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Vidyadhara DJ, Yarreiphang H, Raju TR, Alladi PA. Differences in Neuronal Numbers, Morphology, and Developmental Apoptosis in Mice Nigra Provide Experimental Evidence of Ontogenic Origin of Vulnerability to Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1892-1907. [PMID: 34762290 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) prevalence varies by ethnicity. In an earlier study, we replicated the reduced vulnerability to PD in an admixed population, using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-susceptible C57BL/6 J, MPTP-resistant CD-1 and their F1 crossbreds. In the present study, we investigated if the differences have a developmental origin. Substantia nigra was evaluated at postnatal days 2 (P2), P6, P10, P14, P18, and P22. C57BL/6 J mice had smaller nigra and fewer dopaminergic neurons than the CD-1 and crossbreds at P2, which persisted through development. A significant increase in numbers and nigral volume was observed across strains until P14. A drastic decline thereafter was specific to C57BL/6 J. CD-1 and crossbreds retained their numbers from P14 to stabilize with supernumerary neurons at adulthood. The neuronal size increased gradually to attain adult morphology at P10 in the resistant strains, vis-à-vis at P22 in C57BL/6 J. Accordingly, in comparison to C57BL/6 J, the nigra of CD-1 and reciprocal crossbreds possessed cytomorphological features of resilience, since birth. The considerably lesser dopaminergic neuronal loss in the CD-1 and crossbreds was seen at P2 and P14 and thereafter was complemented by attenuated developmental cell death. The differences in programmed cell death were confirmed by reduced TUNEL labelling, AIF, and caspase-3 expression. GDNF expression aligned with the cell death pattern at P2 and P14 in both nigra and striatum. Earlier maturity of nigra and its neurons appears to be better features that reflect as MPTP resistance at adulthood. Thus, variable MPTP vulnerability in mice and also differential susceptibility to PD in humans may arise early during nigral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Vidyadhara
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haorei Yarreiphang
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Trichur R Raju
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India.
- Formerly at Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore, India.
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The functional microscopic neuroanatomy of the human subthalamic nucleus. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3213-3227. [PMID: 31562531 PMCID: PMC6875153 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is successfully used as a surgical target for deep brain stimulation in the treatment of movement disorders. Interestingly, the internal structure of the STN is still incompletely understood. The objective of the present study was to investigate three-dimensional (3D) immunoreactivity patterns for 12 individual protein markers for GABA-ergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic as well as glutamatergic signaling. We analyzed the immunoreactivity using optical densities and created a 3D reconstruction of seven postmortem human STNs. Quantitative modeling of the reconstructed 3D immunoreactivity patterns revealed that the applied protein markers show a gradient distribution in the STN. These gradients were predominantly organized along the ventromedial to dorsolateral axis of the STN. The results are of particular interest in view of the theoretical underpinning for surgical targeting, which is based on a tripartite distribution of cognitive, limbic and motor function in the STN.
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Limb Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Reduces Repeated Ketamine Exposure-Induced Adverse Effects in the Developing Brain of Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:58-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Prenatal methamphetamine exposure is associated with reduced subcortical volumes in neonates. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 65:51-59. [PMID: 29069607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prenatal exposure to methamphetamine is associated with a range of neuropsychological, behavioural and cognitive deficits. A small number of imaging studies suggests that these may be mediated by neurostructural changes, including reduced volumes of specific brain regions. This study investigated potential volumetric changes in the brains of neonates with prenatal methamphetamine exposure. To our knowledge no previous studies have examined methamphetamine effects on regional brain volumes at this age. STUDY DESIGN Mothers were recruited antenatally and interviewed regarding methamphetamine use during pregnancy. Mothers in the exposure group reported using methamphetamine≥twice/month during pregnancy; control infants had no exposure to methamphetamine or other drugs and minimal exposure to alcohol. MRI scans were performed in the first postnatal month, following which anatomical images were processed using FreeSurfer. Subcortical and cerebellar regions were manually segmented and their volumes determined using FreeView. Pearson correlations were used to analyse potential associations between methamphetamine exposure and regional volumes. The associations between methamphetamine exposure and regional volumes were then examined adjusting for potential confounding variables. RESULTS Methamphetamine exposure was associated with reduced left and right caudate and thalamus volumes. The association in the right caudate remained significant following adjustment for potential confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showing reduced caudate and thalamus volumes in neonates with prenatal methamphetamine exposure are consistent with previous findings in older exposed children, and demonstrate that these changes are already detectable in neonates. Continuing research is warranted to examine whether reduced subcortical volumes are predictive of cognitive, behavioural and affective impairment in older children.
