Trace elements in seafood from the Mediterranean sea: An exposure risk assessment

Microplastics and phthalate esters in yogurt and buttermilk samples: characterization and health risk assessment

The contamination of yogurt and buttermilk (doogh), two widely consumed dairy products, with microplastics (MPs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs), and subsequently the health effects caused by the contamination of these products on humans, is a potential concern. In this study, the abundance and characteristics of MPs as well as the PAEs concentration in different types of yogurts and buttermilk available in the Iranian market were investigated. The average abundance of MPs in different types of yogurts and buttermilk was between 0.63 and 0.76 and 0.52-0.7 items/mL, respectively. Most detected MPs in yogurt and buttermilk samples were in the size range of 1000-5000 μm with the predominant color and shape of transparent and fiber, respectively. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyamide (PA) were the dominant polymers in yogurt and buttermilk samples, respectively. The average concentrations of PAEs in different types of yogurt and buttermilk samples were between 5.79 and 11.36 and 1.46-6.93 µg/L, respectively. The findings showed that Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) levels in yogurt and buttermilk samples may have a carcinogenic risk for adults and adolescents. According to the results of this study, the intake of MPs and PAEs through high consumption of yogurt and buttermilk should be recognized as a significant source of MPs in the human body.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-025-00939-z.

Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Heavy Metals in Marine Fish: Ecological and Ecosystem-Level Impacts

Heavy metal contamination in marine ecosystems poses a critical environmental challenge, with significant implications for biodiversity, trophic dynamics, and human health. Marine fish are key bioindicators of heavy metal pollution because of their role in food webs and their capacity for bioaccumulation and trophic transfer. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the pathways and mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation in marine fish, focusing on factors that influence the uptake, retention, and tissue distribution. We explore the processes governing trophic transfer and biomagnification, highlighting species-specific accumulation patterns and the risks posed to apex predators, including humans. Additionally, we assess the ecological consequences of heavy metal contamination at population, community, and ecosystem levels, emphasizing its effects on fish reproduction, community structure, and trophic interactions. By integrating recent findings, this review highlights key knowledge gaps and suggests future research directions to improve environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Given the persistence and bioavailability of heavy metals in marine environments, effective pollution control strategies and sustainable fisheries management are imperative to mitigate long-term ecological and public health risks.

Arsenic Speciation, an Evaluation of Health Risk Due to the Consumption of Two Fishes from Coastal Marine Areas of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWAO)

Arsenic (As) is naturally occurring and is found in different forms, some of which are considered toxic to human health and frequently present in fishery resources. The aim of this work was to determine the contribution of toxic As species to the total As in muscle of two commercial fish species (Micropogonias furnieri and Urophycis brasiliensis) and to assess the toxicological risk associated with their consumption, considering different exposed groups. The total As concentrations found exceeded local guideline recommendations (> 1 mg kg-1 wet weight), but the concentrations of the toxic As species were below this threshold. The inorganic As levels do not exceed the international guideline recommendations (0.03-0.15 μg kg-1 bw per day of iAs). Both interspecific and intraspecific differences in As concentrations were found. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk values indicated that the exposed groups would not experience health risks through consumption of either fish species. However, due to the lack of an established safe consumption limit for iAs or As species worldwide, there are currently no legal tools to ensure that these fish species are safe for human consumption.

Microplastics in Morocco's most consumed fisheries: Chemical characterization, ecological traits, and implications for human health

The pervasive presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment is well established, yet many critical questions remain about their distribution and potential impacts on both ecological and human health. To assess the risks that MPs pose, especially through marine ecosystems and human consumption, monitoring their ingestion by fish in natural environments is essential. This study investigated the contamination of 12 fish species, the most commonly consumed in Morocco, collected from the Atlantic Ocean off the Moroccan coast. Analysis of 240 fish (20 individuals per species) revealed that 100 % of the samples contained microplastics. MPs were detected in the gills, gonads, and gastrointestinal tracts of all 12 species. The average abundance of microplastics per fish ranged from 20.6 to 133.2 MPs, with the forms identified as fragments (60 %), fibers (30 %), films (8 %), and pellets and foams (1 %). Additionally, omnivorous and demersal species presented the highest levels of MP contamination. Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis identified seven polymers, with high-density polyethylene (34 %), polyethylene terephthalate (30 %), and polypropylene (17.5 %) being the most prevalent. The microplastics were predominantly dark or light in color, with a notable presence of red and blue particles. Fish ingest various sizes of microplastics, primarily particles smaller than 1 mm. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) revealed that most MPs exhibited visible signs of weathering and contained inorganic components on their surfaces. The potential risk of MPs to fish, as assessed by the polymer hazard index (PHI), was categorized as level V, indicating that MPs may pose significant risks to human health. The highest estimated daily intake (EDI) of microplastics was found in children (1620 MPs/year), whereas the lowest intake was estimated in women (350 MPs/year) and men (337 MPs/year). Given the widespread presence of microplastics in commonly consumed fish species in Morocco, there is an urgent need for regulatory measures to ensure the safety of fisheries, both for domestic consumption and export. Policymakers should consider the development of guidelines for acceptable levels of microplastic contamination in fish to safeguard public health.

Human health risks assessment of the fluctuations in mercury levels in seafood from different key regions of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Mercury (Hg) contamination on the Brazilian southeast coast has been highlighted, especially in relation to species of commercial importance. This study aimed to quantify the Hg concentration in species of mussels, fish, and crabs obtained from fishing colonies on the beaches of the west and south of the city of Rio de Janeiro, investigate the possible effect of seasonality, sex, and location sampling, and finally, the risk to consumer health in four different age groups. The difference between cooked and raw commercially available mussel samples was also verified. The main results highlight that the fish presented higher levels of Hg and that the mussel samples sold cooked presented lower levels of Hg when compared to the raw ones. For Micropogonias furnieri, Sardinella brasiliensis, and Callinectes spp., the season variable influenced Hg concentrations, while only for Merluccius merluccius was a difference between the sexes identified, with males having the highest values. Although Hg concentrations in animals were below the permitted limit, consumption of all species exceeded the monthly intake limit for this metal. For the hazard quotient (HQ) calculation, most species presented HQ > 1, especially when ingested by the child population. These results are fundamental for designing consumption strategies for these animals, in order to prioritize the acquisition of some species over others, depending on the location and/or season, for each age group, with the aim of maintaining seafood consumption with minimal risk to the population's health.

Levels of mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead in Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from northern European waters

Fillets from a total of 1245 Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) sampled in different fishing areas of the Northeast Atlantic during 2007-2016 were analysed for mercury, cadmium, arsenic and lead using ICPMS. Mercury levels varied from <0.01 to 0.36 mg/kg wet weight (ww) with a total mean of 0.046 mg/kg ww and were significantly higher in Skagerrak than in the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and west of Scotland. Cadmium concentrations varied from <0.002 to 0.16 mg/kg ww with a mean value of 0.015 mg/kg ww. Only 0.24 % and 0.16 % of the sampled fish exceeded the EU's maximum levels for cadmium and mercury, respectively. Arsenic levels varied between 0.43 and 6.9 mg/kg ww with a mean value of 2.2 mg/kg ww and showed seasonal variation following variations in fat content. Lead concentrations were low and below the analytical limit of quantification (LOQ) in 97 % of the samples.

