg STX L-1 day-1) the pseudo-first-order kinetic constant (0.58 d-1) were obtained at the highest initial toxin concentration (50 µg L-1) and the lowest ones (0.06 µg STX L-1 day-1 and 0.14 d-1, respectively) were recorded at the lowest initial concentration (0.5 µg L-1). STX biotransformation rate increased with temperature, with highest occurred at 30 ºC. This rate was also influenced by pH, with highest obtained at pH8 and lowest at higher and lower pH values. HPLC chromatograms showed that STX biotransformation peak is corresponding to the least toxic STX analog (disulfated sulfocarbamoyl-C1 variant). The Artemia-based toxicity assay revealed that this biotransformation byproduct was nontoxic. This suggests the potential application of this bacterial strain in slow sand filters for cyanotoxin removal in water treatment plants. Being nontoxic, this byproduct needs to be assayed for its therapeutic effects toward neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria A Mohamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Yasser Mostafa
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alamri
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Sulaiman Alrumman
- College of Science, Department of Biology, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Passos LS, de Almeida ÉC, Villela A, Fernandes AN, Marinho MM, Gomes LC, Pinto E. Cyanotoxins and water quality parameters as risk assessment indicators for aquatic life in reservoirs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113828. [PMID: 36068755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the extent of pollution in an essential public water supply reservoir (southeastern Brazil). An environmental monitoring study was performed at the Billings Reservoir (at the water catchment site) to assess the water quality in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed, quantifying the total cyanobacteria and the cyanotoxins microcystins (MCs) and saxitoxins (SXTs), as well as their possible ecological risk to the aquatic environment. We also determined metals and metalloids (As, Ba, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Sb) and fecal bacteria (Escherichia coli). Monthly samplings were performed for 2017, 2018, and 2019 (totaling 36 sampling campaigns). Metals, metalloids, and E. coli values were below the maximum limit allowed by the Brazilian legislation. High concentrations of total cyanobacteria (3.07 × 104 - 3.23 × 105 cells/mL), microcystin variants MC-LR (0.67-23.63 μg/L), MC-LA (0.03-8.66 μg/L), MC-RR (0.56-7.92 μg/L), and MC-YR (0.04-1.24 μg/L), as well as the saxitoxins GTX2 (0.18-5.37 μg/L), GTX3 (0.13-4.40 μg/L), and STX (0.12-2.92 μg/L) were detected. From an ecotoxicological point of view, the estimated values for the risk quotient (RQ) for microcystins and saxitoxins were largely greater than 1, indicating a high risk to aquatic life. Therefore, further efforts need to be made to delay the eutrophication of the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Souza Passos
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 13416-000 Piracicaba, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Éryka Costa de Almeida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Villela
- Laboratory of Ictiology of Altamira, Federal University of Pará, Rua Cel. José Porfírio, 68378-000 Altamira, Brazil
| | - Adilson Nunes Fernandes
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos Metropolitanos (MAR), Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP), Rua Costa Carvalho, 05429-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Manzi Marinho
- Department of Plant Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Levy Carvalho Gomes
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology, Vila Velha University, Rua José Dantas de Melo, 29102-770 Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 13416-000 Piracicaba, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC-CEPID), University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 05508-080 São Paulo, Brazil
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Transcriptome and Network Analyses Reveal the Gene Set Involved in PST Accumulation and Responses to Toxic Alexandrium minutum Exposure in the Gills of Chlamys farreri. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147912. [PMID: 35887262 PMCID: PMC9324277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs are filter-feeding organisms that can accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) through ingesting toxic marine dinoflagellates. While the effects of PST accumulation upon the physiology of bivalves have been documented, the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, transcriptomic analysis was performed in the gills of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) after 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 day(s) exposure of PST-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Higher numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at day 1 (1538) and day 15 (989) than that at day 3 (77), day 5 (82), and day 10 (80) after exposure, and most of the DEGs were only regulated at day 1 or day 15, highlighting different response mechanisms of scallop to PST-producing dinoflagellate at different stages of exposure. Functional enrichment results suggested that PST exposure induced the alterations of nervous system development processes and the activation of xenobiotic metabolism and substance transport processes at the acute and chronic stages of exposure, respectively, while the immune functions were inhibited by PST and might ultimately cause the activation of apoptosis. Furthermore, a weighted gene co-expression network was constructed, and ten responsive modules for toxic algae exposure were identified, among which the yellow module was found to be significantly correlated with PST content. Most of the hub genes in the yellow module were annotated as solute carriers (SLCs) with eight being OCTN1s, implying their dominant roles in regulating PST accumulation in scallop gills. Overall, our results reveal the gene set responding to and involved in PST accumulation in scallop gills, which will deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanism of bivalve resistance to PST.