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Engel M, Do-Ha D, Muñoz SS, Ooi L. Common pitfalls of stem cell differentiation: a guide to improving protocols for neurodegenerative disease models and research. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3693-709. [PMID: 27154043 PMCID: PMC5002043 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells have revolutionized cellular neuroscience, providing the opportunity to model neurological diseases and test potential therapeutics in a pre-clinical setting. The power of these models has been widely discussed, but the potential pitfalls of stem cell differentiation in this research are less well described. We have analyzed the literature that describes differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into three neural cell types that are commonly used to study diseases, including forebrain cholinergic neurons for Alzheimer's disease, midbrain dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson's disease and cortical astrocytes for neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Published protocols for differentiation vary widely in the reported efficiency of target cell generation. Additionally, characterization of the cells by expression profile and functionality differs between studies and is often insufficient, leading to highly variable protocol outcomes. We have synthesized this information into a simple methodology that can be followed when performing or assessing differentiation techniques. Finally we propose three considerations for future research, including the use of physiological O2 conditions, three-dimensional co-culture systems and microfluidics to control feeding cycles and growth factor gradients. Following these guidelines will help researchers to ensure that robust and meaningful data is generated, enabling the full potential of stem cell differentiation for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Engel
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dzung Do-Ha
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Sanz Muñoz
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Elsworth JD, Groman SM, Jentsch JD, Leranth C, Redmond DE, Kim JD, Diano S, Roth RH. Primate phencyclidine model of schizophrenia: sex-specific effects on cognition, brain derived neurotrophic factor, spine synapses, and dopamine turnover in prefrontal cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu048. [PMID: 25522392 PMCID: PMC4438537 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits are a core symptom of schizophrenia, yet they remain particularly resistant to treatment. The model provided by repeatedly exposing adult nonhuman primates to phencyclidine has generated important insights into the neurobiology of these deficits, but it remains possible that administration of this psychotomimetic agent during the pre-adult period, when the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human and nonhuman primates is still undergoing significant maturation, may provide a greater understanding of schizophrenia-related cognitive deficits. METHODS The effects of repeated phencyclidine treatment on spine synapse number, dopamine turnover and BDNF expression in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and working memory accuracy were examined in pre-adult monkeys. RESULTS One week following phencyclidine treatment, juvenile and adolescent male monkeys demonstrated a greater loss of spine synapses in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex than adult male monkeys. Further studies indicated that in juvenile males, a cognitive deficit existed at 4 weeks following phencyclidine treatment, and this impairment was associated with decreased dopamine turnover, decreased brain derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA, and a loss of dendritic spine synapses in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, female juvenile monkeys displayed no cognitive deficit at 4 weeks after phencyclidine treatment and no alteration in dopamine turnover or brain derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA or spine synapse number in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In the combined group of male and female juvenile monkeys, significant linear correlations were detected between dopamine turnover, spine synapse number, and cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS As the incidence of schizophrenia is greater in males than females, these findings support the validity of the juvenile primate phencyclidine model and highlight its potential usefulness in understanding the deficits in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and developing novel treatments for the cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Elsworth
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Elsworth, Groman, Redmond, and Roth); Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Jentsch); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Leranth, Kim, and Diano).