Occurrence of microplastics in edible tissues of livestock (cow and sheep)

Plastic contamination is widely recognized as a major environmental concern due to the entry of small plastic particles into the food chain, thereby posing potential hazards to human health. However, the current understanding of microplastic (MP; < 5 mm) particles in livestock, which serve as an important food source, is limited. This study aims to investigate the concentration and characteristics of MPs in edible tissues of cow and sheep, namely liver, meat, and tripe, obtained from butcher shops in five areas of Bushehr port, Iran. The mean concentration of MPs in different tissues of cow and sheep were 0.14 and 0.13 items/g, respectively. Among the examined tissues, cow meat exhibited the highest concentration of MPs, with a concentration of 0.19 items/g. Nylon and fiber were identified as the predominant polymer types and shapes of MPs found in cow and sheep tissues, respectively. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was observed in MP concentration across different tissues of cow and sheep. Significantly, this study highlights the elevated hazards associated with exposure to MPs through the consumption of edible cow and sheep tissues, particularly for children who consume meat. The results underscore the potential transfer of MPs from the environment to livestock bodies through their food, contamination during meat processing, and subsequent health hazards for consumers.

Potentially toxic element bioaccumulation in consumed indoor shrimp farming associated with diet, water and sediment levels

Shrimp production is an important industry for many countries and shrimp consumption is increasing worldwide. Shrimps are a highly nutritional food, but can pose a risk for human health if subject to high levels of environmental contaminants. This work studies the presence of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in shrimps from Ecuador and compares them to such contents noted in other shrimp-production areas in the world to evaluate the possible risks associated with these elements for consumer health, and to relate them to potentially toxic element (PTE) contents in water, sediments and diets, and also to animal biometric parameters. The PTE levels (mg kg-1 DM) obtained are as follows: in the head-As (3.52-6.11), Cd (0.02-0.10), Co (0.14-0.49) Cr (0.23-4.89), Cu (99.9--233.0), Ni (0.52-1.86), Pb (0.24-1.09), Zn (51.8-100.5) and Hg (μg kg-1 DM) (10.00-66.81); in the tail-(0.91-3.21), Cd (0.01-0.02), Co (0.01-0.43) Cr (0.01-6.52), Cu (20.0-72.44), Ni (0.15-2.03), Pb (0.01-0.69), Zn (31.2-66.1) and Hg (μg kg-1 DM) (10.00-67.18). The concentration of all the PTEs is generally lower than the limits set for seafood by European regulations, except for As in the cephalothorax (4.63 mg kg-1). Different behaviours for PTE accumulation in shrimps were found, which preferentially tend to accumulate in the cephalothorax, except for Hg (40.13 μg kg-1 DM), which accumulates in muscle (body) and is associated with contents of proteins, lipids and total shrimp weight. Nonetheless, the target hazard quotient (THQ) values for PTEs indicate that the consumption of shrimp muscles from Ecuador does not pose a human health risk because the values of these indices are below 1 in all cases.

Arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) in northwest Croatian seafood: A health risks assessment

This study focuses on the health risk assessment of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) concentrations in seafood species commonly consumed in the northwestern region of Croatia. By measuring the concentrations of these elements coupled with data on seafood consumption, the health risks were evaluated using Target Hazard Quotients and Hazard Indexes. The results indicate a slightly increased health risks linked to seafood consumption for As, Cu and Zn in some of the tested seafood species. The findings of this study highlight the critical need for stronger food quality control measures, especially targeting certain types of seafood.

To Eat or Not to Eat?-Food Safety Aspects of Essential Metals in Seafood

The popularity of seafoods is high due to their superb dietary properties and healthy composition. However, it is crucial to understand whether they adequately contribute to our essential nutritional needs. Small amounts of essential metals are indispensable in the human body to proper physiological functioning; their deficiency can manifest in various sets of symptoms that can only be eliminated with their intake during treatment or nutrition. However, the excessive consumption of metals can induce undesirable effects, or even toxicosis. Shellfish, oyster, and squid samples were collected directly from a fish market. After sample preparation, the concentration of essential metals (cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc) was detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. The results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and two-sample t-tests. The average concentration of the investigated essential elements and the calculated burden based on the consumption were below the Recommended Dietary Allowances and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. Based on these results, the trace element contents of the investigated seafoods do not cover the necessary recommended daily intake of them, but their consumption poses no health hazard due to their low levels.

Mercury contamination in seafood from an aquatic environment impacted by anthropic activity: seasonality and human health risk

Petroleum activity and the dumping of domestic and industrial sewage are important sources of mercury (Hg) contamination in the aquatic environment. Thus, this article aimed to biomonitor the Hg concentration in fish, mussels, and swimming crabs of commercial importance in southeastern Brazil. The quantifications were carried out over a year to verify the influence of seasonality. Finally, a risk assessment was applied to identify whether the concentrations found could lead to long-term damage to the population. Our results indicate that the contaminations were higher in spring, summer, and winter than in autumn, mainly among fish and swimming crabs. The results of quantification in the animal and estimated monthly intake, despite being below the limit established nationally and internationally, were indicative of risk for these two animals after calculating the Hazard quotient. The highest risk values were attributed to the infant population. Based on the data generated by this work, the consumption of mussels is encouraged throughout the year, to the detriment of the other types of seafood studied, especially during summer, spring, and winter. Our work reinforces the importance of risk assessment for a more reliable understanding of the impact of contaminants in seafood on the population's health.

Determination of Fatty Acid Profile in Processed Fish and Shellfish Foods

Seafood products are a crucial dietary source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), which are essential for human health. However, the presence of these n-3 PUFA may be subject to changes related to different processing methods. The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition, focusing on n-3 PUFA, in different processed fish and shellfish products of both EU and non-EU origin. The products were purchased from supermarkets and ethnic food shops in Messina (Italy). Gas chromatography with a flame-ionization detector (GC-FID) was used for analysis. Based on the fatty acid profile, the atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), and flesh lipid quality index (FLQ) were determined: 0.13-1.04 (AI), 0.19-0.89 (TI), and 0.41-29.90 (FLQ). The percentages of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids fell within the following ranges: 13.55-50.48%, 18.91-65.58%, and 13.84-52.73%, respectively. Considering that all samples showed low AI and TI indices and that all processed fish products proved to be a good source of beneficial PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), their consumption is recommended for humans.