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Banerjee S, Maity S, Guchhait R, Chatterjee A, Biswas C, Adhikari M, Pramanick K. Toxic effects of cyanotoxins in teleost fish: A comprehensive review. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105971. [PMID: 34560410 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of eutrophication leads to the global occurrence of algal blooms. Cyanotoxins as produced by many cyanobacterial species can lead to detrimental effects to the biome due to their stability and potential biomagnification along food webs. Therefore, understanding of the potential risks these toxins pose to the most susceptible organisms is an important prerequisite for ecological risks assessment of cyanobacteria blooms. Fishes are an important component of aquatic ecosystems that are prone to direct exposure to cyanotoxins. However, relatively few investigations have focused on measuring the toxic potentials of cyanotoxins in teleost fishes. This review comprehensively describes the major toxicological impacts (such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, immune toxicity, reproductive toxicity and cytogenotoxicity) of commonly occurring cyanotoxins in teleost fishes. The present work encompasses recent research progresses with special emphasis on the basic molecular mechanisms by which different cyanotoxins impose their toxicities in teleost fishes. The major research areas, which need to be focused on in future scientific investigations, have also been highlighted. Protein kinase inhibition, transcriptional dysregulation, disruption of redox homeostasis and the induction of apoptotic pathways appear to be the key drivers of the toxicological effects of cyanotoxins in fish. Analyses also showed that the impacts of cyanotoxins on specific reproductive processes are relatively less described in teleosts in comparison to mammalian systems. In fact, as compared to other toxicological effects of cyanotoxins, their reproductive toxicity (such as impacts on oocyte development, maturation and their hormonal regulation) is poorly understood in fish, and thus requires further studies. Furthermore, additonal studies characterizing the molecular mechanisms responsible for the cellular uptake of cyanotoxins need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambuddha Banerjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Sukhendu Maity
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Rajkumar Guchhait
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Mahishadal Raj College, Garkamalpur, Purba Medinipur, India
| | - Ankit Chatterjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Chayan Biswas
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Adhikari
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Kousik Pramanick
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
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11
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Cyanotoxins and the Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090660. [PMID: 34564664 PMCID: PMC8472772 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are capable of producing a wide range of bioactive compounds with many considered to be toxins. Although there are a number of toxicological outcomes with respect to cyanobacterial exposure, this review aims to examine those which affect the central nervous system (CNS) or have neurotoxicological properties. Such exposures can be acute or chronic, and we detail issues concerning CNS entry, detection and remediation. Exposure can occur through a variety of media but, increasingly, exposure through air via inhalation may have greater significance and requires further investigation. Even though cyanobacterial toxins have traditionally been classified based on their primary mode of toxicity, increasing evidence suggests that some also possess neurotoxic properties and include known cyanotoxins and unknown compounds. Furthermore, chronic long-term exposure to these compounds is increasingly being identified as adversely affecting human health.