| | - Stephanie M Groman
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Elsworth, Groman, Redmond, and Roth); Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Jentsch); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Leranth, Kim, and Diano)
| | - James D Jentsch
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Elsworth, Groman, Redmond, and Roth); Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Jentsch); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Leranth, Kim, and Diano)
| | - Csaba Leranth
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Elsworth, Groman, Redmond, and Roth); Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Jentsch); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Leranth, Kim, and Diano)
| | - D Eugene Redmond
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Elsworth, Groman, Redmond, and Roth); Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Jentsch); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Leranth, Kim, and Diano)
| | - Jung D Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Elsworth, Groman, Redmond, and Roth); Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Jentsch); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Leranth, Kim, and Diano)
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Elsworth, Groman, Redmond, and Roth); Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Jentsch); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Leranth, Kim, and Diano)
| | - Robert H Roth
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Elsworth, Groman, Redmond, and Roth); Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California (Dr Jentsch); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Leranth, Kim, and Diano)
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Wakeman DR, Weiss S, Sladek JR, Elsworth JD, Bauereis B, Leranth C, Hurley PJ, Roth RH, Redmond DE. Survival and Integration of Neurons Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells in MPTP-Lesioned Primates. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:981-94. [DOI: 10.3727/096368913x664865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A human embryonic stem cell (HESC) line, H1, was studied after differentiation to a dopaminergic phenotype in vitro in order to carry out in vivo studies in Parkinsonian monkeys. To identify morphological characteristics of transplanted donor cells, HESCs were transfected with a GFP lentiviral vector. Gene expression studies were performed at each step of a neural rosette-based dopaminergic differentiation protocol by RT-PCR. In vitro immunofluorescence revealed that >90% of the differentiated cells exhibited a neuronal phenotype by β-III-tubulin immunocytochemistry, with 17% of the cells coexpressing tyrosine hydroxylase prior to implantation. Biochemical analyses demonstrated dopamine release in culture in response to potassium chloride-induced membrane depolarization, suggesting that the cells synthesized and released dopamine. These characterized, HESC-derived neurons were then implanted into the striatum and midbrain of MPTP (1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-exposed monkeys that were triple immunosuppressed. Here we demonstrate robust survival of transplanted HESC-derived neurons after 6 weeks, as well as morphological features consistent with polarization, organization, and extension of processes that integrated into the host striatum. Expression of the dopaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase was not maintained in HESC-derived neural grafts in either the striatum or substantia nigra, despite a neuronal morphology and expression of β-III-tubulin. These results suggest that dopamine neuronal cells derived from neuroectoderm in vitro will not maintain the correct midbrain phenotype in vivo in nonhuman primates, contrasted with recent studies showing dopamine neuronal survival using an alternative floorplate method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R. Wakeman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John R. Sladek
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - John D. Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Bauereis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Csaba Leranth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick J. Hurley
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert H. Roth
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D. Eugene Redmond
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts-Nevis, West Indies
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Bloch J, Brunet JF, McEntire CRS, Redmond DE. Primate adult brain cell autotransplantation produces behavioral and biological recovery in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonian St. Kitts monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2729-40. [PMID: 24610674 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The potential for "replacement cells" to restore function in Parkinson's disease has been widely reported over the past 3 decades, rejuvenating the central nervous system rather than just relieving symptoms. Most such experiments have used fetal or embryonic sources that may induce immunological rejection and generate ethical concerns. Autologous sources, in which the cells to be implanted are derived from recipients' own cells after reprogramming to stem cells, direct genetic modifications, or epigenetic modifications in culture, could eliminate many of these problems. In a previous study on autologous brain cell transplantation, we demonstrated that adult monkey brain cells, obtained from cortical biopsies and kept in culture for 7 weeks, exhibited potential as a method of brain repair after low doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) caused dopaminergic cell death. The present study exposed monkeys to higher MPTP doses to produce significant parkinsonism and behavioral impairments. Cerebral cortical cells were biopsied from the animals, held in culture for 7 weeks to create an autologous neural cell "ecosystem" and reimplanted bilaterally into the striatum of the same six donor monkeys. These cells expressed neuroectodermal and progenitor markers such as nestin, doublecortin, GFAP, neurofilament, and vimentin. Five to six months after reimplantation, histological analysis with the dye PKH67 and unbiased stereology showed that reimplanted cells survived, migrated bilaterally throughout the striatum, and seemed to exert a neurorestorative effect. More tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons and significant behavioral improvement followed reimplantation of cultured autologous neural cells as a result of unknown trophic factors released by the grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Bloch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bai X, Twaroski D, Bosnjak ZJ. Modeling anesthetic developmental neurotoxicity using human stem cells. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013; 17:276-87. [PMID: 23859832 DOI: 10.1177/1089253213495923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mounting preclinical evidence in rodents and nonhuman primates has demonstrated that prolonged exposure of developing animals to general anesthetics can induce widespread neuronal cell death followed by long-term memory and learning disabilities. In vitro experimental evidence from cultured neonatal animal neurons confirmed the in vivo findings. However, there is no direct clinical evidence of the detrimental effects of anesthetics in human fetuses, infants, or children. Development of an in vitro neurogenesis system using human stem cells has opened up avenues of research for advancing our understanding of human brain development and the issues relevant to anesthetic-induced developmental toxicity in human neuronal lineages. Recent studies from our group, as well as other groups, showed that isoflurane influences human neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis, whereas ketamine induces neuroapoptosis. Application of this high throughput in vitro stem cell neurogenesis approach is a major stride toward ensuring the safety of anesthetic agents in young children. This in vitro human model allows us to (1) screen the toxic effects of various anesthetics under controlled conditions during intense neuronal growth, (2) find the trigger for the anesthetic-induced catastrophic chain of toxic events, and (3) develop prevention strategies to avoid this toxic effect. In this article, we reviewed the current findings in anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity studies, specifically focusing on the in vitro human stem cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Bai
- 1Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Elsworth JD, Redmond DE, Roth RH. Coordinated expression of dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter in the primate striatum during development. Synapse 2013; 67:580-5. [PMID: 23468413 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Several addictive or neurotoxic drugs are dependent on the dopamine transporter (DAT) and/or vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) to exert their detrimental effects on dopamine neurons. For example, methamphetamine and MPTP are substrates for both DAT and VMAT2, with the ratio of DAT to VMAT2 in striatum being a determinant of the degree of toxicity inflicted by these drugs on dopamine neurons. Thus, the susceptibility of dopamine neurons to agents whose pharmacology involves DAT and VMAT2 may vary during development if the ontogeny of DAT and VMAT2 differs, and this is relevant as exposure of dopamine neurons to toxic agents during development is hypothesized to underlie some neurological or psychiatric disorders. However, the relative expression of DAT and VMAT2 has not been studied in either primate or nonprimate fetal brain, and this was addressed in the present study by measuring the binding of specific radioligands of DAT and VMAT2 to striatal membranes from nonhuman primates at mid-gestation, late-gestation, and the postnatal and adult periods. Dopamine concentration was also determined in striatal tissue from the same brains. These data indicate that in striatum of primates, unlike rodents, there is a sharp increase in DAT and VMAT2 expression after mid-gestation, with adult levels being attained at the time of birth. In addition, this study demonstrated that there is a coordinated expression of DAT and VMAT2 from the time of mid-gestation to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Elsworth
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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Bai X, Yan Y, Canfield S, Muravyeva MY, Kikuchi C, Zaja I, Corbett JA, Bosnjak ZJ. Ketamine enhances human neural stem cell proliferation and induces neuronal apoptosis via reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Anesth Analg 2013; 116:869-80. [PMID: 23460563 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3182860fc9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence indicates that ketamine causes neurotoxicity in a variety of developing animal models, leading to a serious concern regarding the safety of pediatric anesthesia. However, if and how ketamine induces human neural cell toxicity is unknown. Recapitulation of neurogenesis from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in vitro allows investigation of the toxic effects of ketamine on neural stem cells (NSCs) and developing neurons, which is impossible to perform in humans. In the present study, we assessed the influence of ketamine on the hESC-derived NSCs and neurons. METHODS hESCs were directly differentiated into neurons via NSCs. NSCs and 2-week-old neurons were treated with varying doses of ketamine for different durations. NSC proliferation capacity was analyzed by Ki67 immunofluorescence staining and bromodeoxyuridine assay. Neuroapoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL staining and caspase 3 activity measurement. The mitochondria-related neuronal apoptosis pathway including mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c distribution within cells, mitochondrial fission, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were also investigated. RESULTS Ketamine (100 µM) increased NSC proliferation after 6-hour exposure. However, significant neuronal apoptosis was only observed after 24 hours of ketamine treatment. In addition, ketamine decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytosol. Ketamine also enhanced mitochondrial fission as well as ROS production compared with no-treatment control. Importantly, Trolox, a ROS scavenger, significantly attenuated the increase of ketamine-induced ROS production and neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These data for the first time demonstrate that (1) ketamine increases NSC proliferation and causes neuronal apoptosis; (2) mitochondria are involved in ketamine-induced neuronal toxicity, which can be prevented by Trolox; and (3) the stem cell-associated neurogenesis system may provide a simple and promising in vitro model for rapidly screening anesthetic neurotoxicity and studying the underlying mechanisms as well as prevention strategies to avoid this toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Elsworth JD, Jentsch JD, Vandevoort CA, Roth RH, Redmond DE, Leranth C. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A impacts midbrain dopamine neurons and hippocampal spine synapses in non-human primates. Neurotoxicology 2013; 35:113-20. [PMID: 23337607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prevalent use of bisphenol-A (BPA) in the manufacture of resins, plastics and paper products has led to frequent exposure of most people to this endocrine disruptor. Some rodent studies have suggested that BPA can exert detrimental effects on brain development. However as rodent models cannot be relied on to predict consequences of human exposure to BPA during development, it is important to investigate the effects of BPA on non-human primate brain development. Previous research suggests that BPA preferentially targets dopamine neurons in ventral mesencephalon and glutamatergic neurons in hippocampus, so the present work examined the susceptibility of these systems to low dose BPA exposure at the fetal and juvenile stages of development in non-human primates. Exposure of pregnant rhesus monkeys to relatively low levels of BPA during the final 2 months of gestation, induced abnormalities in fetal ventral mesencephalon and hippocampus. Specifically, light microscopy revealed a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing (dopamine) neurons in the midbrain of BPA-exposed fetuses and electron microscopy identified a reduction in spine synapses in the CA1 region of hippocampus. In contrast, administration of BPA to juvenile vervet monkeys (14-18 months of age) was without effect on these indices, or on dopamine and serotonin concentrations in striatum and prefrontal cortex, or on performance of a cognitive task that tests working memory capacity. These data indicate that BPA exerts an age-dependent detrimental impact on primate brain development, at blood levels within the range measured in humans having only environmental contact with BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Neural development, a risky period. Exp Neurol 2012; 237:43-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bosnjak ZJ, Yan Y, Canfield S, Muravyeva MY, Kikuchi C, Wells C, Corbett J, Bai X. Ketamine induces toxicity in human neurons differentiated from embryonic stem cells via mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Curr Drug Saf 2012; 7:106-19. [PMID: 22873495 PMCID: PMC3684944 DOI: 10.2174/157488612802715663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is widely used for anesthesia in pediatric patients. Growing evidence indicates that ketamine causes neurotoxicity in a variety of developing animal models. Our understanding of anesthesia neurotoxicity in humans is currently limited by difficulties in obtaining neurons and performing developmental toxicity studies in fetal and pediatric populations. It may be possible to overcome these challenges by obtaining neurons from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in vitro. hESCs are able to replicate indefinitely and differentiate into every cell type. In this study, we investigated the toxic effect of ketamine on neurons differentiated from hESCs. Two-week-old neurons were treated with different doses and durations of ketamine with or without the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, Trolox. Cell viability, ultrastructure, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), cytochrome c distribution within cells, apoptosis, and ROS production were evaluated. Here we show that ketamine induced ultrastructural abnormalities and dose- and time-dependently caused cell death. In addition, ketamine decreased ΔΨm and increased cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Ketamine also increased ROS production and induced differential expression of oxidative stress-related genes. Specifically, abnormal ultrastructural and ΔΨm changes occurred earlier than cell death in the ketamine-induced toxicity process. Furthermore, Trolox significantly decreased ROS generation and attenuated cell death caused by ketamine in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, this study illustrates that ketamine time- and dose-dependently induces human neurotoxicity at supraclinical concentrations via ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and that these side effects can be prevented by the antioxidant agent Trolox. Thus, hESC-derived neurons might provide a promising tool for studying anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljko J. Bosnjak
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yasheng Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Scott Canfield
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Maria Y. Muravyeva
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Clive Wells
- Department of Electron Microscopy Core Facility, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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15
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Morrow BA, Roth RH, Redmond DE, Diano S, Elsworth JD. Susceptibility to a parkinsonian toxin varies during primate development. Exp Neurol 2012; 235:273-81. [PMID: 22366325 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of Parkinson's disease typically emerge later in life when loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neuron function exceeds the threshold of compensatory mechanisms in the basal ganglia. Although nigrostriatal dopamine neurons are lost during aging, in Parkinson's disease other detrimental factors must play a role to produce greater than normal loss of these neurons. Early development has been hypothesized to be a potentially vulnerable period when environmental or genetic abnormalities may compromise central dopamine neurons. This study uses a specific parkinsonian neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), to probe the relative vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons at different stages of primate development. Measures of dopamine, homovanillic acid, 1-methyl-pyridinium concentrations and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons indicated that at mid-gestation dopamine neurons are relatively vulnerable to MPTP, whereas later in development or in the young primate these neurons are resistant to the neurotoxin. These studies highlight a potentially greater risk to the fetus of exposure during mid-gestation to environmental agents that cause oxidative stress. In addition, the data suggest that uncoupling protein-2 may be a target for retarding the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons that occurs in Parkinson's disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Morrow
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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16