Health risk assessment of dietary cadmium intake in children aged 2-17 years in East China

Food is the main way for people to be exposed to heavy metal cadmium (Cd), and Cd pollution will affect human health. In this paper, exposure and health risk assessment of dietary Cd intake were conducted in children aged 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14 and 15-17 years in East China. The results showed that the total exposure of dietary Cd intake in children exceeded the standard limits. The total exposure of all age groups were 1.11 × 10-3, 1.15 × 10-3, 9.67 × 10-4, 8.75 × 10-4, 9.18 × 10-4, 7.75 × 10-4, 8.24 × 10-4, 7.11 × 10-4 mg kg-1 d-1, respectively, and the highest was the children aged 3 years. The hazard quotients of children aged 2 and 3 years were 1.11 and 1.15, respectively, at an unacceptable health risk level. The hazard quotients of dietary Cd intake in children of other ages were less than 1, at an acceptable health risk level. Staple foods were the most significant contributor to the dietary Cd intake in children, and the contribution ratio of non-carcinogenic risk of dietary Cd intake in all age groups were more than 35%, the proportion of non-carcinogenic risk in children aged 6-8 and 9-11 years were as high as 50%. This study provides scientific basis for the health of children in East China.

Health risk assessment of heavy metal concentration in muscle of Chelon auratus and Chelon saliens from the southern Caspian Sea

Heavy metals are one of the most serious pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, and their accumulation in fish products causes harmful effects on human health. In this context, we set out to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in the muscle of two fish species of commercial interest, Chelon auratus and Chelon saliens on the south coast of the Caspian Sea. We aimed to assess the degree of environment contamination in this area and to estimate the potential risk to human health derived from the consumption of fish. The mean concentrations of the different metals analysed were very varied in both species. In fact, some concentrations exceeded the permissible limits for the protection of human health for Cd and Pb, and some values of As were above those referenced by other authors in same species in the Caspian Sea. None of the estimated daily intake values exceeded the tolerable intake based on the consumption under consideration. Nonetheless, the accumulative hazard values evidenced a potential risk to human health, Pb and Hg being those giving a higher target hazard quotient. The cancer risk from exposure to As from fish consumption in children was above the "acceptable" risk to life. Thus, in view of the accumulative nature of heavy metals, a moderate and non-abusive fish consumption in this area, particularly in children, would be recommendable.

Assessment of Human Health Risk of Metal(Loid) Content in Brazilian Sardine Along the Southwestern Atlantic

The Brazilian sardine (Sardinella aurita) is an important food resource found in the subtropical Southwestern Atlantic Continental Shelf (CSSWA), but limited information about its metal(loid) concentrations is available, restricting effective risk assessment by its consumption. On this research, we hypothesized that S. aurita presents different metal(loid) concentrations within a latitudinal gradient in the CSSWA (northern and southern sectors). We also assessed the S. aurita consumption contamination risk in both sectors of the CSSWA. The results indicated that S. aurita might present different chemical and contamination profiles between the observed sectors, with highlights to As, Cr, and Fe at greater levels than the safety limits established by regulatory agencies. Such finds could be explained by urbanization, industrialization, continental and oceanographic processes along the CSSWA, corroborating our hypothesis for most observed metals(loid). On the other hand, our risk assessment analysis of metal(loid) concentrations did not indicate hazards for human consumption.

Risk Assessment and Characterization in Tuna Species of the Canary Islands According to Their Metal Content

Bioaccumulation is the process by which living organisms accumulate substances, such as pesticides, heavy metals, and other pollutants, from their environment. These substances can accumulate in the organism’s tissues over time, leading to potential health risks. Bioaccumulation can occur in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and can have a significant impact on the health of both humans and wildlife. The objective of this study is to find out if the concentrations of metals in the tuna species of the Canary Islands are suitable for human consumption and if they pose a health risk. Fifteen samples of Acanthocybium solandri, Katsuwonus pelamis, Thunnus albacares, Thunnus obesus and Thunnus thynnus present in canaries were analyzed. Ten grams of muscle were taken from each specimen and the metals Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The tuna species that presented more metals with a higher concentration compared to the others was T. thynnus, reaching up to 100 times more than the other studied species in Fe content with 137.8 ± 100.9 mg/Kg, which may be due to the fact that it is the largest species that reaches ages of more than fifteen years. The species Thunnus thynnus should not be suitable for commercialization according to the current legislation on the concentrations of Cd in blue fish, since 75% of the specimens studied exceeded the concentration legislated for Cd. A total of 40% of the studied specimens of this this species exceeded the legislated values for the concentration of Pb in oily fish meat, so this species must be monitored to ensure that it does not pose a risk to human health.

ORAİBİ H. Health Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Lipsticks Sold in Local Markets in Iraq

Heavy metals found in cosmetics are a safety threat to the health of consumers. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the levels of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in lipstick makeup. The level of heavy metals in lipstick was discovered by using an analytical technique with high selectivity and sensitivity, namely atomic absorption spectrometry. Twenty lipsticks were selected from the same brands, yet differing in price. Ten original (expensive) and ten knockoff (cheap) lipsticks were chosen from shops in Diyala, Iraq. The detection-limit (LOD) was in between 0.01 and 0.1, the quantification-limit (LOQ) was within 0.03 and 0.33, the recovery values (Rec.%) ranged from 100.17% to 101.1%, the RE values were 0.81%, and the RSD values were 1.33%. The results also revealed that the levels of metals are in the order of Pb &gt; Cd &gt; Zn &gt; Cu &gt; As &gt; Cr. However, the levels of heavy metals that were estimated in this study were less than the permissible limit set by the executive authorities, so there seems to be no concern associated with these heavy metals. However, the daily and frequent use of lipstick by women exposes them to low levels of toxic metals as these metals accumulate over time and pose adverse effects on the health of the users. The results of the hazard quotient (HQ) and health risk index (HI) indicate there was no harmful effect on human health related to heavy metals present in lipstick. Whereas the results of the biological activity of the samples indicated that there was no bacterial growth in expensive samples, cheap samples were contaminated with some types of organisms; this indicates poor quality.

Content of Trace Elements and Human Health Risk Assessment via Consumption of Commercially Important Fishes from Montenegrin Coast

Muscle tissues of Mullus barbatus and Merluccius merluccius were analyzed for the presence of selected trace elements (As, Hg, Cd, and Pb) to determine the value of the daily intake of trace elements from fish consumption and to assess the risk to human health. The mean concentrations of As in the muscle tissue of M. barbatus and M. merluccius for the entire period were 19.689 mg/kg wet weight (ww) and 8.356 mg/kg ww, Hg 0.497 mg/kg ww and 0.153 mg/kg ww, and Pb 0.031 mg/kg ww and 0.025 mg/kg ww, respectively. The concentrations of Cd in all fish sampled were below the detection limit (<0.02 mg/kg ww). The evaluation of the potential health risk assessments based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) and estimated daily intake (EDI) indicated that the intake of As in both fish species and Hg for M. barbatus could pose an appreciable risk to human health. The calculated hazard index (HI) was higher than 1 for both fish species. The continuous monitoring of trace elements' concentrations in fish is strongly recommended, as the results demonstrate potential health risks due to the presence of As and Hg.

Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of some heavy metals in sediments, Sparus aurata and Salicornia europaea in Güllük Lagoon, the south of Aegean Sea

In the current study, it was aimed to determine the sediment in Sparus aurata (Linnaeus 1758) tissues and Salicornia europaea L. Cu, Zn Fe, Hg, Cd, Pb and Mn concentration distributions in Güllük Lagoon which is located in the south of Aegean Sea and under the influence of anthropogenic activities by means of metal pollution and health indices and to investigate the effects of these metals on public health. The concentration range of Cu, Zn, Fe, Hg, Cd, Pb and Mn in sediment samples was determined as 12.16-26.00, 1.62-2.03, 7.77-8.36, 7.52-16.15, 0.071-0.40, 7.99-13.74 and 12.11-12.63 mg kg^-1, respectively. Cu and Hg concentrations in sediment were found to be higher than sediment quality guidelines standards. In addition, according to the enrichment factor (EF), Hg, Cd and Cu were found to show above moderate enrichment. Cu, Zn, Fe, Hg, Cd and Mn concentrations in S. aurata muscle tissue were 1.31 ± 2.30, 1.01 ± 0.24, 3.43 ± 0.75, 2.79 ± 0.85, 0.01 ± 0.01 and 1.80 ± 1.12 mg kg^-1, respectively. S. europaea heavy metals (HMs) concentrations were determined as Cu = 10.97 ± 3.20, Zn = 0.74 ± 0.62, Fe = 5.69 ± 0.22, Hg = 9.62 ± 8.84, Cd = 0.53 ± 0.33, Pb = 0.22 ± 0.26 and Mn = 8.61 ± 0.14 mg kg^-1. It was seen that Hg in S. aurata muscle tissue and Hg in S. europaea concentrations exceeded the limit values determined for consumption purposes. Target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) values were found to be < 1 for S. aurata and S. europaea. When all these results were considered, it was determined that the metals that could pose a potential ecological and health risk were Hg, Cd and Cu in the study area.

Active and passive biomonitoring of trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls in small Mediterranean harbours

Pollution particularly affects coastal ecosystems due to their proximity to anthropic sources. Among those environments, harbours are subjected to marine traffic but also to accidental and chronic pollution. These areas are thus exposed to complex mixtures of contaminants such as trace elements and organic contaminants which can impact marine species, habitats, and ecosystem services. The monitoring of these compounds is thus a crucial issue for assessment of environmental health. In this context, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the chemical contamination of harbours in Corsica (NW Mediterranean) by measuring the bioaccumulation of trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls in mussels, limpets, and sea cucumbers. The human health risks associated with seafood consumption were also assessed. Results reveal a relatively low contamination in the Corsican harbours studied compared to larger Mediterranean ports and suggest that the potential health risk for consumers eating seafood is low.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus Lacépède, 1803 from Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného, Togo: Possible Human Health Risk Suitable to Their Consumption

The Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného is located in the coastal zone where phosphorite mining is carried out. This mining discharges all kinds of waste such as fuel oil into the surrounding environment without prior treatment. Moreover, the hydrosystem receives runoff and river inputs after having crossed and leached from mining and urban soils. This study aims to determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in commercially consumed fish species (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) from that hydrosystem and the associated health risks for consumers. For that, fish sample collection was performed during the dry season. Afterwards, their muscles, gills, and livers were cut and 12 PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The total PAHs (tPAHs) concentrations in fish tissues ranged from 5.24 to 48.40 µg/kg with average concentration of 14.51 ± 8.95 µg/kg in muscles, from 5.90 to 28.20 µg/kg averaging 14.90 ± 5.19 µg/kg in gills, and from 43.20 to 149.00 µg/kg with an average of 80.74 ± 27.08 µg/kg in livers. The average concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs (LMW PAHs) were 10.82 ± 9.61 µg/kg in muscles, 8.25 ± 5.43 µg/kg in gills, and 47.97 ± 22.56 µg/kg in livers whereas those of high molecular weight of PAHs (HMW PAHs) were 4.10 ± 2.14 µg/kg in muscles, 7.98 ± 3.96 µg/kg in gills, and 32.77 ± 8.66 µg/kg in livers. An overall trend of decreasing concentrations with increasing fish size classes was observed for some PAHs (Naphtalene, Pyrene in muscles, for Pyrene, Benzo(a)Anthracene, Chrysene in gills and for Naphtalene, Phenanthrene in livers). The PAHs in these fish might have pyrogenic and petrogenic sources, with the dominance of pyrogenic, and all of the total hazard quotients (THQ) are less than 1. This situation must not be neglected for better planning sustainable management of the target ecosystem.

Trace metals in urbanized coasts: The central Atlantic of Morocco as a case study

This study describes the contamination, accumulation, and ecological risk assessment of five trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr) in sediments of an urbanized beach in the central Atlantic coastline of Morocco. The two-year investigation (2018 and 2019) included six sampling sites along a 6 km coastal reach. In both years, none of the studied trace metals exceeded the background or the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The eco-toxicological indices revealed low degree of contamination, unpolluted ecosystem, and low ecological risk of metals. However, Cd exceeded the background value and some SQGs following the increase of anthropogenic activities in 2019. Likewise, it indicated unpolluted to moderately polluted sediment as well as moderate ecological risk. Overall, it is highly recommended to mitigate the avoidable anthropogenic activities (marine litter generation, sewage discharge, intense urbanization, and vehicle traffic on the beach) that lead to the elevation of metal pollution in the study area.

A comprehensive systematic review and health risk assessment of potentially toxic element intakes via fish consumption in Iran

Risk assessment of heavy metals is critical in controlling and preventing risks of foodborne diseases. Fish can be used as bioindicators for exposure to potential toxic elements (PTEs), which can represent potential risks for humans. The long Iranian coastline and three major fishery regions in the country, including the northern (Caspian Sea) and southern (Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman) seas as well as inland waters and aquacultures (rivers, dams, wetlands and fish farms) have made Iran a large producer of fish. In the first step of the present study, data collection and report of PTEs in fish from the three fishery regions (2010-2022) were carried out. In the second step, health risks were assessed using Monte Carlo simulation in child and adult consumers. The average concentrations of Cd, Hg and Pb for the northern sea, southern sea, and inland waters and aquacultures were 0.273, 0.249, 1.077; 0.430, 0.423, 1.182; and 1.387, 0.232, 1.703 μg/g per dry weight, respectively. Based on the target hazard quotient results, Hg intake of Iranian children from all the three fishery regions was more than 1, which was alarming. In the adult age group, southern sea fish consumers were at risk of Hg adverse health effects. Moreover, Cd included the highest carcinogenic risk of toxic elements in fish from the three fishery regions of Iran. Estimation of THQ, HI, ILCR and EDI revealed that consumption of fish might induce health complexities for the consumers in Iran. Moreover, Iranians from northern and southern regions of the country consumed further seafood due to the availability of high seafood sources in these regions. Hence, various indices must be used for the risk assessment of general human health. Due to the high risks of carcinogenicity/non-carcinogenicity estimated in the risk assessment, consumption of fish by infants and pregnant women must critically be assessed.