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12
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Sun Q, Chen X, Liu W, Li S, Zhou Y, Yang X, Liu J. Effects of long-term low dose saxitoxin exposure on nerve damage in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:17211-17226. [PMID: 34197336 PMCID: PMC8312470 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX), as a type of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), is gaining widespread attention due to its long existence in edible shellfish. However, the mechanism underlying STX chronic exposure-induced effect is not well understood. Here, we evaluated the neurotoxicity effects of long-term low-dose STX exposure on C57/BL mice by behavioral tests, pathology analysis, and hippocampal proteomics analysis. Several behavioral tests showed that mice were in a cognitive deficiency after treated with 0, 0.5, 1.5, or 4.5 μg STX equivalents/kg body weight in the drinking water for 3 months. Compared with control mice, STX-exposed mice exhibited brain neuronal damage characterized by decreasing neuronal cells and thinner pyramidal cell layers in the hippocampal CA1 region. A total of 29 proteins were significantly altered in different STX dose groups. Bioinformatics analysis showed that protein phosphatase 1 (Ppp1c) and arylsulfatase A (Arsa) were involved in the hippo signaling pathway and sphingolipid metabolism pathway. The decreased expression of Arsa indicates that long-term low doses of STX exposure can cause neuronal inhibition, which is a process related to spatial memory impairment. Taken together, our study provides a new understanding of the molecular mechanisms of STX neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenpan Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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13
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Niu X, Xu S, Yang Q, Xu X, Zheng M, Li X, Guan W. Toxic effects of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval behavior. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101996. [PMID: 33980436 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Karenia mikimotoi is a toxic dinoflagellate that forms harmful blooms in coastal waters, threatening aquaculture worldwide. However, we do not know whether K. mikimotoi has a neurotoxic effect on aquatic animal behavior. Thus, this study investigated potential K. mikimotoi neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Cells of K. mikimotoi were collected at the mid-exponential phase from a batch culture to prepare ruptured cell solutions (RCS). At 6 h post-fertilization (hpf), zebrafish embryos were exposed to different RCS concentrations (0, 102, 103, 104, and 2.5 × 104 cells mL-1). After 120 hpf, treated larvae were collected to analyze locomotor behavior; activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT); and expression of genes related to neurodevelopment. We found that RCS did not affect survival rate, but significantly decreased larval locomotion, as well as their AChE, SOD, and CAT activity. Additionally, the examination of the day-night behavioral experiment revealed RCS decreased locomotion only at night. Zebrafish larvae were also significantly hypoactive in response to light and sound stimulations. Of the neurodevelopment genes, three (th, neurog1, and neurod1) were downregulated, while two (bdnf and manf) were upregulated. Our study suggests that K. mikimotoi neurotoxicity occurs through causing oxidative damage, as well as disorders in the cholinergic system and nervous system development. The results provide new insight that K. mikimotoi in low abundance did not cause significant lethal effect but still exhibited significant neurotoxicity on aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Niu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Shengnan Xu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiongying Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Xuelian Xu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Miaomiao Zheng
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Li
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035.
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14
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Durán-Vinet B, Araya-Castro K, Chao TC, Wood SA, Gallardo V, Godoy K, Abanto M. Potential applications of CRISPR/Cas for next-generation biomonitoring of harmful algae blooms: A review. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:102027. [PMID: 33980455 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on harmful algal and cyanobacterial blooms (HABs and CHABs) has risen dramatically due to their increasing global distribution, frequency, and intensity. These blooms jeopardize public health, ecosystem function, sustainability and can have negative economic impacts. Numerous monitoring programs have been established using light microscopy, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), ELISA, and spectrophotometry to monitor HABs/CHABs outbreaks. Recently, DNA/RNA-based molecular methods have been integrated into these programs to replace or complement traditional methods through analyzing environmental DNA and RNA (eDNA/eRNA) with techniques such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), sandwich hybridization assay (SHA), isothermal amplification methods, and microarrays. These have enabled the detection of rare or cryptic species, enhanced sample throughput, and reduced costs and the need for visual taxonomic expertise. However, these methods have limitations, such as the need for high capital investment in equipment or detection uncertainties, including determining whether organisms are viable. In this review, we discuss the potential of newly developed molecular diagnosis technology based on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas proteins (CRISPR/Cas), which utilizes the prokaryotic adaptative immune systems of bacteria and archaea. Cas12 and Cas13-based platforms can detect both DNA and RNA with attomolar sensitivity within an hour. CRISPR/Cas diagnostic is a rapid, inexpensive, specific, and ultrasensitive technology that, with some further development, will provide many new platforms that can be used for HABs/CHABs biomonitoring and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Durán-Vinet
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile; Bachelor of Biotechnology (Honours) Program, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile.