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Impact of methamphetamine on dopamine neurons in primates is dependent on age: implications for development of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2011; 189:277-85. [PMID: 21640165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a CNS stimulant with limited therapeutic indications, but is widely abused. Short-term exposure to higher doses, or long-term exposure to lower doses, of methamphetamine induces lasting damage to nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in man and animals. Strong evidence indicates that the mechanism for this detrimental effect on dopamine neurons involves oxidative stress exerted by reactive oxygen species. This study investigates the relative susceptibility of dopamine neurons in mid-gestation, young, and adult (not aged) monkeys to four treatments with methamphetamine over 2 days. Primate dopamine neurons undergo natural cell death at mid-gestation, and we hypothesized that during this event they are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. The results indicated that at mid-gestation and in adults, dopamine neurons were susceptible to methamphetamine-induced damage, as indicated by loss of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity and dopamine concentration. However, dopamine neurons in young animals appeared totally resistant to the treatment, despite this group having higher brain levels of methamphetamine 3 h after administration than the adults. As a possible explanation for the protection, striatal glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels were elevated in young animals 1 week after treatment, but not in adults following methamphetamine treatment. Implications of these primate studies are: (1) the susceptibility of dopamine neurons at mid-gestation to methamphetamine warns against the risk of exposing pregnant women to the drug or oxidative stressors, and supports the hypothesis of Parkinson's disease being associated with oxidative stress during development, (2) elucidation of the mechanism of resistance of dopamine neurons in the young animals to methamphetamine-induced oxidative stress may provide targets for slowing or preventing age- or disease-related loss of adult nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons, and (3) the increased striatal production of GDNF in young animals, but not in adults, in response to methamphetamine, suggests the possibility of an age-related change in the neurotrophic capacity of the striatal dopamine system.
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17
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Courtois ET, Castillo CG, Seiz EG, Ramos M, Bueno C, Liste I, Martínez-Serrano A. In vitro and in vivo enhanced generation of human A9 dopamine neurons from neural stem cells by Bcl-XL. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9881-9897. [PMID: 20106970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.054312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neural stem cells derived from the ventral mesencephalon (VM) are powerful research tools and candidates for cell therapies in Parkinson disease. Previous studies with VM dopaminergic neuron (DAn) precursors indicated poor growth potential and unstable phenotypical properties. Using the model cell line hVM1 (human ventral mesencephalic neural stem cell line 1; a new human fetal VM stem cell line), we have found that Bcl-X(L) enhances the generation of DAn from VM human neural stem cells. Mechanistically, Bcl-X(L) not only exerts the expected antiapoptotic effect but also induces proneural (NGN2 and NEUROD1) and dopamine-related transcription factors, resulting in a high yield of DAn with the correct phenotype of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The expression of key genes directly involved in VM/SNpc dopaminergic patterning, differentiation, and maturation (EN1, LMX1B, PITX3, NURR1, VMAT2, GIRK2, and dopamine transporter) is thus enhanced by Bcl-X(L). These effects on neurogenesis occur in parallel to a decrease in glia generation. These in vitro Bcl-X(L) effects are paralleled in vivo, after transplantation in hemiparkinsonian rats, where hVM1-Bcl-X(L) cells survive, integrate, and differentiate into DAn, alleviating behavioral motor asymmetry. Bcl-X(L) then allows for human fetal VM stem cells to stably generate mature SNpc DAn both in vitro and in vivo and is thus proposed as a helpful factor for the development of cell therapies for neurodegenerative conditions, Parkinson disease in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise T Courtois
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM), Department of Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia G Castillo
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM), Department of Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of San Luis Potosí, 782 San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Emma G Seiz
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM), Department of Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Ramos
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM), Department of Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Bueno
- Institute of Neurosciences, University Miguel Hernandez of Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM), Department of Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Martínez-Serrano
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM), Department of Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Brunet JF, Redmond DE, Bloch J. Primate adult brain cell autotransplantation, a pilot study in asymptomatic MPTP-treated monkeys. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:787-99. [PMID: 19500480 DOI: 10.3727/096368909x470847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous brain cell transplantation might be useful for repairing lesions and restoring function of the central nervous system. We have demonstrated that adult monkey brain cells, obtained from cortical biopsy and kept in culture for a few weeks, exhibit neural progenitor characteristics that make them useful for brain repair. Following MPTP treatment, primates were dopamine depleted but asymptomatic. Autologous cultured cells were reimplanted into the right caudate nucleus of the donor monkey. Four months after reimplantation, histological analysis by stereology and TH immunolabeling showed that the reimplanted cells successfully survived, bilaterally migrated in the whole striatum, and seemed to have a neuroprotection effect over time. These results may add a new strategy to the field of brain neuroprotection or regeneration and could possibly lead to future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Brunet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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