Toxic metal and metalloid contamination in seafood from an eutrophic Brazilian estuary and associated public health risks

Guanabara Bay (GB) is a highly contaminated estuarine system and an important fishing area in Southeastern Brazil. In this regard, knowledge concerning the association of certain contaminants in seafood to abiotic factors and human health risk assessments is still understudied. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify nine toxic elements in highly consumed crabs, shrimp, and squid, and associate the results with abiotic factors. A human health risk assessment was also performed. Our findings indicate that crabs are the main bioaccumulators. Transparency and depth were noteworthy for all three taxonomic groups. In general, contaminant concentrations were below the limits established by different international agencies, except for As, which was higher than the Brazilian limit (1 mg kg^-1). However, the Hazard Index identified risks to consumer health for the ingestion of seafood. This study emphasizes the importance of jointly evaluating different toxic elements, for a more accurate health risk assessment.

Metals in Ten Commercial Demersal Fish from the East China Sea: Contribution to Aquatic Products Nutrition and Toxic Risk Assessment

Metal accumulation in the marine environment can increase the metal content of fish living in it. For this reason, it is essential to evaluate the nutrition from fish consumption and assess metal toxicity risk. Ten species of demersal fish, which are part of the daily diet of coastal residents, were sampled using trammel net in the East China Sea. Levels of the microelements, the constant elements, and the toxic elements of muscle tissue were analyzed. Spiny red gurnard had the highest concentrations of calcium, copper, and iron, whereas pufferfish and threadfin porgy were good sources of zinc and magnesium. The levels of lead, cadmium, and inorganic arsenic in all samples were below the limit values according to Chinese national standards. Although some concerns were raised about the concentration of mercury (Hg) in threadfin porgy, silver croaker, and fivespot flounder, molar ratios (selenium, Se:Hg) and the Se health benefit values (HBV_Se) indicated that they were safe for human consumption. Additionally, the estimated weekly intake and % weekly contribution of 10 fish species with different elements were provided, giving a reference for the people's healthy consumption.

Levels of metals and elements in tissues of fish species in the Kızılırmak River (Turkey) and assessment of health risks and nutritional benefits

Although the Kızılırmak River, the longest river in Turkey, is home to many fish species, there are a few studies reporting metal levels in fish in the river. The contents of 17 metals and elements (MEs) in various tissues of three fish species and surface water from the river were investigated. Significant differences in the ME levels among tissues were recorded, and the highest levels of most MEs were recorded in the gills and liver. The results revealed that correlations between MEs in tissues and fish size were not clear and consistent. Among the MEs, P (6058-109489) and Zn (933-47556) had the highest bioconcentration factor values. The levels of As and Cd in the river water exceeded water quality criteria. Health risk assessment methods (Target Hazard Quotient, Estimated Daily Intake and Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk) indicated that consumption of the studied fish species is safe. It was estimated that a weekly consumption of 490 g of C. gibelio, or 350 g of C. carpio or 280 g of T. tinca would not cause any health risks. Furthermore, it was found that fish species would provide significant benefits in terms of intake of nutrients such as P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn. These findings revealed that nutritional benefits from consumption of fish species outweigh the health risks posed by metals in fish.

Determination of heavy metals from Aloe vera by- product in golden mullet (Liza aurata); A consumer health risk assessment

Heavy metals have become subject of concern in the recent years because of its potency to cause cardiovascular diseases and other toxic health effects. Therefore, this research was assumed to investigate the level of toxicity in terms of heavy metals accumulation in the fish samples and its benefits and risk for human consumers health and also evaluate the partial replacement of plant sources by canarian Aloe vera diets as a pure product or like a by-product on toxicological effects on the golden mullet (Liza aurata) fillet and whole body. In this study risks arising from fish metal content has been measured using various parameters as Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Maximum Safe Consumption (MSC_A), Target Hazard quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI) Carcinogenic risk of As (As- CR), the Value Selenium Health Benefit (Se HBV) and also the Nutritional Values has been evaluated. The results showed that all heavy metal levels in the fish tissue and diets were below the confirmed safe limits for consumption. In case of diets, it is obvious that with the exception of As, Hg, and Se, the presence of heavy or essential metals in both whole fish and raw fillet in golden grey mullet given experimental diets revealed that the whole fish had the highest concentration. Thus, it can be concluded that Aloe vera product and byproduct were in safety limits for fish and also for humans through food chain. Various risk and benefit assessment measures established by national and international authorities concluded that Liza aurata use was mostly safe.

Seasonal variations and human health risk assessment of trace elements in the bivalve ecosystem in the Sea of Marmara

Twelve trace elements were studied in four economically important bivalve molluscs (Mediterranean mussel, manila clam, striped venus clam, and truncated wedge clam) from the southern Marmara Sea for seasonal bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment. According to the findings, Fe and Zn were the most accumulative and element concentrations changed considerably (P < 0.05) between seasons and species. Daily, weekly, monthly intake and target hazard quotients of the trace elements were estimated and compared with maximum limits. The results revealed that consuming these bivalve molluscs from the southern Marmara Sea could be considered safe for human consumption. Nevertheless, further monitoring is needed in order to better follow the development in time of elemental pollution due to increasing environmental pressure on the Marmara Sea basin, together with research on other different bioaccumulative organisms.

Species, tissue and gender-related metal and element accumulation in fish species in a large reservoir (Turkey) and health risks and nutritional benefits for consumers

Concentrations of 18 metals and elements (MEs) in the gills, skin, muscle and liver of Carasobarbus luteus and Cyprinus carpio from the Atatürk Reservoir in Turkey were investigated. The results revealed that variations in the ME contents between fish species can be attributed to different diets. The highest contents of most MEs were recorded in the gills. Gender had no significant effect on the contents of most MEs in the tissues of fish species investigated. The relations between MEs in tissues and fish size were not clear and consistent. Health risk assessment methods indicated that consumption of the studied fish species is safe. It was estimated that daily consumption of 140 g of C. carpio or 170 g of C. luteus would not be expected to cause any health risks. Furthermore, it was found that fish species would provide significant benefits in terms of intake of essential MEs.

Trace metal contents in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from Atlantic coastal areas in northwestern Morocco: Levels of contamination and assessment of potential risks to human health

The bioaccumulation of trace metals Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn in soft tissues of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was studied seasonally along the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco. Average concentrations (μg g^-1 dry weight) decreased in the following order: Zn (141.61 ± 78.06) > Cr (22.57 ± 15.47) > Cu (18.95 ± 20.01) > Cd (16.33 ± 19.01), with higher amounts during wet seasons. The "Metal Pollution Index" and "Individual Multimetal Bioaccumulation Index" suggested a higher mussel contamination in industrialized areas. Moreover, Cd and Cr concentrations were above the permissible guidelines' limits. The related risks to human health associated with mussel consumption were also assessed. The "Target Hazard Quotient" for Cd and Cr revealed a threat to children when mussels originated from polluted stations, while the "Hazard Index" indicated a hazard to them in all stations. Regarding the "Maximum Safe Consumption", children should not consume mussels, even in low quantities. This study represents the first datum in Morocco to assess such a risk to human health.