| | - K Araya-Castro
- Doctoral Program in Science of Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
| | - T C Chao
- Institute of Environmental Change & Society, Department of Biology, University of Regina, Wascana Parkway, 3737 Regina, Canada
| | - S A Wood
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - V Gallardo
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile; Bachelor of Biotechnology (Honours) Program, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
| | - K Godoy
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
| | - M Abanto
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
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15
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Christensen VG, Khan E. Freshwater neurotoxins and concerns for human, animal, and ecosystem health: A review of anatoxin-a and saxitoxin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139515. [PMID: 32485372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria are a concern worldwide because they can adversely affect humans, animals, and ecosystems. However, neurotoxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria are understudied relative to microcystin. Thus, the objective of this critical review was to provide a comprehensive examination of the modes of action, production, fate, and occurrence of the freshwater neurotoxins anatoxin-a and saxitoxin as they relate to human, animal, and ecosystem health. Literature on freshwater anatoxin-a and saxitoxin was obtained and reviewed for both laboratory and field studies. Current (2020) research identifies as many as 41 anatoxin-a producing species and 15 saxitoxin-producing species of freshwater cyanobacteria. Field studies indicate that anatoxin-a and saxitoxin have widespread distribution, and examples are given from every continent except Antarctica. Human and animal health concerns can range from acute to chronic. However, few researchers studied chronic or sublethal effects of freshwater exposures to anatoxin-a or saxitoxin. Ecosystem health also is a concern, as the effects of toxicity may be far reaching and include consequences throughout the food web. Several gaps in knowledge were identified for anatoxin-a and saxitoxin, including triggers of production and release, environmental fate and degradation, primary and secondary exposure routes, diel variation, food web effects, effects of cyanotoxin mixtures, and sublethal health effects on individual organisms and populations. Despite the gaps, this critical review facilitates our current understanding of freshwater neurotoxins and thus can serve to `` guide future research on anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, and other cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Christensen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Mounds View, MN, USA; North Dakota State University, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada - Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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16
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Chen G, Jia Z, Wang L, Hu T. Effect of acute exposure of saxitoxin on development of zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109432. [PMID: 32247151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a type of cyanobacterial toxins, saxitoxin (STX) is receiving great interest due to its increasing presence in waterbodies. However, the underlying mechanism of STX-induced adverse effect is poorly understood. Here, we examined the developmental toxicity and molecular mechanism induced by STX using zebrafish embryos as an animal model. The embryonic toxicity induced by STX was demonstrated by inhibition of embryo hatching, increase in mortality rate, abnormal heart rate, abnormalities in embryo morphology as well as defects in angiogenesis and common cardinal vein remodeling. STX induced embryonic DNA damage and cell apoptosis, which would be alleviated by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Additionally, STX significantly increased reactive oxygen species level, catalase activity and malondialdehyde content and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione content. STX also promoted the expression of vascular development-related genes DLL4 and VEGFC, and inhibited VEGFA expression. Furthermore, STX altered the transcriptional regulation of apoptosis-related genes (BAX, BCL-2, P53 and CASPASE 3). Taken together, STX induced adverse effect on development of zebrafish embryos, which might be associated with oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zimu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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17