Microplastic abundance and biodiversity richness overlap: Identification of sensitive areas in the Western Ionian Sea

Plastic pollution in the Mediterranean Sea has been widely reported, but its impact on biodiversity has not been fully explored. Simultaneous sampling of microplastics (MP) with a manta net and surveys of large marine vertebrates were conducted along the coastal waters of Sicily (Western Ionian Sea). A total of 17 neustonic samples have been collected and 17 marine species (cetaceans, sea turtles, seabirds, and fish) have been sighted in the target area. Kernel density estimation was evaluated to highlight a possible overlap between the presence of large marine fauna and MP densities to provide a preliminary risk assessment. The highest biodiversity and MP concentration (0.197 ± 0.130 items/m²) were observed in the southernmost part of the studied area. The overlap between biodiversity hotspots and the occurrence of MP, potential contribute to the identification of sensitive areas of exposure in a poorly studied region.

Use of mineral element profiling coupled with chemometric analysis to distinguish Zanthoxylum bungeanum cultivars and health risks of potentially toxic elements in pericarps

BACKGROUND

Zanthoxylum bungeanum pericarps (ZBP) are commonly used as food additives and traditional herbal medicines. Several mineral elements are known to have important physiological functions in organisms, whereas others are reported to have toxic effects. We determined levels of macro elements (Mg, S and Ca), essential trace elements (B, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo) and toxic elements (Ni, Al, Cr, As, Cd, Hg and Pb) in the pericarps of 19 Z. bungeanum cultivars. Hazard index values and incremental lifetime cancer risks were calculated to express health risks associated with pericarp consumption. Moreover, several chemometric analyses based on the mineral elements were used to distinguish Z. bungeanum cultivars.

RESULTS

The concentrations of 17 determined elements in the pericarps were ranked: Ca > Mg > S > Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > B > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Mo > As > Cd > Hg > Se. The elements Zn, Cr and As had the highest variations in their concentrations. Cu, Mn, Se, Zn, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb posed some non-cancer risks, while As and Cd posed cancer risks. Mn, Fe, Zn, and Al were chosen as critical element markers for assessing ZBP using chemometric analyses.

CONCLUSION

Chemometric analyses could highlight mineral concentration differentiation among the 19 cultivars. The Z. bungeanum cultivar Z12 (from Wudu, Gansu) is best for producing ZBP, and cultivar Z18 (Guanling, Guizhou) can be a reference to classify and evaluate ZBP quality. The results provide valuable information for evaluating the potential safety risks of ZBP and contribute to inter-cultivar discrimination. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

A systematic review of the concentration of potentially toxic elements in fish from the Persian Gulf: A health risk assessment study

Fish as a critical food source is responsible for supplying nearly 20% of the average per capita animal protein for 3.2 billion people worldwide. However, oral exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTE) such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) through marine fish consumption can cause health risks in consumers. This study aimed to collect information among databases (2000-2020), including ScienceDirect, PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, regarding the concentration of PTEs in different types of fish from the Persian Gulf. In this regard, thirty articles containing 266 samples were included in the current systematic review. In addition, the non-carcinogenic risk caused by ingestion of PTEs via consumption of fish was calculated. The average PTE concentrations in fish muscles were presented in the following order: As (0.37 mg/kg ww) > Pb (0.20 mg/kg ww) > Cd (0.17 mg/kg ww) > Hg (0.13 mg/kg ww). However, the mean concentration of PTEs was below the defined level by the World Health Organization, and the findings revealed that the calculated average daily dose (ADD) for Cd and Pb in Iranian children and adult consumers was lower than the reference dose (RfD), whereas the ADD of Hg was higher than the RfD for children consumers. The total target hazard quotient for Iranian and children consumers was >1. The excess lifetime cancer risk values for Pb were safe, unlike those for Cd, which were in an unsafe range (>10^-4) for consumers.

Microplastics in fillets of Mediterranean seafood. A risk assessment study

Microplastics (MPs) are considered as emergent threat to human health. No complete data still exists on MPs presence in fish tissue and their transmission to humans. The present study aims to detect and quantify the presence of MPs (<3 μm) in several edible seafood (Sardina pilchardus, wild and farmed Sparus aurata, Mullus surmuletus, Solea solea and musselMytilus galloprovincialis) from the south coast of Mediterranean Sea. MPs were detected through an innovative extraction method coupled to the SEM-EDX technology. The Estimated Daily Intakes (EDIs) for adults and children for each species were calculated. The higher median level (IQR) of MPs (9.09E+04) was found inM. surmuletus. Conversely, the lower median (IQR) level was observed in S. pilchardus (7.04E+04). The smallest and biggest median (IQR)diameter of MPs (1.8 and 2.5 μm) were identified in M. galloprovincialisand S. solea, respectively. The highest EDIs (25.50E+03; 48.09E+03) arefor ingestion of farmedS. auratarespectively for adults and children. Instead, the lowest EDIs (2.37E+02; 4.48E+02) are due to M. galloprovincialisingestion for adults and children, respectively. Our data should be carefully considered in view of the direct exposure of humans to plastic particles under 3 μm through seafood consumption to better manage the related risks.

Trace elements in seabass, farmed by Turkey, and health risks to the main consumers: Turkish and Dutch populations

Turkey ranked first in sea bass farming in Europe, and almost all extra-EU seabass come from this country. The share of Turkish sea bass in the fish consumption of Europeans has increased significantly, and assessment of potential health risks of trace metals via sea bass, cultured by Turkey, became important. The Netherlands is the main buyer of the Turkish sea bass. Therefore, potential health risks were determined for Turkish and Dutch consumers. In the study, the concentrations of lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) were below the limits, but the level of cadmium (Cd) was above the guidelines, in spring and winter. Dietary intake and potential health risk were found higher for the Dutch consumer, but all target hazard quotients (THQs) and total THQ (TTHQ) values were well below 1, showing no significant health risk due to the consumption of sea bass, cultured and exported by Turkey. It was determined that these sea basses can be safely consumed in quite high amounts, such as at least 31 meals a month. Se/Hg molar ratios were all above 1 and selenium health benefit values (Se-HBVs) were positive, indicating that selenium (Se) had a protective effect on Hg toxicity and positive health effects. Considering the average annual intake in Turkey and Netherlands, the consumption of sea bass, cultured by Turkey, is safe. Since the risk levels of communities may differ due to their eating habits, it is important to determine the public health impacts of the international fish trade.

Dietary exposure of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) from canned seafood by single particle ICP-MS: Balancing of risks and benefits for human health

The present study aims to give information regarding the quantification of ZnO-NPs in canned seafood, which may be intentionally or unintentionally added, and to provide a first esteem of dietary exposure. Samples were subjected to an alkaline digestion and assessment of ZnO-NPs was performed by the single particle ICP-MS technique. ZnO-NPs were found with concentrations range from 0.003 to 0.010 mg/kg and a size mean range from 61.3 and 78.6 nm. It was not observed a clear bioaccumulation trend according to trophic level and size of seafood species, although the mollusk species has slightly higher concentrations and larger size. The number of ZnO-NPs/g does not differ significantly among food samples, observing an average range of 5.51 × 10⁶ - 9.97 × 10⁶. Dissolved Zn determined with spICP-MS revealed comparable concentration to total Zn determined with ICP-MS in standard mode, confirming the efficiency of alkaline digestion on the extraction of the Zn. The same accumulation trend found for ZnO-NPs was observed more clearly for dissolved Zn. The ZnO-NPs intake derived from a meal does not differ significantly among seafood products and it ranges from 0.010 to 0.031 µg/kg b.w. in adult, and from 0.022 to 0.067 µg/kg b.w. in child. Conversely, the intake of dissolved Zn is significantly higher if it is assumed a meal of mollusks versus the fish products, with values of 109.3 µg/kg b.w. for adult and 240.1 µg/kg b.w. for child. Our findings revealed that ZnO-NPs have the potential to bioaccumulate in marine organisms, and seafood could be an important uptake route of ZnO-NPs. These results could be a first important step to understand the ZnO-NPs human dietary exposure, but the characterization and quantification of ZnO-NPs is necessary for a large number of food items.

Assessment of heavy metals in wild and farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on Lake Kariba, Zambia: implications for human and fish health

The aim of this study was to assess the levels of heavy metals in both wild and farmed tilapia on Lake Kariba in Zambia and to evaluate the impact of intensive fish farming on wild tilapia. Three sites for wild fish (2 distant and 1 proximal to fish farms) and two fish farms were selected. One hundred fish (52 from distant sites; 20 near fish farms; 28 farmed fish) were sampled and muscle tissues excised for analysis of heavy metals (Mg, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, Se, Co, Mo, As, Cr, V, Ni, Hg, Pb, Li, Cd, and Ag) by acid (HNO₃) digestion and ICP-MS. All metals were found to be below the maximum limits (MLs) set by WHO/EU. Essential metals were higher in farmed tilapia, whereas non-essential metals were higher in wild tilapia. Significantly higher levels of essential metals were found in wild fish near the fish farms than those distant from the farms. Estimated weekly intake (EWI) for all metals were less than the provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI). Target hazard quotients (THQ) and Hazard Indices (HI) were <1, indicating no health risks from a lifetime of fish consumption. Selenium Health Benefit Value (HBV_Se) was positive for all locations, indicating protective effects of selenium against mercury in fish. Total cancer risk (CR) due to As, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb was less than 1 × 10^-4, indicating less than 1 in 10,000 carcinogenic risk from a lifetime consumption of tilapia from Lake Kariba. Hg levels (0.021 mg/kg) in wild tilapia at site 1 were higher than the Environmental quality standard (EQS = 0.020 mg/kg) set by EU, indicating possible risk of adverse effects to fish. Except for Hg, levels of metals in fish were safe for human consumption and had no adverse effects on fish.

Influence of Biometric and Seasonal Parameters on the Metal Content of Scomber colias in Northwestern African Waters

Studies of the content of heavy metals and trace elements in fish and other marine organisms are of great importance to know the state of the marine ecosystem. This study has been carried out in northwestern African waters, Scomber colias being the target species, sampling a total of 345 specimens over 2 years. For the determination of metals and trace elements (Al, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) in the muscle, the ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) was used. In the statistical study, the factors (oceanographic and maturity in the seasons, size of the specimens) were used. The samples sampled in the cold season that had high concentrations of metals may be due to the influence that African upwelling has on the Canary Islands. The metallic contents of our samples are lower than those found in the studies in Mauritania and Morocco due to the greater influence that upwelling has in these areas.

The concentration of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the muscle of fishes collected from Caspian Sea: A health risk assessment study

In the present study, the concentration of (potentially toxic element) PTEs in the five fish species from the Caspian Sea (from five coastal areas) was measured and compared. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and total THQ (TTHQ) were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations to determine the non-carcinogenic risk in both children and adults consumers. The highest concentration of PTEs was associated with chromium (Cr) measured in Cyprinus carpio, sampled from Bandar Anzali (1.56 ± 0.14 μg/g dw), and the minimum PTEs level was nickel (Ni) in Vimba from Astara (0.02 ± 0.01 μg/g d w). The rank order for PTEs based on THQ was mercury (Hg) > cadmium (Cd) > lead (Pb)> Ni > tin (Sn) > Total Cr. For adults, the fishes rank order based on TTHQ was: Cyprinus carpio (3.268) > Chelon saliens (2.89) > Rutilus frisii kutum kanesky (2.28) > Oncorhynchus mykis (1.39) > Vimba (0.25); and for children was Cyprinus carpio (15.25) > Chelon saliens (13.47) > Rutilus frisii kutum kanesky (10.63) > Oncorhynchus mykis (6.48) > Vimba (1.16). Overall this study showed that the levels of PTEs in investigated fish species had a potential non-carcinogenic risk for both children and adults (TTHQ>1).

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in marine fish to the population in Zhejiang, China

Environmental pollution with toxic metals can lead to the possible contamination of the marine fish. We investigated the levels of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb in 652 marine fish samples (15 species) collected from coastal areas of Zhejiang, China and estimated their health risk. Mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were 0.783, 0.009, 0.114, 0.031, 0.043 mg/kg wet weight. The average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were 1.214, 0.014, 0.177, 0.048 and 0.067 μg/kg bw/day. The risk assessment at mean exposure level showed that there was no health risk associated with these elements through consumption of marine fish. However, potential health risk may exist for high exposure consumers considering the possible contamination of As and Hg. Given that the different levels of certain elements in marine fish in China, this study provides a scientific basis for food safety assessment and suggestions for risk management.

Environmental fate of cigarette butts and their toxicity in aquatic organisms: A comprehensive systematic review

Cigarette butts (CBs) are the most frequently littered pieces of environmental wastes which are released both directly and indirectly into the environment and finally may reach aquatic environments and contaminate aquatic biomes. However, to date, there is no comprehensive review on the extent and magnitude of the potential effects of CBs on aquatic organisms. Hence, a systematic review of published studies was conducted in this paper to survey the fate of CBs in the aquatic environments and also the impacts of exposure to CBs on survival, growth, and reproduction of aquatic organisms. The gathered data showed that the leachates of CBs in the aquatic environment could extremely be toxic for various organisms and increasing the exposure time, increases the mortality rate. In addition, smoked filtered CBs with tobacco remnants have higher mortality rate compared to unsmoked filtered butts (USFs) for Hymenochirus curtipes, Clarias gariepinus, tidepool snails, Atherinops affinis and Pimephales promelas. The fate of CBs in the aquatic environments is affected by various factors, and prior to sinking they are floated for a long time (long distance). Hence, CBs and their associated toxic chemicals might be ingested by diverse aquatic organisms. However, further studies are necessary to understand the exact toxicity of CBs on different freshwater and marine organisms and also their fate in the aquatic media. The results of this review showed the essentiality of regulations to prevent the release of chemical and toxic compounds into the aquatic environments.