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Ferrão-Filho ADS, da Silva DAC. Saxitoxin-producing Raphidiopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria) inhibits swimming and physiological parameters in Daphnia similis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135751. [PMID: 31831237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study we tested the effects of a neurotoxic strain of the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii (CYRF-01) on the swimming activity and physiological parameters of Daphnia similis such as movements of the antennae, thoracic limbs, post-abdominal claw and heart rate. An acute assay was performed to test the effect on swimming activity, exposing newborns (<24 h) to different concentrations of live cells and observing the number of immobilized animals over a period of 48 h. For testing the effects on physiological parameters adult females (10-15 days) were exposed in a flow-through system and recorded with a digital camera. Results showed rapid effect of the strain CYRF on all parameters. Animals started to be immobilized in the first 30 min exposure and showed complete paralysis after 2 h in 500 μg L-1 and after 24 h in the other concentrations. Physiological parameters accompanied the same response pattern with effects starting after 30 min and some recovery at the end of 6 h exposure. Antennae stopped moving after 2-3 h at 250-500 μg L-1, explaining the paralysis of the swimming activity in Daphnia. Thoracic limbs movements were significantly inhibited after 30 min in all concentrations, staying at lower levels than control through the experiment. Post-abdominal claw movement were completely ceased after 30 min and remained stopped until the end of the trial. Heart rate showed a tendency to decrease abruptly in the first 30 min exposure in all concentrations, but showed significant lower values than control only at 500 μg L-1, between 3 and 4 h exposure, and a recovery at the end of 6 h. In conclusion, results show that neurotoxic cyanobacteria can impose severe constrains on the physiology of daphniids, which can have consequences to the oxygen uptake, swimming and feeding behavior and to the overall fitness of those organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysio da S Ferrão-Filho
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Promotion of Environmental Health, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Diego Amparo C da Silva
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Promotion of Environmental Health, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
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18
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Van Hemert C, Schoen SK, Litaker RW, Smith MM, Arimitsu ML, Piatt JF, Holland WC, Ransom Hardison D, Pearce JM. Algal toxins in Alaskan seabirds: Evaluating the role of saxitoxin and domoic acid in a large-scale die-off of Common Murres. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101730. [PMID: 32113594 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated seawater temperatures are linked to the development of harmful algal blooms (HABs), which pose a growing threat to marine birds and other wildlife. During late 2015 and early 2016, a massive die-off of Common Murres (Uria aalge; hereafter, murres) was observed in the Gulf of Alaska coincident with a strong marine heat wave. Previous studies have documented illness and death among seabirds resulting from exposure to the HAB neurotoxins saxitoxin (STX) and domoic acid (DA). Given the unusual mortality event, corresponding warm water anomalies, and recent detection of STX and DA throughout coastal Alaskan waters, HABs were identified as a possible factor of concern. To evaluate whether algal toxins may have contributed to murre deaths, we tested for STX and DA in a suite of tissues obtained from beach-cast murre carcasses associated with the die-off as well as from apparently healthy murres and Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla; hereafter, kittiwakes) sampled in the preceding and following summers. We also tested forage fish and marine invertebrates collected in the Gulf of Alaska in 2015-2017 to evaluate potential sources of HAB toxin exposure for seabirds. Saxitoxin was present in multiple tissue types of both die-off (36.4 %) and healthy (41.7 %) murres and healthy kittiwakes (54.2 %). Among birds, we detected the highest concentrations of STX in liver tissues (range 1.4-10.8 μg 100 g-1) of die-off murres. Saxitoxin was relatively common in forage fish (20.3 %) and invertebrates (53.8 %). No established toxicity limits currently exist for seabirds, but concentrations of STX in birds and forage fish in our study were lower than values reported from most other bird die-offs in which STX intoxication was causally linked. We detected low concentrations of DA in a single bird sample and in 33.3 % of invertebrates and 4.0 % of forage fish samples. Although these results do not support the hypothesis that acute exposure to STX or DA was a primary factor in the 2015-2016 mortality event, additional information about the sensitivity of murres to these toxins is needed before we can discount their potential role in the die-off. The widespread occurrence of STX in seabirds, forage fish, and invertebrates in the Gulf of Alaska indicates that algal toxins should be considered in future assessments of seabird health, especially given the potential for greater occurrence of HABs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah K Schoen
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - Matthew M Smith
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Mayumi L Arimitsu
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - John F Piatt
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - William C Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - D Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - John M Pearce
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
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19
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Ayvazyan NM, O'Leary VB, Dolly JO, Ovsepian SV. Neurobiology and therapeutic utility of neurotoxins targeting postsynaptic mechanisms of neuromuscular transmission. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1968-1984. [PMID: 31247153 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the principal site for the translation of motor neurochemical signals to muscle activity. Therefore, the release and sensing machinery of acetylcholine (ACh) along with muscle contraction are two of the main targets of natural toxins and pathogens, causing paralysis. Given pharmacology and medical advances, the active ingredients of toxins that target postsynaptic mechanisms have become of major interest, showing promise as drug leads. Herein, we review key facets of prevalent toxins modulating the mechanisms of ACh sensing and generation of the postsynaptic response, with muscle contraction. We consider the correlation between their outstanding selectivity and potency plus effects on motor function, and discuss emerging data advocating their usage for the development of therapies alleviating neuromuscular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naira M Ayvazyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - J Oliver Dolly
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; The National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic.
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20
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Calado SLDM, Santos GS, Wojciechowski J, Magalhães VFD, Silva de Assis HC. The accumulation dynamics, elimination and risk assessment of paralytic shellfish toxins in fish from a water supply reservoir. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:3222-3229. [PMID: 30463170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish Toxins (PSTs) or saxitoxins are neurotoxins that block the neural transmission by binding to the voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve cells. There are >50 analogues described, which could be biotransformed into a molecular form of greater or lesser toxicity. The Alagados Reservoir is used for water supply, and persistent cyanobacterial blooms as well as PSTs concentrations have been found in this water body since 2002. The aims of this study were to quantify the concentrations of PSTs in the water and fish samples from the Alagados Reservoir. In addition, we evaluated the elimination of PSTs for 90 days in fish and estimated the potential risk to human health. Water and fish samples were collected from the reservoir. For the water samples the phytoplankton and chemical analyses were carried out. Fish were divided into two sample times: Field Samples (FS) and Elimination Experiment Samples (EES), which were maintained for 90 days in filtered and dechlorinated water. For chemical analysis, the muscles of FS were collected on the fish sampling day and the muscles and feces of EES were collected at 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. PSTs concentrations were present in water and fish samples, and they were estimated as a potential risk to humans; mainly for children. In addition, toxins were accumulated, biotransformed to other analogues and excreted by the fish. However, after 90 days, the toxins were still present in the water and fish muscle. Therefore, PSTs can remain for a long period in water, and fish can be a carrier of these neurotoxins. New approaches of monitoring and management are necessary in the actual global context of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Souza Santos
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Wojciechowski
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Freitas de Magalhães
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Box 21941-902, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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21
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Olano H, Martigani F, Somma A, Aubriot L. Wastewater discharge with phytoplankton may favor cyanobacterial development in the main drinking water supply river in Uruguay. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:146. [PMID: 30737570 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The main drinking water source supplying Uruguay (Santa Lucía River, SLR) was threatened in 2013 by a cyanobacterial bloom transported downstream to the water treatment plant that provides water to half of this country population. Several eutrophic reservoirs and stabilization ponds located in the river basin may have been the source of cyanobacterial populations. Such conditions may be common in productive basins; however, few studies have evaluated the impact of microalgae from wastewater stabilization ponds on rivers and its viability downstream. The effect of a dairy wastewater effluent on SLR was studied by means of nutrient and chlorophyll a loads, phytoplankton composition, and effluent incubation in river water in order to evaluate the potential development of cyanobacteria. Total phosphorus and nitrogen loads of the effluent reached up to 25% and 17% of SLR, respectively, while chlorophyll a was up to 37%. The upstream-downstream evaluation showed an increase in dissolved phosphorus and chlorophyll a. The effluent phytoplankton (14.16 mm3 L-1) was dominated by organisms < 10 μm and diatoms (91%), and 3% of cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria were not detected in SLR, though it appeared downstream of the effluent discharge. At the end of the bioassay, cyanobacterial biomass became the dominant group (37%). This study shows the potential development of cyanobacteria present in industrial effluents when diluted in river water. The effect of phytoplankton discharge from stabilization ponds is not generally considered in monitoring assessments and environment management, despite representing a particular risk if the water body is used as a drinking water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Olano