Impact of the environment on the health: From theory to practice

The Erice 56 Charter titled "Impact of the environment on the health: from theory to practice" was unanimously approved at the end of the 56th course of the "International School of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine G. D'Alessandro" held from 3rd to November 7, 2019 in Erice - Sicily (Italy) and promoted by the Study Group of "Environment and Health" of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health. The course, that included lectures, open discussions and guided working groups, was aimed to provide a general training on epidemiological and toxicological aspects of the environmental health impact, to be used by public health professionals for risk assessment, without forgetting the risk communications. At the end of the course 12 key points were agreed among teachers and students: they underlined the need of specific training and research, in the perspective of "One Health" and "Global Health", also facing emerging scientific and methodological issues and focusing on communication towards stakeholders. This Discussion highlight the need to improve knowledge of Health and Environment topic in all sectors of health and environmental prevention and management.

Trace metals in estuarine organisms from a port region in southern Brazil: consumption risk to the local population

Metal contamination is a threat to estuarine environments. They can accumulate in the food chain and cause toxic effects on aquatic organisms and human health. This study evaluated the concentrations of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in aquatic organisms of Antonina Bay (southern Brazil) to analyze whether the metal concentrations were in accordance with Brazilian food legislation and estimate the human risk of local seafood consumption. All analyzed organisms (Centropomus parallelus, Mugil curema, Genidens genidens, Crassostrea brasiliana, and Xiphopenaeus kroyeri) showed traces of metals in their tissues with different metal concentrations among species. Metal concentrations were generally higher in oyster C. brasiliana, and biomagnification was not observed. Cr and Zn concentrations were above the limits established by legislation for all species in at least one sample. The concentrations of the other metals were within permitted levels. However, concentrations of Cd, Cr, Fe, and Zn posed a human consumption risk. In general, the C. brasiliana oyster presented the highest risk for human consumption, probably due to its filtering habit. Thus, the results indicated that metal concentrations in the tissues of the Antonina Bay seafood can pose a risk to human health, and this chronic exposure to metals also can cause toxic effects on local aquatic biota.

In situ phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil and groundwater: a green inventive approach

The heavy metal contamination of soil and groundwater is a serious threat to environment worldwide. The survival of human being primarily relies upon soil and groundwater sources. Therefore, the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil and groundwater is a matter of utmost concern. Heavy metals are non-degradable and persist in the environment and subsequently contaminate the food chain. Heavy metal pollution puts a serious impact on human health and it adversely affects our physical body. Although, numerous in situ conventional technologies have been utilized for the treatment purpose, but most of the techniques have some limitations such as high cost, deterioration of soil properties, disturbances to soil native flora and fauna and intensive labour. Despite that, in situ phytoremediation is a cost-effective, eco-friendly, solar-driven and novel approach with significant public acceptance. The past research reflects rare discussion addressing both (heavy metal in situ phytoremediation of soil and groundwater) in one platform. The present review article covers both the concepts of in situ phytoremediation of soil and groundwater with major emphasis on health risks of heavy metals, enhanced integrated approaches of in situ phytoremediation, mechanisms of in situ phytoremediation along with effective hyperaccumulator plants for heavy metals remediation, challenges and future prospects.

Health risk assessment of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in the muscle, liver and gizzard of hen's marketed in East of Iran

The present study aimed to determine the average concentration of some metals, including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in the chicken, hen's liver, and gizzard in the east of Iran. Estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) were calculated. In this cross-sectional study, fifty one samples including chicken, hen's liver and gizzard were obtained from Birjand, Iran. Measurement of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb was carried out by using an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). All of the measured metals were detected in 100 % of the samples. The metals had a different distribution pattern. The highest concentration of Cd and Cu was in the liver samples while the Cr and Ni had the highest levels in the chicken. Pb concentration was at the highest level in the gizzard. The least amount of Cr, Ni, and Pb was found in the liver while Cu had the least content in the muscle. EDI had an acceptable level, but the highest daily intake of all studied metals was through muscle. Cr had the highest THQ and it was more than one in the meat. HI in chicken was more than one. Liver and gizzard of hens had a neglectable HI. CR was neglectable in the case of both Cd and Pb, but it was considerable for Cr and Ni. The consumption of chicken in both adults and children may pose a significant health risk for consumers.

Protection of Siganus oramin, rabbitfish, from heavy metal toxicity by the selenium-enriched seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis

Seaweed is an inherently important entity in marine ecosystems. It is not only consumed by aquatic animals but also improves environmental quality in the mariculture. Seaweed is also part of the diet of human beings. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antagonism of selenium (Se)-enriched Gracilaria lemaneiformis against heavy metals, specifically, the potential of dietary Se-enriched Gracilaria to protect against heavy metal toxicity in rabbitfish (Siganus oramin). Growth rate, heavy metal (Se, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr) concentrations, malondialdehyde (MDA), metallothionein (MT), and the activity of the antioxidants, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were all assessed. The results showed that the total organic and inorganic Se concentration for the 250 mg L^-1 Se-enriched Gracilaria was significantly higher than those of the 50 and 10 mg L^-1 treatments after 3 days of enrichment. The mean total Se concentrations in Gracilaria were 42.5 μg g^-1 in the 250 mg L^-1 treatment, 13.5 μg g^-1 in the 50 mg L^-1 treatment and 2.5 μg g^-1 in the 10 mg L^-1 treatment, respectively. Organic Se accounts for 80-82% of total Se in Se-enriched Gracilaria. The Se concentration of rabbitfish fed Se-enriched Gracilaria was significantly higher than control. Furthermore, Se increased Cu and Zn absorption, and enhanced MT generation, and improved GPX, CAT, and SOD antioxidant activity, and decreased MDA concentrations and lipid peroxidation levels, all antagonistic to Cd, Pb and Cr. The effects of Se-enriched Gracilaria on waterborne Cd, Pb and Cr-induced toxicity occurred via both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative mechanisms in rabbitfish. Selenium had synergistic effects on Zn and Cu in rabbitfish. For the 50 mg L^-1 Se-enriched Gracilaria treatment, the Se, Cu, Zn, and antagonistic Cd, Pb, Cr, and the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, GPX activities, and MT concentrations in rabbitfish were higher than that with the 250 mg L^-1 and 10 mg L^-1 Se-enriched Gracilaria treatments. The 50 mg L^-1 Se treatment of Gracilaria was deemed to be the optimum concentration to promote growth of rabbitfish. Therefore, the obtained results suggest Se-enriched Gracilaria can antagonize heavy metal toxicity, and is an advisable Se supplement to improve the edible safety of cultured animals.