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología de Fitoplancton, Sección Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - F Martigani
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología de Fitoplancton, Sección Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Somma
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología de Fitoplancton, Sección Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L Aubriot
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología de Fitoplancton, Sección Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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22
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Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Abal P, Cagide E, Carrera C, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E324. [PMID: 30096904 PMCID: PMC6116008 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are produced by aquatic microorganisms and accumulate in shellfish or finfish following the food web. These toxins usually reach human consumers by ingestion of contaminated seafood, although other exposure routes like inhalation or contact have also been reported and may cause serious illness. This review shows the current data regarding the symptoms of acute intoxication for several toxin classes, including paralytic toxins, amnesic toxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, tetrodotoxins, diarrheic toxins, azaspiracids and palytoxins. The information available about chronic toxicity and relative potency of different analogs within a toxin class are also reported. The gaps of toxicological knowledge that should be studied to improve human health protection are discussed. In general, gathering of epidemiological data in humans, chronic toxicity studies and exploring relative potency by oral administration are critical to minimize human health risks related to these toxin classes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Eva Cagide
- Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza Santo Domingo 20-5°, 27001 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
- Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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23
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Ogawara H. Comparison of Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: Learning from Various Kingdoms. Molecules 2018; 23:E1476. [PMID: 29912169 PMCID: PMC6100412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, especially antibiotic resistance, is a growing threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is significant to know precisely the mechanisms of drug resistance and/or self-resistance in various kingdoms, from bacteria through plants to animals, once more. This review compares the molecular mechanisms of the resistance against phycotoxins, toxins from marine and terrestrial animals, plants and fungi, and antibiotics. The results reveal that each kingdom possesses the characteristic features. The main mechanisms in each kingdom are transporters/efflux pumps in phycotoxins, mutation and modification of targets and sequestration in marine and terrestrial animal toxins, ABC transporters and sequestration in plant toxins, transporters in fungal toxins, and various or mixed mechanisms in antibiotics. Antibiotic producers in particular make tremendous efforts for avoiding suicide, and are more flexible and adaptable to the changes of environments. With these features in mind, potential alternative strategies to overcome these resistance problems are discussed. This paper will provide clues for solving the issues of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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24
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Practical Application of Aptamer-Based Biosensors in Detection of Low Molecular Weight Pollutants in Water Sources. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020344. [PMID: 29414854 PMCID: PMC6017897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Water pollution has become one of the leading causes of human health problems. Low molecular weight pollutants, even at trace concentrations in water sources, have aroused global attention due to their toxicity after long-time exposure. There is an increased demand for appropriate methods to detect these pollutants in aquatic systems. Aptamers, single-stranded DNA or RNA, have high affinity and specificity to each of their target molecule, similar to antigen-antibody interaction. Aptamers can be selected using a method called Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX). Recent years we have witnessed great progress in developing aptamer selection and aptamer-based sensors for low molecular weight pollutants in water sources, such as tap water, seawater, lake water, river water, as well as wastewater and its effluents. This review provides an overview of aptamer-based methods as a novel approach for detecting low molecular weight pollutants in water sources.
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Ramos P, Schmitz M, Gama S, Portantiolo A, Durruthy MG, de Souza Votto AP, Cornetet LR, dos Santos Machado K, Werhli A, Tonel MZ, Fagan SB, Yunes JS, Monserrat JM. Cytoprotection of lipoic acid against toxicity induced by saxitoxin in hippocampal cell line HT-22 through in silico modeling and in vitro assays. Toxicology 2018; 393:171-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Assunção J, Guedes AC, Malcata FX. Biotechnological and Pharmacological Applications of Biotoxins and Other Bioactive Molecules from Dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E393. [PMID: 29261163 PMCID: PMC5742853 DOI: 10.3390/md15120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting interest in bioactive molecules (namely toxins) produced by (microalga) dinoflagellates has risen in recent years. Exhibiting wide diversity and complexity, said compounds are well-recognized for their biological features, with great potential for use as pharmaceutical therapies and biological research probes. Unfortunately, provision of those compounds is still far from sufficient, especially in view of an increasing demand for preclinical testing. Despite the difficulties to establish dinoflagellate cultures and obtain reasonable productivities of such compounds, intensive research has permitted a number of advances in the field. This paper accordingly reviews the characteristics of some of the most important biotoxins (and other bioactive substances) produced by dinoflagellates. It also presents and discusses (to some length) the main advances pertaining to dinoflagellate production, from bench to large scale-with an emphasis on material published since the latest review available on the subject. Such advances encompass improvements in nutrient formulation and light supply as major operational conditions; they have permitted adaptation of classical designs, and aided the development of novel configurations for dinoflagellate growth-even though shearing-related issues remain a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Assunção
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Catarina Guedes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, P-4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - F Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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27
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Chen X, Sun Y, Huang H, Liu W, Hu P, Huang X, Zou F, Liu J. Uncovering the proteome response of murine neuroblastoma cells against low-dose exposure to saxitoxin. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 28:335-344. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1411413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Panpan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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28
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Durán-Riveroll LM, Cembella AD. Guanidinium Toxins and Their Interactions with Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E303. [PMID: 29027912 PMCID: PMC5666411 DOI: 10.3390/md15100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinium toxins, such as saxitoxin (STX), tetrodotoxin (TTX) and their analogs, are naturally occurring alkaloids with divergent evolutionary origins and biogeographical distribution, but which share the common chemical feature of guanidinium moieties. These guanidinium groups confer high biological activity with high affinity and ion flux blockage capacity for voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV). Members of the STX group, known collectively as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are produced among three genera of marine dinoflagellates and about a dozen genera of primarily freshwater or brackish water cyanobacteria. In contrast, toxins of the TTX group occur mainly in macrozoa, particularly among puffer fish, several species of marine invertebrates and a few terrestrial amphibians. In the case of TTX and analogs, most evidence suggests that symbiotic bacteria are the origin of the toxins, although endogenous biosynthesis independent from bacteria has not been excluded. The evolutionary origin of the biosynthetic genes for STX and analogs in dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria remains elusive. These highly potent molecules have been the subject of intensive research since the latter half of the past century; first to study the mode of action of their toxigenicity, and later as tools to characterize the role and structure of NaV channels, and finally as therapeutics. Their pharmacological activities have provided encouragement for their use as therapeutants for ion channel-related pathologies, such as pain control. The functional role in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems for both groups of toxins is unproven, although plausible mechanisms of ion channel regulation and chemical defense are often invoked. Molecular approaches and the development of improved detection methods will yield deeper understanding of their physiological and ecological roles. This knowledge will facilitate their further biotechnological exploitation and point the way towards development of pharmaceuticals and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena M Durán-Riveroll
- CONACYT-Instituto de Ciencias del Mary Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 04510, Mexico.
| | - Allan D Cembella
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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29
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Berlinck RGS, Bertonha AF, Takaki M, Rodriguez JPG. The chemistry and biology of guanidine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1264-1301. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry and biology of natural guanidines isolated from microbial culture media, from marine invertebrates, as well as from terrestrial plants and animals, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariane F. Bertonha
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Mirelle Takaki
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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